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1455:. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are
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1385:. This would imply that in human mitochondria the 10 protons from oxidizing NADH would produce 2.72 ATP (instead of 2.5) and the 6 protons from oxidizing succinate or ubiquinol would produce 1.64 ATP (instead of 1.5). This is consistent with experimental results within the margin of error described in a recent review.
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that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup
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and makes 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH. From there the NADH and FADH go into the NADH reductase, which produces the enzyme. The NADH pulls the enzyme's electrons to send through the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain pulls H ions through the chain. From the electron transport chain, the
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The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously, this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules. In practice the efficiency may be even
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Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are
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to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP
1364:
These figures may still require further tweaking as new structural details become available. The above value of 3 H / ATP for the synthase assumes that the synthase translocates 9 protons, and produces 3 ATP, per rotation. The number of protons depends on the number of c subunits in the
917:(chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of the inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to
348:). The chemical energy stored in ATP (the bond of its third phosphate group to the rest of the molecule can be broken allowing more stable products to form, thereby releasing energy for use by the cell) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including
313:, which break large molecules into smaller ones, producing large amounts of energy (ATP). Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are
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Lollar, Garnet S.; Warr, Oliver; Telling, Jon; Osburn, Magdalena R.; Sherwood Lollar, Barbara (2019). "'Follow the Water': Hydrogeochemical
Constraints on Microbial Investigations 2.4 km Below Surface at the Kidd Creek Deep Fluid and Deep Life Observatory".
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Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. Glycolytic ATP, however, is produced more quickly. For
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Anaerobic respiration is the formation of ATP without oxygen. This method still incorporates the respiratory electron transport chain, but without using oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Instead, molecules such as sulfate
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Cellular respiration is the process of which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.
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production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as
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lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons. Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as
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of cells in all living organisms. Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting", and occurs regardless of oxygen's presence or absence. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of
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of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to
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is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present,
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1146:. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.
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Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose). However, some anaerobic organisms, such as
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and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the
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which live 7900 feet (2400 meters) below the surface, and which breathe sulfur in order to survive. These organisms are also remarkable due to consuming minerals such as
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is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the
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as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two low-energy
1369:, and it is now known that this is 10 in yeast Fo and 8 for vertebrates. Including one H for the transport reactions, this means that synthesis of one ATP requires
419:. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, and the energy transferred is used to make bonds between ADP and a third phosphate group to form ATP (
559:, yielding more ATP by using inorganic molecules other than oxygen as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of
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According to some newer sources, the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because:
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in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as
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of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is
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but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in
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consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H.
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The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the
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as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.
306:. Respiration can be either aerobic, requiring oxygen, or anaerobic; some organisms can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
1646:"Cellular respiration and why it is important - Respiration - AQA Synergy - GCSE Combined Science Revision - AQA Synergy - BBC Bitesize"
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2 NADH+H from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle)
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Oxidative phosphorylation: Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane
879:, which may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH
1942:
717:. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.
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of phosphate and protons (H) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the
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The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes. During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) +
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802:
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112:
63:
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Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
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produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH or symport with H) mediated by
195:
167:
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released hydrogen ions make ADP for an result of 32 ATP. Lastly, ATP leaves through the ATP channel and out of the mitochondria.
544:, and about 34 from the electron transport system). However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to
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670:
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1163:. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in
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152:
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Stock, Daniela; Leslie, Andrew G. W.; Walker, John E. (1999). "Molecular architecture of the rotary motor in ATP synthase".
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of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two
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1873:"Mitochondrial proton conductance and H/O ratio are independent of electron transport rate in isolated hepatocytes"
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From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.
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1442:. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to
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transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
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Watt, Ian N.; Montgomery, Martin G.; Runswick, Michael J.; Leslie, Andrew G. W.; Walker, John E. (2010).
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of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO
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321:, it is an unusual one because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions.
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Reece, Jane; Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Jackson, Robert (2010).
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645:. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, but two are consumed as part of the
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1549:(S) is used. Such organisms could be found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near
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Out of the cytoplasm it goes into the Krebs cycle with the acetyl CoA. It then mixes with CO
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at the bottom of the ocean., as well as in anoxic soils or sediment in wetland ecosystems.
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4164:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
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1995:"Bioenergetic Cost of Making an Adenosine Triphosphate Molecule in Animal Mitochondria"
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ATP : NADH+H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is
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Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose
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Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.
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are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.
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Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include
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actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton
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Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce
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transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH+H (4 + 2 + 4) or 6 H / 1 FADH
743:(PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the
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2081:"Anaerobic Respiration-Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration"
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cell. Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules, C6 is
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701:. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of
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Strange life-forms found deep in a mine point to vast 'underground
Galapagos'
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P.Hinkle (2005). "P/O ratios of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation".
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as hydrogen (proton plus electron) carrying compounds and 1 high-energy
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Cellular respiration is a vital process that occurs in the cells of all
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709:. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into
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520:". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by
1937:(fourth ed.). New York – Basingstoke: W. H. Freeman and Company.
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O'Leary, Brendan M.; Plaxton, William C. (2016). "Plant
Respiration".
1313:
transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H to mitochondrial NAD
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appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. Unlike in the
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is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once
641:(pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of
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World’s Oldest
Groundwater Supports Life Through Water-Rock Chemistry
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In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial
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840:(6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called
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1580:: maintenance as a functional component of cellular respiration
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oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.
913:. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a
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1279:
1 NADH+H : 10 H : 10/4 ATP = 1 NADH+H : 2.5 ATP
388:
124:
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29:
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is oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:
317:
reactions. Although cellular respiration is technically a
705:. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes
532:
across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive
1704:"The molecular machinery of Keilin's respiratory chain"
94:
2492:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
2244:
A detailed description of respiration vs. fermentation
1463:. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or
673:
to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the
586:, plant respiration accounts for about half of the CO
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
1438:by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of
155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2249:Kimball's online resource for cellular respiration
1167:thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.
2206:, By Corey S. Powell, Sept. 7, 2019, nbcnews.com.
1684:"How much ATP is produced in aerobic respiration"
399:, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of
871:The net gain from one cycle is 3 NADH and 1 FADH
516:with oxygen and protons (hydrogen ions) as the "
2122:), or sulfur (S) are used as electron acceptors
1596:: research tool to explore cellular respiration
1467:. The ATP generated in this process is made by
497:The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction is
279:reactions and processes that take place in the
1400:and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO
1388:The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid
844:(6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become
582:of carbon dioxide and producers of oxygen via
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2275:
1819:
1817:
1396:, because pyruvate is not transferred to the
259:is the process by which biological fuels are
8:
1844:
1842:
1319:So finally we have, per molecule of glucose
1306:located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
1093:(PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (
1928:
1926:
1924:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1871:Porter, R.; Brand, M. (1 September 1995).
524:. The energy released is used to create a
309:The reactions involved in respiration are
27:Process to convert glucose to ATP in cells
2020:
2010:
1904:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1670:"2.30 Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration"
1100:
1077:Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low
945:
1618:
1810:. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 168.
1697:
1695:
1693:
1451:. This type of fermentation is called
1000:Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
669:groups are transferred to four ADP by
356:or transportation of molecules across
2254:Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
1346:oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
1225:ATP : NADH+H and ATP : FADH
1142:and exchanges ADP and ATP across the
721:Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
7:
2392:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
1853:. MetaCyc Metabolic Pathway Database
1851:"Pathway: TCA cycle I (prokaryotic)"
1828:. MetaCyc Metabolic Pathway Database
1556:In July 2019, a scientific study of
512:is converted to more ATP through an
445:Mass balance of the global reaction:
153:adding citations to reliable sources
1751:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001301.pub3
1348:and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP
1286: : 6 H : 6/4 ATP = 1 FADH
1136:adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT
1826:"Pathway: TCA cycle III (animals)"
1781:Mannion, A. M. (12 January 2006).
271:, to drive the bulk production of
25:
1505:is used by microorganisms either
1471:, which does not require oxygen.
1355:from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP
829:, are created during this cycle.
45:This article has multiple issues.
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4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
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2187:, July 29, 2019, deepcarbon.net.
1708:Biochemical Society Transactions
1634:from the original on 2012-05-05.
1602:: cellular respiration indicator
1392:is only 2 molecules coming from
1241:here is difficult to establish.
1022:Substrate-level phosphorylation
984:Substrate-level phosphorylation
801:while at the same time reducing
129:
75:
34:
2413:Substrate-level phosphorylation
1608:: NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductes
1469:substrate-level phosphorylation
1324:Substrate-level phosphorylation
1235:substrate-level phosphorylation
747:of eukaryotic cells and in the
671:substrate-level phosphorylation
505:) and can occur spontaneously.
425:substrate-level phosphorylation
407:, and requires pyruvate to the
140:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2079:Lumen Boundless Microbiology.
1808:Campbell Biology Ninth Edition
741:pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
508:The potential of NADH and FADH
86:comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
84:This article needs editing to
1:
2816:Reverse cholesterol transport
2157:10.1080/01490451.2019.1641770
1972:10.1126/science.286.5445.1700
1276:So the final stoichiometry is
963:Glycolysis preparatory phase
2468:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
2058:10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.09.004
1783:Carbon and Its Domestication
1330:+ 2 ATP (directly GTP) from
932:Efficiency of ATP production
689:+ 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H
273:adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
518:terminal electron acceptors
295:into ATP, and then release
265:inorganic electron acceptor
4315:
2853:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
2323:Primary nutritional groups
1999:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1562:sulfur-breathing organisms
1491:
1430:Without oxygen, pyruvate (
1423:
1304:glycerol phosphate shuttle
1217:outer membrane is omitted.
1047:Oxidative phosphorylation
1033:Oxidative phosphorylation
1009:Oxidative phosphorylation
890:
809:. NADH can be used by the
781:. When oxygen is present,
762:
724:
614:
555:are able to continue with
480:ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C
2906:
2715:
2687:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
2677:
2641:
2609:Pentose phosphate pathway
2604:
2587:
2570:
2364:Oxidative phosphorylation
2234:Resources in your library
2085:courses.lumenlearning.org
1337:Oxidative phosphorylation
1231:oxidative phosphorylation
1051:
1013:
976:Glycolysis pay-off phase
975:
893:Oxidative phosphorylation
887:Oxidative phosphorylation
711:fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
522:oxidative phosphorylation
443:
2707:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
2369:electron transport chain
2356:Pyruvate decarboxylation
1453:lactic acid fermentation
1311:malate-aspartate shuttle
1260:electron transport chain
1157:electron transport chain
1071:electrochemical gradient
901:Electrochemical gradient
897:Electron transport chain
811:electron transport chain
779:tricarboxylic acid cycle
731:Pyruvate is oxidized to
727:Pyruvate decarboxylation
657:molecules by the enzyme
628:that takes place in the
578:Although plants are net
514:electron transport chain
4175:carbohydrate metabolism
2801:Sphingolipid metabolism
2702:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
2550:carbohydrate catabolism
2545:Carbohydrate metabolism
2531:Purine nucleotide cycle
2137:Geomicrobiology Journal
2012:10.1073/pnas.1011099107
1933:Stryer, Lubert (1995).
1877:The Biochemical Journal
1849:R. Caspi (2011-12-19).
1824:R. Caspi (2012-11-14).
1578:Maintenance respiration
2770:Fatty acid degradation
2490:Amino acid degradation
1628:"Cellular Respiration"
1568:as their food source.
1218:
928:
703:glycogen phosphorylase
637:into two molecules of
612:
592:terrestrial ecosystems
590:generated annually by
526:chemiosmotic potential
421:adenosine triphosphate
336:, and the most common
263:in the presence of an
253:
164:"Cellular respiration"
4223:amino acid metabolism
2806:Eicosanoid metabolism
2762:Fatty acid metabolism
2526:Pyrimidine metabolism
2385:Anaerobic respiration
1560:in Canada discovered
1503:Anaerobic respiration
1494:Anaerobic respiration
1488:Anaerobic respiration
1173:
927:
681:Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P
605:
557:anaerobic respiration
536:and produce ATP from
411:in order to be fully
379:) in order to create
248:
4289:Cellular respiration
4199:cellular respiration
2780:Fatty acid synthesis
2485:Amino acid synthesis
2225:Cellular respiration
1702:Rich, P. R. (2003).
1600:Tetrazolium chloride
1465:ethanol fermentation
707:fructose 6-phosphate
665:of glycolysis, four
257:Cellular respiration
149:improve this article
3371:Transcription &
2344:Aerobic respiration
2256:at Clermont College
2149:2019GmbJ...36..859L
2005:(39): 16823–16827.
1714:(Pt 6): 1095–1105.
1249:ATP–ADP translocase
1179:aerobic respiration
1131:ATP-ADP translocase
1123:proton motive force
836:(4 carbons) yields
773:is also called the
715:phosphofructokinase
699:glucose 6-phosphate
369:Aerobic respiration
364:Aerobic respiration
319:combustion reaction
311:catabolic reactions
95:improve the content
4158:metabolic pathways
2848:Ethanol metabolism
2796:Steroid metabolism
2521:Nucleotide salvage
2453:Protein metabolism
2202:2019-09-09 at the
2183:2019-09-10 at the
1879:(Free full text).
1720:10.1042/BST0311095
1551:hydrothermal vents
1404:), but reduced to
1344:2 NADH+H from the
1258:The mitochondrial
1229:ratios during the
1219:
929:
813:to create further
613:
254:
4276:
4275:
4146:
4145:
4106:Neurotransmitters
3485:Nucleotide sugars
3218:Direct / C4 / CAM
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2824:
2823:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2720:Xylose metabolism
2666:
2665:
2539:
2538:
2516:Purine metabolism
2461:Protein synthesis
2438:
2437:
2360:Citric acid cycle
2318:Metabolic network
2313:Metabolic pathway
2220:Library resources
1889:10.1042/bj3100379
1883:(Pt 2): 379–382.
1792:978-1-4020-3956-0
1745:. pp. 1–11.
1253:phosphate carrier
1090:phosphate carrier
1066:
1065:
1058:30 or 32 ATP
771:citric acid cycle
765:Citric acid cycle
759:Citric acid cycle
647:preparatory phase
626:metabolic pathway
573:prokaryotic cells
495:
494:
417:citric acid cycle
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
217:
199:
123:
122:
115:
68:
18:Plant respiration
16:(Redirected from
4306:
4299:Plant physiology
4270:
4267:lipid metabolism
4264:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4154:
4153:
4136:
4129:
4120:
4113:
4111:thyroid hormones
4101:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4006:
3997:
3990:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3899:
3892:
3870:
3857:
3844:
3835:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3743:
3731:
3724:
3710:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3468:
3461:
3452:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3363:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3279:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3234:
3225:
3221:
3210:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3178:
3174:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3146:
3133:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3070:
3067:
3057:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3015:
3003:
3000:
2990:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2949:
2946:
2936:
2933:
2921:
2910:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2836:Metal metabolism
2758:
2743:Lipid metabolism
2675:
2568:
2561:
2473:
2449:
2375:
2340:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2207:
2194:
2188:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2014:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1966:(5445): 1700–5.
1955:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1626:Bailey, Regina.
1623:
1584:Microphysiometry
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1380:
1372:
1298:1.5, as for FADH
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1097:) of phosphate (
946:
565:eukaryotic cells
441:
440:
395:are consumed as
304:living organisms
238:
231:
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
198:
157:
133:
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4245:
4243:
4229:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:metro-style map
4155:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:Polyunsaturated
4095:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3882:
3873:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3317:Steroidogenesis
3316:
3312:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3248:phosphorylation
3247:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2902:
2896:
2866:
2857:
2841:Iron metabolism
2820:
2784:
2745:
2729:
2711:
2697:Carbon fixation
2662:
2637:
2600:
2583:
2579:Gluconeogenesis
2552:
2547:
2535:
2507:
2500:
2471:
2444:
2434:
2395:
2379:
2367:
2334:
2327:
2301:
2288:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2204:Wayback Machine
2195:
2191:
2185:Wayback Machine
2176:
2172:
2143:(10): 859–872.
2133:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2087:. Boundless.com
2078:
2077:
2073:
2043:
2042:
2038:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1780:
1779:
1768:
1761:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1574:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1496:
1490:
1428:
1422:
1403:
1378:
1371:1 + 10/3 = 4.33
1370:
1354:
1309:2.5 in case of
1301:
1290: : 1.5 ATP
1289:
1285:
1268:
1228:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1181:and most known
1116:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1041:
952:coenzyme yield
934:
915:proton gradient
907:
891:Main articles:
889:
882:
874:
846:α-ketoglutarate
828:
824:
799:
767:
761:
754:
738:
729:
723:
713:by the help of
692:
684:
651:phosphorylation
619:
609:
600:
589:
546:leaky membranes
511:
491:
487:
483:
473:O (l) + energy
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
436:
378:
366:
347:
338:oxidizing agent
289:chemical energy
251:eukaryotic cell
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
204:
201:
158:
156:
146:
134:
119:
108:
102:
99:
92:
88:Manual of Style
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4211:cell signaling
4187:photosynthesis
4185:Violet nodes:
4173:Orange nodes:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4131:
4122:
4115:
4103:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4008:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3901:
3894:
3872:
3859:
3846:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3799:
3786:
3776:Aromatic amino
3773:
3766:
3759:
3745:
3733:
3726:
3712:
3698:
3689:
3683:Branched-chain
3680:
3673:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3623:
3614:
3607:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3540:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3470:
3463:
3454:
3437:
3428:
3410:
3397:
3384:
3365:
3350:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3298:
3285:
3270:
3255:
3240:
3233:Light reaction
3227:
3212:
3195:
3180:
3165:
3152:
3135:
3120:
3105:
3090:
3075:
3059:
3048:
3035:
3020:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2966:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2774:Beta oxidation
2766:
2764:
2755:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Chemosynthesis
2689:
2684:
2682:Photosynthesis
2678:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:Leloir pathway
2623:
2622:
2621:
2619:Polyol pathway
2611:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2592:Glycogenolysis
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2348:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:External links
2212:
2209:
2208:
2189:
2170:
2126:
2071:
2036:
1985:
1950:
1944:978-0716720096
1943:
1920:
1863:
1838:
1813:
1798:
1791:
1766:
1759:
1733:
1689:
1675:
1661:
1637:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1492:Main article:
1489:
1486:
1461:carbon dioxide
1444:waste products
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1401:
1379:1 + 8/3 = 3.67
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1226:
1210:
1207:carbon dioxide
1202:
1198:
1194:
1148:
1147:
1144:inner membrane
1126:
1114:
1085:
1081:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
979:
977:
973:
972:
969:
966:
964:
960:
959:
958:Source of ATP
956:
953:
950:
933:
930:
888:
885:
880:
872:
864:and, finally,
826:
822:
819:waste products
797:
763:Main article:
760:
757:
752:
736:
725:Main article:
722:
719:
695:
694:
690:
682:
649:. The initial
615:Main article:
607:
599:
596:
587:
584:photosynthesis
509:
493:
492:
489:
485:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
434:
403:production in
376:
365:
362:
358:cell membranes
345:
297:waste products
241:
240:
223:
222:
205:September 2014
137:
135:
128:
121:
120:
103:September 2023
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4311:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4268:
4265:Green nodes:
4256:
4252:
4249:Brown nodes:
4240:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4176:
4163:
4159:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4091:
4084:
4083:Sphingolipids
4077:
4076:sphingolipids
4068:
4059:
4052:
4051:Glycerolipids
4045:
4044:phospholipids
4036:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4005:
3996:
3989:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3958:proteoglycans
3954:
3953:Glycoproteins
3947:
3940:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3843:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3803:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3604:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3220:carbon intake
3209:
3208:
3207:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2948:
2947:
2935:
2934:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2726:
2725:Radiotrophism
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:Glycosylation
2644:
2643:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:(1–2): 1–11.
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:9780470016176
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1651:
1650:www.bbc.co.uk
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Pasteur point
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1398:mitochondrion
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:: 2 ATP from
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:stoichiometry
1236:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:Mitochondrial
1208:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:Stoichiometry
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:ATP synthesis
1158:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:(also called
1133:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
978:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
951:
948:
947:
944:
942:
939:
931:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
884:
883:, and 2 ATP.
878:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:(5 carbons),
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
766:
758:
756:
750:
746:
742:
734:
728:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
688:
680:
679:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:pay-off phase
661:. During the
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
618:
604:
597:
595:
593:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
567:, and in the
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
504:
500:
479:
477:
476:
448:
446:
442:
439:
437:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:carbohydrates
382:
374:
370:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
343:
340:is molecular
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
247:
237:
234:
219:
216:
208:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166: –
165:
161:
160:Find sources:
154:
150:
144:
143:
138:This article
136:
132:
127:
126:
117:
114:
106:
96:
91:
89:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4233:Grey nodes:
4221:Blue nodes:
4209:Pink nodes:
4198:
4127:cannabinoids
3965:Chlorophylls
3916:Antioxidants
3669:Serine group
3580:Photosystems
3566:P-glycerates
3513:P-glycerates
3478:sialic acids
3473:Amino sugars
3425:
3413:
3412:
3400:
3399:
3387:
3386:
3368:
3367:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3339:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3287:
3273:
3272:
3258:
3257:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3215:
3214:
3198:
3197:
3183:
3182:
3168:
3167:
3158:Fermentation
3155:
3154:
3138:
3137:
3123:
3122:
3108:
3107:
3093:
3092:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3061:
3050:
3037:
3022:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2626:Galactolysis
2596:Glycogenesis
2401:Fermentation
2373:ATP synthase
2224:
2192:
2173:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2110:), nitrate (
2096:
2091:November 19,
2089:. Retrieved
2084:
2074:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1935:Biochemistry
1934:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1830:. Retrieved
1807:
1801:
1785:. Springer.
1782:
1742:
1736:
1711:
1707:
1678:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1640:
1621:
1594:Respirometry
1555:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1473:
1440:fermentation
1432:pyruvic acid
1429:
1426:Fermentation
1420:Fermentation
1390:fermentation
1387:
1363:
1360:
1318:
1245:ATP synthase
1220:
1183:fermentation
1149:
1129:
1117:) for OH or
1088:
1078:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1014:Krebs cycle
935:
908:
905:ATP synthase
870:
866:oxaloacetate
850:succinyl-CoA
834:oxaloacetate
831:
791:fermentation
778:
774:
768:
745:mitochondria
730:
696:
685:+ 2 ADP → 2
620:
577:
550:
534:ATP synthase
507:
496:
444:
409:mitochondria
368:
367:
350:biosynthesis
323:
308:
301:
256:
255:
229:
211:
202:
192:
185:
178:
171:
159:
147:Please help
142:verification
139:
109:
100:
93:Please help
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4257:metabolism.
4241:metabolism.
4197:Red nodes:
4134:Eicosanoids
4099:fatty acids
4028:Cholesterol
4016:carotenoids
3995:Polyketides
3930:Nucleotides
3885:tocopherols
3849:Calciferols
3762:Amino acids
3755:amino acids
3685:amino acids
3660:Respiratory
3403:Proteolysis
3390:Translation
3377:replication
3343:MEP pathway
3330:MVA pathway
3291:Lipogenesis
3263:deamination
3053:Peroxisomal
2945:respiration
2752:lipogenesis
2614:Fructolysis
2428:Lactic acid
1477:prokaryotes
1449:lactic acid
1436:metabolized
1410:lactic acid
1383:vertebrates
1373:protons in
1332:Krebs cycle
1263:proton pump
1153:thermogenin
1053:Total yield
775:Krebs cycle
755:is formed.
553:methanogens
542:Krebs cycle
528:by pumping
383:. Although
334:fatty acids
330:amino acids
287:to convert
4294:Metabolism
4283:Categories
4251:nucleotide
4035:Bile acids
4011:Terpenoids
3842:vitamin Bs
3825:Cobalamins
3753:glucogenic
3741:polyamines
3701:Homoserine
3573:Glyoxylate
3466:Inositol-P
3261:Amino acid
3201:feeders to
3029:elongation
2984:Glyoxylate
2973:acid cycle
2899:Metabolism
2575:Glycolysis
2508:metabolism
2506:Nucleotide
2496:Urea cycle
2477:Amino acid
2466:Catabolism
2409:Glycolysis
2352:Glycolysis
2335:metabolism
2295:catabolism
2291:Metabolism
1857:2022-06-20
1832:2022-06-20
1655:2023-12-07
1613:References
1394:glycolysis
1328:glycolysis
1187:eucaryotic
1140:antiporter
955:ATP yield
842:isocitrate
787:acetyl-CoA
783:acetyl-CoA
733:acetyl-CoA
693:O + energy
622:Glycolysis
617:Glycolysis
598:Glycolysis
561:glycolysis
499:exothermic
465:(g) → 6 CO
405:glycolysis
354:locomotion
267:, such as
175:newspapers
50:improve it
4020:vitamin A
4004:backbones
4002:Terpenoid
3897:Cofactors
3889:vitamin E
3879:vitamin K
3867:vitamin A
3862:Retinoids
3854:vitamin D
3829:vitamin B
3794:vitamin C
3789:Ascorbate
3782:histidine
3769:Shikimate
3748:Ketogenic
3715:Glutamate
3692:Aspartate
3644:glutarate
3559:Pentose-P
3543:Succinate
3534:Propionyl
3527:Tetrose-P
3520:Pentose-P
3416:Glycosyl-
3356:Shikimate
3304:Lipolysis
3246:Oxidative
3203:gluconeo-
3145:oxylation
3126:Gluconeo-
3083:genolysis
3066:oxidation
3042:oxidation
3014:synthesis
2958:phosphate
2748:lipolysis
2555:anabolism
2299:anabolism
2165:199636268
1897:0264-6021
1606:Complex 1
1558:Kidd Mine
1482:sprinting
1434:) is not
1414:cytoplasm
1367:Fo c-ring
1185:types in
1165:brown fat
941:coenzymes
919:exogenous
854:succinate
667:phosphate
580:consumers
569:cytoplasm
503:exergonic
469:(g) + 6 H
461:(s) + 6 O
397:reactants
371:requires
293:nutrients
285:organisms
277:metabolic
56:talk page
4239:cofactor
4118:Steroids
4058:Acyl-CoA
4042:Glycero-
3946:Proteins
3909:minerals
3904:Vitamins
3875:Quinones
3811:pigments
3736:Creatine
3729:Arginine
3633:Succinyl
3587:Pyruvate
3506:Glycerol
3499:Triose-P
3492:Hexose-P
3444:multiple
3141:Pyruvate
2932:fixation
2671:Nonhuman
2656:O-linked
2651:N-linked
2443:Specific
2200:Archived
2181:Archived
2066:15620362
2031:20847295
1980:10576729
1728:14641005
1632:Archived
1572:See also
1507:bacteria
1269:(2 + 4).
1138:) is an
1095:antiport
858:fumarate
825:O and CO
687:pyruvate
675:pyruvate
659:aldolase
655:pyruvate
639:pyruvate
413:oxidized
401:pyruvate
393:proteins
261:oxidized
249:Typical
4255:protein
4235:vitamin
3937:Nucleic
3840:Various
3722:proline
3676:Alanine
3642:α-Keto-
3619:acetate
3610:Citrate
3594:Lactate
3450:glycans
3358:pathway
3278:shuttle
3276:Citrate
3205:genesis
3188:genesis
3143:decarb-
3128:genesis
3098:genesis
2960:pathway
2956:Pentose
2811:Ketosis
2423:Ethanol
2306:General
2145:Bibcode
2022:2947889
1960:Science
1915:7654171
1906:1135905
1531:nitrate
1515:sulfate
1511:archaea
1457:ethanol
1412:in the
1406:ethanol
1191:glucose
1119:symport
1027:6 NADH
1003:2 NADH
992:3 or 5
989:2 NADH
938:reduced
911:cristae
838:citrate
777:or the
749:cytosol
739:by the
635:glucose
630:cytosol
530:protons
415:by the
189:scholar
4156:Major
4109:&
4074:Glyco-
4014:&
3986:Acetyl
3956:&
3907:&
3883:&
3780:&
3739:&
3720:&
3708:lysine
3706:&
3653:bodies
3651:Ketone
3626:Malate
3617:Oxalo-
3601:Acetyl
3550:Acetyl
3476:&
3459:sugars
3457:Simple
3448:&
3446:sugars
3440:Double
3111:Glyco-
3096:Glyco-
3081:Glyco-
2971:Citric
2943:Photo-
2930:Carbon
2333:Energy
2222:about
2163:
2064:
2029:
2019:
1978:
1941:
1913:
1903:
1895:
1789:
1757:
1726:
1566:pyrite
1547:sulfur
1545:), or
1351:2 FADH
1282:1 FADH
1237:, the
1038:2 FADH
903:, and
862:malate
735:and CO
423:), by
373:oxygen
342:oxygen
269:oxygen
191:
184:
177:
170:
162:
4125:Endo-
4090:Waxes
4067:acids
4065:Fatty
3939:acids
3818:Hemes
3802:δ-ALA
3778:acids
3750:&
3717:group
3703:group
3694:group
3662:chain
3433:acids
3431:Sugar
3418:ation
3186:Keto-
3173:lysis
3171:Keto-
3113:lysis
3025:Fatty
3010:Fatty
2999:cycle
2986:cycle
2829:Other
2789:Other
2564:Human
2445:paths
2161:S2CID
1375:yeast
1205:, C1
949:Step
624:is a
326:sugar
315:redox
291:from
281:cells
196:JSTOR
182:books
4253:and
4237:and
3988:-CoA
3923:PRPP
3809:Bile
3635:-CoA
3603:-CoA
3552:-CoA
3536:-CoA
3064:beta
3040:Beta
3027:acid
3012:acid
2997:Urea
2553:and
2093:2020
2062:PMID
2050:1706
2027:PMID
1976:PMID
1939:ISBN
1911:PMID
1893:ISSN
1787:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1724:PMID
1459:and
1377:and
1251:and
1159:and
1128:The
1087:The
807:NADH
769:The
433:FADH
431:and
429:NADH
391:and
389:fats
332:and
168:news
4160:in
3979:MVA
3972:MEP
2901:map
2577:⇄
2418:ABE
2153:doi
2054:doi
2017:PMC
2007:doi
2003:107
1968:doi
1964:286
1901:PMC
1885:doi
1881:310
1747:doi
1743:eLS
1716:doi
1529:),
1509:or
1408:or
1381:in
1177:of
1113:; P
1030:15
968:−2
877:GTP
821:, H
815:ATP
805:to
803:NAD
643:ATP
571:in
538:ADP
381:ATP
283:of
151:by
4285::
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2750:,
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2100:SO
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1974:.
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1193:C
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