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The PSQI now is used by researchers working with people from adolescence to late life. The PSQI is recommended in independent reviews because it has accumulated a substantial amount of research evidence. In addition to the measure's promising reliability and validity, its brevity and accessibility as
701:
Traditionally, the items from the PSQI have been summed to create a total score to measure overall sleep quality. Statistical analyses also support looking at three factors, which include sleep efficiency (using sleep duration and sleep efficiency variables), perceived sleep quality (using subjective
693:
Consisting of 19 items, the PSQI measures several different aspects of sleep, offering seven component scores and one composite score. The component scores consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (i.e., how long it takes to fall asleep), sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency (i.e.,
684:
The PSQI was developed in 1988, by Buysse and his colleagues, to create a standardized measure designed to gather consistent information about the subjective nature of people's sleep habits and provide a clear index that both clinicians and patients can use. It gained popularity as a measure that
918:
in that scores can be easily exaggerated or minimized by the person completing them. Like all questionnaires, the way the instrument is administered can have an effect on the final score. The PSQI is a relatively new measure and as a result has not received enough investigation to determine the
660:, the PSQI is intended to be a standardized sleep questionnaire for clinicians and researchers to use with ease and is used for multiple populations. The questionnaire has been used in many settings, including research and clinical activities, and has been used in the diagnosis of
1082:
Mollayeva, T; Thurairajah, P; Burton, K; Mollayeva, S; Shapiro, CM; Colantonio, A (17 February 2015). "The
Pittsburgh sleep quality index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Each item is weighted on a 0–3 interval scale. The global PSQI score is then calculated by totaling the seven component scores, providing an overall score ranging from 0 to 21, where lower scores denote a healthier sleep quality.
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that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The measure consists of 19 individual items, creating 7 components that produce one global score, and takes 5–10 minutes to complete. Developed by researchers at the
906:
a free measure allow the measure great potential for clinical practice. To date, it has been translated into 56 languages. The PSQI in
Bengali language is also abbreviated as BPSQI where 'B' stands for Bengali.
952:
Buysse, Daniel J.; Reynolds, Charles F.; Monk, Timothy H.; Berman, Susan R.; Kupfer, David J. (May 1989). "The
Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research".
1479:
1261:
MORIN, C; LEBLANC, M; DALEY, M; GREGOIRE, J; MERETTE, C (2006). "Epidemiology of insomnia: Prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors".
1145:"Psychometric characteristics of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in English speaking non-Hispanic whites and English and Spanish speaking Hispanics of Mexican descent"
1355:"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in older primary care patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometrics and outcomes following cognitive behavioral therapy"
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Bush, Amber L.; Armento, Maria E.A.; Weiss, Brandon J.; Rhoades, Howard M.; Novy, Diane M.; Wilson, Nancy L.; Kunik, Mark E.; Stanley, Melinda A. (2012).
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sleep quality, sleep latency, and sleep medication variables), and daily disturbances (using sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunctions variables).
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The original study showed a sensitivity of 89.6%, but not enough research has been conducted to determine sensitivity across multiple studies.
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The PSQI is a relatively new assessment. Not enough research has been conducted on inter-rater reliability to give a comprehensive rating.
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PSQI has been used in multiple non-clinical populations, but two people with the same sleep quality rating may have different symptoms.
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in the assessment of sleep problems to some degree, but more so with self-reported sleep problems and depression-related symptoms than
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Two of the studies reported the intraclass correlation coefficient of greater than or equal to 0.70 over a period of several weeks.
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Nicassio, Perry M.; Ormseth, Sarah R.; Custodio, Mara K.; Olmstead, Richard; Weisman, Michael H.; Irwin, Michael R. (2014-01-02).
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could be used in research that looks at how sleep might be associated with sleep disorders, depression, and bipolar disorder.
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the percentage of time in bed that one is asleep), sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction.
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1404:"Comparison of perceived sleep quality among urban and rural adult population by Bengali Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index"
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A meta-analysis showed that nine studies contained
Cronbach's alpha coefficients greater than or equal to 0.70.
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Measure shows strong correlation with related sleep constructs and poor correlation with unrelated constructs.
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999:"Sleep measures / Instruments Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | Center for Sleep and Circadian Science"
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1020:"Criterion validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: Investigation in a non-clinical sample"
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Comparisons of PSQI scores between poor and good sleepers show significant differences in scores.
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1194:"Validation of a 3-factor scoring model for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in older adults"
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Cole, J.C.; Motivala, S.J.; Buysse, D.J.; Oxman, M.N.; Levin, M.J.; Irwin, M.R. (2006).
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Like inter-rater reliability, limited research is available on test-repeatability.
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Currie, S.R. (2008). "Sleep
Disorders". In Hunsley, John; Mash, Eric (eds.).
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Evaluation of norms and reliability for the
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index*
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Evaluation of validity and utility for the
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index*
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The PSQI's seven component scores concern multiple sleep quality aspects.
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Tomfohr, LM; Schweizer, CA; Dimsdale, JE; Loredo, JS (15 January 2013).
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835:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
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Grandner, MA; Kripke, DF; Yoon, IY; Youngstedt, SD (June 2006).
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Mondal, Himel; Mondal, Shaikat; Baidya, Chayan (2018).
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1122:. New York, NY: Oxford Press. pp. 535–550.
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1480:Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
1240:. New York, NY: Oxford Press. pp. 1–696.
811:Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*)
719:Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*)
664:. Clinical studies have found the PSQI to be
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16:Questionnaire that assesses sleep quality
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1458:Tayside children's sleep questionnaire
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919:entirety of the psychometric measures.
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897:, extending Hunsley & Mash, 2008
794:, extending Hunsley & Mash, 2008
741:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
7:
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1236:Hunsley, John; Mash, Eric (2008).
1149:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
14:
30:assess sleep quality over 1 month
1238:A Guide to Assessments that Work
1120:A Guide to Assessments that Work
1036:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00207.x
595:
51:
1371:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.045
642:Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
22:Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
1:
338:Industrial and organizational
1314:10.1080/15402002.2012.720315
1024:Sleep and Biological Rhythms
966:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
814:Explanation with references
722:Explanation with references
493:Human factors and ergonomics
1275:10.1016/j.sleep.2005.08.008
1496:
1097:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.009
689:Scoring and interpretation
1408:Advances in Human Biology
1302:Behavioral Sleep Medicine
268:Applied behavior analysis
929:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
859:Validity generalization
658:University of Pittsburgh
1421:10.4103/AIHB.AIHB_44_17
916:self-report inventories
847:Discriminative validity
766:Test-retest reliability
753:Inter-rater reliability
680:Development and history
458:Behavioral neuroscience
113:Behavioral neuroscience
1211:10.1093/sleep/29.1.112
1085:Sleep Medicine Reviews
870:Treatment sensitivity
508:Psychology of religion
448:Behavioral engineering
132:Cognitive neuroscience
98:Affective neuroscience
602:Psychology portal
739:Internal consistency
1454:PDF version of PSQI
1359:Psychiatry Research
954:Psychiatry Research
804:
778:Test-repeatability
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453:Behavioral genetics
368:Occupational health
108:Behavioral genetics
39:Part of a series on
833:Construct validity
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710:
570:Schools of thought
408:Sport and exercise
254:Applied psychology
1161:10.5664/jcsm.2342
895:Youngstrom et al.
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881:Clinical utility
792:Youngstrom et al.
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1002:. Retrieved
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893:*Table from
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498:Intelligence
229:Quantitative
194:Mathematical
189:Intelligence
179:Experimental
174:Evolutionary
164:Differential
1308:(1): 1–12.
1155:(1): 61–6.
910:Limitations
706:Reliability
674:actigraphic
650:self-report
540:Disciplines
413:Suicidology
308:Educational
263:Anomalistic
239:Theoretical
214:Personality
144:Comparative
127:Cognitivism
118:Behaviorism
1469:Categories
1004:2023-06-12
935:References
808:Criterion
716:Criterion
676:measures.
468:Competence
333:Humanistic
313:Ergonomics
298:Counseling
273:Assessment
209:Perception
169:Ecological
45:Psychology
1438:149156195
1430:2321-8568
1414:(1): 36.
1322:1540-2002
1091:: 52–73.
824:Adequate
770:Adequate
744:Adequate
463:Cognition
378:Political
288:Community
123:Cognitive
73:Subfields
1389:22503380
1340:23390921
1283:16459140
1220:16453989
1179:23319906
1105:26163057
1054:22822303
982:13035531
923:See also
798:Validity
666:reliable
575:Timeline
488:Feelings
483:Emotions
443:Behavior
437:Concepts
398:Religion
383:Positive
373:Pastoral
358:Military
323:Forensic
318:Feminist
303:Critical
293:Consumer
283:Coaching
278:Clinical
154:Cultural
93:Abnormal
1380:3401329
1331:4285368
1170:3525990
1045:3399671
974:2748771
648:) is a
550:Outline
423:Traffic
418:Systems
353:Medical
184:Gestalt
68:History
63:Outline
27:Purpose
1460:(TCSQ)
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901:Impact
727:Norms
580:Topics
403:School
328:Health
234:Social
137:Social
1434:S2CID
1198:Sleep
978:S2CID
851:Good
838:Good
670:valid
526:Lists
363:Music
348:Media
343:Legal
199:Moral
1426:ISSN
1385:PMID
1336:PMID
1318:ISSN
1279:PMID
1242:ISBN
1216:PMID
1175:PMID
1124:ISBN
1101:PMID
1050:PMID
970:PMID
887:TBD
884:TBD
873:TBD
862:TBD
781:TBD
757:TBD
733:TBD
730:TBD
668:and
646:PSQI
640:The
503:Mind
1416:doi
1375:PMC
1367:doi
1363:199
1326:PMC
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