Great auk - Knowledge (XXG)

120: 1531:. Polar bears preyed on nesting colonies of the great auk. Reportedly, this species had no innate fear of human beings, and their flightlessness and awkwardness on land compounded their vulnerability. Humans preyed upon them as food, for feathers, and as specimens for museums and private collections. Great auks reacted to noises, but were rarely frightened by the sight of something. They used their bills aggressively both in the dense nesting sites and when threatened or captured by humans. These birds are believed to have had a life span of approximately 20 to 25 years. During the winter, the great auk migrated south, either in pairs or in small groups, but never with the entire nesting colony. 659: 6023: 341: 571: 1257: 1359: 1675: in) in length and 7.6 cm (3 in) across at the widest point. The egg was yellowish white to light ochre with a varying pattern of black, brown, or greyish spots and lines that often were congregated on the large end. It is believed that the variation in the egg streaks enabled the parents to recognize their egg among those in the vast colony. The pair took turns incubating the egg in an upright position for the 39 to 44 days before the egg hatched, typically in June, although eggs could be present at the colonies as late as August. 1493: 2180: 1688: 1544: 1646:

nested at the base of cliffs in colonies, likely where they copulated. Mated pairs had a social display in which they bobbed their heads and displayed their white eye patch, bill markings, and yellow mouth. These colonies were extremely crowded and dense, with some estimates stating that there was a nesting great auk for every 1 square metre (11 sq ft) of land. These colonies were very social. When the colonies included other species of alcid, the great auks were dominant due to their size.

1330: 1432:, across the far northern Atlantic, including Iceland, and in Norway and the British Isles in Europe. For their nesting colonies the great auks required rocky islands with sloping shorelines that provided access to the sea. These were very limiting requirements and it is believed that the great auk never had more than 20 breeding colonies. The nesting sites also needed to be close to rich feeding areas and to be far enough from the mainland to discourage visitation by predators such as humans and 1891:, which was accessible from a single side. When the colony initially was discovered in 1835, nearly fifty birds were present. Museums, desiring the skins of the great auk for preservation and display, quickly began collecting birds from the colony. The last pair, found incubating an egg, was killed there on 3 June 1844, on request from a merchant who wanted specimens, with Jón Brandsson and Sigurður Ísleifsson strangling the adults and Ketill Ketilsson smashing the egg with his boot. 2199: 665: 664: 661: 660: 666: 2218: 1989: 6427: 1650: 1073: 201: 663: 7214: 1535:

it has been claimed that the species was able to dive to depths of 1 km (3,300 ft; 550 fathoms). To conserve energy, most dives were shallow. It also could hold its breath for 15 minutes, longer than a seal. Its ability to dive so deeply reduced competition with other alcid species. The great auk was capable of accelerating underwater, then shooting out of the water to land on a rocky ledge above the ocean's surface.

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practize. While you abide on this island you are in the constant practice of horrid cruelties for you not only skin them Alive, but you burn them Alive also to cook their Bodies with. You take a kettle with you into which you put a Penguin or two, you kindle a fire under it, and this fire is absolutely made of the unfortunate Penguins themselves. Their bodies being oily soon produce a Flame; there is no wood on the island.

524:. Although agile in the water, it was clumsy on land. Great auk pairs mated for life. They nested in extremely dense and social colonies, laying one egg on bare rock. The egg was white with variable brown marbling. Both parents participated in the incubation of the egg for around six weeks before the young hatched. The young left the nest site after two to three weeks, although the parents continued to care for it. 1484:. By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the breeding range of the great auk was restricted to Funk Island, Grimsey Island, Eldey Island, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the St. Kilda islands. Funk Island was the largest known breeding colony. After the chicks fledged, the great auk migrated north and south away from the breeding colonies and they tended to go southward during late autumn and winter. 1753: 151: 174: 1931: 1868:, in July 1840, the last great auk seen in Britain was caught and killed. Three men from St. Kilda caught a single "garefowl", noticing its little wings and the large white spot on its head. They tied it up and kept it alive for three days, until a large storm arose. Believing that the bird was a witch and was causing the storm, they then killed it by beating it with a stick. 1737:, dating to about 2000 BC, was found surrounded by more than 200 great auk beaks, which are believed to have been part of a suit made from their skins, with the heads left attached as decoration. Nearly half of the bird bones found in graves at this site were of the great auk, suggesting that it had great cultural significance for the Maritime Archaic people. The extinct 1405:, where it may have been present during four periods: approximately 1000 BC and 1000 AD, as well as during the fifteenth century and the seventeenth century. It has been suggested that some of the bones discovered in Florida may be the result of aboriginal trading. In the eastern Atlantic, the southernmost records of this species are two isolated bones, one from 1846: 1872: 1809:

extinction. By the mid-sixteenth century, the nesting colonies along the European side of the Atlantic were nearly all eliminated by humans killing this bird for its down, which was used to make pillows. In 1553, the great auk received its first official protection. In 1794, Great Britain banned the killing of this species for its feathers. In

1638: 548:, off the coast of Iceland, ending the last known breeding attempt. Later reports of roaming individuals being seen or caught are unconfirmed. A report of one great auk in 1852 is considered by some to be the last sighting of a member of the species. The great auk is mentioned in several novels, and the scientific journal of the 1281:. It is, however, the largest species to survive into modern times. The great auks that lived farther north averaged larger in size than the more southerly members of the species. Males and females were similar in plumage, although there is evidence for differences in size, particularly in the bill and 1534:

The great auk was generally an excellent swimmer, using its wings to propel itself underwater. While swimming, the head was held up but the neck was drawn in. This species was capable of banking, veering, and turning underwater. The great auk was known to dive to depths of 75 m (250 ft) and

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and lost this eye patch, which was replaced with a wide white band and a gray line of feathers that stretched from the eye to the ear. During the summer, its chin and throat were blackish-brown and the inside of the mouth was yellow. In winter, the throat became white. Some individuals reportedly had

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Taken together, our data do not provide any evidence that great auks were at risk of extinction prior to the onset of intensive human hunting in the early 16th century. In addition, our population viability analyses reveal that even if the great auk had not been under threat by environmental change,

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Today, 78 skins of the great auk remain, mostly in museum collections, along with approximately 75 eggs and 24 complete skeletons. All but four of the surviving skins are in summer plumage, and only two of these are immature. No hatchling specimens exist. Each egg and skin has been assigned a number

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The rocks were covered with blackbirds and there were the Geirfugles ... They walked slowly. Jón Brandsson crept up with his arms open. The bird that Jón got went into a corner but was going to the edge of the cliff. It walked like a man ... but moved its feet quickly. caught it close to the

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With its increasing rarity, specimens of the great auk and its eggs became collectible and highly prized by rich Europeans, and the loss of a large number of its eggs to collection contributed to the demise of the species. Eggers, individuals who visited the nesting sites of the great auk to collect

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Female great auks would lay only one egg each year, between late May and early June, although they could lay a replacement egg if the first one was lost. In years when there was a shortage of food, the great auks did not breed. A single egg was laid on bare ground up to 100 metres (330 ft) from

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This alcid typically fed in shoaling waters that were shallower than those frequented by other alcids, although after the breeding season, they had been sighted as far as 500 km (270 nmi) from land. They are believed to have fed cooperatively in flocks. Their main food was fish, usually 12

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The parents also took turns feeding their chick. According to one account, the chick was covered with grey down. The young bird took only two or three weeks to mature enough to abandon the nest and land for the water, typically around the middle of July. The parents cared for their young after they

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Historical descriptions of the great auk breeding behaviour are somewhat unreliable. Great Auks began pairing in early and mid-May. They are believed to have mated for life (although some theorize that great auks could have mated outside their pair, a trait seen in the razorbill). Once paired, they

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as the most expensive stuffed bird ever sold. The price of its eggs sometimes reached up to 11 times the amount earned by a skilled worker in a year. The present whereabouts of six of the eggs are unknown. Several other eggs have been destroyed accidentally. Two mounted skins were destroyed in the

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If you come for their Feathers you do not give yourself the trouble of killing them, but lay hold of one and pluck the best of the Feathers. You then turn the poor Penguin adrift, with his skin half naked and torn off, to perish at his leasure. This is not a very humane method but it is the common

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Hatchlings were described as grey and downy, but their exact appearance is unknown, since no skins exist today. Juvenile birds had fewer prominent grooves in their beaks than adults and they had mottled white and black necks, while the eye spot found in adults was not present; instead, a grey line

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was in high demand in Europe, a factor that largely eliminated the European populations by the mid-16th century. Around the same time, nations such as Great Britain began to realize that the great auk was disappearing and it became the beneficiary of many early environmental laws, but despite that

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were not provisioned with food for the journey home, and therefore, used great auks as both a convenient food source and bait for fishing. Reportedly, some of the later vessels anchored next to a colony and ran out planks to the land. The sailors then herded hundreds of great auks onto the ships,

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was heavy and hooked, with grooves on its surface. During summer, great auk plumage showed a white patch over each eye. During winter, the great auk lost these patches, instead developing a white band stretching between the eyes. The wings were only 15 cm (6 in) long, rendering the bird

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length. The back was primarily a glossy black, and the belly was white. The neck and legs were short, and the head and wings small. During summer, it developed a wide white eye patch over each eye, which had a hazel or chestnut iris. Auks are known for their close resemblance to penguins, their

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were only 15 cm (6 in) in length and the longest wing feathers were only 10 cm (4 in) long. Its feet and short claws were black, while the webbed skin between the toes was brownish black. The legs were far back on the bird's body, which gave it powerful swimming and diving

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may have reduced the population of the great auk by exposing more of their breeding islands to predation by polar bears, but massive exploitation by humans for their down drastically reduced the population, with recent evidence indicating the latter alone is likely the primary driver of its

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people were buried with great auk bones. One burial discovered included someone covered by more than 200 great auk beaks, which are presumed to be the remnants of a cloak made of great auks' skins. Early European explorers to the Americas used the great auk as a convenient food source or as

2173:, a 1956 Broadway drama by Arch Oboler, depicts a group of astronauts returning from the Moon to discover that a full-blown nuclear war has broken out. Obeler draws a parallel between the anthropogenic extinction of the great auk and of the story's nuclear extinction of humankind. 662: 1510:

The great auk was never observed and described by modern scientists during its existence and is only known from the accounts of laymen, such as sailors, so its behaviour is not well known and difficult to reconstruct. Much may be inferred from its close, living relative, the

1981:). A positive match was found between the organs from the male individual and the skin now in the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences in Brussels. No match was found between the female organs and a specimen from Fuller's list, but authors speculate that the skin in 1857:

their eggs, quickly realized that the birds did not all lay their eggs on the same day, so they could make return visits to the same breeding colony. Eggers only collected the eggs without embryos and typically, discarded the eggs with embryos growing inside of them.

1957:. The whereabouts of the skins from the last two individuals has been unknown for more than a hundred years, but that mystery has been partly resolved using DNA extracted from the organs of the last individuals and the skins of the candidate specimens suggested by 1045:

lived in the western Atlantic, while the great auk lived in the eastern Atlantic. After the former died out following the Pliocene, the great auk took over its territory. The great auk was not related closely to the other extinct genera of flightless alcids,

1321: in) long and curved downward at the top; the bill also had deep white grooves in both the upper and lower mandibles, up to seven on the upper mandible and twelve on the lower mandible in summer, although there were fewer in winter. The 492:

It bred on rocky, remote islands with easy access to the ocean and a plentiful food supply, a rarity in nature that provided only a few breeding sites for the great auks. During the non-breeding season, the auk foraged in the waters of the

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Great Auk calls included low croaking and a hoarse scream. A captive great auk was observed making a gurgling noise when anxious. It is not known what its other vocalizations were, but it is believed that they were similar to those of the

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The bird was 75 to 85 centimetres (30 to 33 inches) tall and weighed about 5 kilograms (11 pounds), making it the largest alcid to survive into the modern era, and the second-largest member of the alcid family overall (the prehistoric

1887:(the "Great Auk Rock") off Iceland. This islet was a volcanic rock surrounded by cliffs that made it inaccessible to humans, but in 1830, the islet submerged after a volcanic eruption, and the birds moved to the nearby island of 2284:. In 2012, the two separate sports programs of Fleming College were combined and the great auk mascot went extinct. The Lindsay Frost campus student owned bar, student center, and lounge is still known as the Auk's Lodge. 1267:

Standing about 75 to 85 centimetres (30 to 33 in) tall and weighing approximately 5 kilograms (11 lb) as adult birds, the flightless great auk was the second-largest member of both its family and the order

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Great auks walked slowly and sometimes used their wings to help them traverse rough terrain. When they did run, it was awkwardly and with short steps in a straight line. They had few natural predators, mainly large

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where they were slaughtered. Some authors have questioned the reports of this hunting method and whether it was successful. Great auk eggs were also a valued food source, as the eggs were three times the size of a

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down initially was preferred, but once the eiders were nearly driven to extinction in the 1770s, down collectors switched to the great auk at the same time that hunting for food, fishing bait, and oil decreased.

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Thomas, Jessica E.; Carvalho, Gary R.; Haile, James; Martin, Michael D.; Castruita, Jose A. Samaniego; Niemann, Jonas; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Sandoval-Velasco, Marcela; Rawlence, Nicolas J. (15 June 2017).

647:, but the evolution of the little auk is sparsely documented. The molecular data are compatible with either possibility, but the weight of evidence suggests placing the great auk in a distinct genus. Some 2401:

Bewick stated "This species is not numerous any where: it inhabits Norway, Iceland, The Ferro Islands, Greenland, and other cold regions of the north, but is seldom seen on the British shores."

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Native Americans valued the great auk as a food source during the winter and as an important cultural symbol. Images of the great auk have been found in bone necklaces. A person buried at the

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Britain, where 15 specimens are now located, the largest number of any country. A specimen was bought in 1971 by the Icelandic Museum of National History for £9000, which placed it in the

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Its growing rarity increased interest from European museums and private collectors in obtaining skins and eggs of the bird. On 3 June 1844, the last two confirmed specimens were killed on

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more than 100,000 years ago, as evidenced by well-cleaned bones found by their campfires. Images believed to depict the great auk also were carved into the walls of the El Pendo Cave in

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edge – a precipice many fathoms deep. Its wings lay close to the sides – not hanging out. I took him by the neck and he flapped his wings. He made no cry. I strangled him.

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The word "penguin" first appears in the sixteenth century as a synonym for "great auk". Although the etymology is debated, the generic name "penguin" may be derived from the

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Campmas, E., Laroulandie, V., Michel, P., Amani, F., Nespoulet, R., & Mohammed, A. E. H. (2010). 22 "A great auk (Pinguinus impennis) in North Africa: discovery of". In

7706: 1953:, only a few complete skeletons exist. Natural mummies also are known from Funk Island, and the eyes and internal organs of the last two birds from 1844 are stored in the 7726: 4034:

Gaskell, J. (2003). "Remarks on the terminology used to describe developmental behaviour among the auks (Alcidae), with particular reference to that of the Great Auk

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Moum, Truls; Arnason, Ulfur; Árnason, Einar (2002). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence evolution and phylogeny of the Atlantic Alcidae, including the extinct Great Auk (

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mentions the great auk in a short litany of extinct animals in his poem "For a Coming Extinction", one of the seminal poems from his 1967 collection, "The Lice".

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is a Latin derivative of the Scandinavian word for razorbills and their relatives. The bird was known in literature even before this and was described by

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fledged, and adults would be seen swimming with their young perched on their backs. Great auks matured sexually when they were four to seven years old.

497:, ranging as far south as northern Spain and along the coastlines of Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Norway, Ireland, and Great Britain. 2598:

Smith, N (2015). "Evolution of body mass in the Pan-Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes): the effects of combining neontological and paleontological data".

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This species is estimated to have had a maximum population in the millions. The great auk was hunted on a significant scale for food, eggs, and its

7701: 7691: 7471: 3407: 2205: 1978: 1236:(Pen Gwyn in Welsh) or because the great auk had such large white circles on its head. When European explorers discovered what today are known as 635:) and molecular evidence show that the three closely related genera diverged soon after their common ancestor, a bird probably similar to a stout 2179: 1999:

Following the bird's extinction, remains of the great auk increased dramatically in value, and auctions of specimens created intense interest in

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flightless. Instead, the great auk was a powerful swimmer, a trait that it used in hunting. Its favourite prey were fish, including

3886: 2300: 618:. Due to its outward similarity to the razorbill (apart from flightlessness and size), the great auk often was placed in the genus 7686: 7646: 7626: 7575: 2080:, the discovery and attempted recovery of the last known pair of great auks is central to the plot (which also involves a proto- 7393: 2198: 1993: 1100: 549: 330: 185: 2423:

A date of 3 July 1844 is given by various online sources, but does not accord with the original publication and print sources.

4581:. Die neue Brehm-Bücherei (in German). Vol. 424 (4th ed.). Heidelberg, DE: Westarp-Wissenschaften. pp. 78–84. 3681: 3246: 2241: 7476: 3393: 2861: 1131:, until 1791. The generic name is derived from the Spanish, Portuguese and French name for the species, in turn from Latin 7666: 7510: 6426: 5276: 5234: 4153: 1954: 675: 2444: 2105:

mentions the bird while the novel's main character is drifting into sleep. He associates the great auk with the mythical

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The great auk was an important part of many Native American cultures, both as a food source and as a symbolic item. Many

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Later, European sailors used the great auks as a navigational beacon, as the presence of these birds signalled that the

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Travels to Terra Incognita: The Scottish Highlands and Hebrides in Early Modern Travellers' Accounts C. 1600 to 1800

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Lozoya, Arturo Valledor De; García, David González; Parish, Jolyon (1 April 2016). "A great auk for the Sun King".

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Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen (23.8-27.8. 2008)

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grey plumage on their flanks, but the purpose, seasonal duration, and frequency of this variation is unknown. The

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The great auk left the North Atlantic waters for land only to breed, even roosting at sea when not breeding. The

383: 7213: 4986: 4508:"Abstract of Mr. J. Wolley's Researches in Iceland respecting the Gare-fowl or Great Auk (Alea impennis, Linn.)" 4445:"Abstract of Mr. J. Wolley's Researches in Iceland respecting the Gare-fowl or Great Auk (Alea impennis, Linn.)" 1775:

from at least the eighth century. Prior to that, hunting by local natives may be documented from Late Stone Age

643:, already had split from the other Atlantic alcids. Razorbill-like birds were common in the Atlantic during the 5269: 4909: 4276: 4001:

Olson, Storrs L; Swift, Camm C.; Mokhiber, Carmine (1979). "An attempt to determine the prey of the Great Auk (

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coastal waters along the coasts of Canada, the northeastern United States, Norway, Greenland, Iceland, the

7636: 7318: 7234: 5057: 4178:(1976). "Ancient peoples of Port au Choix: The excavation of an Archaic Indian cemetery in Newfoundland". 2270: 2113: 1261: 7336: 2033:

The great auk is one of the more frequently referenced extinct birds in literature, much like the famous

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sends one of the protagonists on a failed search for what he believes is a lost colony of the species.

5220: 1796:'s and had a large yolk. These sailors also introduced rats onto the islands which preyed upon nests. 1244:

to the great auk and named them after this bird, although biologically, they are not closely related.

7580: 7310: 5746: 4209: 3928: 3870: 3477: 3362: 2607: 2088:(August 1898) and was slightly revised to become the first five chapters of Chambers' episodic novel 1718:, Italy, more than 35,000 years ago, and cave paintings 20,000 years old have been found in France's 1502: 1473: 1429: 1295: 1241: 636: 599: 6606: 6074: 5649: 5450: 2896: 1120:

This also included a woodcut which represents the oldest unambiguous visual depictions of the bird.

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shows the placement of the great auk among its closest relatives, based on a 2004 genetic study:

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of the southern hemisphere, which were named so after their resemblance to the northern species.

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has been accepted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (

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is the closest living relative of the great auk. The great auk also was related closely to the

7549: 7489: 7354: 7190: 6639: 6586: 6377: 5960: 5470: 5204: 5142: 4889: 4863: 4809: 4784: 4732: 4668: 4636: 4582: 4559: 4538:"Why Efforts to Bring Extinct Species Back from the Dead Miss the Point – Scientific American" 4423: 4396: 4373: 4255: 4251: 3225: 3119: 3046: 2979: 2832: 2747: 2700: 2671: 2553: 2450: 2288: 1898:

interviewed the two men who killed the last birds, and Sigurður described the act as follows:

1830: 1614: 1602: 1543: 1398: 1382: 1233: 639:, had spread to the coasts of the Atlantic. Apparently, by that time, the murres, or Atlantic 513: 6302: 6264: 6125: 4931: 3481: 2109:

as a method of formally returning the main character to a sleepy land of fantasy and memory.

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The great auk also appeared on one stamp in a set of five depicting extinct birds issued by

2262: 2169: 2125:, narrates the fictional history of a great auk population that is mistakenly baptized by a 2040: 2013: 1942:

by specialists. Although thousands of isolated bones were collected from nineteenth century

1726: 1654: 1469: 1206:, which means "spearbird". This has led to an alternative English common name for the bird, 528: 7323: 1358: 6915: 6233: 6064: 5978: 5351: 5336: 5293: 5225: 5018: 4605:"An 'Aukward' Tale: A Genetic Approach to Discover the Whereabouts of the Last Great Auks" 3565: 2868:. Vol. 90. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 279. Archived from 2853: 2667: 2277: 2136: 2106: 2097: 1817:, though hunting for use as fishing bait was still permitted. On the North American side, 1784: 1269: 1183: 1171: 1113: 952: 473: 466: 252: 4186:. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial U of Newfoundland: 261. 2476: 1922:

the great auk using its DNA from specimens collected. This possibility is controversial.

4753: 4340:"Demographic reconstruction from ancient DNA supports rapid extinction of the great auk" 3874: 3851: 2611: 1699:(2), bones of the great auk uncovered by archaeologists in an ancient kitchen midden in 7419: 7406: 7130: 6115: 6101: 5998: 5697: 4631: 4604: 4523: 4460: 4368: 4339: 2963: 2122: 1805: 1783:, where the bird seems to have occurred only as stragglers. Early explorers, including 1746: 1719: 1711: 1441: 1374: 1291: 1226: 1161: 1150: 1077: 1038: 927: 626: 494: 4555: 2827: 2800: 1248:

also lumped the northern and southern birds together under the common name "woggins".

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A cigarette company, the British Great Auk Cigarettes, was named after this bird.

1256: 1041:, it is believed to have split, along with the great auk, from a common ancestor. 17: 7398: 7346: 4417: 2869: 2741: 1836:

from 1794 described how the bird had been slaughtered systematically until then:

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Approximate range (in blue) with known breeding sites indicated by yellow marks

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ran through the eyes (which still had white eye rings) to just below the ears.

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shore. The egg was ovate and elongate in shape, and it averaged 12.4 cm (

1622: 1610: 1548: 1449: 1433: 1425: 794: 742: 611: 521: 179: 155: 97: 62: 7257: 5208: 3486:. Vol. 6. Groombridge and Sons, Paternoster Way, London. pp. 56–58. 1985:

may be a potential candidate due to a common history with the L.A. specimen.

1397:. In recorded history, the great auk typically did not go farther south than 7385: 7180: 7043: 6870: 6548: 6271: 6085: 6040: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5766: 5717: 5625: 5572: 5552: 5254: 5246: 5163: 5115: 3301: 1947: 1700: 1512: 1410: 1347: 1334: 710: 682: 671: 640: 607: 212: 102: 4640: 4563: 4377: 2836: 2817: 2675: 2334:, the early rockets he and his friends built, ironically were named "Auk". 2069:

The great auk also is present in a wide variety of other works of fiction.

3139: 3022: 7251: 7105: 7074: 7050: 6987: 6922: 6843: 6716: 6360: 6247: 5820: 5669: 5429: 5312: 4621: 2547: 1780: 1757: 1749:

in Greenland overhunted the species, causing a local reduction in range.

1626: 1609:

were their favoured prey. Other fish suggested as potential prey include

1477: 1048: 1030: 644: 232: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 4932:"Archmere AUK Named Most Unique HS Mascot in DE, Moves on to Regionals!" 4358: 2619: 2049:

includes a great auk telling the tale of the extinction of its species.

1845: 1094:

The great auk was one of the 4,400 animal species formally described by

651:

still believe it is more appropriate to retain the species in the genus

614:

or dovekie, which underwent a radically different evolution compared to

340: 7437: 7305: 6892: 6850: 6709: 6595: 6513: 6456: 6404: 6226: 5726: 5495: 5330: 4309: 4288: 4020: 4007: 3748: 3697: 3528:

Pimenta, Carlos M.; Figueiredo, Silvério; Moreno García, Marta (2008).

3394:"The "aukward" truth about penguins and their flightless doppelgangers" 3288: 3116:

Hope is the Thing with Feathers: A personal chronicle of vanished birds

2411:

human hunting alone could have been sufficient to cause its extinction.

2311: 2281: 2190: 1738: 1692: 1606: 1421: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1245: 1237: 1199: 1060: 655:. It is the only recorded British bird made extinct in historic times. 579: 575: 554: 517: 486: 462: 132: 107: 82: 41: 3264:

Whalers wrote about woggins all the time. What in the world were they?

1637: 7292: 7197: 7088: 6754: 6648: 6522: 6367: 6309: 6292: 5676: 5306: 4990: 3768:

Pieper, H. (1985). The fossil land birds of Madeira and Porto Santo.

2276:

The great auk was formerly the mascot of the Lindsay Frost campus of

2258: 2224: 2209: 2126: 2017: 1950: 1333:

Paintings showing variation in egg markings, as well as seasonal and

222: 7450: 7228: 5031: 4507: 4444: 4301: 3740: 3689: 2862:"Miocene and Pliocene Birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina" 1687: 1393:, and other coasts of the Mediterranean basin. It was common on the 7372: 5061: 1741:

of Newfoundland made pudding out of the eggs of the great auk. The

1436:. The localities of only seven former breeding colonies are known: 7367: 7001: 6956: 6901: 5318: 4344: 2348:, the American painter, has featured great auks in two paintings: 2009: 1987: 1929: 1888: 1870: 1849: 1844: 1818: 1793: 1751: 1696: 1686: 1648: 1636: 1601:

and on ecological and morphological considerations, it seems that

1542: 1491: 1390: 1357: 1328: 1299: 1282: 1255: 1215: 1146: 1124: 1071: 657: 592: 569: 545: 477: 2549:

The Great Auk, or Garefowl: Its history, archaeology, and remains

2446:

Avian survivors: The History and Biogeography of Palearctic Birds

1232:"white head", either because the birds lived in New Brunswick on 7541: 7119: 6555: 4867: 2931:. Vol. 2: Water Birds. Newcastle: R.E. Bewick. pp. 405–406. 2371: 2034: 1912: 1524: 1322: 1304: 508: 476:

in the mid-19th century. It was the only modern species in the

242: 45: 7232: 6442: 6038: 5623: 5349: 5265: 4960:. Adelaide University Choral Society. p. 1. Archived from 1779:

and eastern North America, as well as from early fifth century

1401:

in the winter. Great auk bones have been found as far south as

2949:(in Latin). Vol. I. Stockholm: Lars Salvius. p. 130. 2470: 2468: 2466: 1618: 507:

was larger). It had a black back and a white belly. The black

469: 262: 2149:. This work also details the harvesting of a colony of auks. 1756:

The only known illustration of a great auk drawn from life,

1629:

and, possibly, fish and crustaceans regurgitated by adults.

1385:. Pleistocene fossils indicate the great auk also inhabited 4152:. Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service. Archived from 3247:"What's A Woggin? A Bird, a Word, and a Linguistic Mystery" 2245:, and a song, "A Dream Too Far", in the ecological musical 1918:

There is an ongoing discussion about the possibilities for

5141:(illustrated ed.). Los Angeles: Taschen America LLC. 1907:

A later claim of a live individual sighted in 1852 on the

3735:(3). Berkeley: University of California Press: 342–343. 3296:(4). Berkeley: University of California Press: 681–698. 2236:

This bird also is featured in a variety of other media.

4250:(2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications. pp. 3910:

Milne, John. "Relics of the Great Auk on Funk Island",

3142:. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales 1025:

was a larger, and also flightless, member of the genus

2223:

Monument to the last British great auk at Fowl Craig,

1569:

to 8 in) in length and weighing 40 to 50 g (

4783:. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 84–85. 3322: 3320: 3318: 2743:

The Great Auk: The Extinction of the Original Penguin

2037:. It appears in many works of children's literature. 1476:. Records suggest that this species may have bred on 7186: 7168: 7158: 7094: 7056: 7025: 7014: 6983: 6938: 6928: 6817: 6807: 6797: 6787: 6777: 6697: 6544: 6498: 6488: 6478: 6468: 6373: 6335: 6325: 6315: 6298: 6260: 6168: 6145: 6121: 6070: 6060: 5956: 5880: 5863: 5826: 5794: 5742: 5732: 5682: 5645: 5506: 5482: 5466: 5456: 5446: 5435: 5425: 5413: 5403: 5392: 5381: 5371: 4338:

Thomas, Jessica E.; et al. (26 November 2019).

2155:

devotes the first section, "Spearbill", of his book

2092:, (Harper and Brothers Publishers, New York, 1904). 1641:

Nesting ground with juveniles and eggs, by Keulemans

1260:

Summer (standing) and winter (swimming) plumage, by

7241: 7149: 7129: 6891: 6860: 6833: 6764: 6744: 6696: 6665: 6638: 6629: 6605: 6585: 6565: 6521: 6512: 6455: 6394: 6216: 6189: 6159: 6084: 6051: 5997: 5977: 5933: 5840: 5785: 5776: 5756: 5716: 5696: 5659: 5636: 5591: 5571: 5551: 5505: 5481: 5362: 3004: 3002: 2768:Bourne, W.R.P. (1993). "The story of the Great Auk 1879:, one of the two last birds killed on Eldey in 1844 4243: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 3720:"Great Auk and Common Murre from a Florida Midden" 3436: 3361: 3328: 3217: 2974:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 2967: 2895: 2500:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22694856A205919631.en 2084:element of suspense). The story first appeared in 27:Extinct flightless seabird from the North Atlantic 5237:. Audubon fact sheet. audubon.org. Archived from 4987:"Fleming College Auk's Lodge Student Association" 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 2889: 2887: 2799:Thomas, G.H.; Wills, M.A.; Székely, T.S. (2004). 2135:A great auk is collected by fictional naturalist 1123:The species was not placed in its own scientific 1076:The "Great Auk, Northern Penguin, or Gair-Fowl", 4110: 4108: 4106: 3435:Montevecchi, William A.; Kirk, David A. (1996). 3430: 3428: 3426: 3360:Montevecchi, William A.; Kirk, David A. (1996). 3327:Montevecchi, William A.; Kirk, David A. (1996). 3281:"Morphometrics of flightlessness in the Alcidae" 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 2894:Montevecchi, William A.; Kirk, David A. (1996). 1983:Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Science 1787:, and numerous ships attempting to find gold on 1369:, one locality where the great auk used to breed 4208:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 4115:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 4076:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 3967:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 3927:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 3816:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 3811: 3770:Bocagiana. Museu de História Natural do Funchal 3665:"Great Auk Remains from a Florida Shell Midden" 3632:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 3627: 3625: 3623: 3593:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 3497:Montevecchi, William A.; David A. Kirk (1996). 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 2699:. Southborough, Kent, UK: Privately Published. 1900: 1838: 1240:in the Southern Hemisphere, they noticed their 670:Turnaround video of Specimen No. 57 and a 4665:The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby 4296:(1). University of California Press: 167–168. 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 2046:The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby 1934:Specimen No. 39, skeleton, and replica egg at 5277: 4495:. National Audubon Society. 22 December 2015. 3588: 3586: 3045:. Oxford University Press (US). p. 152. 2801:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny" 2687: 2685: 1760:'s pet, received from the Faroe Islands, 1655 8: 5058:"Knowledge Master Open academic competition" 2958: 2956: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 1992:Internal organs of the last two great auks, 1975:Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History 1192: 1176: 5012:Fleming's Auks and Knights athletics merger 4731:. Charleston, SC: BiblioLife. p. 682. 4475:"Jul 3, 1844 CE: Great Auks Become Extinct" 4275:Jordan, Richard H; Storrs L. Olson (1982). 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 1967:Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 1877:Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 1165: 1132: 7229: 6770: 6635: 6518: 6461: 6452: 6439: 6048: 6035: 5782: 5633: 5620: 5359: 5346: 5284: 5270: 5262: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3034: 3032: 1381:, Ireland, Great Britain, France, and the 1298:in the water. During winter the great auk 339: 172: 149: 118: 31: 7707:Native birds of the Eastern United States 4630: 4620: 4367: 4357: 2866:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 2826: 2816: 2498: 1515:, as well as from remaining soft tissue. 7727:Species made extinct by human activities 5087:. The Oshkosh West Index. Archived from 4246:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World 4180:Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies 2848: 2846: 2287:It was also the mascot of the now ended 2435: 2394: 2175: 2117:, a 1908 French satirical novel by the 1979:Landesmuseum Natur und Mensch Oldenburg 1883:The last colony of great auks lived on 1829:by 1800. An account by Aaron Thomas of 368: 4808:. New York: Bantam Books. p. 18. 4144: 4142: 3922: 3920: 2746:. Bunker Hill Publishing. p. 34. 2641: 2639: 2637: 2449:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 157. 2020:that was destroyed by a fire in 1978. 127:Specimen No. 8 and replica egg in the 5114:. Homer Hickam Online. Archived from 5085:"Competition summons inner intellect" 3892:from the original on 12 December 2005 3441:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. 3333:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. 2900:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. 2668:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004206 2384:List of recently extinct bird species 1104:, in which it was given the binomial 7: 7677:Extinct animals of the United States 7622:NatureServe presumed extinct species 7425:0574bfeb-8f38-4a4e-a9d4-feca60635025 4319:from the original on 18 January 2014 2273:Choral Society (AUCS) in Australia. 1971:Zoological Museum of Kiel University 1706:The great auk was a food source for 1373:The great auk was found in the cold 562:) in honour of the bird until 2021. 5112:"Books – Rocket Boys / October Sky" 4667:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3554:from the original on 11 April 2017. 2486:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1825:The great auk had disappeared from 944: 919: 867: 860: 786: 734: 727: 702: 695: 688: 536:, reducing its numbers. The bird's 7712:Pleistocene birds of North America 5083:Schettle, Liz (17 December 2004). 5021:11 April 2012. Evolution in Sport. 4524:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb08857.x 4461:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1861.tb08857.x 3140:"Pingouin: Etymologie de Pingouin" 2367:for his monograph on the species. 2315:until 2021 in honor of this bird. 625:The fossil record (especially the 129:Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum 25: 7682:Extinct birds of Atlantic islands 5194:"The Home of the Great Auk" 4579:Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt 4556:10.1038/scientificamerican0613-12 4493:"The extinction of The Great Auk" 4218:The Birds of North America Online 4125:The Birds of North America Online 4086:The Birds of North America Online 3977:The Birds of North America Online 3937:The Birds of North America Online 3826:The Birds of North America Online 3642:The Birds of North America Online 3603:The Birds of North America Online 3541:Revista portuguesa de arqueologia 3507:The Birds of North America Online 3449:). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University 3443:The Birds of North America Online 3374:). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University 3368:The Birds of North America Online 3341:). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University 3335:The Birds of North America Online 2908:). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University 2902:The Birds of North America Online 2159:to the history of the great auk. 1424:of the great auk were found from 1182:, meaning "spearbill". Its early 1170:, meaning "big seabird/auk". The 541:the great auk were still hunted. 7212: 6425: 6021: 4934:. Archmere Academy. 6 March 2013 4886:'Still Life' at the Penguin Cafe 4704:"Ainslee's magazine. V.3 (1899)" 4277:"First record of the Great Auk ( 4052:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2003.00227.x 3663:Weigel, Penelope Hermes (1958). 3566:"Pinguinus impennis (great auk)" 3245:Giaimo, Cara (26 October 2016). 2216: 2197: 2178: 1033:. Known from bones found in the 199: 7717:Pliocene birds of North America 4395:. Waxmann Verlag. p. 347. 2652:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2475:BirdLife International (2021). 2359:The English painter and writer 2239:It is the subject of a ballet, 2016:, and one in the Museu Bocage, 1994:Zoological Museum of Copenhagen 1272:overall, surpassed only by the 1098:in his eighteenth-century work 550:American Ornithological Society 417:(Linnaeus, 1758) Vieillot, 1818 7702:Native birds of Eastern Canada 7692:Extinct birds of North America 5162:Burns, Phillip (6 July 2003). 5060:. greatauk.com. Archived from 4888:. London: Peters Edition Ltd. 4653:Guinness Book of Records 1972. 3682:University of California Press 3534:) no Plistocénico de Portugal" 3419:. London: Hutchinson & Co. 3366:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2301:American Ornithologists' Union 2299:The scientific journal of the 2242:Still Life at the Penguin Café 2008:twentieth century, one in the 1852:, last refuge of the great auk 1: 7742:Fossil taxa described in 1900 7617:IUCN Red List extinct species 5203:. Vol. 33. August 1888. 4912:. Rockford's Rock Opera. 2010 3224:. New York: Crestwood House. 2970:Diving Birds of North America 2413:— J. E. Thomas, et al. (2019) 1955:Zoological Museum, Copenhagen 1472:(Rochers-aux-Oiseaux) in the 1222:, which meant "little wing". 676:Naturalis Biodiversity Center 433:(Linnaeus, 1758) Gloger, 1842 5032:"Auk's Lodge Student Centre" 4220:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 4127:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 4088:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3979:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3939:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3828:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3785:(Vol. 12, p. 233). Barkhuis. 3644:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3605:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3509:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 2864:. In Ray, Clayton E. (ed.). 2278:Sir Sandford Fleming College 1547:Great auk eating a fish, by 1029:that lived during the Early 606:studies suggesting that the 7732:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7652:Birds in the United Kingdom 7642:Bird extinctions since 1500 4862:. New York: Horizon Press. 4242:Greenway, James C. (1967). 3850:Meldegaard, Morten (1988). 3220:Gone Forever: The Great Auk 3011:Archives of Natural History 2774:Archives of Natural History 2328:, and its film production, 1909:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 1766:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 1395:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 1218:name for the great auk was 1190:, while modern French uses 7758: 7737:Zanclean first appearances 7722:Quaternary birds of Europe 4953:Holzknecht, Karin (2005). 4663:Kingsley, Charles (1995). 4422:. Oxford UP. p. 142. 3914:, 27 March – 3 April 1875. 3530:"Novo registo de Pinguim ( 3483:A History of British Birds 3478:Morris, Reverend Francis O 3118:. New York: Warner Books. 2929:A History of British Birds 2576:The Great Auk, or Garefowl 2552:. Thomas C. Jack, London. 2546:Grieve, Symington (1885). 2522:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 1350:, only louder and deeper. 1164:name for the great auk is 1149:and refers to the lack of 1087:A History of British Birds 894:Brachyramphus brevirostris 7672:Extinct animals of Canada 7209: 6773: 6464: 6451: 6438: 6423: 6047: 6034: 6019: 5632: 5619: 5358: 5345: 5301: 5036:Frost Student Association 4831:"For a Coming Extinction" 4777:O'Brian, Patrick (1981). 4419:Who Killed the Great Auk? 4391:Rackwitz, Martin (2007). 4210:"Conservation-Great Auk ( 3883:10.1080/08912968809386472 3718:Brodkorb, Pierce (1960). 3042:Who Killed the Great Auk? 2786:10.3366/anh.1993.20.2.257 2493:: e.T22694856A205919631. 2443:Finlayson, Clive (2011). 2291:educational competition. 1413:site of El Harhoura 2 in 1307:was large at 11 cm ( 1137:meaning "plump", and the 1037:of the Lee Creek Mine in 967: 949: 942: 924: 917: 890: 872: 865: 858: 809: 791: 784: 757: 739: 732: 725: 707: 700: 693: 485:. It is unrelated to the 359: 352: 347: 338: 312: 305: 196:Scientific classification 194: 170: 147: 138: 126: 117: 34: 7697:Extinct flightless birds 5296:and their extinct allies 4712:2027/umn.319510007402581 4416:Gaskell, Jeremy (2000). 3969:"Food Habits-Great Auk ( 3634:"Migration – Great Auk ( 3216:Crofford, Emily (1989). 3039:Gaskell, Jeremy (2000). 2927:Bewick, Thomas (1847) . 2805:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2526:explorer.natureserve.org 2090:In Search of the Unknown 2005:Guinness Book of Records 1683:Relationship with humans 1354:Distribution and habitat 876:Brachyramphus marmoratus 7687:Extinct birds of Europe 7647:Birds described in 1758 7627:1844 in the environment 5200:Popular Science Monthly 5017:27 October 2016 at the 4690:The Island of Adventure 4577:Luther, Dieter (1996). 4506:Newton, Alfred (1861). 4443:Newton, Alfred (1861). 4231:(subscription required) 4117:"Demography-Great Auk ( 4099:(subscription required) 3990:(subscription required) 3839:(subscription required) 3616:(subscription required) 2758:see also Fuller (1999). 2660:Oxford University Press 2573:Parkin, Thomas (1894). 2058:The Island of Adventure 1043:Pinguinus alfrednewtoni 1023:Pinguinus alfrednewtoni 974:(spectacled guillemot) 632:Pinguinus alfrednewtoni 585:Pinguinus alfrednewtoni 5110:Hickam, Homer (2006). 4804:Mowat, Farley (1986). 2818:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 2350:The Witch of St. Kilda 1996: 1938: 1905: 1880: 1875:Specimen No. 3 in the 1853: 1843: 1761: 1703: 1657: 1642: 1551: 1507: 1370: 1338: 1337:differences in plumage 1264: 1262:John Gerrard Keulemans 1193: 1177: 1166: 1133: 1091: 897:(Kittlitz's murrelet) 678: 622:, following Linnaeus. 588: 566:Taxonomy and evolution 7563:Paleobiology Database 5253:(audio documentary). 5168:Pib's Home on the Web 5137:Ford, Walton (2009). 4910:"Durka-The Great Auk" 4725:Joyce, James (2007). 4688:Blyton, Enid (1944). 4078:"Breeding-Great Auk ( 3818:"Behavior-Great Auk ( 3302:10.1093/auk/105.4.681 3023:10.3366/anh.2016.0345 2257:The great auk is the 2247:Rockford's Rock Opera 2028: 1991: 1963:Übersee-Museum Bremen 1933: 1894:Great auk specialist 1874: 1848: 1755: 1690: 1652: 1640: 1546: 1495: 1488:Ecology and behaviour 1409:and another from the 1361: 1332: 1259: 1202:called the great auk 1075: 764:(thick-billed murre) 669: 573: 453:), also known as the 7667:Birds of Scandinavia 7420:Fauna Europaea (new) 5064:on 18 September 2013 4692:. London: Macmillan. 4622:10.3390/genes8060164 3595:"Habitat-Great Auk ( 3570:Animal Diversity Web 3112:Cokinos, Christopher 2858:Rasmussen, Pamela C. 2579:. J.E. Budd, Printer 1745:also hunted it. The 1691:Illustration of two 1503:The Birds of America 1474:Gulf of St. Lawrence 1430:Gulf of St. Lawrence 1296:convergent evolution 430:Mataeoptera impennis 5229:. 26 November 1934. 4758:. Project Gutenberg 4543:Scientific American 4479:National Geographic 4359:10.7554/eLife.47509 3875:1988HBio....1..145M 3499:"Sounds-Great Auk ( 3277:Livezey, Bradley C. 2872:on 27 February 2012 2620:10.1017/pab.2015.24 2612:2016Pbio...42....8S 2271:Adelaide University 2187:Reykjanes Peninsula 2072:In the short story 2024:Cultural depictions 1926:Preserved specimens 1866:St. Kilda, Scotland 1529:white-tailed eagles 1367:St. Kilda, Scotland 956:(pigeon guillemot) 879:(marbled murrelet) 414:Chenalopex impennis 141:Conservation status 7657:Birds of Greenland 7594:Pinguinus-impennis 7298:pinguinus-impennis 7273:Pinguinus impennis 7243:Pinguinus impennis 6567:Synthliboramphini 4780:The Surgeon's Mate 4279:Pinguinus impennis 4212:Pinguinus impennis 4156:on 9 February 2009 4119:Pinguinus impennis 4080:Pinguinus impennis 4036:Pinguinus impennis 4003:Pinguinus impennis 3971:Pinguinus impennis 3931:Pinguinus impennis 3863:Historical Biology 3856:(L.) in Greenland" 3854:Pinguinus impennis 3820:Pinguinus impennis 3636:Pinguinus impennis 3597:Pinguinus impennis 3532:Pinguinus impennis 3501:Pinguinus impennis 3447:Pinguinus impennis 3408:Rothschild, Walter 3372:Pinguinus impennis 3339:Pinguinus impennis 2964:Johnsgard, Paul A. 2906:Pinguinus impennis 2770:Pinguinis impennis 2648:Pinguinus impennis 2479:Pinguinus impennis 2267:Claymont, Delaware 2146:The Surgeon's Mate 2086:Ainslee's Magazine 2078:Robert W. Chambers 2012:Museum during the 1997: 1939: 1936:Senckenberg Museum 1881: 1854: 1762: 1704: 1658: 1643: 1615:shorthorn sculpins 1552: 1508: 1498:John James Audubon 1371: 1339: 1265: 1242:similar appearance 1118:Mergus Americanus. 1092: 1035:Yorktown Formation 931:(black guillemot) 813:Pinguinus impennis 679: 589: 450:Pinguinus impennis 319:Pinguinus impennis 18:Pinguinus impennis 7604: 7603: 7550:Open Tree of Life 7235:Taxon identifiers 7226: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7207: 7206: 6887: 6886: 6740: 6739: 6692: 6691: 6625: 6624: 6434: 6433: 6421: 6420: 6030: 6029: 6017: 6016: 5929: 5928: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5251:Natural Histories 5221:"Auk egg auction" 5148:978-3-8228-5237-8 5038:. Fleming College 4835:Poetry Foundation 4752:France, Anatole. 4738:978-1-4346-0387-6 4706:. pp. 10 v. 4429:978-0-19-856478-2 4402:978-3-8309-1699-4 4261:978-0-486-21869-4 3396:. 25 August 2021. 3330:"Characteristics" 2753:978-1-59373-003-1 2289:Knowledge Masters 2143:historical novel 2074:The Harbor-Master 1603:Atlantic menhaden 1399:Massachusetts Bay 1383:Iberian Peninsula 1234:White Head Island 1019: 1018: 1010: 1009: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 983: 982: 906: 905: 847: 846: 838: 837: 829: 828: 773: 772: 667: 637:Xantus's murrelet 514:Atlantic menhaden 441: 440: 434: 426: 418: 410: 399: 394:(Linnaeus, 1758) 391:Pingouin impennis 387: 382:(Linnaeus, 1758) 375: 365: 286: 189: 165: 16:(Redirected from 7749: 7662:Birds of Iceland 7597: 7596: 7584: 7583: 7571: 7570: 7558: 7557: 7545: 7544: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7518: 7516:NHMSYS0000530766 7506: 7505: 7493: 7492: 7480: 7479: 7467: 7466: 7454: 7453: 7441: 7440: 7428: 7427: 7415: 7414: 7402: 7401: 7389: 7388: 7376: 7375: 7363: 7362: 7350: 7349: 7340: 7339: 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7311:57D2F32E062CB366 7301: 7300: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7230: 7217: 7216: 7188: 7170: 7160: 7096: 7058: 7027: 7016: 6985: 6940: 6930: 6819: 6809: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6771: 6699: 6636: 6576:Synthliboramphus 6546: 6519: 6500: 6490: 6483:Hydrotherikornis 6480: 6470: 6462: 6453: 6440: 6429: 6375: 6337: 6327: 6317: 6300: 6262: 6170: 6147: 6123: 6072: 6062: 6049: 6036: 6025: 5958: 5935:Recurvirostridae 5882: 5865: 5828: 5796: 5783: 5744: 5734: 5684: 5647: 5634: 5621: 5508: 5484: 5468: 5458: 5448: 5437: 5427: 5415: 5405: 5394: 5383: 5376:Charadriisimilis 5373: 5360: 5347: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5258: 5242: 5241:on 14 June 2010. 5230: 5216: 5196: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4966: 4959: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4860:Night of the Auk 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4806:Sea of Slaughter 4801: 4795: 4794: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4624: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4371: 4361: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4285: 4281:) from Labrador" 4272: 4266: 4265: 4249: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4205: 4188: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4112: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4073: 4056: 4055: 4031: 4025: 4024: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3964: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3924: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3891: 3860: 3852:"The Great Auk, 3847: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3813: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3474: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3440: 3432: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3365: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3332: 3324: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3285: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3223: 3213: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3108: 3057: 3056: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2973: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2899: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2854:Olson, Storrs L. 2850: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2734: 2711: 2710: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2472: 2461: 2460: 2440: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2263:Archmere Academy 2220: 2201: 2182: 2170:Night of the Auk 2157:Sea of Slaughter 2041:Charles Kingsley 2029:Children's books 2014:Second World War 1860:On the islet of 1727:Maritime Archaic 1674: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1655:Museum Wiesbaden 1653:Cast of an egg, 1596: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1294:are a result of 1196: 1180: 1169: 1136: 1114:Charles d'Ecluse 945: 920: 868: 861: 787: 735: 728: 703: 696: 689: 668: 529:Maritime Archaic 432: 424: 416: 405: 393: 381: 379:Plautus impennis 373: 363: 343: 321: 317: 298:P. impennis 281: 274: 204: 203: 183: 176: 175: 159: 153: 152: 122: 112: 49: 38:Temporal range: 32: 21: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7592: 7587: 7579: 7574: 7566: 7561: 7553: 7548: 7540: 7535: 7527: 7522: 7514: 7509: 7501: 7496: 7488: 7483: 7475: 7470: 7462: 7457: 7449: 7444: 7436: 7431: 7423: 7418: 7410: 7405: 7397: 7392: 7384: 7379: 7371: 7366: 7358: 7353: 7345: 7343: 7335: 7330: 7322: 7317: 7309: 7304: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7237: 7227: 7218: 7211: 7203: 7145: 7125: 6916:Chroicocephalus 6883: 6856: 6829: 6760: 6736: 6688: 6661: 6621: 6601: 6581: 6561: 6508: 6447: 6430: 6417: 6390: 6212: 6185: 6155: 6080: 6043: 6026: 6013: 5993: 5979:Ibidorhynchidae 5973: 5925: 5836: 5772: 5752: 5712: 5692: 5655: 5628: 5607: 5587: 5567: 5547: 5501: 5477: 5354: 5352:Charadriiformes 5341: 5337:Charadriiformes 5297: 5290: 5247:"The Great Auk" 5245: 5233: 5219: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5019:Wayback Machine 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4993:on 11 July 2011 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4967:on 19 July 2008 4964: 4957: 4955:"O'Sqweek 2005" 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4550:(6): 12. 2013. 4536: 4535: 4531: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4302:10.2307/4086034 4283: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4221: 4207: 4206: 4191: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4150:"Great Auk egg" 4148: 4147: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4114: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4075: 4074: 4059: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3980: 3966: 3965: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3815: 3814: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3741:10.2307/4082490 3722: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3690:10.2307/4081895 3680:(2). Berkeley: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3476: 3475: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3434: 3433: 3424: 3416: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3326: 3325: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3215: 3214: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3110: 3109: 3060: 3053: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2947:Systema naturae 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2736: 2735: 2714: 2707: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2474: 2473: 2464: 2457: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2380: 2343: 2297: 2255: 2234: 2232:Performing arts 2227: 2221: 2212: 2202: 2193: 2183: 2141:Patrick O'Brian 2137:Stephen Maturin 2121:winning author 2067: 2031: 2026: 1928: 1802: 1785:Jacques Cartier 1685: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1635: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555:to 20 cm ( 1541: 1490: 1387:Southern France 1356: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1270:Charadriiformes 1254: 1151:flight feathers 1101:Systema Naturae 1070: 1020: 1011: 1002: 993: 984: 953:Cepphus columba 907: 848: 839: 830: 774: 746:(common murre) 658: 604:biogeographical 568: 437: 367: 366: 334: 323: 315: 314: 301: 280: 272: 253:Charadriiformes 198: 190: 177: 173: 166: 154: 150: 143: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7755: 7753: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7585: 7572: 7559: 7546: 7533: 7520: 7507: 7494: 7481: 7468: 7455: 7442: 7429: 7416: 7407:Fauna Europaea 7403: 7390: 7377: 7364: 7351: 7341: 7328: 7315: 7302: 7289: 7278: 7263: 7247: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7194: 7184: 7177: 7166: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7135: 7133: 7131:Stercorariidae 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7023: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6936: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6866: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6839: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6815: 6805: 6795: 6785: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6705: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6671: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6642: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6609: 6607:Brachyramphini 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6552: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6525: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6486: 6476: 6465: 6459: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6333: 6323: 6313: 6306: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6165: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6102:Hydrophasianus 6098: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6075:Scolopacimilis 6068: 6057: 6055: 6053:incertae sedis 6045: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6003: 6001: 5999:Haematopodidae 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5964: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5878: 5871: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5730: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5700: 5698:Pluvianellidae 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5650:Cherevychnavis 5642: 5640: 5638:incertae sedis 5630: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5491: 5489: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5464: 5454: 5451:Sarjeantopodus 5444: 5433: 5423: 5411: 5401: 5390: 5379: 5368: 5366: 5364:incertae sedis 5356: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5243: 5231: 5217: 5187: 5186:External links 5184: 5181: 5180: 5154: 5147: 5129: 5102: 5091:on 2 June 2011 5075: 5049: 5023: 5004: 4978: 4945: 4923: 4901: 4894: 4873: 4847: 4821: 4814: 4796: 4789: 4769: 4755:Penguin Island 4744: 4737: 4717: 4695: 4680: 4673: 4655: 4646: 4594: 4587: 4569: 4529: 4518:(4): 374–399. 4498: 4484: 4466: 4455:(4): 374–399. 4435: 4428: 4408: 4401: 4383: 4330: 4267: 4260: 4234: 4189: 4176:Tuck, James A. 4167: 4138: 4102: 4057: 4046:(2): 231–240. 4026: 4015:(4): 790–792. 3993: 3950: 3916: 3903: 3869:(2): 145–178. 3842: 3787: 3774: 3761: 3710: 3655: 3619: 3582: 3557: 3547:(2): 361–370. 3520: 3489: 3460: 3422: 3399: 3385: 3363:"Measurements" 3352: 3314: 3268: 3237: 3230: 3153: 3131: 3124: 3058: 3051: 3028: 2998: 2984: 2952: 2934: 2919: 2883: 2842: 2791: 2780:(2): 257–278. 2760: 2752: 2712: 2705: 2681: 2633: 2590: 2565: 2559:978-0665066245 2558: 2538: 2513: 2462: 2456:978-1408137314 2455: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2379: 2376: 2342: 2339: 2296: 2293: 2254: 2251: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2184: 2177: 2123:Anatole France 2114:Penguin Island 2066: 2063: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 1927: 1924: 1806:Little Ice Age 1801: 1798: 1743:Dorset Eskimos 1720:Grotte Cosquer 1712:Camargo, Spain 1684: 1681: 1634: 1631: 1540: 1537: 1523:, such as the 1521:marine mammals 1496:Great Auks by 1489: 1486: 1460:near Iceland, 1450:Grimsey Island 1448:off Scotland, 1442:Orkney Islands 1375:North Atlantic 1355: 1352: 1292:countershading 1253: 1250: 1194:grand pingouin 1078:wood engraving 1069: 1066: 1039:North Carolina 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 994: 990: 989: 986: 985: 981: 980: 977: 976: 966: 963: 962: 959: 958: 948: 943: 941: 938: 937: 934: 933: 928:Cepphus grylle 923: 918: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 904: 903: 900: 899: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 871: 866: 864: 859: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 845: 844: 841: 840: 836: 835: 832: 831: 827: 826: 823: 822: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 790: 785: 783: 780: 779: 776: 775: 771: 770: 767: 766: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 721: 720: 717: 716: 706: 701: 699: 694: 692: 687: 681:The following 649:ornithologists 627:sister species 598:has confirmed 567: 564: 495:North Atlantic 474:became extinct 439: 438: 436: 435: 427: 419: 411: 400: 388: 376: 374:Linnaeus, 1758 362: 361: 360: 357: 356: 350: 349: 345: 344: 336: 335: 324: 310: 309: 303: 302: 294: 292: 288: 287: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 192: 191: 171: 168: 167: 148: 145: 144: 139: 136: 135: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 50: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7754: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7637:Atlantic auks 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7215: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6824: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6695: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6656:Ptychoramphus 6653: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Fraterculinae 6628: 6618: 6617: 6616:Brachyramphus 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6503:Pseudocepphus 6497: 6495: 6494: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6191:Rostratulidae 6188: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6095:Actophilornis 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5968:Recurvirostra 5965: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5944:Cladorhynchus 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5814:Hoploxypterus 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397:Fluviatitavis 5391: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5164:"Dodo Stamps" 5158: 5155: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5139:Pancha Tantra 5133: 5130: 5118:on 5 May 2010 5117: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5076: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5008: 5005: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4946: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4895:0-9542720-0-5 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882:Jeffes, Simon 4877: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4815:0-553-34269-X 4811: 4807: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4790:0-393-30820-0 4786: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4681: 4676: 4674:0-19-282238-1 4670: 4666: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4588:3-89432-213-6 4584: 4580: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4280: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4238: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3846: 3843: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3448: 3445:. Great Auk ( 3444: 3439: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3414: 3413:Extinct Birds 3409: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3373: 3370:. Great Auk ( 3369: 3364: 3356: 3353: 3340: 3337:. Great Auk ( 3336: 3331: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3254: 3253: 3252:Atlas Obscura 3248: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3231:0-89686-459-6 3227: 3222: 3221: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3125:0-446-67749-3 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052:0-19-856478-3 3048: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2987: 2985:0-8032-2566-0 2981: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2907: 2904:. Great Auk ( 2903: 2898: 2897:"Systematics" 2890: 2888: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2738:Fuller, Errol 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2706:0-9533553-0-6 2702: 2698: 2697:The Great Auk 2694: 2693:Fuller, Errol 2688: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662:: 1434–1439. 2661: 2658:(9). Oxford: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2539: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2439: 2436: 2429: 2420: 2417: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2318:According to 2316: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2095:In his novel 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1885:Geirfuglasker 1878: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1862:Stac an Armin 1858: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1789:Baffin Island 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773:down feathers 1769: 1767: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:Port au Choix 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1482:Massachusetts 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458:Geirfuglasker 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:Faroe Islands 1376: 1368: 1364: 1363:Stac an Armin 1360: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:specific name 1135: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:Alca impennis 1103: 1102: 1097: 1096:Carl Linnaeus 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082:Thomas Bewick 1079: 1074: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1014: 1006: 1005: 997: 996: 988: 987: 979: 978: 975: 973: 972: 971:Cepphus carbo 965: 964: 961: 960: 957: 955: 954: 947: 946: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 930: 929: 922: 921: 915: 914: 911: 910: 902: 901: 898: 896: 895: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 878: 877: 870: 869: 863: 862: 856: 855: 852: 851: 843: 842: 834: 833: 825: 824: 821: 819: 815: 814: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 797: 796: 789: 788: 782: 781: 778: 777: 769: 768: 765: 763: 762: 755: 754: 751: 750: 747: 745: 744: 737: 736: 730: 729: 723: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714:(little auk) 713: 712: 705: 704: 698: 697: 691: 690: 686: 684: 677: 673: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633: 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600:morphological 597: 594: 587: 586: 581: 577: 572: 565: 563: 561: 557: 556: 551: 547: 542: 539: 535: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 510: 506: 505: 498: 496: 490: 488: 484: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 451: 446: 431: 428: 423: 420: 415: 412: 408: 404: 403:Alca borealis 401: 397: 392: 389: 385: 380: 377: 372: 371:Alca impennis 369: 358: 355: 351: 346: 342: 337: 332: 328: 322: 320: 311: 308: 307:Binomial name 304: 300: 299: 293: 290: 289: 284: 279: 278: 271: 268: 267: 264: 261: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 202: 197: 193: 187: 182: (1852) 181: 169: 163: 158: (1852) 157: 146: 142: 137: 134: 130: 125: 121: 116: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 47: 43: 33: 30: 19: 7242: 7196: 7189: 7179: 7171: 7161: 7140:Stercorarius 7138: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7068:Rhodostethia 7066: 7061:Pseudosterna 7059: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7017: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6976: 6969: 6964:Hydrocoloeus 6962: 6955: 6950:Gelochelidon 6948: 6941: 6931: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6876: 6869: 6849: 6842: 6821: 6812:Paractiornis 6810: 6800: 6790: 6780: 6753: 6731:Praemancalla 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6681: 6674: 6667:Fraterculini 6654: 6647: 6614: 6594: 6574: 6554: 6547: 6537: 6530: 6501: 6491: 6481: 6471: 6410: 6403: 6396:Thinocoridae 6383: 6376: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6328: 6318: 6308: 6301: 6291: 6284: 6279:Limnocryptes 6277: 6270: 6263: 6255:Coenocorypha 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218:Scolopacidae 6205: 6200:Nycticryphes 6198: 6178: 6171: 6161:Pedionomidae 6150:Nupharanassa 6148: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6073: 6063: 6052: 6006: 5988:Ibidorhyncha 5986: 5966: 5959: 5949: 5942: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5873: 5866: 5856: 5849: 5842:Charadriinae 5829: 5819: 5812: 5807:Erythrogonys 5805: 5799:Dolicopterus 5797: 5765: 5745: 5735: 5725: 5707:Pluvianellus 5705: 5685: 5675: 5668: 5648: 5637: 5539: 5534:Palaeotringa 5532: 5525: 5518: 5510:Graculavidae 5494: 5486:Laornithidae 5469: 5459: 5449: 5438: 5428: 5417: 5406: 5395: 5384: 5374: 5363: 5323:Infraclass: 5250: 5239:the original 5224: 5211:– via 5198: 5171:. 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