1126:
1134:
1480:
1472:, where the customer must purchase entire new products after using them just once. Such products are often designed to be impossible to service; for example, a cheap throwaway digital watch may have a case which is sealed in the factory, with no designed ability for the user to access the interior without destroying the watch entirely. Manufacturers may make replacement parts either unavailable or so expensive that they make the product uneconomic to repair. For example, Canon and some HP
1525:
1876:
2542:Тем более что цикл выпуска новых моделей как раз предусматривает, что новая модель выходит на рынок именно тогда, когда на старой модели начинают садиться аккумулятор, а сейчас ещё и замедляется процессор. Всё как будто случайно складывается в пользу покупки новой модели. Эта история должна стать хорошим примером при объяснении пользователям, почему так важна работа независимых мастерских по ремонту фирменной техники, даже если сама фирма против.
901:
1736:
1657:
disabling may occur by another software author as in the case of a web browser disabling a plugin. Otherwise, the vendor who owns a software ecosystem may disable an app that does not comply with a key policy or regulation, such as the processing of personal data to protect user privacy, though in other cases, this does not exclude the possibility of "security reasons" being used for
1848:
1862:
1521: – a critical and wear-prone mechanical component – permanently molded into the wash drum, or even have a sealed outer drum, making it impossible to renew the bearings without replacing the entire drum. The cost of this repair may exceed the residual value of the appliance, forcing it to be scrapped.
1342:
the design of a complex product how long it should last so that each component can be made to those specifications. Due to natural degradation, most products will ultimately break down, no matter what steps are taken. Limited lifespan is only a sign of planned obsolescence if the limit is made artificially short.
1575:
sell at their stores wouldn't work out perfectly on most of the ceiling fans, including the ones they sell at their stores. The pull chain they sell is for a ceiling fan with a 3 speed motor and a single capacitor, which is rarely the case of ceiling fans sold today, and would cause ceiling fans with
1367:
displays used in mobile phones have suboptimal ribbon cables that deteriorate over time, resulting in the screen turning completely white. Another point of failure is the degraded TFT layer which causes green or purple lines to appear on the display. Both issues can be triggered by a software update.
1297:
Motor vehicle platforms typically undergo a midlife "facelift"—a cosmetic rather than an engineering change for the purpose of cost effectively increasing customer appeal by making previously manufactured versions of the same fundamental product less desirable. The most simplistic way to achieve this
1293:
line of running shoes is a prime example where a single model of shoe is often produced for years, but the color and material combination ("colorway") is changed every few months, or different colorways are offered in different markets. This has the upshot of ensuring constant demand for the product,
1219:
in 1954. Without giving it much thought, he used the term as the title of his talk. From that point on, "planned obsolescence" became
Stevens' catchphrase. By his definition, planned obsolescence was "Instilling in the buyer the desire to own something a little newer, a little better, a little sooner
1187:
did not like the constant stream of model-year changes because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity, economies of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford's sales in 1931 and became the dominant company in the industry thereafter. The frequent design changes also made it necessary to
1811:
argues the process is wasteful and exploits customers. With psychological obsolescence, resources are used up making changes, often cosmetic changes, that are not of great value to the customer. Miles Park advocates new and collaborative approaches between the designer and the purchaser to challenge
1416:
While such a design can help make the device thinner, it makes it difficult to replace the battery without sending the entire device away for repairs or purchasing an entirely new device. On a device with a sealed back cover, a manual battery replacement might induce permanent damage, including loss
1280:
Many products are primarily desirable for aesthetic rather than functional reasons. An example of such a product is clothing. Such products experience a cycle of desirability referred to as a "fashion cycle". By continuously introducing new aesthetics, and retargeting or discontinuing older designs,
1349:
A possible method of limiting a product's durability is to use inferior materials in critical areas, or suboptimal component layouts which cause excessive wear. Using soft metal in screws and cheap plastic instead of metal in stress-bearing components will increase the speed at which a product will
1775:
to be a customer right in EU legislation. Carlos Trias Pinto, president of the EESC's
Consultative Commission on Industrial Change supports "the introduction of a labeling system which indicates the durability of a device, so the purchaser can choose whether they prefer to buy a cheap product or a
1770:
The
European Union is also addressing the practice. The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), an advisory body of the EU, announced in 2013 that it was studying "a total ban on planned obsolescence". It said replacing products that are designed to stop working within two or three years of
1584:
Planned systemic obsolescence is caused either by the withdrawal of investment, or a product becoming obsolete through continuous development of the system in which it is used in such a way as to make continued use of the original product difficult. Common examples of planned systemic obsolescence
1341:
Contrived durability is a strategy of shortening the product lifetime before it is released onto the market, by designing it to deteriorate quickly. The design of all personal-use products includes an expected average lifetime permeating all stages of development. Thus, it must be decided early in
1819:
writes that planned obsolescence "contributes to a culture of wastefulness by perpetuating a 'buy new and buy often' mentality and limiting consumer autonomy to keep products longer by hard-wiring a 'self-destruct' button in products". Bisschop et al. (2022) have said that the practice limits the
1766:
In 2015 the French
National Assembly established a fine of up to €300,000 and jail terms of up to two years for manufacturers planning the failure of their products. The rule is relevant not only because of the sanctions that it establishes but also because it is the first time that a legislature
1622:
designed certain inkjet printers and cartridges to shut down on an undisclosed expiration date, and at this point customers were prevented from using the ink that remained in the expired cartridge. HP denied these claims, but agreed to discontinue the use of certain messages, and to make certain
1614:
to prevent them from being used after a certain threshold (number of pages, time, etc.), even though the cartridge may still contain usable ink or could be refilled (with ink toners, up to 50 percent of the toner cartridge is often still full). This constitutes "programmed obsolescence", in that
1543:
Bosch, despite the up to 10-year availability of spare parts declared on websites, assembles in the popular MaxoMixx mixers an easily breaking plastic latch, refusing to sell the replacement latch to the user and proposing to replace the entire drive consisting of many elements as a single spare
1354:
are extremely prone to damage if the toy is played with roughly, which can easily destroy key functions of the toy and force the purchase of a replacement. The short life expectancy of smartphones and other handheld electronics is a result of constant usage, fragile batteries, and the ability to
1231:
mocked it in an advertising campaign. While acknowledging the widespread use of planned obsolescence among automobile manufacturers, Volkswagen pitched itself as an alternative. "We do not believe in planned obsolescence", the ads suggested. "We don't change a car for the sake of change." In the
1656:
Where older versions of software contain unpatched security vulnerabilities, such as banking and payment apps, deliberate lock out may be a risk-based response to prevent the proliferation of malware in those older versions. If the original vendor of the software is no longer in business, then
1097:. The rationale behind this strategy is to generate long-term sales volume by reducing the time between repeat purchases (referred to as "shortening the replacement cycle"). It is the deliberate shortening of the lifespan of a product to force people to purchase functional replacements.
1839:
The application of planned obsolescence to thought itself has the same merit as its application to consumer goods; the new is not only shoddier than the old, it fuels an obsolete social system that staves off its replacement by manufacturing the illusion that it is perpetually
1585:
include changing the design of screws or fasteners so that they cannot easily be operated on with existing tools, thereby frustrating maintenance. This may be intentionally designed obsolescence, a withdrawal of investment or standards being updated or superseded. For example,
1425:
as a result of having to pry the battery free from strong adhesive in proximity to delicate components. Some devices are even built so that the battery terminals are covered by the main board, requiring it to be riskily removed entirely before disconnecting the terminals.
1249:, promoted as an exposé of "the systematic attempt of business to make us wasteful, debt-ridden, permanently discontented individuals". Packard divided planned obsolescence into two sub categories: obsolescence of desirability and obsolescence of function.
1345:
The strategy of contrived durability is generally not prohibited by law, and manufacturers are free to set the durability level of their products. While often considered planned obsolescence, it is often argued as its own field of anti-customer practices.
1116:
becomes more competitive, product lifespans tend to increase. For example, when
Japanese vehicles with longer lifespans entered the American market in the 1960s and 1970s, American carmakers were forced to respond by building more durable products.
1787:
for a given product will be produced. From 2016, appliance manufacturers are required to repair or replace, free of charge, any defective product within two years from its original purchase date. This effectively creates a mandatory two-year
1539:, making it difficult to use the blender. All the elements shown in the photo (motor, switch, speed control microprocessor, power cord, etc.) are sold by the Bosch service as "single spare part" for a price similar to the new complete device.
1609:
In some cases, notification may be combined with deliberate artificial disabling of a functional product to prevent it from working, thus requiring the buyer to purchase a replacement. For example, inkjet printer manufacturers employ
1771:
their purchase was a waste of energy and resources and generated pollution. The EESC organised a round table in Madrid in 2014 on 'Best practices in the domain of built-in obsolescence and collaborative consumption' which called for
1812:
obsolescence in fast-moving sectors such as personal-use electronics. Some people, such as Ronny
Balcaen, have proposed to create a new label to counter the diminishing quality of products due to the planned obsolescence technique.
1562:
One way is that a store can sell a part which is incompatible with the products they sell on their own, so customers would try it and think their product is just broken, and then buy a whole new product. One example is that a
1449:
reached an agreement to require, from 2026, manufacturers to design all electrical appliances sold in the EU (and not used predominantly in wet conditions) so that consumers can easily remove and replace batteries themselves.
1767:
recognized the existence of planned obsolescence. These techniques may include "a deliberate introduction of a flaw, a weakness, a scheduled stop, a technical limitation, incompatibility or other obstacles for repair".
2643:
1320:
manufacturers release a marginally updated model every 5 or 6 months compared to the typical yearly cycle, leading to the perception that a one-year-old handset can be up to two generations old. A notable example is
1368:
They render the device unusable, requiring the user to repair or replace the display or to upgrade to a new device sooner than they had needed to. These issues are well known to the public thanks to
Samsung's own
2573:
muligheder, dk Mads Nyvold fortæller om klodens klima-og ressourcekrise ved at undersøge det turbulente felt mellem realpolitiske; artiklen, geopolitiske magtbalancer og visionære løsninger Del (March 22, 2017).
2261:
1835:, writing in the 1970s, observed that intellectual production has succumbed to the same pattern of planned obsolescence used by manufacturing enterprises to generate ever-renewed demand for their products.
2675:
1664:
This could be a problem for the user, because some devices, despite being equipped with appropriate hardware, might not be able to support the newest update without modifications such as custom firmware.
2343:
1211:. The essence of London's plan would have the government impose a legal obsolescence on personal-use items, to stimulate and perpetuate purchasing. However, the phrase was first popularized in 1954 by
1779:
In 2015, as part of a larger movement against planned obsolescence across the
European Union, France passed legislation requiring that appliance manufacturers and vendors declare the intended product
1301:
To a more limited extent this is also true of some personal-use electronic products, where manufacturers will release slightly updated products at regular intervals and emphasize their value as
1691:
can usually be updated and maintained at lower cost, the end of life date can be later. Software that is abandoned by the manufacturer with regard to manufacturer support is sometimes called
3493:
1252:"Obsolescence of desirability", also known as "psychological obsolescence", referred to marketers' attempts to wear out a product in the owner's mind. Packard quoted industrial designer
1129:
The 1923 Chevrolet is cited as one of the earliest examples of annual facelifts in the car industry because it had a restyled body covering what essentially was nine-year-old technology.
1804:
argues that: "Much so-called planned obsolescence is the working of the competitive and technological forces in a free society—forces that lead to ever-improving goods and services."
1260:
Design ... is an attempt to make a contribution through change. When no contribution is made or can be made, the only process available for giving the illusion of change is "styling"!
2556:
2476:
1683:
point at which the supplier will cease updates and support, usually because the cost of code maintenance, testing and support exceed the revenue generated from the old version. As
1675:
Software companies sometimes deliberately drop support for older technologies as a calculated attempt to force users to purchase new products to replace those made obsolete. Most
2698:
3486:
Does the
Planned Obsolescence Influence Consumer Purchase Decisions: The Effects of Cognitive Biases: Bandwagon Effect, Optimism Bias and Present Bias on Consumer Behavior
1623:
changes to the disclosures on its website and packaging, as well as compensating affected customers with a total credit of up to $ 5,000,000 for future purchases from HP.
1048:
1637:
In 2021, Canon disabled the scanning function of its Canon Pixma MG6320 all-in-one printers whenever an ink cartridge was out of ink. A class action lawsuit was filed.
3544:
2725:
1277:
Obsolescence of desirability or stylistic obsolescence occurs when designers change the styling of products so trendsetting customers will purchase the latest styles.
3210:
New attitudes towards consumption: Best practices in the domain of built-in obsolescence and collaborative consumption. (2014, June 25). Retrieved June 7, 2016, from
3069:
1909:—a term used to describe the implementation of performance controls on older models of Apple's iPhone line in order to preserve system stability on degraded batteries
3006:
2988:
1168:
and the Art and Color
Section. Although his concept was borrowed from the bicycle industry, its origin was often misattributed to Sloan. Sloan often used the term
2665:
2613:
2269:
1104:. Before introducing a planned obsolescence, the producer has to know that the customer is at least somewhat likely to buy a replacement from them in the form of
557:
2936:
2869:
3216:
1653:
or YouTube's Android application) unserviceable deliberately, even though they would technically, albeit not economically, be able to keep working as intended.
1227:
had become a commonly used term for products designed to break easily or to quickly go out of style. In fact, the concept was so widely recognized that in 1959
3374:
Bisschop, L., Hendlin, Y. & Jaspers, J. Designed to break: planned obsolescence as corporate environmental crime. Crime Law Soc Change 78, 271–293 (2022).
1125:
3275:
1820:"usable life of products to bolster private profit at the expense of consumer interests and environmental sustainability", stating it should be considered a
1413:
after those have worn down, therefore leaving an aging battery trapped inside the device, which limits the product lifespan to its shortest-lived component.
2035:
1350:
become inoperable through normal usage and make it prone to breakage from even minor forms of abnormal usage. For example, small, brittle plastic gears in
2458:
1490:. Critics have argued that Apple's use of pentalobe screws in their newer devices is an attempt to prevent the owner from repairing the device themselves.
3484:
3357:
3510:
2914:
455:
2418:
1476:
incorporate a replaceable print head which eventually fails. However, the high cost of a replacement forces the owner to scrap the entire device.
3300:
3676:
1133:
1041:
3346:
Park, M. (2010). "Defying Obsolescence." In Cooper T (ed) Longer Lasting Products: Alternatives to the Throwaway Society. Gower, Farnham, UK".
2378:
2300:
2245:
440:
31:
2350:
1445:(including water-resistant ones) had back covers that could be opened by the user in order to replace the battery. On December 9, 2022, the
1093:
after a certain predetermined period of time upon which it decrementally functions or suddenly ceases to function, or might be perceived as
3537:
1668:
Additionally, updates to newer versions might have introduced undesirable side effects, such as removed features or compulsory changes, or
1555:
comparable to the replacement cost, or to prevent any form of servicing of the product at all. In 2012, Toshiba was criticized for issuing
375:
2553:
1559:
letters to the owner of a website that hosted its copyrighted repair manuals, to the detriment of the independent and home repair market.
1164:
suggested annual model-year design changes to convince car owners to buy new replacements each year, with refreshed appearances headed by
3189:
1708:
refers to the undermining of product usability through legislation, as well as facilitate purchasing a new product by offering benefits.
1634:
for users, for instance, that will more than double the life of the printer that has stopped with a message to replace the imaging drum.
3455:
1479:
363:
2594:
2100:
1957:
1552:
2016:—making a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs.
1313:'s "Rose Gold") entice people into upgrading and distinguishes an otherwise identical-looking iPhone from the previous year's model.
2327:
1034:
397:
3446:
2215:
1281:
a manufacturer can "ride the fashion cycle", allowing for constant sales despite the original products remaining fully functional.
3419:
3162:
2497:
964:
479:
2895:
2515:
1236:, one advert showed an almost blank page with the strapline "No point in showing the 1962 Volkswagen, it still looks the same".
370:
3530:
1967:
336:
2748:
2717:
1183:
and eventually the whole American economy. The smaller players could not maintain the pace and expense of yearly re-styling.
306:
2846:
2400:
3407:
3789:
3095:
1853:
3243:
3128:
3109:
929:
540:
359:
2861:
3799:
3361:
3143:
1816:
719:
450:
3212:
2932:
3325:
3046:
3669:
3267:
1325:, known for releasing T-series devices with upgraded specifications roughly 6 months after a major release device.
969:
904:
809:
586:
460:
211:
141:
3502:
3142:
Cissé, Sonia; Metcalf, Caitlin Potratz; Fisher, Adrian; de Meersman, Guillaume; Didizian, Marly (March 31, 2020).
1112:
between the producer, who knows how long the product was designed to last, and the customer, who does not. When a
3784:
2074:
1576:
triple capacitor to not work well on medium and would cause ceiling fans with dual capacitor to not spin at all.
824:
609:
521:
116:
43:
2459:"'Not fair': Woman says she was quoted $ 400 by Samsung to repair phone with green line after updating software"
2440:
2093:
The Handbook of Technology Management, Supply Chain Management, Marketing and Advertising, and Global Management
3804:
3503:"Planned Obsolescence and Consumer Protection: The Unregulated Extended Warranty and Service Contract Industry"
1253:
919:
552:
181:
166:
1917:
1772:
1669:
939:
869:
864:
814:
714:
311:
146:
3020:
2832:
2115:
Giles Slade (2006), "Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America", Harvard University Press, p5.
516:
465:
435:
3183:
The EESC calls for a total ban on planned obsolescence. (2013, October 17). Retrieved June 7, 2016, from
1269:
There are several variants of planned obsolescence. They are listed in the order of increasing severity:
3794:
3743:
3662:
3633:
2668:[New EU rules: Everyone should be able to replace smartphone batteries themselves]. Wirtschaft.
1962:
1680:
1410:
1383:
1109:
949:
779:
754:
528:
504:
416:
136:
2534:"Принудительное замедление старых iPhone повышает шансы на принятие законодательства о праве на ремонт"
2414:
2631:
2576:"Nej, det er ikke en konspirationsteori. Nogle produkter er bare designet til at gå i stykker før tid"
1223:
The phrase was quickly taken up by others, but Stevens' definition was challenged. By the late 1950s,
3731:
3595:
3297:
2959:
2790:
1688:
1676:
1518:
1330:
974:
894:
889:
346:
296:
196:
1524:
3590:
3237:
Consultative Commission on Industrial Change—Presentation. (no date). Retrieved June 7, 2016, from
2639:
1923:
1149:
999:
924:
844:
699:
684:
664:
351:
216:
206:
191:
151:
131:
86:
76:
2477:"Samsung Galaxy S20+ Display Suddenly Starts Showing Vertical Lines, Some Users in India Complain"
2158:
1215:, an American industrial designer. Stevens was due to give a talk at an advertising conference in
3763:
3612:
3575:
2196:
2066:
2058:
1935:
1881:
1650:
1390:, which impairs computing speeds and eventually leads to system outages in portable electronics.
1369:
1113:
954:
859:
794:
427:
405:
392:
387:
106:
96:
3464:
1982:—worked to standardize the life expectancy of light bulbs at 1,000 hours, down from 2,500 hours
17:
3758:
3706:
3643:
3570:
3185:
3089:
3000:
2989:"applications—YouTube update enforcement bypass? +Reasons why the old YouTube app is superior"
2374:
2323:
2317:
2296:
2241:
2188:
2139:
2096:
1895:
1719:
1630:
that are designed to stop working with a message about imaging drum replacing. There are some
1532:
1529:
1499:
1469:
1153:
1066:
729:
694:
562:
276:
231:
91:
2818:
2143:
2010:—urban legend alleging that Sony deliberately rigged their products to fail at a certain time
3701:
2798:
2368:
2178:
2170:
2050:
1875:
1867:
1712:
1556:
1536:
1245:
1086:
1082:
984:
819:
744:
659:
654:
614:
281:
236:
51:
3748:
3618:
3565:
3304:
2575:
2560:
1996:
1973:
1821:
1619:
1611:
1514:
1506:
that cannot easily be removed with common personal-use tools, overuse of glue, as well as
1503:
1483:
1473:
1459:
1161:
959:
944:
804:
759:
709:
639:
382:
341:
271:
261:
251:
171:
126:
111:
101:
81:
2699:"Landmark French Lawsuit Attacks Epson, HP, Canon And Brother For 'Planned Obsolescence'"
2794:
2441:"Bug from software update is causing serious issues with the Galaxy S20 series displays"
1749:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3628:
3580:
3426:
3386:
3158:
2774:
2130:
Orbach, Barak (2004). "The Durapolist Puzzle: Monopoly Power in Durable-Goods Market".
2013:
2001:
1979:
1832:
1568:
1212:
1204:
1180:
1157:
1141:
1004:
884:
879:
769:
749:
634:
594:
546:
510:
445:
256:
176:
1433:
and has now spread out to most other mobile phones with, as of 2022, the exception of
3778:
3726:
3721:
2070:
1991:
1900:
1808:
1801:
1684:
1658:
1627:
1590:
1465:
1446:
1418:
1302:
1240:
1233:
1189:
1105:
914:
799:
739:
624:
534:
286:
2803:
2778:
1494:
Other products may also contain design features meant to frustrate repairs, such as
3711:
3073:
1940:
1780:
1718:
Several cities such as London, Berlin, Paris, Antwerp and Brussels have introduced
1442:
1398:
989:
979:
704:
644:
619:
599:
301:
241:
226:
186:
161:
121:
1510:
if any third-party component such as a replacement home button has been detected.
27:
Policy of planning or designing a product with an artificially limited useful life
3264:
Lavadoras con muerte anunciada. (2014, November 2). Retrieved May 19, 2015, from
2394:
1386:
lose their ability to store energy, output power, and maintain a stable terminal
3696:
2670:
1985:
1929:
1912:
1906:
1693:
1586:
1564:
1422:
1394:
1326:
1216:
1165:
1014:
874:
849:
784:
734:
649:
629:
604:
567:
499:
156:
2614:"Does planned obsolescence feed the fear that our devices will be out of date?"
1970:—Linux distributions with lower hardware demands than other Linux distributions
1535:: a plastic latch (indicated by the head of a match) designed to break after a
3585:
3239:
2007:
2004:—successive versions of a computer program requiring ever more computing power
1951:
1945:
1843:
1784:
1631:
1495:
1464:
The ultimate examples of such design are single-use versions of traditionally
1438:
1317:
1306:
1286:
1228:
1184:
1019:
764:
689:
409:
246:
221:
201:
66:
3375:
2779:"Component level strategies for exploiting the lifespan of steel in products"
2192:
3716:
3638:
2899:
2632:"Batteries: deal on new EU rules for design, production and waste treatment"
1594:
1487:
1434:
1310:
1101:
1062:
1009:
909:
724:
488:
291:
71:
1715:
ownership could increase the replacement rate of cars by subsidising them.
1572:
1309:. New colorways introduced with iterative “S” generation iPhones (e.g. the
3129:"Interview: The True Story of France's Fight against Planned obsolescence"
2862:"The Shady World of Repair Manuals: Copyrighting for Planned Obsolescence"
2262:"Annual model change was the result of affluence, technology, advertising"
1847:
3736:
3522:
3358:"Smart Tech, Dumb Design: Planned Obsolescence and Social Responsibility"
3317:
3110:"Current and future situation of obsolescence in the automotive industry"
3038:
1789:
1646:
1406:
1282:
1090:
994:
789:
2293:
The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada
2183:
1100:
Planned obsolescence tends to work best when a producer has at least an
2498:"L'obsolescence programmée par Apple expliquée (pour les nuls et plus)"
2200:
2062:
1645:
Another example of programmed obsolescence is making older versions of
1387:
1322:
1290:
1193:
1094:
572:
421:
1615:
there is no random component contributing to the decline in function.
1405:, as well as electric toothbrushes, are designed in a way that denies
1548:
1430:
1421:, as well as risking serious, even irreparable damage to the phone's
1402:
1364:
854:
774:
331:
3156:
European Economic and Social Committee. retrieved June 7, 2016 from
2885:
RTBF documentary "L'obsolescence programmée" by Xavier Vanbuggenhout
2174:
2054:
2533:
1618:
In the Jackie Blennis v. HP class action suit, it was claimed that
1179:
This strategy had far-reaching effects on the automobile industry,
3685:
2773:
Cooper, Daniel R.; Skelton, Alexandra C. H.; Moynihan, Muiris C.;
1523:
1478:
1132:
1124:
934:
494:
2295:. Ottawa: National Museum of Science and Technology. p. 97.
3298:
New French law tells consumers how long new appliances will last
2960:"No ink, no scan: Canon USA printers hit with class-action suit"
2370:
Industrial Strength Design: How Brooks Stevens Shaped Your World
1672:
shortcomings which might be unsolicited and undesired by users.
3658:
3654:
3526:
2666:"Neue EU-Regeln: Jeder soll Handy-Akkus selbst tauschen können"
1547:
According to Kyle Wiens, co-founder of online repair community
3472:
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research
1729:
1598:
1351:
3070:"Open Source, the only weapon against 'planned obsolescence'"
2749:"Everything you need to know about iOS' crippling 'Error 53'"
1800:
Shortening the replacement cycle has critics and supporters.
2933:"Samsung CLP-365w Laser Printer DIY Imaging Drum Unit Reset"
1988:—engineering discipline focused on predicting the life times
1976: – Ease of maintaining a functioning product or service
1192:
structure rather than the lighter, but less easy to modify,
3448:
The Culture of Planned Obsolescence in Technology Companies
2516:"Apple sued for slow iPhone planned-obsolescence in France"
2238:
Fast Forward: Work, Gender, and Protest in a Changing World
2216:"Here's the truth about the 'planned obsolescence' of tech"
1551:, a possible goal for such a design is to make the cost of
2915:"HP inkjet printer lawsuit reaches $ 5 million settlement"
2319:
Populism's Power: Radical Grassroots Democracy in America
1544:
part, which is almost equivalent to buying a new device.
1305:. The most notable example among technology products are
3425:(Internal Report). University of Lincoln. Archived from
1948:—producer that manipulates the durability of its product
2718:"Apple "screwing" new iPhones out of simple DIY repair"
1285:
are a popular fashion industry where this is prevalent—
1507:
1108:. In these cases of planned obsolescence, there is an
3240:"Consultative Commission on Industrial Change (CCMI)"
1081:) is the concept of policies planning or designing a
1954: – Ability of a product to continue to function
3604:
3558:
3501:Larry A. DiMatteo and Stefan Wrbka (Spring 2019).
3408:Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence
2236:Dickinson, Torry D.; Schaeffer, Robert K. (2001).
1429:The practice in phone design started with Apple's
1209:Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence
1138:Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence
1393:Some portable products highly relied upon in the
3494:Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo
1932: – Time the creator plans a product to last
1089:or a purposely frail design, so that it becomes
2958:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (October 19, 2021).
2492:
2490:
1837:
1294:even though it remains fundamentally the same.
3076:. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012
2982:
2980:
2554:End of the line for stuff that's built to die?
1172:, but critics coined the name of his strategy
3670:
3538:
2881:
2879:
1711:For example, governments wanting to increase
1042:
8:
2159:"An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence"
2036:"An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence"
3420:Consumption, planned obsolescence and waste
3005:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2240:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 55–6.
1597:have largely been supplanted or usurped by
3677:
3663:
3655:
3545:
3531:
3523:
3376:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-022-10023-4
1601:on newer PC motherboards since the 2000s.
1417:of water-resistance due to damages on the
1232:famous Volkswagen advertising campaign by
1049:
1035:
371:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
38:
3144:"In the Crosshairs: Planned Obsolescence"
2802:
2182:
1196:design used by most European automakers.
3511:Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy
2125:
2123:
2121:
456:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
2913:DiClerico, Daniel (November 17, 2010).
2403:from the original on February 28, 2017.
2049:(4). Oxford University Press: 729–749.
2026:
1776:more expensive, more durable product".
1203:goes back at least as far as 1932 with
50:
3087:
2998:
2847:"Home appliances—Blender rod MSM88190"
2678:from the original on December 11, 2022
2646:from the original on December 11, 2022
2612:Parlette, Alexis (February 15, 2024).
1298:outcome is to offer new paint colors.
3328:from the original on December 7, 2013
2939:from the original on October 13, 2016
2783:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
1903:—a concept of typical product failure
441:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
32:Planned obsolescence (disambiguation)
7:
2872:from the original on March 27, 2014.
2716:Foresman, Chris (January 20, 2011).
2268:. September 14, 2008. Archived from
1783:, and to inform purchasers how long
3456:Oulu University of Applied Sciences
3068:Cassia, Fernando (March 28, 2007).
2421:from the original on March 25, 2017
1612:smart chips in their ink cartridges
1329:utilised a similar tactic with its
3246:from the original on June 21, 2016
3219:from the original on June 24, 2016
3192:from the original on June 30, 2016
3165:from the original on June 20, 2016
2993:Android Enthusiasts Stack Exchange
2316:Grattan, Laura (January 6, 2016).
2163:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
2157:Bulow, Jeremy (November 1, 1986).
2043:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1958:Environmental effects of transport
25:
3463:Taiwo K. Aladeojebi (June 2013).
3278:from the original on May 25, 2015
3266:Vidales, Raquel (November 2014).
3049:from the original on May 15, 2011
2747:Hein, Buster (February 9, 2016).
2728:from the original on May 14, 2012
2540:(in Russian). December 22, 2017.
2415:"Life Expectancy of a Smartphone"
1722:(LEZ) banning older diesel cars.
1641:Software degradation and lock-out
428:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
398:Future Primitive and Other Essays
3268:"Lavadoras con muerte anunciada"
2595:"What happened to Apple design?"
2593:Statt, Nick (December 8, 2015).
1874:
1860:
1846:
1734:
900:
899:
2819:"Bosch spare parts online shop"
2804:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.11.014
2674:(in German). December 9, 2022.
2034:Bulow, Jeremy (November 1986).
1968:Light-weight Linux distribution
337:The Theory of the Leisure Class
18:Planned obsolescence (business)
3307:. Digitaltrends. March 3, 2015
2896:"HP Inkjet Printer Settlement"
2833:"Sprzęt Gospodarstwa Domowego"
1537:certain number of deformations
307:Sustainable consumer behaviour
1:
3445:Daniel Keeble (Spring 2013).
2504:(in French). January 2, 2018.
1854:Business and economics portal
1409:the ability to replace their
1085:with an artificially limited
356:The Society of the Spectacle
3039:"Idea: Planned obsolescence"
3021:"Behavior changes: all apps"
2399:. Time Inc. August 3, 1959.
541:Institute for Social Ecology
3362:Environmental Law Institute
2987:neverMind9 (May 26, 2018).
2367:Adamson, Glen (June 2003).
2344:"Bernard London's pamphlet"
2322:. Oxford University Press.
1817:Environmental Law Institute
720:Anti-globalization movement
3821:
2563:. The Guardian. March 2015
2132:Yale Journal on Regulation
1528:Planned obsolescence in a
1457:
1156:. To maintain unit sales,
970:Natural resource economics
212:Feminist political ecology
142:Compulsive buying disorder
29:
3692:
3483:Viviane Monteiro (2018).
3303:February 1, 2016, at the
3094:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2559:October 23, 2016, at the
2332:– via Google Books.
2091:Bidgoli, Hossein (2010).
1824:against the environment.
1743:This section needs to be
1679:will ultimately reach an
1239:In 1960, cultural critic
1199:The origin of the phrase
610:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
117:Collaborative consumption
2636:News European Parliament
2291:Babaian, Sharon (1998).
920:Gross National Happiness
678:Related social movements
553:Rage Against the Machine
480:Organizations and groups
167:Criticism of advertising
3406:Bernard London (1932).
1918:Criticism of capitalism
1773:sustainable consumption
1670:backwards compatibility
1605:Programmed obsolescence
1382:Throughout normal use,
940:Influence of mass media
870:Consumption (sociology)
865:Consumption (economics)
715:Anti-corporate activism
312:Sustainable consumption
147:Conspicuous consumption
3553:Engineering approaches
3465:"Planned Obsolescence"
3418:Neil Maycroft (2009).
3318:"Planned obsolescence"
2095:. Wiley. p. 296.
1842:
1796:Critics and supporters
1540:
1491:
1273:Perceived obsolescence
1262:
1148:In 1924, the American
1145:
1130:
1079:premature obsolescence
517:Earth Liberation Front
461:So, What's Your Price?
436:The Cultural Creatives
3744:Instant gratification
3634:Theory of constraints
3581:Keep It Simple Stupid
3454:(Bachelor's thesis).
3242:. February 15, 2010.
3127:Bates-Prince, James.
2902:on December 26, 2016.
1963:Interchangeable parts
1580:Systemic obsolescence
1527:
1482:
1454:Prevention of repairs
1419:water-protecting seal
1258:
1136:
1128:
1110:information asymmetry
1075:built-in obsolescence
950:Intentional community
780:Libertarian socialism
755:Fossil fuel phase-out
505:Deep Green Resistance
466:What Would Jesus Buy?
417:Escape from Affluenza
3790:Marketing techniques
3754:Planned obsolescence
3732:Online food ordering
3624:Planned obsolescence
3596:User-centered design
2642:. December 9, 2022.
2522:. December 28, 2017.
1726:Laws and regulations
1689:open source software
1677:proprietary software
1517:often have the drum
1355:easily damage them.
1337:Contrived durability
1225:planned obsolescence
1220:than is necessary."
1201:planned obsolescence
1181:product design field
1174:planned obsolescence
1170:dynamic obsolescence
1071:planned obsolescence
975:Non-monetary economy
895:Economic materialism
890:Ecological economics
347:The Affluent Society
297:Steady-state economy
267:Planned obsolescence
197:Ecological economics
30:For other uses, see
3591:Use-centered design
3492:(Master's thesis).
3432:on October 29, 2019
3161:. January 2, 2010.
2919:consumerreports.org
2795:2014RCR....84...24C
2697:Schrieberg, David.
2640:European Parliament
2356:on August 19, 2012.
1924:Defective by Design
1441:offerings. Earlier
1234:Doyle Dane Bernbach
1162:Alfred P. Sloan Jr.
1000:Subsistence economy
925:Heterodox economics
845:Advanced capitalism
700:Anarcho-primitivism
685:Alter-globalization
665:Henry David Thoreau
352:One-Dimensional Man
217:Food loss and waste
207:Ethical consumerism
192:Earth Overshoot Day
152:Consumer capitalism
132:Commodity fetishism
87:Autonomous building
77:Alternative culture
3800:Product expiration
3764:Throw-away society
3613:Ornament and Crime
3576:Kansei engineering
3413:(Essay). New York.
3045:. March 25, 2009.
3025:Android Developers
2775:Allwood, Julian M.
1936:Disposable product
1882:Environment portal
1720:low-emission zones
1706:Legal obsolescence
1701:Legal obsolescence
1651:Adobe Flash Player
1541:
1492:
1470:disposable cameras
1372:of mobile phones.
1146:
1131:
955:Left-wing politics
860:Consumer behaviour
795:Occupy Wall Street
388:Small Is Beautiful
107:Buddhist economics
60:Theories and ideas
3772:
3771:
3759:Same-day delivery
3707:Convenience store
3652:
3651:
3644:Value engineering
3571:Frugal innovation
3116:. March 25, 2009.
2777:(March 1, 2014).
2638:(Press release).
2483:. April 15, 2022.
2447:. April 15, 2022.
2380:978-0-262-01207-2
2302:978-0-660-91670-5
2247:978-0-7425-0895-8
2080:on July 19, 2020.
1896:Artificial demand
1764:
1763:
1626:Samsung produces
1533:immersion blender
1508:denying operation
1370:Galaxy S20 series
1150:automobile market
1067:industrial design
1059:
1058:
905:Economic problems
730:Diggers (theater)
695:Anarcho-communism
563:The Venus Project
393:To Have or to Be?
277:Political ecology
232:Green consumption
92:Billboard hacking
16:(Redirected from
3812:
3785:Brand management
3702:Convenience food
3679:
3672:
3665:
3656:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3524:
3519:
3507:
3497:
3491:
3479:
3469:
3459:
3453:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3394:
3393:(1975), p. xvii.
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3314:
3308:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3186:"Press releases"
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2996:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2898:. Archived from
2892:
2886:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2570:
2564:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2465:. March 1, 2023.
2455:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2349:. Archived from
2348:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2073:. Archived from
2040:
2031:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1868:Companies portal
1865:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1807:Critics such as
1759:
1756:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1713:electric vehicle
1557:cease-and-desist
1515:washing machines
1504:pentalobe screws
1500:tamper-resistant
1484:Pentalobe screws
1246:The Waste Makers
1154:saturation point
1051:
1044:
1037:
985:Post-materialism
903:
902:
820:Social anarchism
745:Environmentalism
660:Bernard Stiegler
655:E. F. Schumacher
615:Edward Goldsmith
430:and Global Order
413:
379:
367:
282:Post-consumerism
237:Hyperconsumerism
52:Anti-consumerism
39:
21:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3805:Right to repair
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3749:Overconsumption
3688:
3683:
3653:
3648:
3619:Overengineering
3600:
3566:Empathic design
3554:
3551:
3505:
3500:
3489:
3482:
3478:(6): 1504–1508.
3467:
3462:
3451:
3444:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3400:Further reading
3397:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3305:Wayback Machine
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2997:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2561:Wayback Machine
2552:
2548:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2272:on May 14, 2023
2266:Automotive News
2260:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:Hadhazy, Adam.
2213:
2212:
2208:
2175:10.2307/1884176
2156:
2155:
2151:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2055:10.2307/1884176
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
1997:Right to repair
1974:Maintainability
1891:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1830:
1822:corporate crime
1798:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1703:
1643:
1620:Hewlett-Packard
1607:
1582:
1474:inkjet printers
1462:
1460:Right to repair
1456:
1380:
1361:
1339:
1331:Xperia Z-series
1275:
1267:
1152:began reaching
1123:
1055:
1026:
1025:
1024:
960:McDonaldization
945:Informal sector
839:
831:
830:
829:
760:Green anarchism
710:Anti-capitalism
679:
671:
670:
669:
640:Donella Meadows
589:
579:
578:
577:
482:
472:
471:
470:
451:The Corporation
432:
429:
403:
383:Steal This Book
373:
357:
342:Brave New World
326:
318:
317:
316:
272:Right to repair
262:Overconsumption
252:Microgeneration
172:Culture jamming
127:Commodification
112:Buy Nothing Day
97:Buyer's remorse
82:Anti-capitalism
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Sustainability
3626:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3498:
3480:
3460:
3442:
3415:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:Social Amnesia
3387:Russell Jacoby
3379:
3367:
3348:
3339:
3309:
3296:Drew Prindle.
3289:
3257:
3230:
3203:
3176:
3149:
3134:
3131:. Buy Me Once.
3119:
3101:
3060:
3030:
3012:
2976:
2950:
2924:
2905:
2887:
2875:
2852:
2838:
2824:
2810:
2765:
2739:
2708:
2689:
2657:
2623:
2604:
2585:
2565:
2546:
2525:
2507:
2486:
2468:
2450:
2432:
2406:
2386:
2379:
2359:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2301:
2283:
2253:
2246:
2228:
2206:
2169:(4): 729–750.
2149:
2117:
2108:
2102:978-0470249482
2101:
2083:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2014:Vendor lock-in
2011:
2005:
2002:Software bloat
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1980:Phoebus cartel
1977:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1857:
1833:Russell Jacoby
1829:
1826:
1797:
1794:
1762:
1761:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1702:
1699:
1642:
1639:
1628:laser printers
1606:
1603:
1591:parallel ports
1581:
1578:
1569:The Home Depot
1513:Front loading
1455:
1452:
1379:
1376:
1360:
1357:
1338:
1335:
1307:Apple products
1303:status symbols
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1213:Brooks Stevens
1205:Bernard London
1158:General Motors
1142:Bernard London
1122:
1119:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Sustainability
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
897:
892:
887:
885:Disneyfication
882:
880:Counterculture
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
828:
827:
825:Social ecology
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
770:Green politics
767:
762:
757:
752:
750:Food Not Bombs
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Serge Latouche
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
595:Mauro Bonaiuti
591:
590:
585:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
558:Reverend Billy
555:
550:
547:Monthly Review
543:
538:
531:
526:
519:
514:
511:Democracy Now!
507:
502:
497:
492:
484:
483:
478:
477:
474:
473:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
426:
424:
419:
414:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
368:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
257:Non-possession
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
177:Do it yourself
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3817:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Food delivery
3725:
3723:
3722:Drive-through
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3518:(3): 483–544.
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3327:
3323:
3322:The Economist
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3258:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3114:The Economist
3111:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3048:
3044:
3043:The Economist
3040:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:Wiens, Kyle.
2856:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2373:. MIT Press.
2372:
2371:
2363:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2329:9780190277659
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Repairability
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:Bathtub curve
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1809:Vance Packard
1805:
1803:
1802:Philip Kotler
1795:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1758:
1746:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1685:free software
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:fearmongering
1654:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:durable goods
1461:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:EU Parliament
1444:
1443:mobile phones
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:mobile phones
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1333:smartphones.
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:, who wrote:
1255:
1254:George Nelson
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:Vance Packard
1237:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:body-on-frame
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:brand loyalty
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:unfashionable
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:(also called
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:Green economy
913:
911:
908:
906:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
835:
834:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Slow movement
813:
811:
810:Situationists
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Postmodernism
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:Eco-socialism
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
675:
674:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
583:
582:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:
535:Green Anarchy
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:
486:
485:
481:
476:
475:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
431:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
411:
407:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
361:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:Notable works
322:
321:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Simple living
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
57:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3795:Obsolescence
3753:
3712:Fast fashion
3686:Fast culture
3623:
3611:
3515:
3509:
3485:
3475:
3471:
3447:
3434:. Retrieved
3427:the original
3390:
3382:
3370:
3356:Akpan, Azi.
3351:
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3321:
3312:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3271:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3152:
3137:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:The Inquirer
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
2992:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2927:
2918:
2908:
2900:the original
2890:
2865:
2855:
2841:
2827:
2813:
2786:
2782:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2722:Ars Technica
2721:
2711:
2702:
2692:
2682:December 11,
2680:. Retrieved
2669:
2660:
2650:December 11,
2648:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2617:
2607:
2598:
2588:
2582:(in Danish).
2579:
2568:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2502:Greenspector
2501:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2409:
2395:
2389:
2369:
2362:
2351:the original
2338:
2318:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2265:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2209:
2184:10419/262438
2166:
2162:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2111:
2092:
2086:
2075:the original
2046:
2042:
2029:
1941:Durable good
1922:
1838:
1831:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1744:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1644:
1636:
1625:
1617:
1608:
1587:serial ports
1583:
1561:
1546:
1542:
1512:
1493:
1463:
1428:
1415:
1392:
1381:
1374:
1362:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1315:
1300:
1296:
1279:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1224:
1222:
1208:
1207:'s pamphlet
1200:
1198:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1147:
1137:
1099:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1060:
990:Productivism
980:Permaculture
705:Anarcho-punk
645:Pierre Rabhi
620:Paul Goodman
600:Noam Chomsky
545:
533:
523:Fifth Estate
522:
509:
487:
302:Subvertising
266:
242:Laconophilia
227:Gift economy
187:Durable good
182:Downshifting
162:Conviviality
122:Collapsology
102:Bioeconomics
36:
3697:Consumerism
3436:November 4,
3332:February 8,
2969:October 24,
2943:October 12,
2753:Cult of Mac
2732:January 28,
2671:Der Spiegel
1986:Prognostics
1930:Design life
1913:Crippleware
1907:Batterygate
1828:In academia
1785:spare parts
1694:abandonware
1681:end-of-life
1632:workarounds
1567:pull chain
1565:ceiling fan
1486:used in an
1395:post-PC era
1327:Sony Mobile
1217:Minneapolis
1166:Harley Earl
1087:useful life
1015:Veblen good
875:Cooperative
850:Advertising
785:Neo-Luddism
735:Ecofeminism
650:John Ruskin
630:Ivan Illich
605:Erich Fromm
568:The Yes Men
500:CrimethInc.
402:Fight Club
374: [
157:Consumerism
3779:Categories
3586:Minimalism
2481:Gadgets360
2445:PhoneArena
2138:: 67–118.
2022:References
2008:Sony timer
1952:Durability
1946:Durapolist
1755:April 2021
1595:PS/2 ports
1468:, such as
1458:See also:
1439:Shiftphone
1423:main board
1397:, such as
1318:smartphone
1243:published
1229:Volkswagen
1185:Henry Ford
1160:executive
1020:Workaholic
1010:Sweatshops
965:Mutual aid
765:Green left
690:Amateurism
625:André Gorz
247:Local food
222:Freeganism
202:Ecovillage
67:Asceticism
3717:Fast food
3639:Usability
3080:August 2,
2789:: 24–34.
2618:The Flyer
2599:The Verge
2520:SlashGear
2193:0033-5533
2071:154545959
1781:lifespans
1488:iPhone 6S
1435:Fairphone
1411:batteries
1407:end-users
1384:batteries
1378:Batteries
1311:iPhone 6S
1102:oligopoly
1063:economics
910:Frugality
725:Communism
529:Freecycle
489:Adbusters
292:Slow Food
72:Affluenza
3737:Take-out
3605:Concepts
3326:Archived
3301:Archived
3276:Archived
3244:Archived
3217:Archived
3213:"Events"
3190:Archived
3163:Archived
3090:cite web
3047:Archived
3001:cite web
2937:Archived
2870:Archived
2758:April 8,
2726:Archived
2676:Archived
2644:Archived
2557:Archived
2538:habr.com
2419:Archived
2401:Archived
2221:July 13,
1889:See also
1790:warranty
1647:software
1363:Samsung
1283:Sneakers
1265:Variants
1091:obsolete
995:Shopping
838:See also
790:New Left
44:a series
42:Part of
3282:May 25,
3272:El País
3250:June 7,
3223:June 7,
3196:June 7,
3169:June 7,
3159:"About"
3053:May 29,
2791:Bibcode
2580:Zetland
2463:asiaone
2425:May 27,
2276:May 14,
2201:1884176
2063:1884176
1745:updated
1553:repairs
1519:bearing
1496:Apple's
1431:iPhones
1403:laptops
1388:voltage
1359:Screens
1323:OnePlus
1291:Air Max
1194:unibody
1121:History
1083:product
573:350.org
446:Evasion
422:No Logo
137:Commune
3559:School
2703:Forbes
2377:
2326:
2299:
2244:
2199:
2191:
2144:496175
2142:
2099:
2069:
2061:
1649:(e.g.
1593:, and
1573:Lowe's
1549:iFixit
1365:AMOLED
1188:use a
1144:, 1932
1114:market
930:HospEx
855:Barter
775:Hippie
587:People
332:Walden
3506:(PDF)
3490:(PDF)
3468:(PDF)
3452:(PDF)
3430:(PDF)
3423:(PDF)
3411:(PDF)
2964:ZDNet
2866:Wired
2354:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2197:JSTOR
2078:(PDF)
2067:S2CID
2059:JSTOR
2039:(PDF)
1530:Bosch
1316:Some
1140:, by
935:Illth
495:Crass
406:novel
378:]
3438:2019
3334:2014
3284:2015
3252:2016
3225:2016
3198:2016
3171:2016
3096:link
3082:2012
3055:2011
3007:link
2971:2021
2945:2016
2760:2021
2734:2012
2684:2022
2652:2022
2427:2017
2396:LIFE
2375:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2278:2023
2242:ISBN
2223:2018
2189:ISSN
2140:SSRN
2097:ISBN
1840:new.
1815:The
1687:and
1437:and
1352:toys
1287:Nike
1065:and
805:Punk
410:film
364:film
360:book
2799:doi
2179:hdl
2171:doi
2167:101
2051:doi
2047:101
1599:USB
1571:or
1289:'s
1077:or
1061:In
3781::
3516:28
3514:.
3508:.
3474:.
3470:.
3389:,
3360:.
3324:.
3320:.
3274:.
3270:.
3215:.
3188:.
3112:.
3092:}}
3088:{{
3072:.
3041:.
3023:.
3003:}}
2999:{{
2991:.
2979:^
2962:.
2935:.
2917:.
2878:^
2868:.
2864:.
2797:.
2787:84
2785:.
2781:.
2751:.
2724:.
2720:.
2701:.
2634:.
2616:.
2597:.
2578:.
2536:.
2518:.
2500:.
2489:^
2479:.
2461:.
2443:.
2417:.
2264:.
2195:.
2187:.
2177:.
2165:.
2161:.
2136:21
2134:.
2120:^
2065:.
2057:.
2045:.
2041:.
1792:.
1697:.
1661:.
1589:,
1502:"
1401:,
1176:.
1069:,
408:,
376:fr
362:,
46:on
3678:e
3671:t
3664:v
3546:e
3539:t
3532:v
3496:.
3476:4
3458:.
3440:.
3364:.
3336:.
3286:.
3254:.
3227:.
3200:.
3173:.
3146:.
3098:)
3084:.
3057:.
3027:.
3009:)
2995:.
2973:.
2947:.
2921:.
2849:.
2835:.
2821:.
2807:.
2801::
2793::
2762:.
2736:.
2705:.
2686:.
2654:.
2620:.
2601:.
2429:.
2383:.
2305:.
2280:.
2250:.
2225:.
2203:.
2181::
2173::
2146:.
2105:.
2053::
1757:)
1753:(
1747:.
1498:"
1050:e
1043:t
1036:v
412:)
404:(
366:)
358:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.