33:
46:
489:. Type 2 is characterized by a weak infection, with sporulation never reaching the upper region of the host. Resistant genes have been overcome in the past as the pathogen evolves and mutates, suggesting that resistance may not give the best results. However, due to the constant search for resistant sources from wild
500:
in an area of soil is nearly irreversible. The compounds metalaxyl and oxadixyl have been shown to protect seeds in the case of infection, and treatments containing these compounds are commercially available. Fungicides seed dressings of this nature have also been shown to give significant control
582:
Maria Villas BĂ´as de Campos Leite, Regina; Assis
Henning, Ademir; Rosa Rodrigues, Silvia; Fernandes de Oliveira, Marcelo (December 2007). "Detecção e variabilidade de Plasmopara halstedii no Brasil e avaliação da resistĂŞncia de genĂłtipos de girassol ao mĂldio" [Detection and variability of
317:
causes significant yield losses due to the production of infertile sunflowers. Infertility due to P. halstedii is a result of sporulation on the flowering bodies as well as seed damping off due to root infection. Other symptoms include plant stunting, chlorosis, root browning and alteration of
228:
produce a thin wall which are resistant structures, sexually produced that are essential for its continuation. After entering an area, the eradication of the pathogen is difficult due to the formation of oospores, which can remain viable in soil for many years.
505:
have begun to show resistance to metalaxyl-based fungicides, reported in multiple countries. Alternate forms of resistance are being developed for the future, including the use of biological antagonists and defense-related proteins.
851:
Gulya, T.J.; Sackston, W.E.; Virányi, F.; Masirevic, S.; Rashid, K.Y. (1991) New races of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen (Plasmopara halstedii) in Europe and North and South
America. Journal of Phytopathology 132,
873:
Skoric D, 1994. Sunflower breeding for resistance to dominant diseases. In: Proceedings of the EUCARPIA Oil and
Protein Crops Section, Symposium on Breeding of Oil and Protein Crops, Albena, Bulgaria, 30-48.
701:
Mouzeyar, S., Tourvieille de
Labrouhe, D. and Vear, F. (1993) Histopathological studies of resistance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii). J. Phytopathol. 139, 289–297.
667:
Komjáti H, Walcz I, Virányi F, Zipper R, Thines M, Spring O, 2007. Characteristics of a
Plasmopara angustiterminalis isolate from Xanthium strumarium. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 119(4):421-428.
376:
have the potential to live in soil up to 10 years, while oospore germination takes 10–30 days. Germination length depends on environmental condition and typically occurs in the spring. The germinating
882:
Achbani EH, Lamrhari A, Serrhini MN, Douira A, Tourvieille de
Labrouche D, 1999. Evaluation of the efficacy of seed treatments against Plasmopara halstedii. Bulletin OEPP, 29(4):443-449; 15 ref.
769:
Spring, O. and Zipper, R. (2000) Isolation of oospores of sunflower downy mildew, Plasmopara halstedii, and microscopical studies on oospore germination. J. Phytopathol. 148, 227–231.
713:
Gulya, T.J., Tourvieille de
Labrouhe, D., Masirevic, S., Penaud, A., Rashid, K. and Viranyi, F. (1998) Proposal for the standardized nomenclature and identification of races of
1206:
891:
Oros G, Viranyi F, 1987. Glasshouse evaluation of fungicides for the control of sunflower downy mildew (Plasmopara halstedii). Annals of
Applied Biology, 110(1): 53-63.
1103:
909:
Nandeeshkumar P, Ramachandra K, Prakash HS, Niranjana SR, Shetty H, 2008. Induction of resistance against downy mildew on sunflower by rhizobacteria, 3(4):255-262.
1155:
900:
Lafon S, Penaud A, Walser P, De Guenin M-Ch, Molinero V, Mestres R, Tourvieille D, 1996. Le mildiou du tournesol toujour sou surveillance. Phytoma, 484:35-36.
333:
as secondary inoculum. In these cases, secondary infection symptoms are much less severe than primary symptoms. A sign of the disease is the “typical
1077:
719:
Sunflower Downy Mildew
Symposium, Proceedings of Sunflower Downy Mildew Symposium, International Sunflower Association Symposium III, Fargo, ND, USA
751:
Ioos, R., Laugustin, L., Rose, S., Tourvieille, J. and de
Labrouhe, D.T. (2007) Development of a PCR test to detect the downy mildew causal agent
796:
1221:
864:
Sackston WE, 1992. On a treadmill: breeding sunflowers for resistance to disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30:529-551; 123 ref.
692:
Sackston, W.E. (1981) Downy mildew of sunflower. In: The Downy Mildews (Spencer, D.M., ed.), pp. 545–575.London: Academic Press.
918:
Anon. (1981) Sunflower downy mildew. Plant Quarantine Leaflet No. 13. Commonwealth Department of Health, Canberra, Australia.
481:
Resistant sunflower strains are available, as two types of dominant major resistance genes have been identified, denoted as
531:
1142:
513:
In Australia, any imported seed is subject to hot-water treatment, fungicide dusting and monitoring for up to 3 years.
1211:
1116:
615:
Gascuel, Quentin; Martinez, Yves; Boniface, Marie-Claude; Vear, Felicity; Pichon, Magalie; Godiard, Laurence (2015).
680:
Walcz I, BogĂźr K, VirĂźnyi F, 2000. Study on an Ambrosia isolate of Plasmopara halstedii. Helia, 23(33):19-24; 8 ref.
45:
399:
germinate in about two hours and have two means of infection: direct penetration of the root through the use of an
1226:
1160:
932:
Sakr, Nachaat (December 2012). "Diversity in Plasmopara halstedii, the Causal Agent of Sunflower Downy Mildew".
474:
is nearly impossible to eradicate. Between long-surviving resting spores and high levels of secondary inoculum,
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307:
993:
345:
Systemically infected sunflower plants may have some degree of stunting and the leaves show pale green or
276:
284:
159:
493:, the gene pool of cultivars is frequently being used to produce new, commercially resistant strains.
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1069:
1038:
811:
Grenville-Briggs, L.J. and Van West, P. (2005) The biotrophic stages of oomycete–plant interactions.
301:
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Seed treatment has been shown to be effective in controlling the disease, as the establishment of
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Plasmopara halstedii in Brazil and resistance of sunflower genotypes to downy mildew].
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sexual reproduction is the fusion of sexual cells from two separate organisms, leading to "
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411:. The pathogen breaks through the surface of leaves and flowering structures through
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Once the pathogen has been detected in an area, management is essential, as
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appearance” resulting from sporulation on the bottom surface of the leaves.
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Harveson, R. M; Markell, S. G; Block, C. C; Gulya, T. J, eds. (2016).
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543:. Fargo, North Dakota: North Dakota State University Extension Service
395:
serve as a main source of inoculum throughout the rest of the season.
1134:
364:, capable of overwintering in soil due to survival structures called
254:
987:
1056:
478:
can infect from 50% to 95% of sunflower yields in a single season.
412:
404:
349:
mottling which spreads along the main veins and over the lamella.
1043:
372:
is a soil borne pathogen infecting the roots of the host plant.
311:, or ragweed, have been shown to act as significant wild hosts.
991:
211:. The species is one of many pathogens commonly referred to as
407:
extend throughout the intercellular space, forming parasitic
450:. This fusion leads to the formation and release of sexual
442:
reproduction is characterized by the fusion of the asexual
485:. Type 1 resistance lacks infection above the base of the
296:, the common sunflower, is also the most common host of
827:
Spring, O. (2000) Homothallic sexual reproduction in
427:
to other plants, the primary means of dissemination.
670:
http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265
1000:
530:Friskop, Andrew; Markell, Sam; Gulya, Tom (2009).
419:, form at these sites. These structures release
388:that germinate upon contact with root exudates.
244:that attacks the flowering plants of the family
403:or infection due to an already present wound.
755:in sunflower seeds. Plant Pathol.56, 209–218.
8:
501:over the pathogen. However, some strains of
454:, the primary inoculum for the next season.
509:Australia is the leader in pest control of
988:
781:Compendium of Sunflower Diseases and Pests
415:. Asexual reproduction structures, called
31:
20:
977:
644:
318:secondary metabolism of infected plants.
267:The pathogen has the strongest impact on
1207:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases
736:"Downy Mildew of Sunflower in Nebraska"
522:
274:degrading flower yields in the species
564:
554:
860:
858:
847:
845:
765:
763:
761:
617:"The sunflower downy mildew pathogen
7:
1171:32e71bad-b287-4e51-a9d2-885bac181c9e
729:
727:
709:
707:
688:
686:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
175:(Farl.) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)
962:"PM 7/85 (2) Plasmopara halstedii"
14:
16:Species of single-celled organism
831:, the downy mildew of sunflower.
44:
946:10.7872/crym.v33.iss4.2012.463
717:(sunflower downy mildew). In:
430:Sexual reproduction be either
207:is a plant pathogen infecting
1:
248:, found to infect the genus’
219:originated in North America.
734:Harveson, R. M. (May 2011).
305:, the common cocklebur, and
532:"Downy Mildew of Sunflower"
1243:
1222:Protists described in 1888
625:Molecular Plant Pathology
391:After primary infection,
187:
180:
165:
158:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
308:Ambrosia artemisiifolia
934:Cryptogamie, Mycologie
585:Summa Phytopathologica
540:Sunflower Publications
466:Management and control
360:is a plant pathogenic
813:Adv. Appl. Microbiol.
789:10.1094/9780890545096
190:Peronospora halstedii
1002:Plasmopara halstedii
984:—diagnostic protocol
972:(3): 350–359. 2014.
829:Plasmopara halstedii
753:Plasmopara halstedii
715:Plasmopara halstedii
384:that release motile
358:Plasmopara halstedii
315:Plasmopara halstedii
238:Plasmopara halstedii
223:Plasmopara halstedii
204:Plasmopara halstedii
169:Plasmopara halstedii
25:Plasmopara halstedii
368:. For this reason,
302:Xanthium strumarium
1212:Sunflower diseases
783:. pp. 18–20.
417:zoosporangiaphores
233:Hosts and symptoms
1194:
1193:
1179:Open Tree of Life
994:Taxon identifiers
979:10.1111/epp.12160
798:978-0-89054-509-6
637:10.1111/mpp.12164
200:
199:
194:
151:P. halstedii
1234:
1227:Oomycete species
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127:Peronosporaceae
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1217:Peronosporales
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940:(4): 463–480.
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721:, pp. 130–136.
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631:(2): 109–122.
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565:|website=
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511:P. halstedii.
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456:Heterothallic
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353:Disease cycle
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298:P. halstedii.
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285:H. petiolaris
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193:Farl., (1882)
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160:Binomial name
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545:. Retrieved
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503:P. halstedii
502:
498:P. halstedii
497:
495:
482:
480:
476:P. halstedii
475:
472:P. halstedii
471:
469:
429:
421:zoosporangia
390:
382:zoosporangia
370:P. halstedii
369:
357:
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327:P. halstedii
326:
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217:P. halstedii
216:
213:downy mildew
203:
202:
201:
189:
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168:
166:
150:
149:
137:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1091:iNaturalist
460:outcrossing
448:antheridium
440:Homothallic
432:homothallic
423:containing
401:appresorium
1201:Categories
818:, 217–243.
621:halstedii"
619:Plasmopara
517:References
491:Helianthus
281:H. debilis
270:Helianthus
251:Helianthus
246:Asteraceae
209:sunflowers
138:Plasmopara
593:0100-5405
567:ignored (
557:cite book
487:hypocotyl
425:zoospores
409:haustoria
397:Zoospores
393:zoospores
386:zoospores
347:chlorotic
341:Detection
331:zoospores
294:H. annuus
289:H. annuus
259:Artemisia
145:Species:
58:Eukaryota
1130:MycoBank
1109:10389722
1065:Fungorum
1017:Q3906344
1011:Wikidata
954:85621984
852:303-311.
839:, 19–26.
655:25476405
452:oospores
444:oogonium
378:oospores
374:Oospores
366:oospores
362:oomycete
323:oomycete
263:Xanthium
242:biotroph
226:oospores
182:Synonyms
123:Family:
107:Oomycota
103:Phylum:
54:Domain:
1083:3204090
1044:1009492
646:6638465
547:4 March
413:stomata
133:Genus:
113:Order:
1184:775743
1168:NZOR:
1135:203446
1096:383692
1070:203446
1057:PLASHA
952:
795:
653:
643:
591:
405:Hyphae
321:As an
261:, and
255:Bidens
1122:41911
1104:IRMNG
1031:77NT5
950:S2CID
833:Helia
739:(PDF)
535:(PDF)
380:form
335:downy
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1161:4781
1156:NCBI
1078:GBIF
1052:EPPO
793:ISBN
651:PMID
589:ISSN
569:help
549:2016
446:and
287:and
1143:NBN
1117:ISC
1039:EoL
1026:CoL
974:doi
942:doi
785:doi
641:PMC
633:doi
462:".
434:or
84:SAR
1203::
1181::
1158::
1145::
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1093::
1080::
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970:44
968:.
964:.
948:.
938:33
936:.
857:^
844:^
837:23
835:,
816:57
791:.
760:^
726:^
706:^
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