1935:(PHMSA) has standard baseline incident frequencies to estimate the number of spills, TransCanada altered these assumptions based on improved pipeline design, operation, and safety. Whether these adjustments are justified is debatable as these assumptions resulted in a nearly 10-fold decrease in spill estimates. Given that the pipeline crosses 247 miles of the Ogallala Aquifer, or 14.5% of the entire pipeline length, and the 50-year life of the entire pipeline is expected to have between 11 – 91 spills, approximately 1.6 – 13.2 spills can be expected to occur over the aquifer. An estimate of 13.2 spills over the aquifer, each lasting 14 days, results in 184 days of potential exposure over the 50 year lifetime of the pipeline. In the reduced-scope worst-case exposure scenario, the volume of a pinhole leak at 1.5% of max flow-rate for 14 days has been estimated at 189,000 barrels or 7.9 million gallons of oil. According to PHMSA's incident database, only 0.5% of all spills in the last 10 years were >10,000 barrels.
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988:
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655:, the practice of using devices known as "pigs" to perform various maintenance operations on a pipeline. The devices are also known as "scrapers" or "Go-devils". "Smart pigs" (also known as "intelligent" or "intelligence" pigs) are used to detect anomalies in the pipe such as dents, metal loss caused by corrosion, cracking or other mechanical damage. These devices are launched from pig-launcher stations and travel through the pipeline to be received at any other station down-stream, either cleaning wax deposits and material that may have accumulated inside the line or inspecting and recording the condition of the line.
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truck or pipeline. Propane can be used as a fuel in oil fields to heat various facilities used by the oil drillers or equipment and trucks used in the oil patch. EG: Propane will convert from a gas to a liquid under light pressure, 100 psi, give or take depending on temperature, and is pumped into cars and trucks at less than 125 psi (860 kPa) at retail stations. Pipelines and rail cars use about double that pressure to pump at 250 psi (1,700 kPa).
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government regulation, many small, medium and large oil producers in North Dakota have decided to run an oil pipeline north to Canada to meet up with a
Canadian oil pipeline shipping oil from west to east. This allows the Bakken Basin and Three Forks oil producers to get higher negotiated prices for their oil because they will not be restricted to just one wholesale market in the US. The distance from the biggest oil patch in North Dakota, in
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the State of
Washington it is mandatory for pipeline operators to be able to detect and locate leaks of 8 percent of maximum flow within fifteen minutes or less. Social factors also affect the operation of pipelines. Product theft is sometimes also a problem for pipeline companies. In this case, the detection levels should be under two percent of maximum flow, with a high expectation for location accuracy.
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oil by tanker rail car as they can direct the oil to the market that gives the best price, and rail cars can be used to avoid a congested oil pipeline to get the oil to a different pipeline in order to get the oil to market faster or to a different less busy oil refinery. However, pipelines provide a cheaper means to transport by volume.
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1518:. Pipelines for centralized heating systems are often laid on the ground or overhead. Pipelines for petroleum running through permafrost areas as Trans-Alaska-Pipeline are often run overhead in order to avoid melting the frozen ground by hot petroleum which would result in sinking the pipeline in the ground.
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developed by TransCanada, the risk of a substantive or large release over a short period of time contaminating groundwater with benzene is unlikely. Detection, shutoff, and remediation procedures would limit the dissolution and transport of benzene. Therefore, the exposure of benzene would be limited
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Pipeline companies face government regulation, environmental constraints and social situations. Government regulations may define minimum staff to run the operation, operator training requirements, pipeline facilities, technology and applications required to ensure operational safety. For example, in
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In the US minimal amounts of ethanol are transported by pipeline. Most ethanol is shipped by rail, the main alternatives being truck and barge. Delivering ethanol by pipeline is the most desirable option, but ethanol's affinity for water and solvent properties require the use of a dedicated pipeline,
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As more North
American pipelines are built, even more exports of LNG, propane, butane, and other natural gas products occur on all three US coasts. To give insight, North Dakota Bakken region's oil production has grown by 600% from 2007 to 2015. North Dakota oil companies are shipping huge amounts of
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These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line for maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valve stations are usually located every 20 to 30 miles (48 km), depending on the type of pipeline. Even though it is
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To optimize and secure the operation of these assets, some pipeline companies are using what is called "Advanced
Pipeline Applications", which are software tools installed on top of the SCADA system, that provide extended functionality to perform leak detection, leak location, batch tracking (liquid
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Pipelines are controlled and operated remotely, from what is usually known as the "Main
Control Room". In this center, all the data related to field measurement is consolidated in one central database. The data is received from multiple RTUs along the pipeline. It is common to find RTUs installed at
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a particular development field. The latter, sometimes referred to as an "export pipeline", is used to bring the resource to shore. The construction and maintenance of marine pipelines imply logistical challenges that are different from those onland, mainly because of wave and current dynamics, along
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of Libya supplies 3,680,000 cubic metres (4,810,000 cu yd) of water each day to
Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirte, and several other cities in Libya. The pipeline is over 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) long, and is connected to wells tapping an aquifer over 500 metres (1,600 ft) underground.
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systems is not well described, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in the
Ogallala Aquifer could become contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL. The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department does not include a quantitative analysis
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inspection, aerial surveying, or mass-balance inconsistencies. It is assumed that pinhole leaks are discovered within the 14-day inspection interval, however snow cover and location (e.g. remote, deep) could delay detection. Benzene typically makes up 0.1 – 1.0% of oil and will have varying degrees
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are sometimes used to transport coal or ore from mines. The material to be transported is closely mixed with water before being introduced to the pipeline; at the far end, the material must be dried. One example is a 525-kilometre (326 mi) slurry pipeline which is planned to transport iron ore
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of a liquid or gas, typically to a market area for consumption. The latest data from 2014 gives a total of slightly less than 2,175,000 miles (3,500,000 km) of pipeline in 120 countries around the world. The United States had 65%, Russia had 8%, and Canada had 3%, thus 76% of all pipeline were
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failure on March 4, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed. This accident, and others of the era, led then-President Lyndon B. Johnson to call for the formation of a national pipeline safety agency in 1967. The same pipeline had also
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The entire surface of an above-ground pipeline can be directly examined for material breach. Pooled petroleum is unambiguous, readily spotted, and indicates the location of required repairs. Because the effectiveness of remote inspection is limited by the cost of monitoring equipment, gaps between
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includes flow, pressure, and temperature gauges/transmitters, and other devices to measure the relevant data required. These instruments are installed along the pipeline on some specific locations, such as injection or delivery stations, pump stations (liquid pipelines) or compressor stations (gas
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Enbridge in Canada is applying to reverse an oil pipeline going from east-to-west (Line 9) and expanding it and using it to ship western
Canadian bitumen oil eastward. From a presently rated 250,000 barrels equivalent per day pipeline, it will be expanded to between 1.0 and 1.3 million barrels per
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The most recent major pipeline to start operating in North
America is a TransCanada natural gas line going north across the Niagara region bridges. This gas line carries Marcellus shale gas from Pennsylvania and other tied in methane or natural gas sources into the Canadian province of Ontario. It
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Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are lightly pressurized into liquids known as
Natural Gas Liquids (NGLs). Small NGL processing facilities can be located in oil fields so the butane and propane liquid under light pressure of 125 pounds per square inch (860 kPa), can be shipped by rail,
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s worldwide survey figures indicate that 118,623 miles (190,905 km) of pipelines are planned and under construction. Of these, 88,976 miles (143,193 km) represent projects in the planning and design phase; 29,647 miles (47,712 km) reflect pipelines in various stages of construction.
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Various technologies and strategies have been implemented for monitoring pipelines, from physically walking the lines to satellite surveillance. The most common technology to protect pipelines from occasional leaks is Computational Pipeline Monitoring or CPM. CPM takes information from the field
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The market size for oil and gas pipeline construction experienced tremendous growth prior to the economic downturn in 2008. After faltering in 2009, demand for pipeline expansion and updating increased the following year as energy production grew. By 2012, almost 32,000 miles (51500 km) of North
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Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material, such as natural gas or oil, pose special safety concerns. While corrosion, pressure, and equipment failure are common causes, excavation damage is also a leading accident type that can be avoided by calling 811 before digging near pipelines.
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existing dams, and carried dilbit 30 miles downstream before the spill was contained. Remediation work collected over 1.1 million gallons of oil and almost 200,000 cubic yards of oil-contaminated sediment and debris from the Kalamazoo River system. However, oil was still being found in affected
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In places, a pipeline may have to cross water expanses, such as small seas, straits and rivers. In many instances, they lie entirely on the seabed. These pipelines are referred to as "marine" pipelines (also, "submarine" or "offshore" pipelines). They are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but
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over land. For example, in 2014, pipeline transport of crude oil cost about $ 5 per barrel, while rail transport cost about $ 10 to $ 15 per barrel. Trucking has even higher costs due to the additional labor required; employment on completed pipelines represents only "1% of that of the trucking
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Group of smaller interconnected pipelines forming complex networks with the purpose of bringing crude oil or natural gas from several nearby wells to a treatment plant or processing facility. In this group, pipelines are usually short- a couple hundred metres- and with small diameters. Sub-sea
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This new US-supplied natural gas displaces the natural gas formerly shipped to Ontario from western Canada in Alberta and Manitoba, thus dropping the government regulated pipeline shipping charges because of the significantly shorter distance from gas source to consumer. To avoid delays and US
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related to pressures, flows, and temperatures to estimate the hydraulic behavior of the product being transported. Once the estimation is completed, the results are compared to other field references to detect the presence of an anomaly or unexpected situation, which may be related to a leak.
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in Brazil, and there are several ethanol pipeline projects in Brazil and the United States. The main problems related to the transport of ethanol by pipeline are its corrosive nature and tendency to absorb water and impurities in pipelines, which are not problems with oil and natural gas.
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Where a pipeline containing passes under a road or railway, it is usually enclosed in a protective casing. This casing is vented to the atmosphere to prevent the build-up of flammable gases or corrosive substances, and to allow the air inside the casing to be sampled to detect leaks. The
2184:. Leaking gas filled the sewers along several major thoroughfares and the resulting explosions turned several kilometers of road surface into deep trenches, sending vehicles and debris high into the air and igniting fires over a large area. At least 32 people were killed and 321 injured.
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Composed of several interconnected pipelines with small diameters, used to take the products to the final consumer. Feeder lines to distribute gas to homes and businesses downstream. Pipelines at terminals for distributing products to tanks and storage facilities are included in this
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pipeline was built. Credit for the development of pipeline transport belongs indisputably to the Oil Transport Association, which first constructed a 2-inch (51 mm) wrought iron pipeline over a 6-mile (9.7 km) track from an oil field in Pennsylvania to a railroad station in
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day. It will bring western oil to refineries in Ontario, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Quebec and New York by early 2014. New Brunswick will also refine some of this western Canadian crude and export some crude and refined oil to Europe from its deep water oil ULCC loading port.
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park led to the release of 277,200 gallons of gasoline. The gasoline was ignited, causing an explosion that killed two children and one adult. Misoperation of the pipeline and a previously damaged section of the pipe that was not detected before were identified as causing the
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Pipelines are generally laid underground because temperature is less variable. Because pipelines are usually metal, this helps to reduce the expansion and shrinkage that can occur with weather changes. However, in some cases it is necessary to cross a valley or a river on a
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Since oil and gas pipelines are an important asset of the economic development of almost any country, it has been required either by government regulations or internal policies to ensure the safety of the assets, and the population and environment where these pipelines run.
1371:, showing the operational conditions of the pipeline. The operator can monitor the hydraulic conditions of the line, as well as send operational commands (open/close valves, turn on/off compressors or pumps, change setpoints, etc.) through the SCADA system to the field.
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Basin oil companies in North Dakota, Montana, Manitoba and Saskatchewan gas fields separate the NGLs in the field, allowing the drillers to sell propane directly to small wholesalers, eliminating the large refinery control of product and prices for propane or butane.
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system that assesses pressure and volume flow every 5 seconds. A pinhole leak that releases small quantities that cannot be detected by the SCADA system (<1.5% flow) could accumulate into a substantive spill. Detection of pinhole leaks would come from a visual or
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exploded in the Crestmoor residential neighborhood 2 mi (3.2 km) west of San Francisco International Airport, killing 8, injuring 58, and destroying 38 homes. Poor quality control of the pipe used & of the construction were cited as factors in the
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Mainly long pipes with large diameters, moving products (oil, gas, refined products) between cities, countries and even continents. These transportation networks include several compressor stations in gas lines or pump stations for crude and multi-products
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to produce and transport due to greater heat losses. Heat transfer oils are generally not used for economic and ecological reasons. The typical annual loss of thermal energy through distribution is around 10%, as seen in Norway's district heating network.
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with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.
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not a design rule, it is a very usual practice in liquid pipelines. The location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the line.
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Pipelines can help ensure a country's economic well-being and as such present a likely target of terrorists or wartime adversaries. Fossil fuels can be transported by pipeline, rail, truck or ship, though natural gas requires compression or
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for gas pipelines, are located along the line to move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the
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American pipeline were being planned or under construction. When pipelines are constrained, additional pipeline product transportation options may include the use of drag reducing agents, or by transporting product via truck or rail.
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cut off natural gas supplies to Ukraine after talks between it and the Ukrainian government fell through. In addition to cutting off supplies to Ukraine, Russian gas flowing through Ukraine—which included nearly all supplies to
1798:. Although it is not well studied, single benzene exposure events have been linked to acute carcinogenesis. Additionally, the exposure of livestock, mainly cattle, to benzene has been shown to cause many health issues, such as
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Pipeline design: The pipeline project may take a number of forms, including the construction of a new pipeline, conversion of existing pipeline from one fuel type to another, or improvements to facilities on a current pipeline
587:. Similarly, it is often more economically feasible to transport natural gas in the form of LNG, however the break-even point between LNG and pipelines would depend on the volume of natural gas and the distance it travels.
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after fuel thieves tapped into the line. At least sixty-six people were reported to have been killed. In war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt enemy
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city in Denmark, the so-called Thor Beer pipeline was operated. Originally, copper pipes ran directly from the brewery, but when the brewery moved out of the city in the 1990s, Thor Beer replaced it with a giant tank.
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is the difficulty in cleaning it up. When the aforementioned Enbridge Line 6B crude oil pipeline ruptured in Marshall, Michigan in 2010, at least 843,000 gallons of dilbit were spilled. After detection of the leak,
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In the United States, 70% of crude oil and petroleum products are shipped by pipeline. (23% are by ship, 4% by truck, and 3% by rail) In Canada for natural gas and petroleum products, 97% are shipped by pipeline.
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is the transportation of hydrogen through a pipe. Pipelines are one of the safest ways of transporting materials as compared to road or rail, and hence in war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks.
1693:—was cut off, creating a major crisis in several countries heavily dependent on Russian gas as fuel. Russia was accused of using the dispute as leverage in its attempt to keep other powers, and particularly the
2142:. Two people were killed instantly and an additional four were injured. Several homes were destroyed and sixty families were displaced. The pipeline is owned by Enterprise Products Partners LP, and runs from
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levels for the proper range, surveillance for construction, erosion, or leaks by foot, land vehicle, boat, or air, and running cleaning pigs, when there is anything carried in the pipeline that is corrosive.
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Known also as "outlet" stations or terminals, this is where the product will be distributed to the consumer. It could be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution network for gas
2011:
to make vehicle transport economical. For transport of crude oil via these four modes, various reports rank pipelines as proportionately causing less human death and property damage than rail and truck and
796:
240-kilometre (150 mi) hydrogen pipeline is still in operation. As of 2004, there are 900 miles (1,400 km) of low pressure hydrogen pipelines in the US and 930 miles (1,500 km) in Europe.
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2048:. Gasoline sprayed across the area, and soon ignited, killing 9, and injuring at least 14 others. Confusion over the depth of the pipeline in the construction area seemed to be a factor in the accident.
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Known also as "supply" or "inlet" station, is the beginning of the system, where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, pumps or compressors are usually located at these locations.
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to Europe, known as LPG, as wholesale prices there are much higher than in North America. Additionally, a pipeline is currently being constructed from North Dakota to Illinois, commonly known as the
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1328:, other laws and, in some cases, municipal laws. The Biden administration has sought to permit the respective states and tribal groups to appraise and potentially block the proposed projects.
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Obtaining approval: Once the design is finalized and the first pipeline customers have purchased their share of capacity, the project must be approved by the relevant regulatory agencies.
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with inner diameter typically from 4 to 48 inches (100 to 1,220 mm). Most pipelines are typically buried at a depth of about 3 to 6 feet (0.91 to 1.83 m). To protect pipes from
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work to lay the pipeline and build the pump/compressor stations, it also has to cover all the work related to the installation of the field devices that will support remote operation.
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Even with pipeline leak volumes within SCADA detection limits, sometimes pipeline leaks are misinterpreted by pipeline operators to be pump malfunctions, or other problems. The
1348:(RTU) that transfer the field data to a central location in real time using communication systems, such as satellite channels, microwave links, or cellular phone connections.
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Previous work has shown that a 'worst-case exposure scenario' can be limited to a specific set of conditions. Based on the advanced detection methods and pipeline shut-off
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Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from location to location. The main elements of a pipeline system are:
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Testing: Once construction is completed, the new pipeline is subjected to tests to ensure its structural integrity. These may include hydrostatic testing and line packing.
755:, Australia, possibly the world's first when it was built in 1967. It includes a 366-metre (1,201 ft) bridge span at 167 metres (548 ft) above the Savage River.
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This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some of the pressure from the line. Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.
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and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, a worst-case estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is anticipated to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of the
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1216:. In Nigeria oil pipelines get bored by thieves, in 2022, during the Russian-Ukrainian war, the submarine natural gas pipelines Nord Stream I and II got blasted.
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systems which allow for the generation of suction pressure for useful work and in transporting solid objects. Pipelines are useful for transporting water for
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2439:"Numerical investigation on the migration of leaked pollutants after liquid pressurized pipeline leakage regarding oil and gas parallel pipelines situation"
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1770:) to the subterranean environment compounds the threat posed by a pipeline leak. Particularly if followed by rain, a pipeline breach would result in BTEX
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Pipeline Accident Report: Pacific Gas and Electric Company Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Rupture and Fire, San Bruno, California, September 9, 2010
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Although pipelines can be built under the sea, that process is economically and technically demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by
1562:(MMS). In Canada, pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the Canada–US border, by the
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1141:. Every day, 30,000 litres of milk produced on the island were transported to be processed on the mainland. In 1994, the pipeline was abandoned.
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1965 – A 32-inch gas transmission pipeline, north of Natchitoches, Louisiana, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from
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Pipeline Accident Report: Rupture of Hazardous Liquid Pipeline With Release and Ignition of Propane, Carmichael, Mississippi, November 1, 2007
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2205:. For example, between early 2011 and July 2012, a natural gas pipeline connecting Egypt to Israel and Jordan was attacked 15 times. In 2019,
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Open season to determine market interest: Potential customers are given the chance to sign up for part of the new pipeline's capacity rights.
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transportation of water is also important. In offshore projects, a distinction is made between a "flowline" and a pipeline. The former is an
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Gas Pipeline Safety: Guidance and More Information Needed before Using Risk-Based Reassessment Intervals: Report to Congressional Committees
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and technology to monitor the pipeline. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option. The coating is the only external protection.
1105:, claims to contain "the oldest industrial pipeline in the world", dating back to 1595. It was constructed from 13,000 hollowed-out tree
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The pipeline is routed along what is known as a "right of way". Pipelines are generally developed and built using the following stages:
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to push the water along until it reached its destination. Hundreds of these were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with
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3526:"The single exposure carcinogen database: assessing the circumstances under which a single exposure to a carcinogen can cause cancer"
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Known also as "intermediate stations", these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.
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and vary in size from 2 to 60 inches (51 to 1,524 mm) in diameter, depending on the type of pipeline. The gas is pressurized by
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2101:; this explosion and fire killed 12 members of an extended family. The cause was due to severe internal corrosion of the pipeline.
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pipelines that run to Europe from Russia under the Baltic Sea. The leaks are believed to have been caused by an act of sabotage.
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system at the Main Control Room receives all the field data and presents it to the pipeline operator through a set of screens or
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Pipeline developers do not always prioritize effective surveillance against leaks. Buried pipes draw fewer complaints. They are
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Major Russian gas pipelines to Europe in 2009. Deliveries on some pipelines were disrupted by or became controversial after the
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Pipelines for major energy resources (petroleum and natural gas) are not merely an element of trade. They connect to issues of
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unless incomplete remediation were followed by the introduction of another carrier (e.g. a series of torrential downpours).
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June 27, 2014 – An explosion occurred after a natural gas pipe line ruptured in Nagaram village, East Godavari district,
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1566:(NEB). Government regulations in Canada and the United States require that buried fuel pipelines must be protected from
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is produced at the place of demand with every 50 to 100 miles (160 km) an industrial production facility. The 1938
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and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using
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Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines, and any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline.
3726:, July 6, 2012. Lisa Song, a reporter for Inside Climate News, interviewed by Bruce Gellerman. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
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November 1, 2007 – A propane pipeline exploded near Carmichael, Mississippi, about 30 miles (48 km) south of
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interests and actions. A notable example of pipeline politics occurred at the beginning of the year 2009, wherein
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has published several articles related to the performance of CPM in liquids pipelines. The API Publications are:
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Insufficient volumes and cost-effectiveness are other considerations limiting construction of ethanol pipelines.
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3614:"Analysis of Frequency, Magnitude and Consequence of Worst-Case Spills From the Proposed Keystone XL Pipeline"
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lines), pig tracking, composition tracking, predictive modeling, look ahead modeling, and operator training.
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using 750 mm (30 inch) pipe and completed in 1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time.
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in these three countries. The main attribute to pollution from pipelines is caused by corrosion and leakage.
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Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. p. 33.
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pipelines for collecting product from deep water production platforms are also considered gathering systems.
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2150:. Inability to find flaws in pre-1971 ERW seam welded pipe flaws was a contributing factor to the accident.
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as well, and the construction, placement, and control of oil and gas pipelines often figure prominently in
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stations along the pipeline. Natural gas (and similar gaseous fuels) are pressurized into liquids known as
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Pipeline Accident Report: Natural Gas Pipeline Rupture and Fire Near Carlsbad, New Mexico, August 19, 2000
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can be expected to follow an above-ground spill—ostensibly enabling timely intervention by leaving only a
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4487:
4439:
4246:
4160:
3438:
Lisa Friedman. (2 June 2022). "E.P.A., Reversing Trump, Will Restore States’ Power to Block Pipelines".
2964:
2887:
2378:
2251:
2139:
1964:
1563:
1029:
District heating pipelines are normally installed underground, with some exceptions. Within the system,
1010:
956:
625:
415:
313:
270:
4773:
3871:
Pipeline Accident Report: Pipeline Rupture and Subsequent Fire in Bellingham, Washington, June 10, 1999
3503:
3294:
3013:
844:
to transport water from higher elevations by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed
2438:
484:, in the 1860s. Pipelines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of oil,
5628:
5298:
5060:
4942:
4768:
4741:
4724:
4650:
4482:
3573:
2718:
2450:
2147:
2098:
1952:
1854:
1775:
1538:(CFR) sections, 49 CFR 192 for natural gas pipelines, and 49 CFR 195 for petroleum liquid pipelines.
1345:
1309:, who are trained to build and repair pipelines. Russia is the only country to have Pipeline Troops.
962:
826:
806:
748:
481:
299:
285:
280:
219:
564:
are the largest investors in new oil and gas pipelines. In the fall of 2012, the US began exporting
6068:
5776:
5721:
5648:
5537:
5349:
5267:
4947:
4813:
3648:"Potential Releases From Project Construction and Operation and Environmental Consequence Analysis"
3067:
2939:
2337:
2143:
1818:
1682:
1575:
1527:
970:
906:
879:
and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps was brought in by a
781:
528:
began operations in the fall of 2012, supplying 16 percent of all the natural gas used in Ontario.
199:
116:
2707:"Natural gas and CO2 price variation: Impact on the relative cost-efficiency of LNG and pipelines"
5997:
5982:
5623:
5045:
4655:
4555:
4413:
4338:
4317:
2236:
2052:
1986:
1912:
1814:
1571:
1190:
1022:
1018:
663:
621:
354:
179:
3844:. Letter to Mr. C. D. Mims. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from
1810:, and data that requires interpretation, small leaks in buried pipe can sometimes go undetected
751:
in Brazil. An existing example is the 85-kilometre (53 mi) Savage River Slurry pipeline in
3697:
1755:
vapours are well-established, and oil spilled from the pipeline would be unlikely to reach the
6043:
5771:
4899:
4874:
4677:
4662:
4358:
Construction and delivery of compressor stations for a gas pipeline in the Soviet Union by AEG
3547:
3478:
2805:
2744:
2466:
2132:
1830:
1256:
1070:
925:
821:
485:
294:
145:
4328:
1554:
In the US, onshore and offshore pipelines used to transport oil and gas are regulated by the
1336:
Field devices are instrumentation, data gathering units and communication systems. The field
5598:
5319:
4922:
4840:
4758:
4596:
4477:
4324:
Article about first undersea gas pipeline constructed in the US and the problems encountered
3845:
3537:
2761:
2734:
2726:
2510:
2458:
2358:
2297:
2261:
2202:
1826:
1822:
996:
853:
520:
344:
323:
290:
224:
4371:
6114:
5831:
5821:
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5314:
5203:
5129:
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4857:
4825:
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4377:
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3459:
3426:
3224:
3155:
3073:
2900:
2780:
2651:
2373:
2347:
2332:
1920:
1915:
on July 25, 2010 was thought by operators in Edmonton to be from column separation of the
1883:
1665:
1515:
1337:
1321:
1034:
932:
883:
830:
773:
739:
339:
164:
2684:
2554:
1676:
ostensibly over pricing led to a major political crisis. Russian state-owned gas company
867:(d. 189 AD) once ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of square-pallet
4290:
Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes
2722:
2454:
5941:
5668:
5588:
5578:
5568:
5509:
5484:
5193:
5134:
5065:
4952:
4937:
4746:
4684:
4429:
3999:
3967:
3909:
3877:
3735:
2739:
2706:
2352:
2272:
2166:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1270:
1106:
1038:
1006:
890:
841:
209:
174:
100:
96:
57:
4289:
3908:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board. 2003. Archived from
3136:
1153:
6088:
5736:
5693:
5658:
5287:
5168:
5141:
5075:
4467:
3413:
3391:
3217:
2355:, a method for sending documents and other solid materials in capsules through a tube
2256:
2223:
2219:
1886:
and go unnoticed for extended periods of time. Leak detection is monitored through a
1853:
mammals, and stray buckshot. Buried pipe is less vulnerable to accident damage (e.g.
1799:
1795:
1752:
1558:(PHMSA). Certain offshore pipelines used to produce oil and gas are regulated by the
1306:
1074:
1066:
697:
584:
561:
204:
3998:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2011. Archived from
3966:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2009. Archived from
3876:(Report). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board. 2002. Archived from
1546:
1492:
API 1149 – Pipeline variable uncertainties & their effects on leak detectability
1077:, Germany, are interconnected by a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) long beer pipeline. In
6048:
6033:
5796:
5726:
5618:
5608:
5603:
5593:
5583:
5469:
5449:
5394:
5178:
5146:
5085:
4982:
4884:
4790:
4667:
4601:
3938:
3148:
2109:
2008:
1990:
1787:
1744:
1705:
1397:
1205:
837:
659:
648:
633:
443:
398:
5688:
1224:
In general, pipelines can be classified in three categories depending on purpose:
784:
or delivery of hydrogen with the point of demand, with transport costs similar to
4083:[Casualties climb to 28 people in Kaohsiung gas explosion, 286 injured].
2730:
6012:
5766:
5638:
5459:
5429:
5374:
5364:
5070:
5050:
4729:
4712:
4630:
4492:
4462:
4457:
3196:
2282:
2105:
2044:
June 16, 1976 – A gasoline pipeline was ruptured by a road construction crew in
1968:
1779:
1698:
1657:
1591:
1501:, a pipe protruding from the ground, often doubles as a warning marker called a
1422:
1393:
1126:
910:
857:
557:
489:
255:
214:
120:
4186:"CIA warned Berlin about possible attacks on gas pipelines in summer – Spiegel"
2462:
1923:
was only confirmed 17 hours after it happened by a local gas company employee.
1570:. Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is by use of pipeline
678:
6073:
6053:
5977:
5816:
5683:
5673:
5439:
5277:
5183:
4357:
3766:"Brigham McCown on Oil Pipeline Safety and Energy Infrastructure | C-SPAN.org"
3542:
3525:
2534:
2075:
1866:
1838:
1344:
The information measured by these field instruments is then gathered in local
1138:
894:
868:
864:
849:
793:
717:
463:
104:
2470:
2041:
had an explosion on May 9, 1955, just 930 feet (280 m) from the 1965 failure.
1751:
residue that is slow to migrate. Effective protocols to minimize exposure to
1033:
may be installed to even out peak load demands. Heat is transferred into the
5811:
5542:
5489:
5434:
5424:
5334:
5282:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5188:
4869:
4497:
4424:
4161:"Sweden and Denmark say Nord Stream pipeline blasts were deliberate attacks"
3315:
2824:
2277:
2211:
2194:
2177:
2071:
2013:
1892:
1862:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1732:
1567:
1355:
1213:
1102:
1098:
914:
880:
744:
701:
641:
629:
617:
476:
386:
138:
124:
41:
3551:
2748:
2627:
1320:
and others, reviews proposed pipeline projects in order to comply with the
1053:
2437:
He, Guoxi; Tian, Zhiyuan; Liao, Kexi; Shi, Jun; Wang, Liang (2023-09-01).
5992:
5972:
5962:
5806:
5786:
5781:
5761:
5756:
5532:
5522:
5444:
5379:
5151:
4835:
4830:
4694:
4085:
2198:
2117:
2083:
1904:
1709:
1201:
1089:, Belgium in September 2016 to reduce truck traffic on the city streets.
789:
752:
637:
553:
515:
The distance to ship propane to markets is much shorter, as thousands of
229:
159:
17:
4313:– a joint awareness initiative between 14 oil and gas pipeline operators
2762:"Oil & Gas Pipeline Construction in the U.S.: Market Research Report
856:
also made use of channels and pipe systems for public works. The famous
6063:
5474:
5464:
5344:
5339:
5254:
3412:
Houston Public Works. City of Houston. "Pipeline Permit(Oil and Gas)."
3377:," U.S. Energy Information Administration, Retrieved December 12, 2012.
2511:"Pipeline | Definition, History, Types, Uses, & Facts | Britannica"
2342:
2128:
2120:), killing at least 24 people and leaving 132 wounded, some critically.
2079:
1994:
1807:
1783:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1721:
1677:
1673:
1616: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1255:
When a pipeline is built, the construction project not only covers the
1134:
1130:
1114:
1078:
1058:
872:
845:
723:
690:
683:
652:
565:
552:, is only about 85 miles or 137 kilometers to the Canada–US border and
4025:"Breaking News, India, World, Bollywood, Sports, Business, Technology"
6017:
6007:
5952:
5791:
5678:
5663:
5653:
5613:
5527:
4382:
4363:
2241:
2181:
2157:: A 30-inch diameter high pressure natural gas pipeline owned by the
1981:
1916:
1736:
1725:
1289:
Trenching – Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other pipes, etc.)
1086:
876:
80:
76:
75:– such as oil, natural gas and biofuels – and other fluids including
3753:"More Work Needed to Clean up Enbridge Oil Spill in Kalamazoo River"
3752:
644:, imported sand padding, sacrificial cathodes and padding machines.
389:
which are usually buried. The oil is moved through the pipelines by
6038:
5987:
5957:
5573:
5547:
5517:
5479:
5419:
5414:
5409:
2124:
1887:
1643:
1545:
1489:
RAM 1130 – Computational pipeline monitoring for liquids pipelines
1387:
1368:
1364:
1125:
Between 1978 and 1994, a 15 km milk pipeline ran between the
1110:
1052:
1014:
902:
820:
705:
677:
667:
613:
594:
530:
462:
382:
112:
92:
84:
71:
Pipelines exist for the transport of crude and refined petroleum,
5910:
3218:
Andreas Oberhammer; The longest heat transfer pipeline in Austria
2176:
originating in underground gas pipelines occurred in the city of
1704:
Oil and gas pipelines also figure prominently in the politics of
991:
District heating pipeline in Austria with a length of 31 km
6002:
5801:
5741:
5494:
4972:
1842:
1767:
1418:
966:(completed 1970) which also include extensive use of pipelines.
898:
390:
108:
88:
72:
5914:
4386:
3567:"Characterizing Risks to Livestock from Petroleum Hydrocarbons"
2657:(Report). U.S. Energy Information Administration. November 2017
2555:"HDPE Pipes and Poly Pipe Fittings | Polyethylene Pipe Systems"
2097:
August 19, 2000 – A natural gas pipeline rupture and fire near
471:" launcher/receiver, on the natural gas pipeline in Switzerland
5967:
5633:
5499:
5272:
2113:
2082:, killing about 1,200 villagers, some of whom were scavenging
2060:
2055:: Sparks from two passing trains detonated gas leaking from a
1585:
1148:
780:. Hydrogen pipeline transport is used to connect the point of
423:
4300:
The Dolphin Project: The Development of a Gulf Gas Initiative
3114:
3112:
2961:"The Savage River Slurry Pipeline – The Australian Pipeliner"
4110:"Terrorist threats to energy infrastructure in North Africa"
2586:"Pick Your Poison For Crude – Pipeline, Rail, Truck Or Boat"
5262:
2169:, India causing 16 deaths and destroying "scores of homes".
1269:
Route (right of way) selection including land acquisition (
1017:
to the customer. While steam is hottest and may be used in
4136:"Mexico Explosion Kills 66 After Thieves Rupture Pipeline"
2827:
by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.
2559:
All Plastic Pipe Here | Hdpe Pipe, Corrugated Pipe Systems
1782:
of the admixture into the aquifer. Benzene can cause many
4212:"Nord Stream gas 'sabotage': who's being blamed and why?"
3390:(in German). Ria Novosti. 16 January 2012. Archived from
3388:"Russlands Militär übt für möglichen US-Angriff auf Iran"
1652:
map of pipeline infrastructure in the Soviet Union (1951)
1200:
pipeline, in the sense that it is used to connect subsea
3197:"GMR (Great Man-Made River) Water Supply Project, Libya"
2677:"Line 9: Journey along the pipeline | Toronto Star"
1550:
An underground petroleum pipeline running through a park
1165:
2802:
Pipeline Design and Construction: A Practical Approach
1972:
because it assumed that most benzene will volatilize.
1933:
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
1556:
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
852:
were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The
3340:
3338:
3336:
747:
mine (producing 26.5 million tonnes per year) to the
5863:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
4245:. Oildom Publishing Company of Texas. Archived from
4134:
Villegas, Paulina; Semple, Kirk (January 19, 2019).
2535:"» The Transportation of Natural Gas NaturalGas.org"
1137:
on the mainland, of which 8 km was beneath the
1009:
feed and return pipes which transport heated water,
943:(completed 1955) pipelines, both part of the larger
682:
The world's longest ammonia pipeline from Russia to
5840:
5706:
5556:
5508:
5296:
5253:
5238:
5229:
5114:
5031:
4913:
4799:
4693:
4621:
4564:
4523:
4516:
4438:
4055:"Taiwan explosions probe focuses on petrochem firm"
3935:"Clarke County Explosion Kills Two, Destroys Homes"
3790:"Natchitoches, LA Gas Pipeline Explosion, Mar 1965"
3500:"Basic Information about Benzene in Drinking Water"
2986:"Savage River Pipeline Bridge – Highestbridges.com"
2915:"Ethanol pipeline places the cart before the horse"
2216:
series of explosions and subsequent major gas leaks
2063:, Russia. At least 575 people were reported killed.
1766:and other volatile organic compounds (collectively
1101:in Austria, which is known for its long history of
632:, a variety of methods are used. These can include
3238:"Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate"
3139:Australian Dictionary of Biography(online version)
3086:"The Technological Steps of Hydrogen Introduction"
2408:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
1829:. Buried pipes are isolated from airborne debris,
2842:"Ethanol makers consider coast-to-coast pipeline"
1919:in that pipeline. The leak in wetlands along the
1085:A three-kilometer beer pipeline was completed in
1045:, without mixing of the fluids in either system.
397:(NGLs). Natural gas pipelines are constructed of
3007:"Compressorless Hydrogen Transmission Pipelines"
2323:Natural gas pipeline system in the United States
2123:May 12, 2006 – An oil pipeline ruptured outside
1900:and dissolution based on environmental factors.
889:Pipelines are useful for transporting water for
599:Gas pipe in the dry region of Antofagasta, Chile
3572:. Blasland, Bouck, and Lee, Inc. Archived from
3375:"Natural Gas Pipeline Development and Expansion
1993:were deployed. Heavy rains caused the river to
897:over long distances when it needs to move over
722:Pipelines have been used for transportation of
519:plants are located in or near oil fields. Many
107:over long distances when it needs to move over
4108:Consultancy Africa Intelligence (2014-06-26).
3038:"DOE Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop"
2711:International Journal of Environmental Studies
2308:List of countries by total length of pipelines
1976:Previous dilbit spill remediation difficulties
731:or significant cleanup of existing pipelines.
658:For natural gas, pipelines are constructed of
5926:
4398:
4360:(company video from the 1970s with subtitles)
4277:Pipeline Knowledge & Development (2011).
2917:. The Daily Iowan. 2008-08-24. Archived from
2207:a fuel pipeline north of Mexico City exploded
2131:. Up to 200 people may have been killed. See
1534:US pipeline maintenance rules are covered in
1392:The Trans Alaska Pipeline crossing under the
1113:40 kilometres (25 mi) from Hallstatt to
362:
8:
4319:Submarine Gas Pipe Line Taps Undersea Wealth
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3352:
3350:
2774:"2012 Worldwide Pipeline Construction Report
1947:Scenario for benzene leaching to groundwater
1305:Russia has "Pipeline Troops" as part of the
3839:"Safety Recommendations P-76-87 through 90"
3328:Amelandse melk niet meer door Waddenzeepijp
2443:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
1526:Maintenance of pipelines includes checking
931:Examples of significant water pipelines in
437:It has been suggested that this section be
5933:
5919:
5911:
5250:
5235:
4520:
4405:
4391:
4383:
3718:"Kalamazoo River Spill Yields Record Fine"
3427:Interstate Natural Gas Association website
2835:
2833:
1021:due to its higher temperature, it is less
909:are poor choices due to considerations of
875:. These chain pumps serviced the imperial
772:is a transportation of hydrogen through a
670:where required by a regulating authority.
369:
355:
129:
119:are poor choices due to considerations of
3673:"Environmental Analysis: Water Resources"
3541:
3330:, Reformatorisch Dagblad 20 January 1994.
2738:
2705:Ulvestad, Marte; Overland, Indra (2012).
2172:July 31, 2014 – On the night of July 31,
1849:. They are protected from nesting birds,
1632:Learn how and when to remove this message
4330:The Marvels Of Underground Oil Railroads
3091:. Storhy.net. p. 24. Archived from
2863:
2861:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2288:Hydraulically activated pipeline pigging
2089:June 10, 1999 – A pipeline rupture in a
1942:
1354:
1312:The U.S. government, mainly through the
986:
503:
36:
5325:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
3837:Webster B. Todd Jr. (31 January 1977).
3269:"Bruges' Beer Pipeline Becomes Reality"
3012:. Leightyfoundation.org. Archived from
2396:
2384:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
2242:Biogas § Biogas gas-grid injection
237:
144:
137:
5199:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
4958:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
4346:
4336:
4236:"2012 Worldwide Pipeline Construction"
2896:
2885:
1341:pipelines), and block valve stations.
1295:Installing valves, intersections, etc.
817:History of water supply and sanitation
647:Crude oil contains varying amounts of
541:2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute
3227:Paper in German. Retrieved 2010-09-20
2870:"Pipeline Considerations for Ethanol"
2402:
2400:
475:It is well documented when the first
441:out into another article titled
7:
5330:China National Petroleum Corporation
3463:, CONSOL Energy, accessed 2015-05-13
2303:Inland Petroleum Distribution System
1802:, fetal damage and fatal poisoning.
1614:adding citations to reliable sources
700:facility in Russia to the exporting
666:and is odorless unless mixed with a
4304:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
4272:Pipeline news and industry magazine
3796:from the original on 6 October 2014
3565:Pattanayek, M. & DeShields, B.
3161:, ABC. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
2024:For a more comprehensive list, see
1961:octanol-water partition coefficient
27:Pumping fluids or gas through pipes
5390:National Iranian South Oil Company
5106:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
4279:"History of Gas and Oil Pipelines"
3127:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345–46.
2074:pipeline exploded at Jesse on the
1352:every station along the pipeline.
25:
5858:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
5747:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
5400:Oil & Gas Development Company
4294:National Bureau of Asian Research
3524:Calabrese, EJ; Blain, RB (1999).
3043:. Eere.energy.gov. Archived from
2825:go-devil – definition of go-devil
2155:2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion
1778:of benzene in water, followed by
1326:National Environmental Policy Act
788:, the technology is proven. Most
5895:
5894:
4367:Government Accountability Office
4210:Plucinska, Joanna (2022-10-06).
2628:"About | Dakota Access Pipeline"
2159:Pacific Gas and Electric Company
2116:(thirty kilometres southwest of
1590:
1152:
1005:systems consist of a network of
689:A major ammonia pipeline is the
537:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
428:
338:
5405:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
4292:, by Mikkal E. Herberg et al. (
3291:"Hallstatt's White Gold – Salt"
2840:James MacPherson (2007-11-18).
2267:Geomagnetically induced current
2193:Pipelines can be the target of
1980:One of the major concerns over
1825:, and they are less exposed to
1601:needs additional citations for
95:for shorter distances and even
5873:Society of Petroleum Engineers
5644:Port Harcourt Refining Company
5310:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
3172:"Mannum Adelaide Celebrations"
2963:. January 2011. Archived from
1951:Benzene is considered a light
1359:The SCADA System for pipelines
922:Goldfields Water Supply Scheme
920:The 530 km (330 mi)
1:
4819:Production sharing agreements
4306:Jan 2008 Working Paper NG #22
2940:"Project Profiles, Minas-Rio"
2584:James Conca (26 April 2014).
2364:Reinforced thermoplastic pipe
2313:List of natural gas pipelines
2247:Black powder in gas pipelines
2068:1998 Jesse pipeline explosion
420:List of natural gas pipelines
5853:Canadian petroleum companies
5848:American Petroleum Institute
5385:National Iranian Oil Company
5370:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
4081:"高雄驚傳嚴重氣爆意外 死傷人數攀升至28人、286傷"
3816:"Google News Archive Search"
2764:," November 2012, IBISWorld.
2731:10.1080/00207233.2012.677581
2683:. 2014-01-17. Archived from
2652:Drilling Productivity Report
1882:to leaks that are below the
1483:American Petroleum Institute
1298:Covering the pipe and trench
871:outside the capital city of
612:Oil pipelines are made from
381:Oil pipelines are made from
5868:International Energy Agency
4853:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
3740:September 28, 2014, at the
3318:for details and references.
2369:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
2293:Hydrogen pipeline transport
1743:, reasonably rapid carrier
1697:, from interfering in its "
1560:Minerals Management Service
1536:Code of Federal Regulations
963:Second Los Angeles Aqueduct
917:, or environmental impact.
770:Hydrogen pipeline transport
765:Hydrogen pipeline transport
508:An elevated section of the
403:Hydrogen pipeline transport
127:, or environmental impact.
44:on a mine site in Australia
6131:
5455:PTT Public Company Limited
5056:East Midlands Oil Province
5041:List of natural gas fields
4641:Integrated asset modelling
3755:, US EPA, October 3, 2012.
3477:. Gale. pp. 636–639.
3344:Palmer & King, pp. 2–3
3174:. SA Water. Archived from
2868:John Whims (August 2002).
2463:10.1016/j.psep.2023.06.055
2318:List of pipeline accidents
2214:. On 26 September 2022, a
2026:List of pipeline accidents
2023:
1939:Benzene fate and transport
1909:crude oil pipeline failure
1188:
994:
810:
804:
762:
715:
608:Construction and operation
413:
29:
6026:
5948:
5890:
5827:Weatherford International
5360:Iraq National Oil Company
4420:
2875:. Kansas State University
2038:stress corrosion cracking
1857:) and less accessible to
1821:, they are shielded from
1792:Maximum Contaminant Level
1582:Pipelines and geopolitics
1421:for liquid pipelines and
1407:Initial injection station
1037:of the dwellings through
960:(completed 1913) and the
642:high-density polyethylene
276:Green transport hierarchy
65:Pipeline and Gas Journal'
32:Pipeline (disambiguation)
2785:Pipeline and Gas Journal
2604:"Oil Pipeline Logistics"
2104:July 30, 2004 – A major
1998:waters in October 2012.
1794:(MCL) set at 5 μg/L for
1431:Partial delivery station
1415:Compressor/pump stations
1251:Development and planning
1235:Transportation pipelines
941:Mannum-Adelaide pipeline
155:Armored fighting vehicle
5878:World Petroleum Council
5752:China Oilfield Services
4809:Petroleum fiscal regime
4508:Western Canadian Select
4503:West Texas Intermediate
4286:, US historical summary
3543:10.1093/toxsci/50.2.169
3414:City of Houston website
2328:Gas networks simulation
2046:Los Angeles, California
1369:Human Machine Interface
952:Los Angeles, California
937:Morgan-Whyalla pipeline
836:Two millennia ago, the
778:hydrogen infrastructure
550:Williston, North Dakota
329:Transportation planning
5355:Indian Oil Corporation
4841:Submersible pump (ESP)
4786:Underbalanced drilling
4607:of gasoline and diesel
4114:www.africandefence.net
3530:Toxicological Sciences
3473:Saxon, Carina (2016).
3442:Retrieved 2 Jane 2022.
3429:Retrieved 2 June 2022.
3416:Retrieved 2 June 2022.
3199:. water-technology.net
2895:Cite journal requires
2800:Mohitpour, Mo (2003).
2174:a series of explosions
2091:Bellingham, Washington
1948:
1927:Spill frequency-volume
1662:international security
1653:
1551:
1465:Leak detection systems
1456:Final delivery station
1400:
1396:and over ridge of the
1360:
1242:Distribution pipelines
1062:
992:
945:Snowy Mountains scheme
833:
813:Aqueduct (watercourse)
686:
600:
570:Dakota Access Pipeline
544:
517:natural-gas processing
512:
472:
261:Cycling infrastructure
251:Bicycle transportation
190:Personal rapid transit
45:
5732:Cameron International
5174:Petrodollar recycling
5157:fossil fuel phase-out
4720:Differential sticking
4673:Reflection seismology
4646:Petroleum engineering
4488:OPEC Reference Basket
3698:"Incident Statistics"
3475:Oil and Gas Pipelines
3425:Pipeline Permitting.
3072:June 4, 2009, at the
2632:daplpipelinefacts.com
2609:. Cepac.cheme.cmu.edu
2379:Sprayed in place pipe
2140:Meridian, Mississippi
2108:pipeline exploded in
2002:Accidents and dangers
1946:
1855:automobile collisions
1716:Hazard identification
1685:and some supplies to
1647:
1564:National Energy Board
1549:
1391:
1358:
1346:remote terminal units
1056:
1011:pressurized hot water
990:
957:Owens Valley aqueduct
939:(completed 1944) and
824:
681:
640:coating, rockshield,
598:
534:
507:
466:
416:List of oil pipelines
314:Sustainable transport
271:Free public transport
40:
5629:Occidental Petroleum
4943:1990 oil price shock
4769:Shale oil extraction
4742:Drilling engineering
4725:Directional drilling
4651:Reservoir simulation
4302:, by Justin Dargin,
3365:Bai & Bai, p. 22
3271:. September 15, 2016
2485:"Pipeline transport"
2153:September 9, 2010 –
2148:Apex, North Carolina
2099:Carlsbad, New Mexico
1953:aromatic hydrocarbon
1762:The introduction of
1728:typically comprises
1610:improve this article
1574:in conjunction with
1204:, manifolds and the
1019:industrial processes
1001:District heating or
827:Los Angeles Aqueduct
807:Water transportation
696:line connecting the
486:refined oil products
345:Transport portal
30:For other uses, see
5777:Naftiran Intertrade
5722:Amec Foster Wheeler
5649:Reliance Industries
5538:Naftiran Intertrade
5350:Hindustan Petroleum
4948:2000s energy crisis
3818:. The Press-Courier
2723:2012IJEnS..69..407U
2491:on 11 February 2015
2455:2023PSEP..177....1H
2338:Petroleum transport
2144:Mont Belvieu, Texas
2066:October 17, 1998 –
2051:June 4, 1989 – The
1819:ambient temperature
1683:Southeastern Europe
1672:between Russia and
1576:cathodic protection
1528:cathodic protection
1439:Block valve station
1292:Installing the pipe
1283:Surveying the route
1228:Gathering pipelines
1145:Pneumatic transport
971:Great Manmade River
782:hydrogen production
664:compressor stations
410:Oil and natural gas
395:natural gas liquids
200:Powered exoskeleton
133:Part of a series on
6110:Pipeline transport
5624:Marathon Petroleum
5046:List of oil fields
4656:Reservoir modeling
4414:Petroleum industry
4376:2021-04-30 at the
4089:(in Chinese). 2014
3973:on 28 October 2013
3915:on 1 November 2013
3883:on 31 October 2012
3851:on 31 October 2012
3458:2015-05-18 at the
3394:on 17 January 2012
3289:Billie Ann Lopez.
3223:2011-07-06 at the
3154:2016-08-17 at the
3149:The Forrest family
2790:(1). January 2012.
2779:2013-03-25 at the
2515:www.britannica.com
2418:on August 21, 2016
2252:Central gas system
2237:Lists of pipelines
2053:Ufa train disaster
1949:
1913:Marshall, Michigan
1884:limit of detection
1654:
1552:
1503:casing vent marker
1401:
1361:
1286:Clearing the route
1191:Submarine pipeline
1164:. You can help by
1063:
993:
840:made use of large
834:
687:
601:
545:
513:
473:
195:pipeline transport
56:for long-distance
46:
6095:Freight transport
6082:
6081:
6044:Civil engineering
5908:
5907:
5886:
5885:
5772:Nabors Industries
5702:
5701:
4900:Well intervention
4875:Petroleum product
4774:Ljungström method
4678:Seismic inversion
4663:Petroleum geology
4617:
4616:
3941:on 6 October 2014
3612:Stansbury, John.
2203:terrorist attacks
2133:Nigeria oil blast
2014:spilling less oil
1831:electrical storms
1817:from extremes in
1642:
1641:
1634:
1448:Regulator station
1257:civil engineering
1182:
1181:
1057:Thor Pipeline in
926:Western Australia
668:mercaptan odorant
461:
460:
456:
379:
378:
16:(Redirected from
6122:
6100:Gas technologies
5935:
5928:
5921:
5912:
5898:
5897:
5599:Hess Corporation
5320:Bharat Petroleum
5251:
5236:
4923:1967 Oil Embargo
4759:Lost circulation
4597:Posted oil price
4521:
4478:Isthmus-34 Light
4407:
4400:
4393:
4384:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4334:
4323:
4322:. November 1951.
4285:
4283:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4252:on March 4, 2016
4251:
4240:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4035:on June 27, 2014
4031:. Archived from
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3937:. Archived from
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3733:
3727:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3619:. Archived from
3618:
3609:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3502:. Archived from
3495:
3489:
3488:
3470:
3464:
3449:
3443:
3440:NY Times website
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3345:
3342:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3314:See the article
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3293:. Archived from
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3243:. Archived from
3242:
3234:
3228:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3076:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2797:
2791:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2487:. Archived from
2481:
2475:
2474:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2414:. Archived from
2404:
2359:Plastic pipework
2298:Hydrostatic test
2262:District heating
2218:occurred on the
1827:photodegradation
1823:ultraviolet rays
1637:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1594:
1586:
1185:Marine pipelines
1177:
1174:
1156:
1149:
1043:heat substations
997:District heating
983:District heating
740:Slurry pipelines
591:Growth of market
539:, including the
452:
432:
431:
424:
371:
364:
357:
343:
342:
324:Transport divide
225:Uncrewed vehicle
130:
21:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6022:
5944:
5939:
5909:
5904:
5882:
5836:
5832:John Wood Group
5822:Valaris Limited
5715:
5712:
5709:
5698:
5564:APA Corporation
5552:
5504:
5303:
5300:
5292:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5231:
5225:
5126:Classification
5110:
5033:
5027:
4963:Nationalization
4933:1979 oil crisis
4928:1973 oil crisis
4909:
4895:Water injection
4863:Steam injection
4858:Gas reinjection
4826:Artificial lift
4795:
4737:Drill stem test
4689:
4613:
4560:
4512:
4434:
4416:
4411:
4378:Wayback Machine
4345:
4335:
4327:
4316:
4281:
4276:
4268:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4220:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4140:www.nytimes.com
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4061:. 2 August 2014
4053:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4029:Hindustan Times
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
4005:on 11 June 2014
4002:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3742:Wayback Machine
3734:
3730:
3723:Living on Earth
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:US State Dept.
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:US State Dept.
3645:
3644:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3591:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3460:Wayback Machine
3453:Pipeline Safety
3450:
3446:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3225:Wayback Machine
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:Wayback Machine
3147:
3143:
3137:Mephan Ferguson
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:Wayback Machine
3066:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2781:Wayback Machine
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2374:Slurry pipeline
2348:Pipeline bridge
2333:Operation Pluto
2232:
2191:
2112:, Belgium near
2029:
2022:
2004:
1978:
1941:
1929:
1921:Kalamazoo River
1875:
1784:health problems
1718:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1607:
1595:
1584:
1544:
1524:
1516:pipeline bridge
1511:
1467:
1386:
1381:
1338:instrumentation
1334:
1322:Clean Water Act
1253:
1222:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1162:needs expansion
1147:
1123:
1097:The village of
1095:
1051:
1039:heat exchangers
1035:central heating
1013:, or sometimes
999:
985:
980:
954:aqueducts, the
933:South Australia
854:ancient Chinese
831:Antelope Valley
819:
809:
803:
776:as part of the
767:
761:
737:
720:
714:
676:
610:
593:
510:Alaska Pipeline
457:
433:
429:
422:
412:
375:
337:
91:, hot water or
52:is a system of
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6128:
6126:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6105:Infrastructure
6102:
6097:
6087:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5942:Infrastructure
5940:
5938:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5669:Surgutneftegas
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:Eneos Holdings
5586:
5581:
5579:ConocoPhillips
5576:
5571:
5569:Cenovus Energy
5566:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5510:Energy trading
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5194:Swing producer
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5066:Gulf of Mexico
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:2010s oil glut
4950:
4945:
4940:
4938:1980s oil glut
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4805:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4747:Drilling fluid
4744:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4685:Seismic source
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Japan Cocktail
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4430:Primary energy
4427:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4369:
4361:
4355:
4325:
4314:
4307:
4297:
4287:
4274:
4267:
4266:External links
4264:
4263:
4262:
4228:
4227:
4202:
4177:
4152:
4126:
4100:
4072:
4046:
4016:
3984:
3952:
3926:
3894:
3862:
3829:
3807:
3781:
3770:www.c-span.org
3757:
3745:
3728:
3710:
3688:
3663:
3629:
3626:on 2015-01-17.
3589:
3557:
3516:
3490:
3483:
3465:
3444:
3431:
3418:
3405:
3379:
3367:
3358:
3346:
3332:
3320:
3307:
3281:
3260:
3229:
3210:
3188:
3163:
3141:
3129:
3120:
3108:
3077:
3060:
3029:
2998:
2977:
2952:
2931:
2906:
2897:|journal=
2857:
2829:
2817:
2811:978-0791802021
2810:
2804:. ASME Press.
2792:
2766:
2754:
2717:(3): 407–426.
2697:
2668:
2643:
2619:
2595:
2571:
2546:
2526:
2502:
2476:
2429:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2353:Pneumatic tube
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:HCNG dispenser
2270:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2170:
2167:Andhra Pradesh
2163:
2151:
2136:
2121:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2064:
2059:pipeline near
2049:
2042:
2021:
2018:
2003:
2000:
1977:
1974:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1874:
1871:
1717:
1714:
1695:European Union
1691:Western Europe
1648:United States
1640:
1639:
1598:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1543:
1540:
1523:
1520:
1510:
1509:Implementation
1507:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1333:
1330:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:eminent domain
1267:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1218:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1143:
1122:
1119:
1094:
1091:
1050:
1047:
995:Main article:
984:
981:
979:
976:
950:There are two
838:ancient Romans
805:Main article:
802:
799:
763:Main article:
760:
757:
736:
733:
713:
710:
675:
672:
636:(wood slats),
609:
606:
592:
589:
562:joint ventures
459:
458:
436:
434:
427:
411:
408:
377:
376:
374:
373:
366:
359:
351:
348:
347:
334:
333:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
240:
239:
235:
234:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:Animal-powered
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
149:
148:
142:
141:
135:
134:
58:transportation
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6127:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5901:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5705:
5695:
5694:Valero Energy
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Suncor Energy
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5295:
5289:
5288:TotalEnergies
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5237:
5234:
5232:organisations
5230:Companies and
5228:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Petrocurrency
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Oil shale gas
5140:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5122:Abbreviations
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5081:Permian Basin
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:United States
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Seven Sisters
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Core sampling
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Indian Basket
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4340:
4333:. April 1937.
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4203:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3879:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3830:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3649:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3579:on 2012-04-25
3575:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3536:(2): 169–85.
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3506:on 2013-02-20
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3484:9781410317513
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3297:on 2007-02-10
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3250:on 2011-09-28
3246:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3178:on 2015-05-03
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3098:on 2008-10-29
3094:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3050:on 2016-03-03
3046:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3019:on 2012-02-10
3015:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2967:on 2011-05-18
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2921:on 2008-10-06
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2889:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2687:on 2015-02-21
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Coal pipeline
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2224:Nord Stream 2
2221:
2220:Nord Stream 1
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1991:vacuum trucks
1988:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1931:Although the
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1800:neurotoxicity
1797:
1796:potable water
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:equilibration
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:petrochemical
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1625:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1599:This section
1597:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1307:Rear Services
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1160:This section
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:to transport
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:Gelsenkirchen
1072:
1068:
1067:Veltins-Arena
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
989:
982:
978:Other systems
977:
975:
972:
967:
965:
964:
959:
958:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
808:
800:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
734:
732:
728:
725:
719:
712:Alcohol fuels
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
698:TogliattiAzot
695:
692:
685:
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:plastic tubes
615:
607:
605:
597:
590:
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
478:
470:
465:
455:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
426:
425:
421:
417:
409:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:plastic tubes
384:
372:
367:
365:
360:
358:
353:
352:
350:
349:
346:
341:
336:
335:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Accessibility
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Rapid transit
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Human-powered
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
43:
42:HDPE pipeline
39:
33:
19:
6049:Construction
6034:Architecture
6030:
5797:Schlumberger
5727:Baker Hughes
5619:Marathon Oil
5609:Imperial Oil
5604:Husky Energy
5594:Galp Energia
5584:Devon Energy
5470:Saudi Aramco
5450:Petrovietnam
5395:NNPC Limited
5299:National oil
5179:Petrofiction
5147:Orphan wells
5115:Other topics
5086:Persian Gulf
5013:Saudi Arabia
4983:Standard Oil
4879:
4791:Well logging
4668:Petrophysics
4329:
4318:
4256:September 6,
4254:. Retrieved
4247:the original
4243:www.api.org/
4242:
4234:Tubb, Rita.
4219:. Retrieved
4215:
4205:
4194:. Retrieved
4192:. 2022-09-27
4189:
4180:
4169:. Retrieved
4167:. 2022-09-26
4164:
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4139:
4129:
4119:December 11,
4117:. Retrieved
4113:
4103:
4093:30 September
4091:. Retrieved
4084:
4075:
4065:30 September
4063:. Retrieved
4058:
4049:
4039:30 September
4037:. Retrieved
4033:the original
4028:
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4000:the original
3987:
3975:. Retrieved
3968:the original
3955:
3945:30 September
3943:. Retrieved
3939:the original
3929:
3917:. Retrieved
3910:the original
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3878:the original
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3846:the original
3832:
3822:30 September
3820:. Retrieved
3810:
3800:30 September
3798:. Retrieved
3784:
3773:. Retrieved
3769:
3760:
3748:
3731:
3721:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3621:the original
3581:. Retrieved
3574:the original
3560:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3508:. Retrieved
3504:the original
3493:
3474:
3468:
3451:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3408:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:the original
3382:
3370:
3361:
3356:Dean, p. 338
3323:
3310:
3299:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3284:
3273:. Retrieved
3263:
3252:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3232:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3191:
3180:. Retrieved
3176:the original
3166:
3158:
3144:
3132:
3123:
3100:. Retrieved
3093:the original
3080:
3063:
3052:. Retrieved
3045:the original
3032:
3021:. Retrieved
3014:the original
3001:
2990:. Retrieved
2988:. 2009-12-17
2980:
2969:. Retrieved
2965:the original
2955:
2944:. Retrieved
2942:. 2010-12-12
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:the original
2909:
2888:cite journal
2877:. Retrieved
2849:. Retrieved
2845:
2820:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2769:
2757:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2680:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2646:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2598:
2589:
2563:. Retrieved
2561:(in Turkish)
2558:
2549:
2538:. Retrieved
2529:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2479:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2422:September 6,
2420:. Retrieved
2416:the original
2411:
2192:
2110:Ghislenghien
2030:
2016:than truck.
2009:liquefaction
2005:
1979:
1958:
1950:
1930:
1902:
1876:
1812:
1804:
1788:carcinogenic
1761:
1745:vaporization
1724:fraction of
1720:Because the
1719:
1706:Central Asia
1703:
1655:
1628:
1622:October 2022
1619:
1608:Please help
1603:verification
1600:
1553:
1533:
1525:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1402:
1398:Alaska Range
1373:
1362:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1311:
1304:
1261:
1254:
1223:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1170:
1166:adding to it
1161:
1124:
1096:
1084:
1065:Bars in the
1064:
1031:heat storage
1028:
1002:
1000:
968:
961:
955:
949:
930:
919:
888:
835:
768:
738:
735:Coal and ore
729:
721:
693:
688:
660:carbon steel
657:
649:paraffin wax
646:
634:wood lagging
611:
602:
585:tanker ships
582:
578:
574:
558:Mutual funds
546:
526:
514:
499:
495:
493:industry.".
474:
453:
444:Oil pipeline
442:
399:carbon steel
380:
194:
70:
64:
63:
49:
47:
6013:Storm drain
5983:Interchange
5767:Halliburton
5639:Phillips 66
5460:QatarEnergy
5430:Petrobangla
5365:KazMunayGas
5255:Supermajors
5204:heavy crude
5091:Prudhoe Bay
5071:Niger Delta
5051:Caspian Sea
4814:Concessions
4764:Measurement
4730:Geosteering
4713:Squeeze job
4623:Exploration
4572:Consumption
4531:Consumption
4524:Natural gas
4453:Bonny Light
4347:|work=
4145:January 19,
4009:21 November
3977:21 November
3919:21 November
3887:21 November
3855:21 November
2681:Thestar.com
2661:21 November
2412:www.cia.gov
2283:Hot tapping
2106:natural gas
2076:Niger Delta
1969:groundwater
1780:percolation
1772:dissolution
1699:near abroad
1658:geopolitics
1522:Maintenance
1499:casing vent
1423:compressors
1394:Delta River
1212:with other
1103:salt mining
1003:teleheating
911:evaporation
901:, or where
869:chain pumps
858:Han dynasty
850:flour mills
749:Port of Açu
694:Transammiak
490:natural gas
454:(June 2019)
266:Engineering
256:Cyclability
121:evaporation
111:, or where
6089:Categories
6074:Urban park
6054:Playground
5978:Footbridge
5817:Transocean
5684:Tullow Oil
5674:TechnipFMC
5440:PetroChina
5278:ExxonMobil
5184:Shale band
5061:East Texas
5034:and fields
4848:Downstream
4801:Production
4708:Completion
4636:Geophysics
4577:Production
4536:Production
4473:Indonesian
4448:Argus Sour
4440:Benchmarks
4221:2022-10-13
4196:2022-10-13
4171:2022-10-13
4059:Yahoo News
3775:2022-07-09
3703:2 November
3681:2 November
3656:2 November
3583:2011-11-13
3510:2013-03-14
3398:17 January
3301:2007-05-15
3275:2016-10-28
3254:2011-09-25
3182:2015-01-28
3102:2015-05-04
3054:2015-05-04
3023:2015-05-04
2992:2011-05-07
2971:2011-05-07
2946:2010-12-12
2925:2008-08-23
2879:2008-08-23
2851:2008-08-23
2691:2015-01-28
2637:2020-10-09
2613:2015-05-04
2565:2021-12-15
2540:2019-07-18
2520:2024-07-06
2495:26 January
2391:References
2201:, or even
2189:As targets
1959:Using the
1898:volatility
1867:terrorists
1839:hurricanes
1542:Regulation
1460:pipelines.
1384:Components
1379:Technology
1239:pipelines.
1214:geohazards
1198:intrafield
1139:Wadden Sea
1129:island of
1073:ground in
1069:, a major
895:irrigation
865:Zhang Rang
811:See also:
794:Rhine-Ruhr
718:Biobutanol
716:See also:
414:See also:
220:Supersonic
105:irrigation
6031:See also:
5812:TC Energy
5713:companies
5543:Trafigura
5490:Sonatrach
5435:Petrobras
5425:Pertamina
5335:Ecopetrol
5301:companies
5245:companies
5243:petroleum
5219:tight oil
5214:oil shale
5209:oil sands
5189:Shale gas
5130:sweet oil
5101:Venezuela
5076:North Sea
5032:Provinces
5023:Venezuela
4870:Midstream
4565:Petroleum
4425:Petroleum
4349:ignored (
4339:cite book
4311:Linewatch
3316:Hallstatt
3159:Dynasties
2846:USA Today
2471:0957-5820
2278:HDPE pipe
2212:logistics
2195:vandalism
2178:Kaohsiung
2162:accident.
2072:petroleum
2020:Accidents
1893:olfactory
1863:saboteurs
1847:acid rain
1835:tornadoes
1815:insulated
1790:with EPA
1733:aromatics
1670:a dispute
1568:corrosion
1332:Operation
1220:Functions
1202:wellheads
1173:July 2024
1099:Hallstatt
1061:, Denmark
1023:efficient
1007:insulated
915:pollution
881:stoneware
842:aqueducts
745:Minas-Rio
743:from the
704:-port of
702:Black Sea
691:Ukrainian
630:corrosion
482:Oil Creek
477:crude oil
139:Transport
125:pollution
97:pneumatic
18:Pipelines
5998:Pipeline
5993:Overpass
5973:Drainage
5963:Causeway
5900:Category
5807:Subsea 7
5787:Petrofac
5782:NOV Inc.
5762:GE Power
5757:Enbridge
5711:services
5533:Mercuria
5523:Glencore
5485:Sonangol
5445:Petronas
5380:Naftogaz
5152:Peak oil
5135:sour oil
4890:Upstream
4885:Refining
4880:Pipeline
4836:Pumpjack
4831:Gas lift
4752:invasion
4695:Drilling
4582:Reserves
4541:Reserves
4374:Archived
4165:POLITICO
4086:SET News
3794:Archived
3738:Archived
3552:10478853
3456:Archived
3221:Archived
3152:Archived
3070:Archived
2777:Archived
2749:24683269
2449:: 1–16.
2230:See also
2199:sabotage
2118:Brussels
2094:failure.
2084:gasoline
1967:through
1907:Line 6B
1905:Enbridge
1873:Exposure
1730:volatile
1710:Caucasus
1708:and the
1426:network.
1206:platform
1071:football
935:are the
907:channels
891:drinking
886:system.
790:hydrogen
759:Hydrogen
753:Tasmania
638:concrete
626:abrasion
554:Manitoba
319:Timeline
300:Personal
230:Vactrain
117:channels
101:drinking
50:pipeline
6069:Theatre
6064:Stadium
5475:Sinopec
5465:Rosneft
5345:Gazprom
5340:Equinor
5268:Chevron
4915:History
4781:Tracers
4703:Blowout
4592:Exports
4587:Imports
4551:Exports
4546:Imports
4296:, 2010)
4216:Reuters
4190:Reuters
3696:PHMSA.
3203:Apr 15,
2740:3962073
2719:Bibcode
2451:Bibcode
2343:Pigging
2129:Nigeria
2080:Nigeria
1995:overtop
1859:vandals
1851:rutting
1808:sensors
1786:and is
1764:benzene
1757:aquifer
1749:viscous
1741:benzene
1722:solvent
1687:Central
1678:Gazprom
1674:Ukraine
1572:coating
1246:groups.
1135:Holwerd
1131:Ameland
1115:Ebensee
1079:Randers
1059:Randers
877:palaces
873:Luoyang
846:gravity
724:ethanol
684:Ukraine
674:Ammonia
653:pigging
566:propane
449:Discuss
295:Private
286:Outline
281:History
6115:Piping
6059:Public
6018:Tunnel
6008:Skyway
5953:Bridge
5841:Others
5792:Saipem
5689:Tüpraş
5679:TNK-BP
5664:Sunoco
5654:Repsol
5614:Lukoil
5557:Others
5528:Gunvor
5162:timing
5096:Russia
5008:Norway
4993:France
4988:Canada
3550:
3481:
2808:
2747:
2737:
2590:Forbes
2469:
2182:Taiwan
1982:dilbit
1917:dilbit
1865:, and
1845:, and
1737:naptha
1726:dilbit
1324:, the
1316:, the
1277:route.
1209:within
1107:trunks
1087:Bruges
903:canals
862:eunuch
860:court
628:, and
622:impact
521:Bakken
305:Public
291:Public
238:Topics
113:canals
81:slurry
77:sewage
6039:Arena
5988:Levee
5958:Canal
5708:Major
5574:Cepsa
5548:Vitol
5518:Enron
5480:SOCAR
5420:Pemex
5415:PDVSA
5410:Orlen
5375:Lotos
5315:ANCAP
5283:Shell
5240:Major
4998:India
4602:Price
4556:Price
4498:Urals
4493:Tapis
4463:Dubai
4458:Brent
4309:UK –
4282:(PDF)
4250:(PDF)
4239:(PDF)
4003:(PDF)
3996:(PDF)
3971:(PDF)
3964:(PDF)
3913:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
3881:(PDF)
3874:(PDF)
3849:(PDF)
3842:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
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