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processing. Rigorous experimentation revealed that recoating a print with a secondary emulsion and making a second or third exposure of the same image on a single sheet of paper yielded prints of greater depth and subtlety. Penn solved the problem of aligning and re-aligning the negative and the print surface over multiple exposures by borrowing a technique from the graphic arts: he mounted his paper on a sheet of aluminum with a series of registration guides along the top edge. Penn was guarded about the preparation of his emulsions and his precise formulations varied considerably. He frequently introduced palladium and iron salts into his coatings to achieve desired effects.
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it is a platinum compound (sodium chloroplatinATE), it does not work with platinum prints (potassium chloroplatinITE). It does, however, shorten the scale of a pure palladium print. When minute quantities of sodium chloroplatinate are added to the palladium salt/ferric oxalate emulsion it produces the high-contrast prints needed for thin negatives, but does not exhibit the granularity found when using traditional chlorates. A palladium print made with potassium chlorate will take on a warm, sepia tone. The same print using sodium chloroplatinate will have cooler tones similar to those of a platinum/palladium print.
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platinum with the much cheaper palladium which gave similar effects. The cost of this metal, however, also started to rise and eventually around 1930 the process was abandoned in favor of more economical alternatives. In recent years, a handful of photographers have taken up the art of mixing platinum and palladium and printing fine art prints with those chemicals, despite its cost.
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778:. Penn set himself the challenge of producing photographic prints that would surpass the technical limitations of reprographic media and deliver a deeper visual experience. He was drawn to the antiquated platinum process for its long grayscale â its ability to display a seemingly infinite array of gradations between pure white and absolute black.
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The platinum process requires direct contact with the negative, without enlargement, so Penn first needed to create flawless negatives the same size as the desired print. He then hand-coated paper with platinum emulsion. When dry, the paper was sandwiched with the negative and exposed to light before
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Due to the unavailability of pre-coated sensitized paper, all platinum/palladium printing is done on paper coated by the printer. The light sensitive chemicals are mixed from powdered basic chemicals, or some commercially available solutions, then hand applied with a brush or a cylindrical "pusher".
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Willis quickly countered this advance by obtaining two more patents in 1888 for cold-bath processes. By adding more platinum to the developing process, he produced prints that had dense brown-black shadows rather than the lighter browns that were the best that previous processes could produce. While
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In 2002, working from research done by Howard Efner and
Richard Sullivan, Dick Arentz formulated the methodology for using sodium chloroplatinate as a contrast control agent. Richard Sullivan coined the term Na2 and began to sell a 20% solution through Bostick and Sullivan. Arentz found that, since
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is a less-common variant of the platinotype. The process came into greater use after World War I because the platinum used in the more-common platinotype quickly became too expensive. Due to the rising cost and the consequent shortage of commercial platinum paper, photographers tried to replace the
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Four years later, Willis began manufacturing a platinum paper that was designed for the cold-bath process, and this became the standard for the rest of the decade. The business he started in 1880, called the
Platinotype Company, rapidly expanded, and soon he was selling his paper throughout Europe
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printing, had been developed and were beginning to be widely used. Those scientists who had previously conducted research on platinum lost interest in the process as other methods became more commercially viable. The only major advances in platinum research reported during that decade were made
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describing a straightforward process for preparing the paper. They continued their research for several years, and in 1887, Pizzighelli patented a new process that made the commercial production of platinum paper viable for the first time. The new process was briefly known as a
749:, tried to develop its own line of paper starting in 1901, but they could not duplicate the quality of Willis's product. Kodak then tried to buy Willis's company but was not able to come to an agreement. Kodak instead bought the relatively new company of
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was the first to patent the platinotype process in 1873 (British Patent No. 2011, June 8, 1873), and again in 1878 and 1880, which he leveraged to gain commercial success in the manufacture of platinum papers sold through his
Platinotype Company for
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began experimenting with platinum printing. Penn had spent his career up to that point making photographs that were seen almost exclusively in reproduction within the glossy pages of magazines and in his pivotal 1960 book
670:. His modification of the platinum printing process resulted in prints that were permanent enough that he could exhibit them in public. That same year, Clark also exhibited prints made using a slightly different process.
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who had recently developed his own brand of platinum paper comparable to Willis's, which he sold under the name of "Angelo". Kodak continued to sell this paper for several years before it was eventually discontinued.
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When Willis began marketing his paper, platinum was relatively cheap. By 1907, platinum had become 52 times more expensive than silver. Eastman Kodak and most other producers stopped fabrication of the paper in 1916.
608:, determined that the action of light on platinum was quite weak, but that perhaps something could be combined with platinum to increase its sensitivity. Through experimentation, he eventually found that
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produced by the gelatin coating on Resin Coated and fiber-based papers. However, platinotypes that have been waxed or varnished will produce images that appear to have greater maximum density than silver
633:. However, although he tried several different combinations of chemicals with platinum, none of them succeeded in producing any permanency in the image. All of his prints faded after several months.
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592:. This somewhat misleading abbreviation was coined by Richard Sullivan of Bostick & Sullivan, one of the principal suppliers of chemistry and printing supplies, who popularized the process.
701:" method where a mixture of ferric oxalate and potassium chloroplatinate are coated onto paper which is then exposed through a negative and developed in a warm solution of potassium oxalate.
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While Willis had greatly advanced the chemistry of the platinum process, there was still no reliable method for the individual preparation of platinum paper by 1880. Two years, later two
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A decreased susceptibility to deterioration compared to silver-based prints due to the inherent stability of the process and also because they are commonly printed on 100%
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Over the next decade, Hunt noted that platinum prints he had left in the dark faded very slowly but gradually resumed their original density, and had also shifted from a
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and all available platinum was used in the war effort. Nevertheless, platinum paper has continued in use until the present, interrupted only by the world wars.
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only, thus specialized light sources must be used and exposure times are many times greater than those used in silver-based photographic processes.
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847:. The ferrous oxalate then reacts with platinum(II) or palladium(II) reducing it to elemental platinum (or palladium), which builds up the image.
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and in the United States. By 1906, his company had sales totaling US $ 273,715 ($ 6,535,706 in 2009 dollars), a significant amount at that time.
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was a highly-effective enhancer. The combination of these two metals remains the basis of the platinotype process in use today.
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Platinum tones range from warm black, to reddish brown, to expanded mid-tone grays that are unobtainable in silver prints.
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The darkest possible tones in the prints are lighter than silver-based prints. Recent studies have attributed this to an
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Many artists achieve varying effects by choosing different papers for different surface characteristics, including
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The reflective quality of the print is much more diffuse in nature compared to glossy prints that typically have
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that coats the paper. As a result, since no gelatin emulsion is used, the final platinum image is absolutely
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use. He also developed the palladium process requiring palladiotype paper and a silver-platinum paper,
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much more aesthetically pleasing, prints developed by this process were difficult to produce reliably.
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Many practitioners have abandoned platinum and only use palladium. The process using palladium alone (
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conducted their own experiments, further refining the chemistry of the process. In 1844, in his book
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metals are very stable against chemical reactions that might degrade the printâeven more stable than
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By varying the amount of platinum versus palladium and the addition of oxidizing chemicals such as
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The inherent low sensitivity of the process occurs because the ferric oxalate is sensitive to
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is used instead. Sodium chloroplatinate, in contrast to potassium chlorate, does not cause
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Large tonal range, up to D= 2.1, thus requiring a contrast-rich negative for printing
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The first person to have recorded observing the action of light rays on platinum was
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Dick Arentz. Platinum & Palladium
Printing, Second Edition. Focal Press. 2004
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By the early 1850s, however, other more reliable photographic processes, such as
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and Lyonel Clark of Great
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Not being coated with gelatin, the prints do not exhibit the tendency to curl.
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as the restrainer (which is ineffective for palladium), a weak solution of
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Platinum prints are the most durable of all photographic processes. The
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730:" and was marketed under the name "Dr. Jacoby's Printing Out Paper."
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Characteristics of a palladium print, compared to a platinum print:
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1282:"Book Review of : Photography in Platinum and Palladium"
1188:. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
1163:
The
Platinum Print & The History of the Platinum Process
327:
1246:"Irving Penn - Photographs New York Tuesday, April 4, 2023"
1178:
Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography: A-I, index
572:) is similar to standard processes, but rather than using
1089:"Photographer now calls former Fombell post office home"
604:
of
Germany in 1830. The following year, his countryman,
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Seeing the skyrocketing demand for platinum paper, the
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1265:"An Investigation of. Platinum and Palladium Printing"
207:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
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Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
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666:describing his use of sodium chloroplatinate as a
762:controlled 90% of the world platinum supply in
588:. This formula is generally referred to as the
1186:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
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1234:. NY: Columbia University Press. p. 545.
1133:"The Collector's Guide: Platinum Photography"
435:
8:
819:Deeper blacks, with a higher maximum density
497:, platinum lies on the paper surface, while
2894:Conservation and restoration of photographs
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2631:Comparison of digital and film photography
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1335:
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442:
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314:
149:. Please do not remove this message until
2851:Photographs considered the most important
1297:
888:Notable photographers using the technique
303:Learn how and when to remove this message
285:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:Learn how and when to remove this message
822:A softer image, with delicate highlights
203:Relevant discussion may be found on the
145:Relevant discussion may be found on the
87:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
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7:
476:, are photographic prints made by a
2846:Museums devoted to one photographer
516:with a deposit of platinum (and/or
2977:Alternative photographic processes
2393:Timeline of photography technology
1175:Hannavy, John, ed. (2008). "A-I".
831:Platinum printing is based on the
25:
1135:. Collectorsguide.com. 2007-09-24
644:, eventually becoming permanent.
42:This article has multiple issues.
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1269:Journal of Photographic Science
1210:"History of the Platinum Print"
839:. Ferric oxalate is reduced to
50:or discuss these issues on the
1161:John Hafey & Tom Shillea.
663:British Journal of Photography
1:
2443:Painted photography backdrops
2375:Golden triangle (composition)
1650:35 mm equivalent focal length
1020:J. Shimon & J. Lindemann
809:Easier to solarize (see the
459:Coming Home from the Marshes
2153:Intentional camera movement
570:sodium tetrachloropalladate
151:conditions to do so are met
2993:
2841:Most expensive photographs
2198:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1232:The History of Photography
1087:Poole, Eric (2013-01-21).
606:Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
99:Such statements should be
2929:
1230:Josef Maria Eder (1945).
2775:Digital image processing
900:George Charles Beresford
257:may need to be rewritten
2448:Photography and the law
1299:10.1595/147106705X70291
697:Willis introduced the "
542:A very delicate, large
2795:Gelatin silver process
1819:Science of photography
1804:Photographic processes
1782:Perspective distortion
1286:Platinum Metals Review
1068:Photographic processes
582:sodium chloroplatinate
466:
406:Through the Viewfinder
332:
2253:Schlieren photography
1792:Photographic printing
1715:Exposure compensation
1324:at Wikimedia Commons
1095:. Ellwood City Ledger
1093:ellwoodcityledger.com
970:David Michael Kennedy
457:
331:
2037:Straight photography
1675:Chromatic aberration
910:Alvin Langdon Coburn
905:Manuel Ălvarez Bravo
856:potassium dichromate
719:Arthur Baron V. Hubl
715:Giuseppe Pizzighelli
615:In 1832, Englishmen
537:specular reflections
495:silver print process
461:, platinum print by
196:factual accuracy is
101:clarified or removed
2904:photographic plates
2589:Digital photography
1767:Hyperfocal distance
1680:Circle of confusion
980:Robert Mapplethorpe
769:Beginning in 1964,
747:Rochester, New York
626:Researches on Light
463:Peter Henry Emerson
138:of this article is
2408:Autochrome LumiĂšre
2403:Analog photography
2228:Pigeon photography
2017:Social documentary
1496:discontinued films
1280:Mike Ware (2005).
1263:Mike Ware (1986).
945:Frederick H. Evans
860:potassium chlorate
631:photographic print
578:potassium chlorate
483:process involving
467:
333:
81:This lead section
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2958:
2760:Collodion process
2696:Chromogenic print
2683:Color photography
2193:Multiple exposure
2168:Lo-fi photography
1695:Color temperature
1320:Media related to
1055:Clarence H. White
1010:Sebastiao Salgado
965:Gertrude Kasebier
960:Frederick Hollyer
920:Imogen Cunningham
871:ultraviolet light
852:hydrogen peroxide
833:light sensitivity
776:Moments Preserved
705:Commercialization
656:independently by
617:Sir John Herschel
452:
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376:Oil print process
313:
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267:lead layout guide
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16:(Redirected from
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2815:Print permanence
2765:Cross processing
2723:CMYK color model
2708:Color management
2661:Foveon X3 sensor
2656:Three-CCD camera
2300:Miniature faking
2258:Sabattier effect
1870:Astrophotography
1725:Zebra patterning
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1030:Alfred Stieglitz
925:Edward S. Curtis
751:Joseph Di Nunzio
602:Ferdinand Gehlen
554:optical illusion
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386:Platinum process
351:Cross processing
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2345:Diagonal method
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1975:Photojournalism
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1670:Black-and-white
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1617:Slide projector
1612:Movie projector
1491:available films
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1322:Platinum prints
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1275:(5â6): 165â177.
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1257:Further reading
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841:ferrous oxalate
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811:Sabatier Effect
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470:Platinum prints
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361:Double exposure
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265:and read the
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19:
2916:Polaroid art
2810:K-14 process
2805:Instant film
2800:Gum printing
2755:C-41 process
2740:Photographic
2641:Image sensor
2636:Film scanner
2290:Sun printing
2223:Print toning
2010:space selfie
1980:Pictorialism
1910:Ethnographic
1890:Conservation
1762:Guide number
1757:Focal length
1314:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1204:
1185:
1177:
1170:
1165:. kimeia.com
1137:. Retrieved
1097:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1015:Tom Sandberg
995:Isabel Muñoz
990:Tina Modotti
955:Naohisa Hara
950:Laura Gilpin
879:
875:
868:
864:
849:
830:
801:
796:palladiotype
795:
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780:
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736:
732:
723:dissertation
708:
696:
684:professional
677:
668:fixing agent
661:
658:C.J. Burnett
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474:platinotypes
473:
469:
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391:Polaroid art
385:
299:
281:
275:October 2016
272:
261:Please help
256:
254:lead section
223:
217:October 2016
214:
195:
165:
159:October 2016
156:
134:
106:
93:unverifiable
85:weasel words
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
2921:Stereoscopy
2785:E-6 process
2780:Dye coupler
2713:color space
2626:Digiscoping
2619:camera back
2534:Philippines
2463:Visual arts
2453:Glass plate
2438:Heliography
2337:Composition
2312:Ultraviolet
2268:Stereoscopy
2263:Slow motion
2248:Scanography
2163:Kite aerial
2103:Contre-jour
1995:Post-mortem
1985:Pornography
1965:Neues Sehen
1900:Documentary
1834:Zone System
1809:Reciprocity
1735:Film format
1665:Backscatter
1643:Terminology
1513:beauty dish
1412:rangefinder
1377:light-field
1358:Photography
1045:Robert Vano
1035:Paul Strand
1000:Irving Penn
915:Lois Conner
895:Dick Arentz
792:photography
771:Irving Penn
764:World War I
745:Company in
621:Robert Hunt
544:tonal range
493:Unlike the
416:Ultraviolet
321:photography
319:Alternative
95:information
2966:Categories
2911:Lomography
2742:processing
2691:Print film
2607:comparison
2574:Uzbekistan
2524:Luxembourg
2484:Bangladesh
2433:Dufaycolor
2413:Box camera
2370:Simplicity
2327:Zoom burst
2322:Xerography
2317:Vignetting
2307:Time-lapse
2295:Tiltâshift
2188:Mordançage
2178:Luminogram
2143:Holography
2138:High-speed
2118:Fill flash
2098:Burst mode
2076:Techniques
2057:Vernacular
2052:Underwater
2047:Toy camera
2027:Still life
1955:Monochrome
1945:High-speed
1895:Cloudscape
1885:Conceptual
1787:Photograph
1772:Lens flare
1752:Film speed
1634:Zone plate
1580:wide-angle
1565:long-focus
1216:2013-07-28
1139:2013-07-28
1099:2013-07-27
1074:References
1005:Ted Preuss
940:Olive Edis
713:officers,
590:Na2 method
562:rag papers
501:lies in a
478:monochrome
136:neutrality
109:April 2014
47:improve it
2861:Norwegian
2825:Stop bath
2770:Developer
2398:Ambrotype
2360:Lead room
2283:Slit-scan
2218:Photogram
2213:Panoramic
2123:Fireworks
2108:Cyanotype
1950:Landscape
1595:telephoto
1543:reflector
1538:monolight
1533:lens hood
1518:cucoloris
1454:safelight
1365:Equipment
975:Sal Lopes
827:Chemistry
786:Palladium
728:Pizzitype
518:palladium
356:Cyanotype
205:talk page
147:talk page
83:contains
53:talk page
2940:Category
2646:CMOS APS
2544:Slovenia
2472:Regional
2418:Calotype
2355:Headroom
2233:Redscale
2148:Infrared
2093:Brenizer
2067:Wildlife
1990:Portrait
1935:Forensic
1925:Fine-art
1860:Aircraft
1850:Abstract
1730:F-number
1710:Exposure
1685:Clipping
1660:Aperture
1528:hot shoe
1449:enlarger
1444:Darkroom
1062:See also
845:UV-light
699:hot bath
638:negative
510:emulsion
485:platinum
481:printing
396:Redscale
371:Infrared
198:disputed
140:disputed
2951:Outline
2887:Related
2579:Vietnam
2564:Ukraine
2499:Denmark
2479:Albania
2458:Tintype
2385:History
2350:Framing
2243:Rollout
2208:Panning
2158:Kirlian
2062:Wedding
1940:Glamour
1920:Fashion
1905:Eclipse
1875:Banquet
1797:Albumen
1607:Monopod
1585:fisheye
1553:softbox
1402:pinhole
1392:instant
1382:digital
935:Dazeley
692:Satista
688:amateur
674:Patents
653:albumen
596:History
557:prints.
507:albumen
503:gelatin
381:Pinhole
2949:
2938:
2871:street
2866:Polish
2559:Turkey
2554:Taiwan
2539:Serbia
2529:Norway
2504:Greece
2489:Canada
2083:Afocal
2042:Street
2022:Sports
2005:Selfie
1960:Nature
1915:Erotic
1880:Candid
1855:Aerial
1843:Genres
1745:medium
1622:Tripod
1590:swivel
1503:Filter
1481:holder
1476:format
1372:Camera
1192:
882:vellum
794:, the
760:Russia
499:silver
465:, 1886
411:Toning
89:biased
2876:women
2834:Lists
2790:Fixer
2673:Pixel
2602:D-SLR
2549:Sudan
2519:Korea
2514:Japan
2509:India
2494:China
2278:Strip
2203:Night
2183:Macro
2088:Bokeh
2032:Stock
2000:Ruins
1740:large
1570:prime
1548:snoot
1508:Flash
1486:stock
1461:Drone
1422:still
1407:press
1397:phone
1387:field
1182:(PDF)
640:to a
586:grain
576:plus
514:matte
2899:film
2614:MILC
2113:ETTR
1970:Nude
1930:Fire
1829:Sync
1627:head
1575:zoom
1560:Lens
1523:gobo
1471:base
1466:Film
1437:view
1190:ISBN
854:and
717:and
686:and
651:and
649:salt
619:and
529:gold
133:The
2651:CCD
1432:toy
1427:TLR
1417:SLR
1294:doi
858:or
843:by
835:of
790:In
505:or
91:or
2968::
1290:49
1288:.
1284:.
1273:34
1271:.
1267:.
1184:.
1148:^
1108:^
1091:.
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