Plant breeding - Knowledge (XXG)

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science and technology gave breeders the ability to screen thousands of samples within a small amount of time, meaning breeders could identify a high performing hybrid quicker. The genetic improvement was mainly in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) resulting in 0.7-2.5% increase, at just 1% increase in IVDMD a single Bos Taurus also known as beef cattle reported 3.2% increase in daily gains. This improvement indicates plant breeding is an essential tool in gearing future agriculture to perform at a more advanced level.

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desirable traits that will increase the fitness of the individuals. Using this method decreases the need for breeding multiple generations of plants to get a generation that is homogeneous for the desired traits, thereby saving much time over the natural version of the same process. There are many plant tissue culturing techniques that can be used to achieve haploid plants, but microspore culturing is currently the most promising for producing the largest numbers of them.

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the production environments found in organic vs. conventional farming systems are vastly different due to their distinctive management practices. Most notably, organic farmers have fewer inputs available than conventional growers to control their production environments. Breeding varieties specifically adapted to the unique conditions of organic agriculture is critical for this sector to realize its full potential. This requires selection for traits such as:

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is no longer a viable option. New varieties of plants can in some cases be developed through plant breeding that generate an increase of yield without relying on an increase in land area. An example of this can be seen in Asia, where food production per capita has increased twofold. This has been achieved through not only the use of fertilisers, but through the use of better crops that have been specifically designed for the area.

5723: 1703:). If this interaction is severe enough, an important trait required for the organic environment may not be revealed in the conventional environment, which can result in the selection of poorly adapted individuals. To ensure the most adapted varieties are identified, advocates of organic breeding now promote the use of direct selection (i.e. selection in the target environment) for many agronomic traits. 934: 314: 46: 670: 5747: 1327:. Microbiomes of breeding lines showed that hybrid plants share much of their bacterial community with their parents, such as Cucurbita seeds and apple shoot endophytes. In addition, the proportional contribution of the microbiome from parents to offspring corresponds to the amount of genetic material contributed by each parent during breeding and domestication. 921: 5735: 1036: 1485:

allow worldwide access, which involves solving problems including drought tolerance. It has been suggested that global solutions are achievable through the process of plant breeding, with its ability to select specific genes allowing crops to perform at a level which yields the desired results. One issue facing agriculture is the loss of

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and concluded that 15 generations of natural selection are desirable to produce results that are competitive with conventional breeding. Evolutionary breeding allows working with much larger plant population sizes than conventional breeding. It has also been used in tandem with conventional practices

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Evolutionary plant breeding describes practices which use mass populations with diverse genotypes grown under competitive natural selection. Survival in common crop cultivation environments is the predominant method of selection, rather than direct selection by growers and breeders. Individual plants

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A 2019 review of participatory plant breeding indicated that it had not gained widespread acceptance despite its record of successfully developing varieties with improved diversity and nutritional quality, as well as greater likelihood of these improved varieties being adopted by farmers. This review

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Plant breeding can be performed through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques. Genes in a plant are what determine what type

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Hayes, Patrick M.; Castro, Ariel; Marquez-Cedillo, Luis; Corey, Ann; Henson, Cynthia; Jones, Berne L.; Kling, Jennifer; Mather, Diane; Matus, Ivan; Rossi, Carlos; Sato, Kazuhiro (2003). "Genetic diversity for quantitatively inherited agronomic and malting quality traits". In Roland von Bothmer; Theo

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breeds results. Isolation is necessary to prevent cross contamination with related plants or the mixing of seeds after harvesting. Isolation is normally accomplished by planting distance but in certain crops, plants are enclosed in greenhouses or cages (most commonly used when producing F1 hybrids).

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When new plant breeds or cultivars are bred, they must be maintained and propagated. Some plants are propagated by asexual means while others are propagated by seeds. Seed propagated cultivars require specific control over seed source and production procedures to maintain the integrity of the plant

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using ML has made great strides and is now being applied to leaf phenotyping and other phenotyping jobs typically performed by human eyes. Pound et al. 2017 and Singh et al. 2016 are especially salient examples of early successful application and demonstration of the general usability of the process

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can also be employed as a diagnostics tool to facilitate selection of progeny who possess the desired trait(s), greatly speeding up the breeding process. This technique has proven particularly useful for the introgression of resistance genes into new backgrounds, as well as the efficient selection

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claim it is too low-yielding to be a viable alternative to conventional agriculture in situations when that poor performance may be the result in part of growing poorly-adapted varieties. It is estimated that over 95% of organic agriculture is based on conventionally adapted varieties, even though

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With an increasing population, the production of food needs to increase with it. It is estimated that a 70% increase in food production is needed by 2050 in order to meet the Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security. But with the degradation of agricultural land, simply planting more crops

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Intellectual property legislation for plants often uses definitions that typically include genetic uniformity and unchanging appearance over generations. These legal definitions of stability contrast with traditional agronomic usage, which considers stability in terms of how consistent the yield or

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Issues facing plant breeding in the future include the lack of arable land, increasingly harsh cropping conditions and the need to maintain food security, which involves being able to provide the world population with sufficient nutrition. Crops need to be able to mature in multiple environments to

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Participatory plant breeding (PPB) is when farmers are involved in a crop improvement programme with opportunities to make decisions and contribute to the research process at different stages. Participatory approaches to crop improvement can also be applied when plant biotechnologies are being used

1022:. All plants have varying sizes and lengths of genomes with genes that code for different proteins, but many are also the same. If a gene's location and function is identified in one plant species, a very similar gene likely can also be found in a similar location in another related species genome. 1421:

In 1929, Harlan and Martini proposed a method of plant breeding with heterogeneous populations by pooling an equal number of F2 seeds obtained from 378 crosses among 28 geographically diverse barley cultivars. In 1938, Harlan and Martini demonstrated evolution by natural selection in mixed dynamic

1306:. Such concerns are not new to plant breeding. Most countries have regulatory processes in place to help ensure that new crop varieties entering the marketplace are both safe and meet farmers' needs. Examples include variety registration, seed schemes, regulatory authorizations for GM plants, etc. 431:

may be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible pea, the goal of the cross being to introduce mildew resistance without losing the high-yield characteristics. Progeny from the cross would then be crossed with the high-yielding parent to ensure that the progeny were most like the high-yielding

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Plant breeding can contribute to global food security as it is a cost-effective tool for increasing nutritional value of forage and crops. Improvements in nutritional value for forage crops from the use of analytical chemistry and rumen fermentation technology have been recorded since 1960; this

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Uniform and genetically stable cultivars can be inadequate for dealing with environmental fluctuations and novel stress factors. Plant breeders have focused on identifying crops which will ensure crops perform under these conditions; a way to achieve this is finding strains of the crop that is

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but as the result of the cross of two homozygous/doubled haploid lines derived from the originally selected plant. Plant tissue culturing can produce haploid or double haploid plant lines and generations. This cuts down the genetic diversity taken from that plant species in order to select for

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can map thousands of genes. This allows plant breeders to screen large populations of plants for those that possess the trait of interest. The screening is based on the presence or absence of a certain gene as determined by laboratory procedures, rather than on the visual identification of the

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in products for humans and animals. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications. The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield,

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The NGS platform has substantially declined the time and cost required for sequencing and facilitated SNP discovery in model and non-model plants. This in turn has led to employing large-scale SNP markers in genomic selection approaches which aim at predicting genomic breeding values/GEBVs of

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Currently, few breeding programs are directed at organic agriculture and until recently those that did address this sector have generally relied on indirect selection (i.e. selection in conventional environments for traits considered important for organic agriculture). However, because the

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resistance to drought conditions with low nitrogen. It is evident from this that plant breeding is vital for future agriculture to survive as it enables farmers to produce stress resistant crops hence improving food security. In countries that experience harsh winters such as

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Stage 3: Seeds of each cross are then mixed to produce the first generation of the Composite Cross Population (CCP). The entire offspring is sown to grow and set seed. As the number of plants in the population increases, a proportion of the harvested seed is saved for

620:. It describes the tendency of the progeny of a specific cross to outperform both parents. The detection of the usefulness of heterosis for plant breeding has led to the development of inbred lines that reveal a heterotic yield advantage when they are crossed. 174:

of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have. Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of plants and potentially new plant varieties, and in the course of doing so, narrow down the genetic diversity of that variety to a specific few biotypes.

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Industrial breeding of plants has unintentionally altered how agricultural cultivars associate with their microbiome. In maize, for example, breeding has altered the nitrogen cycling taxa required to the rhizosphere, with more modern lines recruiting less

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value is central in this respect. Although relatively little direct research in this area has been done, there are scientific indications that, by favoring certain aspects of a plant's development, other aspects may be retarded. A study published in the

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plants which have the advantages of heterozygosity and a greater range of possible traits. Thus, an individual heterozygous plant chosen for its desirable characteristics can be converted into a heterozygous variety (F1 hybrid) without the necessity of

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Breeding is not a quick process, which is especially important when breeding to ameliorate a disease. The average time from human recognition of a new fungal disease threat to the release of a resistant crop for that pathogen is at least twelve years.

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When a desirable trait has been bred into a species, a number of crosses to the favored parent are made to make the new plant as similar to the favored parent as possible. Returning to the example of the mildew resistant pea being crossed with a

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Vivek, B.S.; Krishna, Girish Kumar; Vengadessan, V.; Babu, R.; Zaidi, P.H.; Kha, Le Quy; Mandal, S.S.; Grudloyma, P.; Takalkar, S.; Krothapalli, K.; Singh, I.S.; Ocampo, Eureka Teresa M.; Xingming, F.; Burgueño, J.; Azrai, M. (March 2017).

2204: 436:). The progeny from that cross would then be tested for yield (selection, as described above) and mildew resistance and high-yielding resistant plants would be further developed. Plants may also be crossed with themselves to produce 1261:

Genetic modification can further increase yields by increasing stress tolerance to a given environment. Stresses such as temperature variation, are signalled to the plant via a cascade of signalling molecules which will activate a

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and further east in Europe, plant breeders are involved in breeding for tolerance to frost, continuous snow-cover, frost-drought (desiccation from wind and solar radiation under frost) and high moisture levels in soil in winter.

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for crop improvement. Local agricultural systems and genetic diversity are strengthened by participatory programs, and outcomes are enhanced by farmers knowledge of the quality required and evaluation of the target environment.

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and significantly constraining individuals (such as farmers) from developing and trading seed on a regional level. Efforts to strengthen breeders' rights, for example, by lengthening periods of variety protection, are ongoing.

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end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.).

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that are favored under prevailing growing conditions, such as environment and inputs, contribute more seed to the next generation than less-adapted individuals. Evolutionary plant breeding has been successfully used by the

1516:. The range of related issues is complex. In the simplest terms, critics of the increasingly restrictive regulations argue that, through a combination of technical and economic pressures, commercial breeders are reducing 912:

Modern plant breeding may use techniques of molecular biology to select, or in the case of genetic modification, to insert, desirable traits into plants. Application of biotechnology or molecular biology is also known as

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is an important and controversial issue. Production of new varieties is dominated by commercial plant breeders, who seek to protect their work and collect royalties through national and international agreements based in

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is a commonly used marker: Plants that have been successfully transformed will grow on media containing antibiotics; plants that have not been transformed will die. In some instances markers for selection are removed by

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speed breeding is also possible, using a procedure developed by Richard et al. 2015. As of 2020 it is highly anticipated that SB and automated phenotyping will, combined, produce greatly improved outcomes – see

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may abort before maturation. If this does occur the embryo resulting from an interspecific or intergeneric cross can sometimes be rescued and cultured to produce a whole plant. Such a method is referred to as

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and a termination sequence to stop transcription of the new gene, and the gene or genes of interest must be introduced to the plant. A marker for the selection of transformed plants is also included. In the

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Modern plant breeding, whether classical or through genetic engineering, comes with issues of concern, particularly with regard to food crops. The question of whether breeding can have a negative effect on

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Another technique is the deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce

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also found participatory plant breeding to have a better cost/benefit ratio than non-participatory approaches, and suggested incorporating participatory plant breeding with evolutionary plant breeding.

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was established in the 1890s by John Garton, who was one of the first to commercialize new varieties of agricultural crops created through cross-pollination. The firm's first introduction was the

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Ceccarelli, S.; Grando, S.; Maatougui, M.; Michael, M.; Slash, M.; Haghparast, R.; Rahmanian, M.; Taheri, A.; Al-Yassin, A.; Benbelkacem, A.; Labdi, M.; Mimoun, H.; Nachit, M. (December 2010).

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Ceccarelli, S.; Grando, S.; Maatougui, M.; Michael, M.; Slash, M.; Haghparast, R.; Rahmanian, M.; Taheri, A.; Al-Yassin, A.; Benbelkacem, A.; Labdi, M.; Mimoun, H.; Nachit, M. (December 2010).

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it will ingest the toxin and die. Herbicides usually work by binding to certain plant enzymes and inhibiting their action. The enzymes that the herbicide inhibits are known as the herbicide's "

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Conventional breeding intentionally limits phenotype plasticity within genotypes and limits variability between genotypes. Uniformity does not allow crops to adapt to climate change and other

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As of 2020, regulations in Nepal only allow uniform varieties to be registered or released. Evolutionary plant populations and many landraces are polymorphic and do not meet these standards.

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plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as

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genotypes in a given population. This method can increase the selection accuracy and decrease the time of each breeding cycle. It has been used in different crops such as maize, wheat, etc.

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would have produced 20% fewer arable crops over the last 20 years, consuming an additional 21.6 million hectares (53 million acres) of land and emitting 4 billion tonnes (3.9

1821: 4124:; Godfray, H. Charles J.; Beddington, John R.; Crute, Ian R.; Lawrence, David; Muir, James F.; Pretty, Jules; Robinson, Sherman; Thomas, Sandy M.; Toulmin, Camilla (12 February 2010). 837:

but susceptible pea, to make the mildew resistant progeny of the cross most like the high-yielding parent, the progeny will be crossed back to that parent for several generations (See

3451: 1441:(ICARDA) evolutionary plant breeding is combined with participatory plant breeding in order to allow farmers to choose which varieties suit their needs in their local environment. 691:

techniques to produce progeny from otherwise fruitless mating. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids are produced from a cross of related species or genera that do not normally

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institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centers. International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring

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Evolutionary breeding populations have been used to establish self-regulating plant–pathogen systems. Examples include barley, where breeders were able to improve resistance to

4679: 1149:. Sometimes genetic modification can produce a plant with the desired trait or traits faster than classical breeding because the majority of the plant's genome is not altered. 1254:

can be engineered into crops by expressing a version of target site protein that is not inhibited by the herbicide. This is the method used to produce glyphosate resistant ("

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methods were also developed to analyze gene action and distinguish heritable variation from variation caused by environment. In 1933 another important breeding technique,

1626:"We suggest that any real declines are generally most easily explained by changes in cultivated varieties between 1950 and 1999, in which there may be trade-offs between 1106:. The doubled haploid will be homozygous for the desired traits. Furthermore, two different homozygous plants created in that way can be used to produce a generation of 2601:

Wang, Wangxia; Vinocur, Basia; Altmann, Arie (2003). "Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance".

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Mahlein, A.-K.; Kuska, M.T.; Behmann, J.; Polder, G.; Walter, A. (2018-08-25). "Hyperspectral Sensors and Imaging Technologies in Phytopathology: State of the Art".

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The debate surrounding genetically modified food during the 1990s peaked in 1999 in terms of media coverage and risk perception, and continues today – for example, "

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hybrid. The cells in the plants derived from the first generation created from the cross contained an uneven number of chromosomes and as a result was sterile. The

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by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions.

1270:. Overexpression of particular genes involved in cold acclimation has been shown to produce more resistance to freezing, which is one common cause of yield loss 3171:

Watt, Michelle; Fiorani, Fabio; Usadel, Björn; Rascher, Uwe; Muller, Onno; Schurr, Ulrich (2020-04-29). "Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders".

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To genetically modify a plant, a genetic construct must be designed so that the gene to be added or removed will be expressed by the plant. To do this, a

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are currently being crossed with plants to create new varieties for northern France. Soy beans, which were previously grown predominantly in the south of

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and related species. Another limitation of viral vectors is that the virus is not usually passed on to the progeny, so every plant has to be inoculated.

411:, the process of selectively propagating plants with desirable characteristics and eliminating or "culling" those with less desirable characteristics. 6155: 1422:

populations as a few varieties that became dominant in some locations almost disappeared in others; poorly-adapted varieties disappeared everywhere.

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a number of techniques were developed that allowed plant breeders to hybridize distantly related species, and artificially induce genetic diversity.

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in order to develop both heterogeneous and homogeneous crop lines for low input agricultural systems that have unpredictable stress conditions.

6282: 2436: 1295: 556: 4572: 2034: 1992: 1733: 841:). This process removes most of the genetic contribution of the mildew resistant parent. Classical breeding is therefore a cyclical process. 177:

It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as

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Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Tack, Ayco J. M.; Wasserman, Birgit; Liu, Jia; Berg, Gabriele; Norelli, John; Droby, Samir; Wisniewski, Michael (2021).

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There are many classical and modern breeding techniques that can be utilized for crop improvement in organic agriculture despite the ban on

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expressed trait in the plant. The purpose of marker assisted selection, or plant genome analysis, is to identify the location and function (

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plants. There have been instances where plants bred using classical techniques have been unsuitable for human consumption, for example the

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to insert genetic constructs into plants is also a possibility, but the technique is limited by the host range of the virus. For example,

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Stage 1: Genetic diversity is created, for example by manual crosses of inbreeding species or mixing of cultivars in outcrossing species.

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Link, W.; Balko, C.; Stoddard, F.; Winter hardiness in faba bean: Physiology and breeding. Field Crops Research (5 February 2010).

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Stage 4: The seed can be used for continued evolutionary plant breeding or as a starting point for a conventional breeding effort.

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Elings, A.; Almekinders, C. J. M.; Stam, P. (December 2001). "Introduction: Why focus thinking on participatory plant breeding".

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With classical breeding techniques, the breeder does not know exactly what genes have been introduced to the new cultivars. Some

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is sensitive to salinity, plants resulting from a hybrid cross with cultivar W4910 (left) show greater tolerance to high salinity

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Liu, Jia; Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Norelli, John; Burchard, Erik; Schena, Leonardo; Droby, Samir; Wisniewski, Michael (2018-01-27).

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Costa-Font, J.; Mossialos, E. (2007). "Are perceptions of 'risks' and 'benefits' of genetically modified food (in)dependent?".

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CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis for Technology Development and Institutional Innovation

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fusion. In this case protoplasts are fused, usually in an electric field. Viable recombinants can be regenerated in culture.

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Wang, Liyang; Rengel, Zed; Zhang, Kai; Jin, Kemo; Lyu, Yang; Zhang, Lin; Cheng, Lingyun; Zhang, Fusuo; Shen, Jianbo (2022).

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rice while reducing its susceptibility to blast disease. These practices have also been used in Nepal with bean landraces.

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Tester, Mark; Langridge, Peter (February 2010). "Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world".

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Davis, D.R.; Epp, M.D.; Riordan, H.D. (2004). "Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999".

6214: 5994: 5060: 4758: 2467: 2200:"Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico" 1513: 4224:"The need to breed crop varieties suitable for organic farming, using wheat, tomato and broccoli as examples: A review" 6446: 6224: 6170: 6138: 6099: 5579: 2705: 2411: 89: 1054: 944: 2465:

Shimelis, Hussein; Laing, Mark. "Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures".

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therefore argue that plants produced by classical breeding methods should undergo the same safety testing regime as

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and other local varieties which have diversity that may have useful genes for climate adaptation in the future.

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may perform very differently in each environment due to an interaction between genes and the environment (see

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starting plants, if a haploid cell with the alleles for those traits can be produced, and then used to make a

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Sometimes many different genes can influence a desirable trait in plant breeding. The use of tools such as

805:. Classical plant breeders also generate genetic diversity within a species by exploiting a process called 373: 78: 6339: 6192: 6187: 5908: 5710: 5538: 5475: 5423: 5386: 5381: 4855: 4222:

Lammerts van Bueren, E.T.; S.S. Jones; L. Tamm; K.M. Murphy; J.R. Myers; C. Leifert; M.M. Messmer (2010).

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to predict the frequencies of different types. Wheat hybrids were bred to increase the crop production of

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are not currently available for many important traits, especially complex ones controlled by many genes.

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Ceccarelli 2001. Decentralized-Participatory Plant Breeding: Adapting Crops to Environments and Clients

3270:"Use of Genomic Estimated Breeding Values Results in Rapid Genetic Gains for Drought Tolerance in Maize" 1434: 1324: 1178: 1166: 635: 617: 593: 258: 2733: 2550: 2074: 4542:

CGIAR Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis, Working Document No.4, CIAT: Cali. 150pp.

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of plants is achieved by adding a specific gene or genes to a plant, or by knocking down a gene with

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Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first

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Concise Encyclopedia of Crop Improvement: Institutions, Persons, Theories, Methods, and Histories

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Evolution Made to Order: Plant Breeding and Technological Innovation in Twentieth-Century America

4257:"The role of molecular markers and marker assisted selection in breeding for organic agriculture" 4199: 4103: 4042: 3997: 3954: 3794: 3697: 3573: 3477: 3432: 3364: 3307: 3210: 3150: 3021: 2982:"The Cucurbita pepo seed microbiome: genotype-specific composition and implications for breeding" 2962: 2884: 2813: 2634: 2492: 2476: 2325: 2261:"Simulation-based Economic Feasibility Analysis of Grafting Technology for Propagation Operation" 2180: 1796: 1771: 1247: 1153: 1010: 914: 786: 487: 416: 3837:"Enhancing Freedom to Operate for Plant Breeders and Farmers through Open Source Plant Breeding" 3502:

Döring, Thomas F.; Knapp, Samuel; Kovacs, Geza; Murphy, Kevin; Wolfe, Martin S. (October 2011).

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Adam, Eveline; Bernhart, Maria; Müller, Henry; Winkler, Johanna; Berg, Gabriele (2018-01-01).

2954: 2936: 2876: 2858: 2805: 2787: 2685: 2626: 2532: 2484: 2415: 2375: 2311: 2275: 2241: 2172: 2056: 2048: 2040: 2030: 1988: 1959: 1940: 1846: 1716: 1142: 1125: 895: 802: 456: 379: 265: 3814:"Addressing the potential for a selective breeding-based approach in sustainable agriculture" 3740: 6026: 6021: 6001: 5875: 5715: 5689: 5443: 5207: 5130: 4932: 4880: 4733: 4652:

A Breed Apart: The Plant Breeder's Guide to Preventing Patents through Defensive Publication

4560: 4539: 4500: 4492: 4449: 4374: 4363:"A Comparison between Crop Domestication, Classical Plant Breeding, and Genetic Engineering" 4362: 4317: 4307: 4268: 4235: 4191: 4147: 4087: 3981: 3930: 3881: 3848: 3778: 3736: 3679: 3631: 3615: 3555: 3547: 3515: 3459: 3424: 3356: 3281: 3241: 3186: 3132: 3116: 3070: 3052: 3003: 2944: 2928: 2866: 2850: 2795: 2779: 2714: 2675: 2667: 2618: 2583: 2524: 2515: 2303: 2231: 2221: 2162: 2022: 1949: 1364:

Speed breeding is introduced by Watson et al. 2018. Classical (human performed) phenotyping

1103: 1090: 1006: 891: 782: 658: 609: 254: 231: 166: 103: 653:

in the early 20th century. Similar yield increases were not produced elsewhere until after

6349: 6287: 6085: 5890: 5694: 5679: 5674: 5366: 5272: 5252: 5152: 5140: 5125: 5105: 5100: 4964: 4915: 4890: 4870: 4121: 4054: 3190: 3107: 2825:"Ensuring future food security and resource sustainability: insights into the rhizosphere" 2337: 1883: 1344: 1267: 1239: 1217: 1019: 879: 445: 142: 1352:

target plant species. These methods will work even better with large, publicly available

264:

Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering

4143: 4083: 3934: 3732: 3611: 2999: 2924: 2846: 2614: 2587: 2217: 809:, which occurs in plants produced from tissue culture, particularly plants derived from 737:

incompatibility. If fertilization is possible between two species or genera, the hybrid

6395: 6375: 6006: 5972: 5771: 5669: 5659: 5503: 5448: 5393: 5257: 5232: 5212: 5080: 5075: 5065: 4957: 4952: 4937: 4865: 4765: 4505: 4480: 3636: 3595: 3137: 3102: 3075: 3040: 2986: 2949: 2904: 2871: 2824: 2800: 2761: 2680: 2653: 2236: 2199: 1893: 1866: 1856: 1753: 1738: 1274: 1198: 727: 563:

Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century.

555: 464: 4621: 4322: 4295: 2026: 6425: 6410: 6109: 6016: 6011: 5664: 5642: 5418: 5327: 5277: 5262: 5197: 5192: 5177: 5147: 5110: 5090: 5050: 5045: 5015: 4981: 4920: 4900: 4885: 4845: 4753: 4523: 4410: 4395: 4291: 3577: 3481: 3214: 3154: 2966: 2888: 2817: 1836: 1831: 1811: 1758: 1617: 1353: 1336: 1255: 1018:) of various genes within the genome. If all of the genes are identified it leads to 743: 734: 715: 650: 589: 468: 246: 182: 4590: 4203: 4018:

Breeding for drought and nitrogen stress tolerance in maize: from theory to practice

4001: 3958: 3798: 3701: 3436: 3368: 3311: 3286: 3269: 3025: 2638: 2496: 2184: 475:(see below) to generate diversity and produce hybrid plants that would not exist in 6197: 5918: 5830: 5609: 5428: 5408: 5376: 5305: 5292: 5267: 5247: 5217: 4942: 4910: 4688: 4471: 4107: 3985: 3395:"Biotechnology-assisted Participatory Plant Breeding: Complement or Contradiction?" 3344: 2738: 2718: 1875: 1517: 1171: 1099: 838: 757: 752: 692: 687:

When distantly related species are crossed, plant breeders make use of a number of

681: 654: 433: 269: 4179: 261:. Genetics stimulated research to improve crop production through plant breeding. 4540:

Biotechnology assisted participatory plant breeding: Complement or contradiction?

4432:), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Taylor & Francis Group, Inc., New York, USA, pp 584 4312: 3870:"Accomplishments and impact from breeding for increased forage nutritional value" 2405: 6354: 6319: 5955: 5855: 5520: 5515: 5300: 5187: 5182: 5172: 5167: 5095: 5085: 4860: 4825: 4805: 4770: 4738: 4641: 3853: 3245: 2775: 1841: 1437:

and was able to increase the proportion of resistant plants from 5% to 40%. The

1430: 1340: 1210: 933: 794: 643: 601: 509: 472: 437: 396: 313: 273: 223: 45: 4240: 4223: 3903: 3619: 3596:"Evolutionary Plant Breeding as a Response to the Complexity of Climate Change" 3345:"A framework for analyzing participatory plant breeding approaches and results" 2932: 2854: 2783: 2205:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6405: 5840: 5835: 5237: 5120: 5055: 5040: 4998: 4875: 4775: 4607:– education and training materials for plant breeders and allied professionals 4564: 4273: 4256: 4195: 3782: 3684: 3667: 3548:"Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal" 3428: 3360: 3057: 3008: 2981: 2838: 2622: 2307: 2167: 2150: 1776: 1669: 1627: 1609: 1601: 1316: 1162: 1146: 1095: 883: 834: 814: 790: 767: 723: 719: 669: 642:. This enables the production of hybrids without the need for labor-intensive 627: 494: 297: 293: 285: 277: 227: 178: 4657: 4637:

The Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building – GIPB

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was unintentionally increased to unacceptable levels in certain varieties of

383:) over hundreds of years, resulting in dozens of today's agricultural crops. 17: 6359: 6334: 6324: 6309: 5684: 5647: 5594: 5574: 5569: 5227: 4713: 4700: 4692: 4627:

Glossary of plant breeding terminology by the Open Plant Breeding Foundation

4152: 4125: 4091: 3560: 2762:"Rhizosphere microbiome: Functional compensatory assembly for plant fitness" 2226: 1589: 1574: 1486: 1243: 1225: 1138: 1107: 1051:. In particular, some explanation of reverse breeding is still missing here. 1015: 845: 703: 613: 541: 400: 289: 281: 4514: 4463: 4331: 4161: 4099: 3993: 3950: 3645: 3303: 3206: 3146: 3084: 2958: 2880: 2809: 2689: 2630: 2536: 2245: 1963: 1695:

difference between organic and conventional environments is large, a given

638:. CMS is a maternally inherited trait that makes the plant produce sterile 4255:

Lammerts van Bueren, E. T.; G. Backes; H. de Vriend; H. Ostergard (2010).

3343:

Sperling, L.; Ashby, J.A.; Smith, M.E.; Weltzien, E.; McGuire, S. (2001).

2198:

Piperno, D. R.; Ranere, A. J.; Holst, I.; Iriarte, J.; Dickau, R. (2009).

920: 624:

was the first species where heterosis was widely used to produce hybrids.

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variety. It is one of the first agricultural grain varieties bred from a

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Traits that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants include:

392: 250: 237: 151: 35: 31: 4454: 4437: 4389:

The Origins of Agriculture and Crop Domestication – The Harlan Symposium

649:

These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase in the

6380: 6252: 5763: 5652: 5614: 5604: 5480: 5157: 5115: 5005: 1605: 1597: 1592:

done in 1950 and in 1999, and found substantial decreases in six of 13

1586:

Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999

1542: 1538: 1235: 875: 774: 568: 513: 423:

from one variety or line into a new genetic background. For example, a

384: 338: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 201: 3835:

Luby, C. H.; Kloppenburg, J.; Michaels, T. E.; Goldman, I. L. (2015).

3520: 3503: 3228:

Massman, Jon M.; Jung, Hans-Joachim G.; Bernardo, Rex (January 2013).

3120: 1954: 1935: 1292:

by banning the planting of a widely grown pest-resistant corn variety.

924:

Modern facilities in molecular biology are now used in plant breeding.

817:, and the addition or removal of chromosomes using a technique called 377:

Selective breeding enlarged desired traits of the wild cabbage plant (

5344: 5337: 5332: 4748: 1228:. Insect resistance is achieved through incorporation of a gene from 860: 853: 738: 700: 639: 534: 524: 476: 424: 230:

for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable

205: 189: 162: 2528: 1687:

Early maturity (as a mechanism for avoidance of particular stresses)

1620:

were also found. The study, conducted at the Biochemical Institute,

1288:

Germany has thrown its weight behind a growing European mutiny over

1220:

are currently limited to plants that have introduced resistance to

1141:. The plants resulting from adding a gene are often referred to as 5809: 5794: 5433: 2259:

Meng, Chao; Xu, Dong; Son, Young-Jun & Kubota, Chieri (2012).

1456:

Evolutionary plant breeding has been delineated into four stages:

1202: 823: 707: 668: 621: 605: 554: 520: 372: 147: 141: 3546:

Joshi, B. K.; Ayer, D. K.; Gauchan, D.; Jarvis, D. (2020-10-13).

1852:

Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of reproduction

1429:

scald over 45 generations. An evolutionary breeding project grew

490:, such as increased nutrition, improved flavor, or greater beauty 165:

in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to

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FDA Statement of Policy – Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties

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increased crop production in the developing world in the 1960s.

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For the role of crossing and plant breeding in viticulture, see

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Murphy, Kevin M.; K.G. Campbell; S.R. Lyon; S.S. Jones (2007).

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Xun, Weibing; Shao, Jiahui; Shen, Qirong; Zhang, Ruifu (2021).

1439:

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

459:. The classical plant breeder may also make use of a number of 5282: 4424:

Schlegel, Rolf (2014) Dictionary of Plant Breeding, 2nd ed., (

2652:

Suzie Key; Julian K-C Ma & Pascal MW Drake (1 June 2008).

1029: 927: 711: 578: 428: 307: 39: 2293:

Mudge, K.; Janick, J.; Scofield, S.; Goldschmidt, E. (2009).

1977:

Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Plant Breeding and Genetics".

1715:

of many resistance genes pyramided into a single individual.

4479:

Schouten, Henk J.; Krens, Frans A.; Jacobsen, Evert (2006).

4436:

Schouten, Henk J.; Krens, Frans A.; Jacobsen, Evert (2006).

4180:"Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems" 2572:

Moreland, D E (1980). "Mechanisms of Action of Herbicides".

1370: 4605:

Plant Breeding and Genomics eXtension Community of Practice

4481:"Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants" 4126:"Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people" 2513:

Kasha, Ken (1999). "Biotechnology and world food supply".

2508: 2506: 2437:"Unfairly demonized GMO crops can help fight malnutrition" 2075:"Doriane | Blog — Climate-Smart Plant Breeding Objectives" 1525:

quality of a crop remains across locations and over time.

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Abiotic stress tolerance (i.e. drought, salinity, etc...)

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International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

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In the early 20th century, plant breeders realized that

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By 500 BCE grafting was well established and practiced.

240:

technology had been practiced in China before 2000 BCE.

3504:"Evolutionary Plant Breeding in Cereals—Into a New Era" 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 1921:

Breeding Field Crops. 1995. Sleper and Poehlman. Page 3

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Failure to produce a hybrid may be due to pre- or post-

4438:"Do cisgenic plants warrant less stringent oversight?" 3594:

Ceccarelli, Salvatore; Grando, Stefania (2020-12-18).

3450:

Ceccarelli, Salvatore; Grando, Stefania (2019-10-02).

2460: 2458: 2267:

Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference

2123:"French firm breeds plants that resist climate change" 3541: 3539: 1177:

The construct can be inserted in the plant genome by

3103:"Evidence for host–microbiome co-evolution in apple" 878:-assisted conventional breeding, incorporation of a 200:

10 short tons) of carbon. Wheat species created for

6368: 6243: 6040: 5889: 5823: 5625: 5562: 5529: 5291: 4834: 4699: 3767:"Evolutionary plant breeding for low input systems" 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3452:"From participatory to evolutionary plant breeding" 3096: 3094: 2009:van Hintum; Helmut Knüpffer; Kazuhiro Sato (eds.). 1174:with the parent plant prior to commercial release. 766:Hybrids may also be produced by a technique called 70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4618:– large practical reference on plant hybridization 3166: 3164: 2767:Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 1283:, is a rather radical new area of plant breeding. 1098:plants with desirable traits can be produced from 695:with each other. These crosses are referred to as 188:A recent study shows that without plant breeding, 2903:Favela, Alonso; O., Martin; Kent, Angela (2021). 2407:Hybrid: The History and Science of Plant Breeding 2399: 2397: 1433:bulk soybean populations on soil infested by the 730:and thus allow the production of a fertile line. 4559:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2072. 1980:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume I 1296:ecological impact of genetically modified plants 1273:Genetic modification of plants that can produce 1238:that is toxic to some insects. For example, the 4654:by Cydnee V. Bence & Emily J. Spiegel, 2019 4622:Infography about the History of Plant Breeding 3818:International Journal of Agricultural Research 3552:Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University 2654:"Genetically modified plants and human health" 1929: 1927: 1371:§ Phenotyping and artificial intelligence 5779: 4673: 4632:National Association of Plant Breeders (NAPB) 4217: 4215: 4213: 3868:Casler, Vogal, M.K. (January–February 1999). 3765:Phillips, S. L.; Wolfe, M. S. (August 2005). 1648:Role of plant breeding in organic agriculture 1335:As of 2020 machine learning – and especially 1302:and concepts used for safety evaluation like 1277:(and industrial chemicals), sometimes called 300:). It has also developed its own technology. 8: 5549:List of organic gardening and farming topics 4342:. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York. 3974:Journal of the American College of Nutrition 3904:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2008.08.004 1581:Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1339:– has recently become more commonly used in 1057:. There might be a discussion about this on 634:(CMS), developed in maize, was described by 546:Longer storage period for the harvested crop 2391:Spring Seed Catalogue 1899, Gartons Limited 1934:Hartung, Frank; Schiemann, Joachim (2014). 962:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5871:Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection) 5786: 5772: 5764: 4680: 4666: 4658: 4642:FAO/IAEA Programme Mutant Variety Database 4421:), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 423 4406:), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 584 4296:"Diversifying Selection in Plant Breeding" 4228:NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 2387: 2385: 2263:. In Lim, G. & Herrmann, J.W. (eds.). 1889:UPOV Convention on New Varieties of Plants 1405:Landrace § Plant_landrace_development 1026:Reverse breeding and doubled haploids (DH) 746:. This technique has been used to produce 4504: 4453: 4396:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding 4378: 4321: 4311: 4272: 4239: 4173: 4171: 4151: 3886:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183x003900010003x 3852: 3717:"An Evolutionary Plant Breeding Method 1" 3683: 3635: 3559: 3519: 3404:. Working Document No. 4 April 2000: 140. 3285: 3136: 3074: 3056: 3007: 2948: 2870: 2799: 2679: 2557:World International Property Organization 2235: 2225: 2166: 1953: 1077:Learn how and when to remove this message 982:Learn how and when to remove this message 407:One major technique of plant breeding is 354:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:is the science of changing the traits of 130:Learn how and when to remove this message 3741:10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800040012x 2659:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1448:to codify this approach coined the term 919: 871:levels before reaching the marketplace. 600:populations produced through deliberate 27:Humans changing traits, ornamental/crops 2917:Springer Science and Business Media LLC 1914: 1331:Phenotyping and artificial intelligence 1218:commercially released transgenic plants 750:, an interspecific cross of Asian rice 673:In vitro-culture of Vitis (grapevine), 585:cross, introduced to commerce in 1892. 249:(1822–84) is considered the "father of 4357:) U of Chicago Press, 2016. x, 285 pp. 4050: 4040: 2333: 2323: 2096: 2094: 1664:Nutrient use efficiency (particularly 1414:to preserve landrace diversity within 828:Agricultural research on potato plants 4338:Briggs, F.N. and Knowles, P.F. 1967. 3191:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124 451:Classical breeding relies largely on 208:, are now grown in southern Germany. 7: 5734: 3668:"Plant breeding and climate changes" 2151:"Plant breeding and climate changes" 1871:Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement 960:adding citations to reliable sources 336:adding citations to reliable sources 68:adding citations to reliable sources 6300:Selection methods in plant breeding 5746: 3935:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050100 3857:– via ACSESS Digital Library. 3771:The Journal of Agricultural Science 3672:The Journal of Agricultural Science 2588:10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.003121 2155:The Journal of Agricultural Science 1588:, compared nutritional analysis of 675:Geisenheim Grape Breeding Institute 565:Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders 4548:Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties 2468:Australian Journal of Crop Science 2353:Breed Your Own Vegetable Varieties 2302:. Vol. 35. pp. 449–475. 1903:Genetic resources (disambiguation) 1880:Convention on Biological Diversity 25: 2575:Annual Review of Plant Physiology 2280:Institute of Industrial Engineers 1242:, a common cotton pest, feeds on 722:was used to double the number of 5745: 5733: 5722: 5721: 5709: 4555:Vaschetto, Luis M., ed. (2020). 4538:Thro, A.M.; Spillane, C. (1999) 3393:Thro A & Spillane C (2000). 2734:"Germany deals blow to GM crops" 1463:Stage 2: Multiplication of seeds 1193:, or by direct methods like the 1034: 932: 594:non-random nature of inheritance 455:between chromosomes to generate 312: 167:improve the quality of nutrition 44: 3918:Annual Review of Phytopathology 3715:Suneson, Coit A. (April 1956). 3287:10.3835/plantgenome2016.07.0070 1827:Marker-assisted selection (MAS) 1559:Maintaining specific conditions 323:needs additional citations for 253:". His experiments with plant 55:needs additional citations for 4340:Introduction to Plant Breeding 3986:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409 3174:Annual Review of Plant Biology 2719:10.1016/j.foodqual.2005.09.013 1723:List of notable plant breeders 1708:genetically modified organisms 1444:An influential 1956 effort by 1: 2435:Norero, Daniel (2018-06-20). 2027:10.1016/S0168-7972(03)80012-9 1622:University of Texas at Austin 1294:" The debate encompasses the 874:Even with the very latest in 4616:Hybridization of Crop Plants 4313:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020347 2732:Connoly, Kate (2009-04-14). 1701:gene–environment interaction 1514:intellectual property rights 1386:Participatory plant breeding 863:through plant breeding. New 559:Garton's catalogue from 1902 504:of environmental pressures ( 5580:Index of pesticide articles 4550:. Chelsea Green Publishing. 3854:10.2135/cropsci2014.10.0708 3246:10.2135/cropsci2012.02.0112 2706:Food Quality and Preference 2412:University of Chicago Press 1450:evolutionary plant breeding 1399:Evolutionary plant breeding 1310:Breeding and the microbiome 442:Pollinators may be excluded 6468: 4724:Climate-friendly gardening 4241:10.1016/j.njas.2010.04.001 3620:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101815 3456:Farmers and Plant Breeding 2933:10.1038/s41396-021-00923-z 2855:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104168 2784:10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.035 1867:Bioprospecting / biopiracy 1862:Composite cross population 1596:measured, including 6% of 1480:Breeding and food security 1402: 1290:genetically modified crops 1123: 1088: 998: 905: 882:takes an average of seven 632:cytoplasmic male sterility 365: 215: 29: 6258:Marker-assisted selection 5846:Marker-assisted selection 5805: 5703: 5600:Plant disease forecasting 5554:Vegan organic agriculture 5404:Genetically modified tree 4565:10.1007/978-1-4939-9865-4 4274:10.1007/s10681-010-0169-0 4196:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.03.011 3783:10.1017/S0021859605005009 3685:10.1017/S0021859610000651 3058:10.1186/s40168-018-0403-x 3009:10.1007/s11104-016-3113-9 2623:10.1007/s00425-003-1105-5 2473:Southern Cross Publishing 2308:10.1002/9780470593776.ch9 2168:10.1017/S0021859610000651 1817:Genomics of domestication 1792:Cultivated plant taxonomy 1712:Marker assisted selection 1300:genetically modified food 1184:Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1137:, to produce a desirable 1001:Marker assisted selection 995:Marker assisted selection 368:Propagation of grapevines 218:History of plant breeding 4528:Agricultural Archaeology 4497:10.1038/sj.embor.7400769 4380:10.2135/cropsci2002.1780 3902:(3): 287-296, page. 289| 3464:10.4324/9780429507335-15 2672:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372 2357:Chelsea Green Publishing 2265:Proceedings of the 2012 2128:European Investment Bank 1807:Family based QTL mapping 1624:, concluded in summary: 1412:Nepal National Gene Bank 1207:Cauliflower mosaic virus 453:homologous recombination 304:Classical plant breeding 257:led to his establishing 4409:Schlegel, Rolf (2007) 4153:10.1126/science.1185383 4092:10.1126/science.1183700 3561:10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023 3429:10.1023/A:1017923423714 3361:10.1023/A:1017505323730 2404:Noel Kingsbury (2009). 2227:10.1073/pnas.0812525106 1684:Pest/disease resistance 1680:mechanical weed control 1532:Environmental stressors 1304:substantial equivalence 1113:vegetative reproduction 908:New Breeding Techniques 867:are often screened for 540:Increased tolerance of 533:Increased tolerance to 6452:Pollination management 6340:Outbreeding depression 5539:Biodynamic agriculture 5476:Postharvest physiology 5424:Landscape architecture 5121:Indonesian home garden 4611:Plant Breeding Updates 4394:Schlegel, Rolf (2009) 1787:Crop breeding in Nepal 1630:and nutrient content." 1509:Plant breeders' rights 1504:Plant breeders' rights 1377:Genomic selection (GS) 1231:Bacillus thuringiensis 925: 829: 819:chromosome engineering 779:ethyl methanesulfonate 677: 608:during the so-called " 560: 404: 155: 6345:Inbreeding depression 5861:Preservation breeding 4786:Historic conservation 4546:Deppe, Carol (2000). 2351:Deppe, Carol (2000). 2296:A History of Grafting 2272:IIE Annual Conference 2011:Diversity in Barley ( 1503: 1435:soybean cyst nematode 1427:Rynchosporium secalis 1337:deep machine learning 1179:genetic recombination 1167:antibiotic resistance 923: 902:Modern plant breeding 827: 801:– a process known as 672: 636:Marcus Morton Rhoades 618:George Harrison Shull 558: 376: 145: 5716:Gardening portal 5615:Aquamog weed remover 5590:List of insecticides 4442:Nature Biotechnology 4184:Field Crops Research 2442:Alliance for Science 2021:. pp. 201–226. 2017:. Amsterdam Boston: 1749:Niels Ebbesen Hansen 1729:Thomas Andrew Knight 1675:Weed competitiveness 1661:Water use efficiency 1264:transcription factor 1252:Herbicide resistance 1234:(Bt) that encodes a 1209:(CaMV) only infects 1131:Genetic modification 1120:Genetic modification 1047:confusing or unclear 956:improve this section 894:, and seventeen for 850:genetically modified 807:somaclonal variation 689:plant tissue culture 596:could be applied to 332:improve this article 64:improve this article 6032:Designer crossbreed 4455:10.1038/nbt0706-753 4345:Curry, Helen Anne. 4144:2010Sci...327..812G 4084:2010Sci...327..818T 3733:1956AgrJ...48..188S 3612:2020iSci...23j1815C 3000:2018PlSoi.422...35A 2925:2021ISMEJ..15.2454F 2893:...cite this study: 2847:2022iSci...25j4168W 2615:2003Plant.218....1W 2218:2009PNAS..106.5019P 1744:Nazareno Strampelli 1654:organic agriculture 1475:Issues and concerns 1181:using the bacteria 1055:clarify the section 888:clonally propagated 748:new rice for Africa 699:. For example, the 592:'s findings on the 551:Before World War II 463:techniques such as 444:through the use of 259:laws of inheritance 6447:Plant reproduction 5866:Selective breeding 5815:Lists of cultivars 5585:List of fungicides 5350:Companion planting 4361:Gepts, P. (2002). 2551:"Reverse Breeding" 1797:Double-pair mating 1772:Bioactive compound 1584:in 2004, entitled 1011:DNA fingerprinting 926: 915:molecular breeding 830: 821:may also be used. 693:sexually reproduce 678: 665:After World War II 561: 405: 156: 6442:Molecular biology 6419: 6418: 6263:Natural selection 6244:Selection methods 5851:Mutation breeding 5761: 5760: 5633:Community orchard 5459:drought tolerance 4574:978-1-4939-9864-7 4138:(5967): 812–818. 4078:(5967): 818–822. 4015:Bänziger (2000). 3521:10.3390/su3101944 3514:(10): 1944–1971. 3121:10.1111/nph.17820 2758:These reviews... 2276:Norcross, Georgia 2212:(13): 5019–5024. 2036:978-0-444-50585-9 1994:978-1-84826-367-3 1955:10.1111/tpj.12413 1941:The Plant Journal 1847:Recalcitrant seed 1717:Molecular markers 1568:Nutritional value 1550:Long-term process 1143:transgenic plants 1126:Transgenic plants 1087: 1086: 1079: 1007:molecular markers 992: 991: 984: 896:cross-pollinating 803:mutation breeding 616:was explained by 465:protoplast fusion 457:genetic diversity 380:Brassica oleracea 364: 363: 356: 266:molecular biology 196:10 long tons; 4.4 140: 139: 132: 114: 16:(Redirected from 6459: 6027:Captive breeding 6022:Breeding program 6002:Backyard breeder 5788: 5781: 5774: 5765: 5749: 5748: 5737: 5736: 5725: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5690:Plant collecting 5626:Related articles 5563:Plant protection 4744:French intensive 4682: 4675: 4668: 4659: 4594: 4551: 4535: 4518: 4508: 4475: 4457: 4384: 4382: 4373:(6): 1780–1790. 4335: 4325: 4315: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4234:(3–4): 193–205. 4219: 4208: 4207: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4122:Haddad, Lawrence 4118: 4112: 4111: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4021:. pp. 7–9. 4012: 4006: 4005: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3912: 3906: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3847:(6): 2481–2488. 3832: 3826: 3825: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3721:Agronomy Journal 3712: 3706: 3705: 3687: 3663: 3650: 3649: 3639: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3563: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3289: 3274:The Plant Genome 3264: 3258: 3257: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3115:(6): 2088–2100. 3098: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3060: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3011: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2952: 2909:The ISME Journal 2900: 2894: 2892: 2874: 2821: 2803: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2683: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2401: 2392: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2374:. Archived from 2372:"Plant breeding" 2368: 2362: 2360: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2239: 2229: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1985:Eolss Publishers 1974: 1968: 1967: 1957: 1931: 1922: 1919: 1898:Peasants' rights 1652:Some critics of 1604:. Reductions in 1498:abiotic stresses 1298:, the safety of 1258:") crop plants. 1216:The majority of 1091:Doubled haploidy 1082: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1038: 1037: 1030: 987: 980: 976: 973: 967: 936: 928: 892:self-fertilising 890:crops, nine for 865:potato varieties 783:dimethyl sulfate 659:Green Revolution 610:Battle for Grain 576: 575: 446:pollination bags 438:inbred varieties 359: 352: 348: 345: 339: 316: 308: 199: 195: 135: 128: 124: 121: 115: 113: 79:"Plant breeding" 72: 48: 40: 21: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6364: 6350:Recessive trait 6288:selective sweep 6245: 6239: 6042:Plant cultivars 6036: 5885: 5819: 5810:Lists of breeds 5801: 5792: 5762: 5757: 5708: 5699: 5695:Turf management 5680:Lists of plants 5675:List of gardens 5621: 5558: 5525: 5287: 4837: 4830: 4695: 4686: 4601: 4575: 4557:Cereal Genomics 4554: 4545: 4521: 4478: 4435: 4360: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4221: 4220: 4211: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4049: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3897: 3893: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3812:Rhodes (2013). 3811: 3810: 3806: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3665: 3664: 3653: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3501: 3500: 3489: 3474: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3108:New Phytologist 3100: 3099: 3092: 3038: 3037: 3033: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2822: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2529:10.1139/g99-043 2512: 2511: 2504: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2447: 2445: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2414:. p. 140. 2403: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2332: 2322: 2318: 2299: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2132: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2079:www.doriane.com 2073: 2072: 2068: 2037: 2013:Hordeum vulgare 2007: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1987:. p. 185. 1976: 1975: 1971: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1884:Nagoya Protocol 1767: 1725: 1650: 1641: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1534: 1506: 1494:biotic stresses 1482: 1477: 1446:Coit A. Suneson 1407: 1401: 1388: 1379: 1362: 1345:Computer vision 1333: 1317:nitrogen fixing 1312: 1275:pharmaceuticals 1268:gene expression 1240:cotton bollworm 1147:cisgenic plants 1128: 1122: 1104:doubled haploid 1093: 1083: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1052: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1020:genome sequence 1003: 997: 988: 977: 971: 968: 953: 937: 910: 904: 667: 612:" (1925–1940). 573: 572: 553: 371: 360: 349: 343: 340: 329: 317: 306: 220: 214: 197: 193: 136: 125: 119: 116: 73: 71: 61: 49: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6432:Plant breeding 6424: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6396:Heirloom plant 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6376:Breed registry 6372: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007:Breed standard 6004: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5670:Garden tourism 5667: 5662: 5660:Groundskeeping 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5449:free-flowering 5446: 5441: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4766:Groundskeeping 4763: 4762: 4761: 4759:computer-aided 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4608: 4600: 4599:External links 4597: 4596: 4595: 4573: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4519: 4491:(8): 750–753. 4476: 4433: 4430:978-1439802427 4422: 4407: 4392: 4385: 4358: 4343: 4336: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4247: 4209: 4190:(3): 172–177. 4167: 4113: 4060: 4051:|journal= 4027: 4007: 3980:(6): 669–682. 3964: 3927:Annual Reviews 3907: 3891: 3860: 3827: 3804: 3777:(4): 245–254. 3754: 3727:(4): 188–191. 3707: 3678:(6): 627–637. 3651: 3606:(12): 101815. 3583: 3535: 3508:Sustainability 3487: 3472: 3442: 3423:(3): 423–424. 3407: 3385: 3374: 3355:(3): 439–450. 3335: 3326:"PRGA Program" 3317: 3259: 3220: 3183:Annual Reviews 3160: 3090: 3031: 2987:Plant and Soil 2972: 2895: 2751: 2724: 2713:(2): 173–182. 2695: 2666:(6): 290–298. 2644: 2593: 2582:(1): 597–638. 2564: 2542: 2523:(4): 642–645. 2502: 2454: 2427: 2420: 2393: 2381: 2378:on 2013-10-21. 2363: 2343: 2334:|journal= 2316: 2285: 2251: 2190: 2161:(6): 627–637. 2141: 2114: 2090: 2066: 2035: 2000: 1993: 1969: 1948:(5): 742–752. 1923: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1894:Farmers rights 1891: 1886: 1873: 1864: 1859: 1857:Smart breeding 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1754:Norman Borlaug 1751: 1746: 1741: 1739:Luther Burbank 1736: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1662: 1649: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1533: 1530: 1505: 1502: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1400: 1397: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1361: 1360:Speed breeding 1358: 1354:open data sets 1332: 1329: 1319:taxa and more 1311: 1308: 1201:. Using plant 1199:microinjection 1124:Main article: 1121: 1118: 1089:Main article: 1085: 1084: 1042: 1040: 1033: 1027: 1024: 999:Main article: 996: 993: 990: 989: 940: 938: 931: 903: 900: 666: 663: 552: 549: 548: 547: 544: 538: 531: 519:Resistance to 517: 498: 491: 440:for breeding. 403:of this plant. 362: 361: 320: 318: 311: 305: 302: 216:Main article: 213: 210: 159:Plant breeding 138: 137: 52: 50: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6464: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6412: 6411:Tree breeding 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6235:Venus flytrap 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6017:Breeding pair 6015: 6013: 6012:Breeding back 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5995:Water buffalo 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5891:Animal breeds 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5782: 5777: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5754: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665:Garden centre 5663: 5661: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5643:Floral design 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5509:reforestation 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Intercropping 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5360:most valuable 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:Arboriculture 5326: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 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1840: 1838: 1837:Orthodox seed 1835: 1833: 1832:Mating design 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1812:Food security 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1759:Yvonne Aitken 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678:Tolerance of 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1647: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1618:ascorbic acid 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1256:Roundup Ready 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1190:A. rhizogenes 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1158:transcription 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1070: 1060: 1059:the talk page 1056: 1050: 1048: 1043:This section 1041: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1002: 994: 986: 983: 975: 965: 961: 957: 951: 950: 946: 941:This section 939: 935: 930: 929: 922: 918: 916: 909: 901: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 826: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 793:are used for 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 761:O. glaberrima 759: 755: 754: 749: 745: 744:embryo rescue 740: 736: 735:fertilization 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:cell division 713: 709: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 676: 671: 664: 662: 660: 656: 652: 651:United States 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:Gregor Mendel 586: 584: 580: 574:Abundance Oat 570: 566: 557: 550: 545: 543: 539: 536: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 496: 492: 489: 485: 484: 483: 480: 478: 474: 470: 469:embryo rescue 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 422: 418: 412: 410: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 381: 375: 369: 358: 355: 347: 344:December 2011 337: 333: 327: 326: 321:This section 319: 315: 310: 309: 303: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 255:hybridization 252: 248: 247:Gregor Mendel 244: 241: 239: 235: 233: 229: 225: 219: 211: 209: 207: 203: 191: 186: 184: 183:food security 180: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 153: 149: 144: 134: 131: 123: 112: 109: 105: 102: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: – 80: 76: 75:Find sources: 69: 65: 59: 58: 53:This article 51: 47: 42: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Plant breeder 6246:and genetics 6220:Sweet potato 6171: 6164: 6156: 6139: 6127: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6041: 5831:Backcrossing 5750: 5738: 5726: 5707: 5610:Weed control 5499:horticulture 5438: 5429:Olericulture 5409:Hydroculture 5399:Fruticulture 5377:Floriculture 5306:Permaculture 5293:Horticulture 4689:Horticulture 4556: 4547: 4531: 4527: 4488: 4485:EMBO Reports 4484: 4445: 4441: 4387: 4370: 4367:Crop Science 4366: 4346: 4339: 4306:(10): e347. 4303: 4299: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4231: 4227: 4187: 4183: 4135: 4129: 4116: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4032:. Retrieved 4017: 4010: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3899: 3894: 3880:(1): 12–20. 3877: 3874:Crop Science 3873: 3863: 3844: 3841:Crop Science 3840: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3774: 3770: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3675: 3671: 3603: 3599: 3551: 3511: 3507: 3455: 3445: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3388: 3377: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3330:PRGA Program 3329: 3320: 3277: 3273: 3262: 3240:(1): 58–66. 3237: 3234:Crop Science 3233: 3223: 3178: 3172: 3112: 3106: 3048: 3044: 3034: 2994:(1): 35–49. 2991: 2985: 2975: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2834: 2828: 2771: 2765: 2754: 2743:. Retrieved 2739:The Guardian 2737: 2727: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2663: 2657: 2647: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2554: 2545: 2520: 2514: 2466: 2446:. Retrieved 2440: 2430: 2406: 2376:the original 2366: 2352: 2346: 2295: 2288: 2264: 2254: 2209: 2203: 2193: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2133:. Retrieved 2126: 2117: 2106:. Retrieved 2082:. Retrieved 2078: 2069: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1979: 1972: 1945: 1939: 1917: 1876:Plant Treaty 1734:Keith Downey 1705: 1693: 1651: 1642: 1633: 1625: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1518:biodiversity 1507: 1491: 1483: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1424: 1420: 1416:Jumli Marshi 1408: 1393: 1389: 1380: 1365: 1363: 1349: 1334: 1325:denitrifiers 1313: 1287: 1285: 1278: 1272: 1266:to regulate 1260: 1229: 1222:insect pests 1215: 1188: 1182: 1176: 1172:backcrossing 1151: 1129: 1100:heterozygous 1094: 1073: 1064: 1053:Please help 1044: 1004: 978: 969: 954:Please help 942: 911: 873: 843: 839:backcrossing 831: 772: 765: 760: 758:African rice 753:Oryza sativa 751: 732: 697:Wide crosses 696: 686: 682:World War II 679: 655:World War II 648: 626: 602:pollinations 587: 582: 562: 481: 460: 450: 434:backcrossing 413: 406: 378: 350: 341: 330:Please help 325:verification 322: 263: 245: 242: 236: 224:agricultural 221: 187: 176: 172: 158: 157: 126: 117: 107: 100: 93: 86: 74: 62:Please help 57:verification 54: 6355:Sex linkage 6320:Codominance 6293:stabilizing 6273:directional 6159:(daffodils) 6073:Callistemon 5856:Outcrossing 5752:WikiProject 5521:Monoculture 5516:Viticulture 5494:agriculture 5454:propagation 5394:Hügelkultur 5316:sustainable 5301:Agriculture 5243:Therapeutic 5223:Shakespeare 5034:Renaissance 4826:Xeriscaping 4821:Sustainable 4816:Square foot 4806:Proplifting 4771:Garden tool 4739:Foodscaping 4292:McCouch, S. 3929:: 535–558. 3458:: 231–244. 3185:: 689–712. 2776:Elsevier BV 2609:(1): 1–14. 2104:(in German) 1842:QTL mapping 1600:and 38% of 1575:nutritional 1341:phenotyping 1248:target site 1211:cauliflower 884:generations 795:mutagenesis 791:transposons 724:chromosomes 644:detasseling 628:Statistical 510:temperature 497:of the crop 473:mutagenesis 427:-resistant 397:cauliflower 274:systematics 234:over time. 228:progenitors 146:The Yecoro 120:August 2018 6426:Categories 6406:Rare breed 6278:disruptive 6215:Strawberry 5946:Guinea pig 5841:Inbreeding 5836:Crossbreed 5414:Indigenous 5311:stock-free 5283:Zoological 5163:Pollinator 5056:Greenhouse 4999:Sharawadgi 4987:Vietnamese 4948:East Asian 4856:Australian 4811:Raised bed 4776:Green wall 4448:(7): 753. 4034:2013-11-07 3045:Microbiome 2841:: 104168. 2839:Cell Press 2745:2009-06-25 2475:: 1542–9. 2448:2021-09-12 2135:2023-01-25 2108:2023-01-25 2084:2023-03-01 2061:1865843830 1910:References 1777:Cisgenesis 1670:phosphorus 1610:phosphorus 1602:riboflavin 1590:vegetables 1403:See also: 1321:nitrifiers 1226:herbicides 1163:laboratory 1096:Homozygous 1067:March 2017 1049:to readers 972:March 2017 906:See also: 846:scientists 815:polyploidy 813:. Induced 781:(EMS) and 768:protoplast 720:colchicine 718:inhibitor 680:Following 583:controlled 542:herbicides 508:, extreme 500:Increased 493:Increased 298:biometrics 294:statistics 286:entomology 278:physiology 179:government 90:newspapers 30:See also: 6360:F1 hybrid 6335:Heterosis 6325:Epistasis 6315:Dominance 6310:Phenotype 6268:balancing 6225:Sweetcorn 6208:cultivars 6172:Nepenthes 6157:Narcissus 6140:Grevillea 6100:Cherimoya 5799:cultivars 5685:Perennial 5648:Floristry 5595:Pesticide 5575:Herbicide 5570:Fungicide 5464:hardiness 5228:Shrubbery 5208:Sculpture 5029:landscape 4958:Cantonese 4933:Container 4928:Community 4896:Byzantine 4891:Butterfly 4881:Botanical 4781:Guerrilla 4729:Community 4719:Butterfly 4714:Arboretum 4709:Allotment 4701:Gardening 4693:gardening 4583:1064-3745 4398:2nd ed. ( 4300:PLOS Biol 4267:: 51–64. 4261:Euphytica 4053:ignored ( 4043:cite book 3943:0066-4286 3791:1469-5146 3749:0002-1962 3694:1469-5146 3628:2589-0042 3578:231832089 3570:2594-3146 3530:2071-1050 3482:210580815 3417:Euphytica 3349:Euphytica 3296:1940-3372 3254:0011-183X 3215:211523980 3199:1543-5008 3155:244661193 3129:1469-8137 3067:2049-2618 3051:(1): 18. 3018:1573-5036 2967:232192480 2941:1751-7362 2889:247751213 2863:2589-0042 2818:240071295 2792:2001-0370 2489:1835-2693 2481:1835-2707 2336:ignored ( 2326:cite book 2177:1469-5146 2053:162130976 2045:0168-7972 1594:nutrients 1487:landraces 1431:F5 hybrid 1244:Bt cotton 1156:to drive 1139:phenotype 1108:F1 hybrid 1016:phenotype 943:does not 799:cultivars 787:radiation 773:Chemical 704:triticale 614:Heterosis 502:tolerance 486:Improved 432:parent, ( 409:selection 401:cultivars 290:chemistry 282:pathology 6437:Agronomy 6401:Landrace 6391:Germline 6386:Eugenics 6330:Dwarfing 6305:Genotype 6283:negative 6203:breeders 6122:Cucumber 6094:Capsicum 6087:Cannabis 6055:Japanese 5973:breeding 5956:breeding 5919:breeding 5881:Purebred 5728:Category 5638:Features 5544:Grafting 5504:forestry 5486:Tropical 5471:Pomology 5444:cuttings 5439:breeding 5273:Wildlife 5253:Tropical 5203:Scottish 5153:Pleasure 5141:Paradise 5136:Charbagh 5106:Monastic 5101:Medieval 5011:Floating 4965:Japanese 4916:Communal 4906:Colonial 4871:Biblical 4836:Types of 4801:Parterre 4591:82398463 4534:: 21–29. 4515:16880817 4464:16841052 4332:15486582 4294:(2004). 4204:54918142 4162:20110467 4100:20150489 4002:13595345 3994:15637215 3959:52096158 3951:30149790 3799:56219112 3702:86237270 3646:33305179 3600:iScience 3554:: 1–11. 3437:25146186 3369:14321630 3312:12760739 3304:28464061 3207:32097567 3147:34823272 3085:29374490 3026:25420169 2959:33692487 2881:35434553 2830:iScience 2810:34712394 2690:18515776 2639:24400025 2631:14513379 2537:10464788 2497:55486617 2246:19307570 2185:86237270 2019:Elsevier 1964:24330272 1802:EUCARPIA 1765:See also 1697:genotype 1666:nitrogen 1350:multiple 1280:pharming 1195:gene gun 1154:promoter 869:solanine 857:solanine 835:yielding 775:mutagens 598:seedling 529:bacteria 506:salinity 461:in vitro 399:are all 393:broccoli 270:cytology 251:genetics 238:Grafting 152:cultivar 150:(right) 36:Cultivar 32:Cultigen 6381:Breeder 6253:Culling 6165:Nemesia 6128:Gazania 6110:hybrids 5909:Chicken 5824:Methods 5740:Commons 5653:Ikebana 5605:Pruning 5531:Organic 5481:Roguing 5367:Cutting 5258:Victory 5233:Spanish 5213:Sensory 5158:Prairie 5126:Persian 5116:Orchard 5081:Kitchen 5076:Keyhole 5071:Italian 5066:Islamic 5061:Hanging 5020:French 5006:Fernery 4994:English 4953:Chinese 4938:Cottage 4866:Baroque 4838:gardens 4791:History 4506:1525145 4472:8087798 4285:General 4140:Bibcode 4131:Science 4108:9468220 4080:Bibcode 4071:Science 3729:Bibcode 3637:7708809 3608:Bibcode 3138:9299473 3076:5787276 2996:Bibcode 2950:8319409 2921:Bibcode 2872:9010633 2843:Bibcode 2801:8515068 2681:2408621 2611:Bibcode 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