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to gain access to the actual host life stage. For instance, they may ride on the adult form of the host, or on an intermediate vector that might carry them to where their later instars might feed till they are ready for pupation. Typically, such a planidium then enters the body of the host larva, but
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The term "triungulin", originally coined in reference to the planidia of the beetle family
Meloidae, is commonly applied to similar-looking planidial larvae of other families of beetles or of Strepsiptera. It is purely descriptive, and of no theoretical importance; without implying any conceptual
355:"Webster's international dictionary of the English language; being the authentic ed. of Webster's unabridged dictionary comprising the issues of 1864, 1879, and 1884. Now thoroughly rev. and enl. under the supervision of Noah Porter. With a voluminous appendix"
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changes the planidial form into an extra larval form that is remarkably different from the planidium; this reflects the lapsed need for the larva to wander any further, together with an increased need for efficiency in feeding. The changes in
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species; when the male bee arrives and attempts to mate with the mass of larvae, they climb onto his abdomen, and from there, they transfer in turn to a female bee, and finally to the bee nest, where they attack the bee larvae as their hosts.
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For practical purposes of uniform terminology, except where there is some special reason for the use of the more narrowly specific term "triungulin", it is best to use only the more general term "planidium".
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It is common for planidia to molt shortly after entering the host body or nest, but some species postpone further development while the host larva grows. Whether after a delay or not, the first
107:(hardened), and quite mobile. The function of the planidial stage is to find a host on which the later larval instars may feed, generally until the insect
316:, and loss of the legs and eyes of the larvae. Inclusion of the extra, functionally distinct form of larva into the life history is an example of
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Depending on their species, planidial larvae either wait for a passing host, or actively seek one out. In many species, the planidia depend on
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138:. Accordingly, "planidium" is the general term for such an adaptation, and it is not limited to any particular species or
404:"Bee nest parasites (Meloe franciscanus) use sexual deception to obtain transport to host bee (Habropoda pallida) nest"
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The first-instar larva in the beetle family
Meloidae has three claws on each foot, and is therefore called a
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some of the species attack host eggs; for example, some
Meloidae feed on the subterranean egg pods of
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Planidia occur among subsets of the members of several orders, including:
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A striking example of phoresy is that planidia of beetles of the genus
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was similarly derived in reference to the wandering larvae of certain
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awaiting contact with a female, whose nest they then could invade.
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123:πλανής (planis) meaning "wanderer", the same origin of the word
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19:"Planidia" redirects here. For the genus of beetles, see
103:ways of life. They are usually flattened, highly
47:Triungulin, later larval, and other instars of a
30:Planidia and larva of a parasitoid wasp of the
241:. Among the Hymenoptera examples include the
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382:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 45–.
353:Webster, Noah; Porter, Noah (Sep 29, 1895).
295:that mimics the sex attractant of its host
205:. Examples include: the neuropteran family
379:Social Insects: Their Origin And Evolution
357:. Springfield, Mass G. & G. Merriam Co
119:The term "planidium" is derived from the
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99:of a few families of insects that have
153:). The term is derived from the Latin
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291:will form a group and produce a
261:difference from other planidia.
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365:– via Internet Archive.
173:) may still be encountered.
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88:is a specialized form of
276:grasshoppers and locusts
70:on a male solitary bee (
339:A Greek-English lexicon
257:have planidial larvae.
181:Function and occurrence
376:W. M. Wheeler (1994).
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439:at Wikimedia Commons
336:Robert Scott (1863).
161:meaning "a claw". An
157:meaning "three", and
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16:Form of insect larva
312:usually include de-
265:Planidial behaviour
342:. Clarendon Press.
318:hypermetamorphosis
95:seen in the first-
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452:Parasitic insects
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411:. Retrieved
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359:. Retrieved
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282:of spiders.
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227:Acroceridae
207:Mantispidae
191:Hymenoptera
163:obsolescent
105:sclerotized
446:Categories
323:References
310:morphology
280:egg purses
239:Tachinidae
221:; and the
195:Coleoptera
187:Neuroptera
167:triungulus
147:triungulin
140:morphology
437:Planidium
293:pheromone
245:families
225:families
213:families
171:triunguli
151:triungula
130:The term
115:Etymology
86:planidium
215:Meloidae
169:(plural
165:variant
149:(plural
136:Cnidaria
413:Sep 29,
361:Sep 29,
305:ecdysis
271:phoresy
203:Diptera
132:planula
109:pupates
76:carlini
73:Andrena
68:phoresy
462:Larvae
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253:. All
237:, and
211:beetle
209:; the
201:, and
159:ungula
126:planet
97:instar
90:insect
36:family
288:Meloe
93:larva
415:2022
384:ISBN
363:2022
249:and
217:and
297:bee
223:fly
155:tri
63:in
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84:A
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
