922:
forced to retreat during the same period. Joffre's strategy had failed due to an underestimation of the German armies and the dispersion of the French offensive effort. With a large German force operating in
Belgium, the German centre had appeared to be vulnerable to the Third and Fourth armies. The mistaken impression of the size of the German force in Belgium or its approach route, was not as significant as underestimates on the strength of the German armies opposite the Third and Fourth armies near Luxembourg. When the offensives failed, Joffre laid blame on his subordinates, finding 'grave shortcomings on the part of commanders' and claimed that the French infantry had failed to show offensive spirit, despite outnumbering the German armies at their most vulnerable point, a claim that
934:
French armies were to destroy railway facilities and inflict as many casualties as possible on the German armies while retreating, preparatory to resuming the offensive. Two strategic alternatives were possible, to attack the eastern flank of the 1st Army or to envelop the western flank of all the German armies. On 25 August, Joffre issued
General Instruction No. 2, for a withdrawal to a line from Verdun to Reims and Amiens and the assembly of two corps and four reserve divisions near Amiens, to carry out the envelopment operation. Joffre called for much greater integration of the infantry and artillery and for more tactical dispersal of infantry to nullify German fire power.
196:
707:
treat
Germany as the principal enemy, which was reaffirmed in 1910 and in subsequent staff talks. Joffre indicated that the French army would attack in the north-east and the desirability of a concurrent Russian offensive but still considered a French attack in Lorraine a possibility. For political purposes, Joffre hid his intentions from the French government, the Plan XVII included deployments near southern Belgium but did not explicitly prepare to cross the Belgian frontier. Joffre considered an advance into Belgium to be 'France's "most desireable" course of action'.
599:
672:
938:
advance across
Belgium forced the French into hurried redeployments. German integration of reserve battalions also meant that the German extension across Belgium would not weaken the German centre as Joffre expected, "instead of encountering a weakened center in eastern Belgium... French forces struck large enemy units in strong defensive positions". Joffre's need to comply with the terms of the Franco-Russian alliance forced him to launch offensives into the Vosges, splitting his forces and weakening any possible offensive manoeuvre.
46:
873:
southern
Belgium were conducted with negligible reconnaissance or artillery support and were repulsed without preventing the western manoeuvre of the German armies in the north. While the attacks in the Ardennes starting on 22 August achieved strategic surprise in heavy fog, the French columns advancing were themselves unprepared and surprised by German presence in the area and were unable to attack due to a breakdown in command and control.
912:
564:) sold a copy of the German concentration plan to French intelligence and described mobilisation methods and war plans. Using this windfall and other sources of information, the French adapted Plan XV of 1906, to be ready for a German invasion of Belgium and later plans contained increases in the forces to be assembled to the north and north-east of Verdun. Plan XVI of March 1909, anticipated a German enveloping manoeuvre through
548:
660:
the
Germans would respect Belgian and Luxembourgeois neutrality and attack the BelfortâĂpinal and ToulâVerdun lines or advance through Luxembourg in the vicinity of Verdun, then make a smaller attack into Belgium or defend in Lorraine and attack through Belgium. The third possibility was considered likely, because the French knew that a recent German war game had used the German fortifications around
726:'was, in fact, no more than a plan for the mobilisation and initial concentration and deployment of the French army'. The document was not a campaign plan but it contained a statement that the Germans were expected to concentrate the bulk of their army on the Franco-German border and might cross before French operations could begin. The instruction of the Commander in Chief was that
528:
to the border, then gave the French army the means to contemplate a defensive-offensive strategy, in which a German attack would be repulsed and then followed up by a counter-attack. In August 1891, Plan XI was completed, with an option for an offensive as well as a defensive strategy from the start, to exploit the opportunity created by the improvement in relations between the
877:
Allied armies and force a decisive battle on them. The German advance outran its supplies and slowed; Joffre was able to use French railways to move the retreating armies and re-group behind the river Marne and within the Paris fortified zone, faster than the
Germans could pursue. The French defeated the faltering German advance with a counter-offensive at the
869:
The French began to implement Plan XVII with a deployment for an offensive into Alsace-Lorraine and
Belgium. French strategy required the Russians to be brought into action as quickly as possible: 'to do so Joffre had promised to launch his own attack at the earliest opportunity had no choice but to attack across the common frontier in Alsace and Lorraine'.
716:
203:
703:
operations and
Belgium was the only place where the terrain was suitable but Belgian and British sensitivities remained paramount. French politicians feared that violating Belgian sovereignty would force Belgium to join Germany in the event of war and cause Britain to withdraw from its military commitments.
933:
concluded that the infantry had attacked without artillery preparation or supporting-fire during the battle. Early on 24 August, Joffre ordered a withdrawal to a line from Verdun to MĂ©ziĂšres and
Maubeuge and began to transfer troops from the east, opposite the German border, to the western flank. The
1067:
Simon J. House believed that the domination of operations staff over intelligence staff in the French army was to blame for this oversight in thinking, 'Those operational staff officers could not believe that, as a matter of principle, the Germans would do anything that they themselves would not do.
872:
The French attack into Alsace-Lorraine was defeated because of inadequate tactics, a lack of artillery-infantry co-operation and by the fighting capacity of the German armies, which inflicted huge numbers of casualties. French formations moved forward with insufficient reconnaissance. The attacks in
868:
II, included the massing of German forces (less 20 per cent to defend Prussia and the German coast) on the GermanâBelgian border. The force was used to execute an offensive into Belgium, to force a decisive battle on the French army on territory further north than the fortified Franco-German border.
568:
and Belgium, after the findings of a 1908 analysis by General Henri de Lacroix, in which he dwelt on the German preference for enveloping manoeuvres and predicted that two German armies would march through eastern Belgium, around the northern flank of the French fortress zone, one to emerge from the
527:
During the 1870s, the French army drew up concentration plans according to a defensive strategy, which exploited the Meuse and branches of the Moselle parallel to the 1871 border. The completion of the fortress lines between Belfort and Verdun in the late 1880s and railway building from the interior
706:
Despite the matter of Belgian neutrality, Joffre remained favourable to an offensive (rather than defensive-offensive) strategy and the benefit of compelling the Germans to fight against both France and Russia. Since 1894, the alliance with Russia had included a convention that both countries would
876:
Within a few days the French were back in their starting positions, having suffered a costly defeat. The Germans advanced through Belgium and northern France against the Belgian, British and French armies and reached an area 30 km (19 mi) to the north-east of Paris but failed to trap the
659:
close to Belgium, which guarded against a German advance around Verdun or as far as Verdun or MĂ©ziĂšres and Joffre increased emphasis on an immediate offensive. Joffre continued to work on the plan and the possibility of a German move through Belgium, in which three alternatives were inferred, that
702:
Soon afterwards, command of the French army was centralised by abolishing the army Chief of Staff and vesting the powers in Joffre as Chief of the General Staff but Joffre's attempts to gain permission to ignore Belgian neutrality were rebuffed. An offensive strategy required an adequate field of
625:
in 1910, was more convinced than Lacroix of a German move through Belgium, because of the obstacle of French defences in Lorraine, the terrain in eastern Belgium and German railway building. Michel thought that the Germans would make their main effort in central Belgium and that covering a longer
937:
The assumptions of Joffre's pre-war strategy were proved wrong. Joffre assumed that the Germans would not push westward across Belgium into the French rear, confining themselves to eastern Belgium and that the Germans would not integrate reserve battalions into their front line units. The German
921:
The French offensive was defeated in a few days; on the right the First and Second armies advanced on 14 August and were back at their jumping-off points on 20 August. The offensive of the Third and Fourth armies was defeated from 21 to 23 August and the Fifth Army was defeated on the Sambre and
725:
After the changes to Plan XVI in September 1911, Joffre and the staff took eighteen months to revise the French concentration plan, the concept of which was accepted on 18 April 1913. Copies of Plan XVII were issued to army commanders on 7 February 1914 and the final draft was ready on 1 May. It
901:
Moltke followed the trajectory of the Schlieffen plan , but only up to the point where it was painfully obvious that he would have needed the army of the Schlieffen plan to proceed any further along these lines. Lacking the strength and support to advance across the lower Seine, his right wing
730:
Whatever the circumstances, it is the Commander in Chief's intention to advance with all forces united to the attack of the German armies. The action of the French armies will be developed in two main operations: one, on the right in the country between the wooded district of the
693:
agreed that the French army could enter Belgium but only when news had arrived that the Germans had already done so. The council also considered industrial mobilisation and the slow speed of the development of heavy artillery and agreed to increase the ammunition stock from
650:
Joffre had rewritten Plan XVI by 6 September, increasing the number of troops on the Belgian frontier (although not by as much as Michel had advocated), by shifting forces from the Italian border and incorporating second line and reserve units into the front line. The
668:. German improvements to the fortifications at Metz and Thionville, led Joffre to believe that the Germans certainly would attack through Belgium and also that Belgium was the only place where France could fight a decisive battle against Germany.
543:
led to Plan XII in February 1892, in which an immediate invasion of Germany was considered possible. But from Plan XI to Plan XVI, the strategy remained defensive-offensive, French attacks being expected after the repulse of a German invasion.
557:
In 1888, the French began to study a possible German offensive north of Verdun or through Belgium and Plan XII was written with a contingency for a German breach of Belgian neutrality. In 1904, this was given more attention after a German
646:
was eventually appointed and the functions of Vice-President of the Council and Chief of Staff of the army were combined. In October 1911, a strategic assessment was delivered as part of a comprehensive review conducted from 1911â1912.
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was covered by Territorial units and obsolete fortresses. Beyond force concentration, the plan left 'an enormous amount of control over the use and deployment of armed forces' to Joffre at the start of war.
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and Fifth armies was specified, in case the Germans advanced through Luxembourg and Belgium but an enveloping attack west of the Meuse was not anticipated; the gap between the Fifth Army and the
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1531:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
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was to the east, 12 km (7.5 mi) from the German frontier. A second series of fortifications, to prevent the main line being outflanked, was built in the south, from
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was to assemble further left to MĂ©ziĂšres and the Sixth Army was to move closer to Verdun and the Belgian border west of Luxembourg. The amended version of Plan XVI put seven
585:), 80 km (50 mi) west of Verdun, easily to move towards Toul in the centre, Verdun on the left or to the vicinity of Sedan and MĂ©ziĂšres behind the northern flank.
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1768:. Germany's Western Front: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War. Vol. I (1st ed.). Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
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and the Moselle below Toul; the other, on the left, north of a line VerdunâMetz. The two operations will be closely connected by forces operating on the Hauts de
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and that to achieve this, the French armies were to concentrate, ready to attack either side of MetzâThionville or north into Belgium, in the direction of
630:. The council rejected his view in 1911, which caused Michel to resign as he considered that deployment from Belfort to MĂ©ziĂšres and an offensive towards
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405:
378:. The plan was for the mobilisation, concentration and deployment of the French armies to make possible an invasion either of Germany or of (neutral)
445:
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French reserve divisions were poorly trained and unfit to enter the line of battle; so, by definition, German reserve divisions had to be the same'.
254:
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75:
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The French generals implemented the plan from 7 August 1914, with disastrous consequences for their armies, which suffered defeat in the
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The reality was that many of the French casualties were said to have come from an excess of offensive vigour and on 23 August, General
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II (only 80 per cent of the army assembled in the west), to counter the French offensive of Plan XVII. In 2014, Terry Holmes wrote,
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I (a plan for a FrancoâGerman war, with all German forces deployed against France), to the inadequate western deployment of
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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne AugustâOctober 1914
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used data from French 1920 parliamentary records for French casualties from 5 August to 5 September 1914, which recorded
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332:
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2906:
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2386:
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671:
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496:(Charmes Gap), 70 km (43 mi) wide, between Ăpinal and Toul was left unfortified and the fortress city of
476:
4100:
3440:
3047:
2901:
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3452:
3195:
3180:
2792:
2486:
2464:
2213:
2203:
2136:
878:
413:
3481:
3422:
3362:
4075:
3562:
3552:
3434:
3170:
3165:
3087:
2496:
2469:
2173:
2891:
1712:
Holmes, T. M. (April 2014). "Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914".
1037:
Herwig wrote that the French army did not publish formal casualty lists but that the French Official History
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4146:
4138:
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3840:
3535:
3298:
3210:
3125:
3120:
3092:
3052:
2911:
2896:
2871:
2752:
2629:
859:
784:
582:
537:
394:
271:
3913:
3637:
3572:
3428:
3155:
3082:
3032:
3017:
2999:
2972:
2886:
2853:
2518:
2479:
2459:
2270:
2163:
827:
614:
305:
3446:
3903:
3557:
3222:
3185:
3115:
3062:
2984:
2952:
2926:
2876:
2807:
2709:
2662:
2508:
2446:
2315:
2198:
577:. Lacroix wanted to improve the prospects of the usual defensive-offensive strategy by assembling a new
529:
387:
45:
2848:
2064:
4253:
4168:
2822:
2797:
2772:
2129:
1524:
762:
140:
4235:
4188:
3374:
3238:
3190:
3067:
3027:
3022:
2967:
2650:
2644:
2545:
1988:
837:
652:
578:
441:
317:
310:
4195:
4110:
3469:
3333:
3315:
3280:
3244:
3077:
3042:
2994:
2979:
2866:
2817:
2656:
2615:
2295:
2044:
1975:
1938:
1739:
1700:
817:
807:
736:
295:
285:
491:
4228:
4222:
4183:
4085:
3918:
3501:
3356:
3339:
3140:
2962:
2942:
2777:
2762:
2692:
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2540:
2381:
2358:
2305:
2070:
2036:
2000:
1967:
1930:
1913:
Cole, Ronald H. (1979). "Victor Michel: The Unwanted Clairvoyant of the French High Command".
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Krause, J. "Only Inaction Is Disgraceful': French Operations under Joffre, 1914â1916". In
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became a positive liability, caught in an exposed position to the east of fortress Paris.
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When Germany declared war, France began Plan XVII with five initiatives, later named the
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between Belfort and Ăpinal, near parallel to the 1871â1919 French-German border. The
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409:
375:
50:
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1950:
Flammer, P. M. (1966â1967). "The Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII: A Short Critique".
1884:
1802:
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House, S. "The Battle of the Ardennes, August 1914: France's Lost Opportunity". In
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front would need the organisation of French reserve units and integration with the
517:
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885:, Chief of the German General Staff, had tried to apply the offensive strategy of
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2100:
1854:
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Der Weltkrieg: 1914 The Battle of the Frontiers and Pursuit to the Marne (Part 1)
1546:
The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World
958:
wounded and missing. Churchill gave German casualties from August to November as
3700:
3605:
3303:
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2152:
974:
been killed on 22 August. French casualties for the first month of the war were
472:
371:
356:) was the name of a "scheme of mobilisation and concentration" which the French
2019:
Porch, Douglas (2006). "French War Plans, 1914: The Balance of Power Paradox".
239:
2032:
665:
565:
509:
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2040:
2004:
1971:
1934:
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77:
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before 1870 shaded; black lines after 1871; border changes of 1871 in yellow
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1494:
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408:) in Belgium and northern France were forced into a retreat as far as the
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635:
570:
524:, although for financial reasons these defences were incomplete in 1914.
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2117:
Terence Holmes explains the inadequate German deployment for August 1914
1979:
1942:
631:
501:
484:
456:
379:
715:
732:
513:
468:
1963:
1926:
1675:
Doughty, Robert A. (2003). "French Strategy in 1914: Joffre's Own".
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during the last four days of the Battle of the Frontiers. In 2009,
3923:
910:
754:
714:
670:
656:
639:
597:
546:
505:
480:
2069:(PhD). London: King's College London, Department of War Studies.
1999:(1). Calgary, Canada: Centre for Military and Strategic Studies.
1507:
Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
661:
464:
2125:
243:
2121:
1565:
The Greater War: Other Combatants and Other Fronts, 1914â1918
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the German armies were defeated and forced to retreat to the
382:
or of both, before Germany completed the mobilisation of its
471:, about 40 km (25 mi) back from the frontier. The
370:) developed from 1912 to 1914, to be put into effect by the
1958:(4). Washington, DC: American Military Institute: 207â212.
1347:
1345:
1989:"Strategic Thinking: The French Case in 1914 (& 1940)"
1137:
1135:
986:
recorded German casualties in the 6th Army for August of
455:, a line of fortresses 65 km (40 mi) long from
1787:. The Making of the Twentieth Century. London: Methuen.
1236:
1234:
1086:
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229:
of north-eastern France (including Alsace and Lorraine)
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552:
Map of French, Belgian and German fortifications, 1914
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966:By the end of August, the French Army had suffered
962:and British casualties from August to September of
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169:
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146:
135:
127:
114:
106:
65:
57:
30:
1828:
1831:The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871â1914
1489:(Odhams ed.). London: Thornton Butterworth.
1029:In the last ten days of August, the 1st Army had
3098:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
899:
728:
1653:(e-book ed.). Stroud: The History Press.
2137:
1607:1914â1918: The History of the First World War
1017:killed. In the 1st Army in August there were
483:on the Belgian border and a tributary of the
255:
8:
2027:(1). London: Taylor & Francis: 117â144.
1807:The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880â1914
1785:France and the Origin of the First World War
1038:
892:
886:
863:
761:. An alternative concentration area for the
688:
677:
618:
603:
559:
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363:
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220:
209:
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2096:French Knowledge (XXG) article on Plan XVII
1040:Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre
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916:Summary map of the Battle of the Frontiers
262:
248:
240:
27:
2066:The Battle of the Ardennes 22 August 1914
1993:Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
1439:
1427:
3387:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
2104:A map of the French and German war plans
1631:(repr. ed.). New York: Ballantine.
463:and another line of similar length from
3764:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1856:The Schlieffen Plan, Critique of a Myth
1722:(2). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage: 193â213.
1592:
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374:in the event of war between France and
18:French military mobilisation plan, 1914
1835:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1583:
1463:
1451:
1336:
475:flows northwards from Toul to Verdun,
3717:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
3053:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
1403:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1189:
642:as the only possible way to respond.
351:
70:Lorraine, northern France and Belgium
7:
4121:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
2084:– via e-theses online service.
1764:Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J. (2013).
4050:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
2844:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
444:1870â1871, from 1874â1880, General
362:(the peacetime title of the French
2783:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
14:
679:Organisation militaire françaises
423:river, eventually leading to the
202:
3146:Second Battle of the Piave River
2768:Russian invasion of East Prussia
2021:The Journal of Strategic Studies
1651:The Real German War Plan 1904â14
1509:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
451:oversaw the construction of the
449:(20 May 1815 â 16 February 1895)
446:Raymond Adolphe Séré de RiviÚres
201:
194:
44:
4217:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
3417:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
1845:– via Archive Foundation.
1677:The Journal of Military History
1255:, pp. 55â63, 57â58, 63â68.
440:After the French defeat in the
4040:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
3899:Deportations from East Prussia
3696:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
1563:Krause, Jonathan, ed. (2014).
1001:them killed. The 7th Army had
883:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
862:. The German deployment plan,
690:Conseil supérieur de la guerre
621:Conseil supérieur de la guerre
594:Concentration plans, 1911â1914
386:simultaneous with an expected
359:Conseil Supérieur de la Guerre
121:Conseil Supérieur de la Guerre
1:
3951:Ukrainian Canadian internment
1809:. London: Allen & Unwin.
1485:Churchill, W. S. C. (1938) .
581:near ChĂąlons-sur-Marne, (now
436:Concentration plans 1871â1911
4106:SazonovâPalĂ©ologue Agreement
3405:Estonian War of Independence
3073:Southern Palestine offensive
1891:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP.
1889:The First World War: To Arms
1683:(2). Project Muse: 427â454.
273:Battle of the Frontiers 1914
227:French administrative region
4285:Military history of Germany
4060:USA against Austria-Hungary
3459:Turkish War of Independence
3411:Latvian War of Independence
3136:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
2727:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
2112:French and German war plans
1025:killed and in the 2nd Army
881:, assisted by the British.
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
573:at Verdun and the other at
406:British Expeditionary Force
404:The French armies (and the
4311:
4280:Military history of France
4143:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
3691:1899â1923 cholera pandemic
3151:Second Battle of the Marne
3038:Second battle of the Aisne
2907:Second Battle of Champagne
2748:German invasion of Belgium
1987:Kiesling, Eugenia (2010).
1548:. New York: Random House.
1033:and the 2nd Army suffered
926:called "pure balderdash".
782:
20:
4249:
3924:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
3453:Irish War of Independence
3196:Armistice of Villa Giusti
3181:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
2793:First Battle of the Marne
2159:
2033:10.1080/01402390600566423
1783:Keiger, J. F. V. (1983).
879:First Battle of the Marne
414:First Battle of the Marne
398:(7 August â 13 September)
281:
189:
43:
35:
21:For the German plan, see
4076:Constantinople Agreement
3369:ArmenianâAzerbaijani War
3232:Co-belligerent conflicts
3201:Second Romanian campaign
3171:Third Transjordan attack
2882:GorliceâTarnĂłw offensive
2788:Battle of Grand Couronné
1728:10.1177/0968344513505499
1466:, pp. 217â219, 315.
617:, Vice-President of the
91:48.7544000°N 5.8517000°E
4139:Modus vivendi of Acroma
4091:BulgariaâGermany treaty
3399:Greater Poland Uprising
3299:National Protection War
3176:MeuseâArgonne offensive
3126:German spring offensive
3121:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2897:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
2872:Second Battle of Artois
2753:Battle of the Frontiers
860:Battle of the Frontiers
791:Battle of the Frontiers
785:Battle of the Frontiers
779:Battle of the Frontiers
687:On 9 January 1912, the
538:Franco-Russian Alliance
453:Séré de RiviÚres system
395:Battle of the Frontiers
150:7 August 1914
4164:Paris Peace Conference
4152:UkraineâCentral Powers
3946:Massacres of Albanians
3914:Late Ottoman genocides
3721:Bulgarian occupations
3429:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3393:HungarianâRomanian War
3211:Naval Victory Bulletin
3206:Armistice with Germany
3156:Hundred Days Offensive
3083:Battle of La Malmaison
3033:Second battle of Arras
3000:Battle of Transylvania
2854:Second Battle of Ypres
2722:Sarajevo assassination
2611:South African Republic
1879:– via gwpda.org.
1567:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1039:
918:
904:
893:
887:
864:
828:Battle of the Ardennes
751:
722:
689:
684:
678:
619:
615:Victor-Constant Michel
610:
604:
560:
554:
508:and in the north from
489:
366:Grand Quartier Général
364:
358:
221:
210:
120:
118:Joseph Joffre and the
4275:France in World War I
4174:Treaty of St. Germain
4147:RussiaâCentral Powers
4101:SykesâPicot Agreement
3929:Pontic Greek genocide
3904:Destruction of Kalisz
3880:Eastern Mediterranean
3441:PolishâLithuanian War
3223:Armistice of Belgrade
3186:Armistice of Salonica
3116:Operation Faustschlag
3063:Third Battle of Oituz
2985:Baranovichi offensive
2953:Lake Naroch offensive
2927:Battle of Robat Karim
2902:VistulaâBug offensive
2877:Battles of the Isonzo
2808:First Battle of Ypres
2063:House, S. J. (2012).
1921:(4). JSTOR: 199â201.
1689:10.1353/jmh.2003.0112
1430:, pp. 1423â1425.
914:
718:
674:
601:
550:
353:[plÉÌdis.sÉt]
96:48.7544000; 5.8517000
4169:Treaty of Versailles
3885:Mount Lebanon famine
3800:in the United States
3768:Russian occupations
3482:TurkishâArmenian War
3423:PolishâUkrainian War
3363:UkrainianâSoviet War
3310:Central Asian Revolt
3093:Armistice of FocÈani
2823:Battle of Sarikamish
2773:Battle of Tannenberg
2169:Military engagements
1862:. London: O. Wolff.
583:ChĂąlons-en-Champagne
412:river, where at the
141:Imperial German Army
4236:They shall not pass
4159:Treaty of Bucharest
4116:Treaty of Bucharest
4055:USA against Germany
4032:Declarations of war
3736:German occupations
3649:British casualties
3508:SovietâGeorgian War
3435:Egyptian Revolution
3375:Armeno-Georgian War
3239:Somaliland campaign
3191:Armistice of Mudros
3068:Battle of Caporetto
3058:Battle of MÄrÄÈeÈti
3028:Zimmermann telegram
3023:February Revolution
2968:Battle of the Somme
2892:Bug-Narew Offensive
2867:Battle of Gallipoli
2859:Sinking of the RMS
2651:Scramble for Africa
2645:Franco-Prussian War
2301:Sinai and Palestine
2110:First World War.com
2102:First World War.com
1625:Tuchman, Barbara W.
1609:. London: Penguin.
1544:Herwig, H. (2009).
1327:, pp. 169â173.
1315:, pp. 159â167.
1291:, pp. 154â157.
1180:, pp. 440â441.
1043:gave casualties of
993:killed, along with
838:Battle of Charleroi
795:
442:Franco-Prussian War
402:329,000 casualties.
139:Decisive defeat of
87: /
4196:Treaty of Lausanne
4111:Paris Economy Pact
4045:UK against Germany
3975:Entry into the war
3941:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
3660:Ottoman casualties
3470:Franco-Turkish War
3350:Post-War conflicts
3334:Russian Revolution
3316:Invasion of Darfur
3281:Kelantan rebellion
3269:Kurdish rebellions
3245:Mexican Revolution
3078:October Revolution
3043:Kerensky offensive
3018:Capture of Baghdad
2995:Monastir offensive
2980:Brusilov offensive
2818:Battle of Kolubara
2657:Russo-Japanese War
1629:The Guns of August
1378:, pp. 76â78;
1303:, pp. 15, 21.
1035:15,693 casualties.
1027:26,222 casualties.
1013:in September with
919:
818:Battle of Lorraine
808:Battle of Mulhouse
789:
723:
685:
611:
555:
4290:Military strategy
4262:
4261:
4245:
4244:
4229:The Golden Virgin
4223:Mutilated victory
4204:
4203:
4184:Treaty of Trianon
4179:Treaty of Neuilly
4086:Damascus Protocol
3959:
3958:
3919:Armenian genocide
3876:Allied blockades
3848:Belgian refugees
3631:
3630:
3541:Strategic bombing
3517:
3516:
3502:Franco-Syrian War
3476:Greco-Turkish War
3464:Anglo-Turkish War
3447:PolishâSoviet War
3381:German Revolution
3357:Russian Civil War
3340:Finnish Civil War
3166:Battle of Megiddo
3141:Battle of Goychay
3088:Battle of Cambrai
3048:Battle of MÄrÄÈti
2963:Battle of Jutland
2943:Erzurum offensive
2798:Siege of PrzemyĆl
2778:Siege of Tsingtao
2763:Battle of Galicia
2693:Second Balkan War
2681:Italo-Turkish War
2638:Pre-War conflicts
2624:
2623:
2514:Portuguese Empire
2430:
2429:
2392:German New Guinea
2374:Asian and Pacific
1898:978-0-19-926191-8
1869:978-0-85496-113-9
1842:978-0-521-54592-1
1816:978-0-04-940056-6
1794:978-0-333-28552-7
1775:978-1-55458-373-7
1660:978-0-7524-5664-5
1638:978-0-30756-762-8
1616:978-0-14-026817-1
1574:978-1-137-36065-6
1555:978-1-4000-6671-1
1516:978-0-674-01880-8
1354:, pp. 71â76.
1168:, pp. 22â24.
1144:, pp. 19â22.
1129:, pp. 17â18.
1117:, pp. 13â14.
1105:, pp. 12â13.
1019:19,980 casualties
1011:31,887 casualties
1003:32,054 casualties
952:Winston Churchill
924:Robert A. Doughty
856:
855:
417:(5â12 September),
341:
340:
328:Trouée de Charmes
238:
237:
128:Commanded by
58:Operational scope
4302:
4189:Treaty of SĂšvres
4081:Treaty of London
3972:
3750:Northeast France
3681:
3653:Parliamentarians
3586:
3548:Chemical weapons
3526:
3287:Senussi campaign
3257:Muscat rebellion
3251:Maritz rebellion
3219:
3161:Vardar offensive
2990:Battle of Romani
2958:Battle of Asiago
2948:Battle of Verdun
2912:Kosovo offensive
2687:First Balkan War
2635:
2534:Russian Republic
2443:
2237:
2179:Economic history
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2052:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1983:
1952:Military Affairs
1946:
1915:Military Affairs
1902:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1846:
1834:
1820:
1798:
1779:
1747:
1708:
1664:
1642:
1620:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1559:
1540:
1520:
1498:
1487:The World Crisis
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1069:
1065:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1031:9,644 casualties
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:in August, with
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
981:
980:140,000 occurred
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
948:The World Crisis
896:
890:
867:
796:
749:
701:
697:
692:
681:
676:Map showing the
624:
607:
563:
542:
495:
450:
418:
403:
399:
369:
361:
355:
350:
276:
274:
264:
257:
250:
241:
224:
213:
205:
204:
198:
162:Executed by
157:
155:
123:
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
48:
28:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4241:
4200:
4132:
4125:
4096:Treaty of Darin
4064:
4026:
3982:Austria-Hungary
3968:
3955:
3936:Rape of Belgium
3863:
3835:
3783:
3777:Western Armenia
3772:Eastern Galicia
3705:
3679:
3643:
3642:Civilian impact
3641:
3627:
3584:
3513:
3345:
3275:Ovambo Uprising
3227:
3213:
3102:
3004:
2931:
2849:Battle of ĆomĆŒa
2832:
2828:Christmas truce
2803:Race to the Sea
2736:
2698:
2620:
2591:Austria-Hungary
2567:
2502:Empire of Japan
2439:
2437:
2426:
2410:U-boat campaign
2396:
2368:
2330:
2282:
2228:
2209:Popular culture
2155:
2150:
2092:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1986:
1964:10.2307/1985401
1949:
1927:10.2307/1986754
1912:
1899:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1849:
1843:
1823:
1817:
1801:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1763:
1755:
1753:Further reading
1750:
1711:
1674:
1661:
1645:
1639:
1623:
1617:
1601:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1523:
1517:
1501:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1047:for August and
1044:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:329,000 killed,
955:
944:
917:
909:
793:
787:
781:
776:
750:
747:
721:
713:
699:
695:
683:
609:
596:
591:
553:
540:
448:
438:
433:
425:Race to the Sea
416:
401:
397:
348:
342:
337:
277:
272:
270:
268:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
217:
216:
215:
214:
206:
153:
151:
115:Planned by
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
72:
71:
53:
38:First World War
26:
23:Schlieffen Plan
19:
12:
11:
5:
4308:
4306:
4298:
4297:
4295:Military plans
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4131:Peace treaties
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4017:United Kingdom
4014:
4009:
4007:Ottoman Empire
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3911:
3909:Sack of Dinant
3906:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3857:United Kingdom
3854:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3817:
3811:POW locations
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3611:United Kingdom
3608:
3606:Ottoman Empire
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3580:Trench warfare
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3293:Volta-Bani War
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Zeebrugge Raid
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2922:Battle of Loos
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Black Sea raid
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2715:Historiography
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2669:Bosnian Crisis
2666:
2663:Tangier Crisis
2660:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2596:Ottoman Empire
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2573:Central Powers
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:British Empire
2551:United Kingdom
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2529:Russian Empire
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2447:Entente Powers
2440:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2415:North Atlantic
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2326:Central Arabia
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2288:Middle Eastern
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Historiography
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2090:External links
2088:
2087:
2086:
2054:
2053:
2016:
1984:
1947:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1881:
1868:
1847:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1803:Kennedy, P. M.
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1715:War in History
1709:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1643:
1637:
1621:
1615:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1593:Krause (2014a)
1588:
1573:
1560:
1554:
1541:
1525:Edmonds, J. E.
1521:
1515:
1503:Doughty, R. A.
1499:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1454:, p. 156.
1444:
1440:Stevenson 2004
1432:
1428:Churchill 1938
1420:
1418:, p. 454.
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 453.
1384:
1382:, p. 309.
1368:
1356:
1341:
1339:, p. 211.
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1204:, p. 446.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1156:, p. 440.
1146:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1053:
997:in September,
943:
940:
915:
908:
905:
854:
853:
850:
848:Battle of Mons
844:
843:
840:
834:
833:
830:
824:
823:
820:
814:
813:
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804:
803:
800:
783:Main article:
780:
777:
775:
772:
745:
719:
712:
709:
675:
602:
595:
592:
590:
587:
551:
534:Russian Empire
530:Third Republic
437:
434:
432:
429:
339:
338:
336:
335:
333:Grand Couronné
330:
325:
320:
315:
314:
313:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
279:
278:
269:
267:
266:
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154:1914-August-07
148:
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137:
133:
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129:
125:
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103:
69:
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33:
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17:
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10:
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2:
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4122:
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4109:
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4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
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4082:
4079:
4077:
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4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4022:United States
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
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3808:
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3671:
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3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3623:United States
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:Convoy system
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:Naval warfare
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
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3439:
3436:
3433:
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3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
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3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
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3379:
3376:
3373:
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3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3328:Kaocen revolt
3326:
3323:
3322:Easter Rising
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
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3079:
3076:
3074:
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3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
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3049:
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3044:
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3036:
3034:
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3029:
3026:
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3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
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3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
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2993:
2991:
2988:
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2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Great Retreat
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2855:
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2850:
2847:
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2839:
2835:
2829:
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2816:
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2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
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2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Battle of Cer
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2675:Agadir Crisis
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2563:United States
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:French Empire
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2433:
2423:
2422:Mediterranean
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2402:Naval warfare
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2278:Italian Front
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:Eastern Front
2264:
2262:
2261:Western Front
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Puppet states
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Stevenson, D.
1600:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:Krause (2014)
1580:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1442:, p. 54.
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:, p. 12.
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1366:, p. 71.
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1267:, p. 14.
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:, p. 28.
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:, p. 17.
1227:
1222:
1219:
1216:, p. 37.
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1093:, p. 12.
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1041:
985:
984:Holger Herwig
953:
950:(1923â1931),
949:
941:
939:
935:
932:
931:Pierre Ruffey
927:
925:
913:
906:
903:
898:
895:
889:
884:
880:
874:
870:
866:
861:
852:23â24 August
849:
846:
845:
842:21â23 August
839:
836:
835:
832:21â23 August
829:
826:
825:
822:14â25 August
819:
816:
815:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
797:
792:
786:
778:
773:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
744:
742:
738:
734:
727:
717:
710:
708:
704:
691:
680:
673:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
648:
645:
644:Joseph Joffre
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
622:
616:
606:
600:
593:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
562:
549:
545:
539:
535:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
493:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
447:
443:
435:
430:
428:
426:
422:
415:
411:
407:
400:at a cost of
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
367:
360:
354:
346:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:
275:
265:
260:
258:
253:
251:
246:
245:
242:
228:
225:, the modern
223:
212:
197:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:Joseph Joffre
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
79:48°45âČ15.84âłN
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:Joseph Joffre
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
24:
16:
4234:
4227:
4215:
3822: /
3754:
3589:Conscription
3553:Cryptography
3490:Iraqi Revolt
2917:Siege of Kut
2860:
2438:participants
2387:German Samoa
2321:South Arabia
2109:
2101:
2078:. Retrieved
2065:
2056:
2055:
2024:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1996:
1992:
1955:
1951:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1888:
1885:Strachan, H.
1873:. Retrieved
1855:
1830:
1806:
1784:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1719:
1713:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1650:
1628:
1606:
1564:
1545:
1528:
1506:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1416:Doughty 2003
1411:
1399:
1392:Doughty 2003
1387:
1380:Tuchman 1994
1376:Doughty 2005
1371:
1364:Doughty 2005
1359:
1352:Doughty 2005
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1279:, p. 9.
1272:
1260:
1253:Doughty 2005
1248:
1241:Krause 2014a
1226:Edmonds 1926
1221:
1214:Doughty 2005
1209:
1202:Edmonds 1926
1197:
1192:, p. 8.
1185:
1178:Doughty 2003
1173:
1166:Doughty 2005
1161:
1154:Doughty 2003
1149:
1142:Doughty 2005
1127:Doughty 2005
1122:
1115:Doughty 2005
1110:
1103:Doughty 2005
1098:
1091:Doughty 2005
1063:
988:34,598, with
968:75,000 dead,
947:
945:
936:
928:
920:
900:
875:
871:
857:
812:7â10 August
794:August 1914
790:
752:
729:
724:
705:
696:1,280 shells
686:
649:
612:
605:DĂ©partements
556:
526:
518:Valenciennes
439:
392:
344:
343:
82:05°51âČ6.12âłE
15:
3852:Netherlands
3829:Switzerland
3710:Occupations
3701:Spanish flu
3478:(1919â1922)
3472:(1918â1921)
3466:(1918â1923)
3455:(1919â1921)
3449:(1919â1921)
3443:(1919â1920)
3419:(1918â1920)
3413:(1918â1920)
3407:(1918â1920)
3389:(1918â1920)
3371:(1918â1920)
3365:(1917â1921)
3359:(1917â1921)
3306:(1916-1918)
3304:Arab Revolt
3295:(1915â1917)
3289:(1915â1917)
3277:(1914-1917)
3271:(1914â1917)
3265:(1914â1921)
3259:(1913â1920)
3247:(1910â1920)
3241:(1900â1920)
3214: [
2732:July Crisis
2653:(1880â1914)
2316:Mesopotamia
2194:Home fronts
2153:World War I
2010:30 November
1464:Herwig 2009
1452:Herwig 2009
1337:Holmes 2014
1051:September.
1049:213,445 for
1045:206,515 men
1009:killed and
995:28,957 more
976:260,000, of
964:29,598 men.
759:NeufchĂąteau
739:and in the
628:active army
541:(1892â1917)
473:River Meuse
390:offensive.
372:French Army
165:French Army
94: /
4269:Categories
4069:Agreements
3869:War crimes
3745:Luxembourg
3638:Casualties
2509:Montenegro
2344:South West
2224:Technology
2214:Propaganda
2204:Opposition
2080:3 November
1875:1 November
1851:Ritter, G.
1473:References
1404:House 2014
1325:Zuber 2010
1313:Zuber 2010
1301:House 2014
1289:Zuber 2010
1277:House 2014
1265:Zuber 2010
1190:House 2014
1021:including
1015:10,384 men
1007:10,328 men
991:11,476 men
972:27,000 had
942:Casualties
666:Thionville
653:Fifth Army
579:Sixth Army
566:Luxembourg
561:Le vengeur
490:Trouée de
431:Background
349:pronounced
178:Casualties
3966:Diplomacy
3673:Olympians
3596:Australia
3563:Logistics
3496:Vlora War
3425:(1918â19)
3401:(1918â19)
3395:(1918â19)
3383:(1918â19)
3330:(1916â17)
3312:(1916â17)
3263:Zaian War
3253:(1914â15)
2973:first day
2861:Lusitania
2689:(1912â13)
2683:(1911â12)
2671:(1908â09)
2665:(1905â06)
2647:(1870â71)
2436:Principal
2296:Gallipoli
2199:Memorials
2184:Geography
2174:Aftermath
2075:855693494
2049:154040473
2041:1743-937X
2005:1488-559X
1972:2325-6990
1935:0026-3931
1825:Porch, D.
1744:159518049
1736:0968-3445
1705:154988802
1697:1543-7795
1647:Zuber, T.
1627:(1994) .
1076:Footnotes
1023:2,863 men
894:Aufmarsch
888:Aufmarsch
865:Aufmarsch
774:Aftermath
767:North Sea
748:Plan XVII
720:Plan XVII
711:Plan XVII
700:to 1,500.
698:-per-gun
516:and from
345:Plan XVII
318:Charleroi
311:Rossignol
222:Grand Est
211:Grand Est
136:Objective
110:1912â1914
61:Strategic
31:Plan XVII
4254:Category
3841:Refugees
3807:Italians
3796:Germans
3756:Ober Ost
3536:Aviation
2630:Timeline
2601:Bulgaria
2382:Tsingtao
2359:Togoland
2306:Caucasus
2241:European
2233:Theatres
1907:Journals
1887:(2001).
1853:(1958).
1827:(1981).
1805:(1979).
1669:Journals
1649:(2010).
1605:(2004).
1537:58962523
1527:(1926).
1505:(2005).
999:6,687 of
970:of whom
907:Analysis
746:â
636:Brussels
613:General
571:Ardennes
532:and the
522:Maubeuge
477:MĂ©ziĂšres
384:reserves
306:Ardennes
296:Lorraine
286:Mulhouse
66:Location
36:Part of
3992:Germany
3892:Germany
3820:Germany
3740:Belgium
3725:Albania
3684:Disease
3664:Sports
3616:Ireland
3529:Warfare
3522:Aspects
2710:Origins
2703:Prelude
2606:Senussi
2586:Germany
2581:Leaders
2519:Romania
2460:Belgium
2455:Leaders
2354:Kamerun
2336:African
2271:Romania
2249:Balkans
2164:Outline
1980:1985401
1943:1986754
1495:4945014
960:677,440
799:Battle
632:Antwerp
589:Prelude
510:La FĂšre
502:Langres
492:Charmes
485:Moselle
457:Belfort
388:Russian
380:Belgium
376:Germany
181:329,000
173:Failure
170:Outcome
152: (
107:Planned
4012:Russia
3987:France
3815:Canada
3730:Serbia
3601:Canada
3558:Horses
3510:(1921)
3504:(1920)
3498:(1920)
3492:(1920)
3484:(1920)
3437:(1919)
3431:(1919)
3377:(1918)
3342:(1918)
3336:(1917)
3324:(1916)
3318:(1916)
3283:(1915)
2695:(1913)
2677:(1911)
2659:(1905)
2616:Darfur
2541:Serbia
2524:Russia
2487:Greece
2475:France
2465:Brazil
2311:Persia
2254:Serbia
2073:
2057:Theses
2047:
2039:
2003:
1978:
1970:
1941:
1933:
1895:
1866:
1839:
1813:
1791:
1772:
1742:
1734:
1703:
1695:
1657:
1635:
1613:
1571:
1552:
1535:
1513:
1493:
978:which
763:Fourth
741:Woëvre
733:Vosges
682:, 1907
536:. The
514:Rheims
469:Verdun
461:Ăpinal
301:Dinant
291:Haelen
4209:Other
4002:Japan
3997:Italy
3824:camps
3668:Rugby
3218:]
2497:Japan
2492:Italy
2470:China
2364:North
2045:S2CID
1976:JSTOR
1939:JSTOR
1860:(PDF)
1758:Books
1740:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1479:Books
1055:Notes
802:Date
755:Arlon
737:Meuse
657:corps
640:Namur
575:Sedan
506:Dijon
498:Nancy
481:Givet
421:Aisne
410:Marne
3789:POWs
3108:1918
3010:1917
2936:1916
2837:1915
2741:1914
2546:Siam
2349:East
2082:2015
2071:OCLC
2037:ISSN
2012:2014
2001:ISSN
1968:ISSN
1931:ISSN
1893:ISBN
1877:2015
1864:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1732:ISSN
1693:ISSN
1655:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1533:OCLC
1511:ISBN
1491:OCLC
757:and
664:and
662:Metz
638:and
479:and
465:Toul
323:Mons
147:Date
2029:doi
1960:doi
1923:doi
1724:doi
1685:doi
946:In
520:to
512:to
504:to
467:to
459:to
4271::
3216:It
2043:.
2035:.
2025:29
2023:.
1997:13
1995:.
1991:.
1974:.
1966:.
1956:30
1954:.
1937:.
1929:.
1919:43
1917:.
1738:.
1730:.
1720:21
1718:.
1699:.
1691:.
1681:67
1679:.
1344:^
1233:^
1134:^
1083:^
634:,
427:.
3640:/
2145:e
2138:t
2131:v
2051:.
2031::
2014:.
1982:.
1962::
1945:.
1925::
1901:.
1819:.
1797:.
1778:.
1746:.
1726::
1707:.
1687::
1663:.
1641:.
1619:.
1595:.
1586:.
1577:.
1558:.
1539:.
1519:.
1497:.
743:.
558:(
347:(
263:e
256:t
249:v
156:)
25:.
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