1178:
341:
1057:). Successful mating between the species does not happen due to multiple isolation mechanisms. The main mechanism that has been identified is the male sex pheromone. This pheromone is a strong species recognition signal. It allows the almond moth to differentiate between members of its own species and members of the Indian-meal moth species. There are also mechanical barriers to insemination that render the species incompatible. Their courtship behaviors are also relatively incompatible. Thus, copulation rarely occurs.
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1010:. These pheromones are attractants to male moths. Removing any one component of the blend reduces the activity of the pheromone and the number of males attracted. Other components of the pheromone blend are also known but their functions are unclear. It has been suggested the reason for having so many components to the pheromone is that it ensures species specificity.
708:. Newly hatched larvae feed on grain while more mature larvae feed on grain germ. The larvae are an off-white color, but can be pink, brown, or greenish. They are about 12 mm long and have prolegs for movement. Fully-grown larvae are able to spin webs and leave silk threads in their path of travel. Mature larvae that make silk also make threaded cocoons.
1041:
be genetic since it is not related to parental generations or previous experiences in the lifetime of the moth. Females also show a strong preference towards laying their eggs near the site of the odor. It was observed that without antennae, this effect is lost, suggesting that there are olfactory receptors in the antennae.
1032:, accessory gland fluids, and nutrients into the bursa copulatrix of the female during copulation. Other donations after the first mating are smaller in size. Even so, there is no change in postcopulatory behavior in females after this large donation (with respect to pheromone production and calling behavior).
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The most common type of competition in Indian-meal moths is due to a lack of food. This competition can change the timing of male and female emergence, reducing the chance of early males finding females to mate with, which could encourage emigration. This is considered a form of male-male competition
661:
Though Indian-meal moths generally do not migrate over long distances, they do engage in long-distance foraging flights. These flights take place during the twilight hours during which blue light (400–475 nm) rather than UV light (10–400 nm) is dominant and attracts the moths. Blue light's
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None of the stages of the organism (eggs, larvae, adults) are temperature tolerant and can be killed by a week of freezing or by brief heating in a microwave or conventional oven when such treatment is practical. Scrubbing infested areas with a mixture of soap and water or vinegar is also effective.
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After larvae or moths have been found, it is important to throw out all food sources not in very tightly sealed containers. Moth larvae can chew through plastic bags and thin cardboard, so even unopened packages may become infested. They are also notoriously difficult to get rid of, and can crawl on
938:. Use of pest control agents can cause resistance to these agents to be selected for in populations of Indian-meal moths. In populations exposed to the granulosis virus, it was found that the moths were 96 times more resistant to the virus. This led to the prohibition of many such biological agents.
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It has been observed in many insects that vital resources are tracked using odor plumes. For the Indian-meal moth these odors have other effects as well. The Indian-meal moth's fecundity and fertility was found to be enhanced in the presence of the odor of vital nutrients. This effect is thought to
959:
Females mate multiple times, so sperm competition could be an important aspect of male-male competition for being reproductively successful. Males have a limited number of sperm and allocate it depending on various factors. Male Indian-meal moths ejaculate a greater amount of sperm to females that
732:
is defined as a delay in animal development due to certain external factors and can end once the adverse environmental conditions wear off. The duration of diapause can vary in Indian-meal moths. Diapause is especially prevalent late in the breeding season. During the egg stage, if the temperature
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Males are also involved in finding pupation sites. If the larvae do not find pupation sites in the food layer, they may wander long distances to find one. This competition to find a pupation site affects males more than it does females, it indirectly impacts females as well because it results in a
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Even when courtship does continue to a later stage, the female of the other species rejects the male due to the wrong pheromone being released at the wrong time from scent scales. Even with these fail safes, some male almond moths are still excited by Indian-meal moth females. They may be able to
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Male moths also release pheromones. After approaching the female from the back, the male releases a pheromone from wing glands located at the base of each forewing. These pheromones induce the female to remain stationary in the acceptance posture (raised abdomen between wings) which facilitates
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The efficiency of traps is doubtful as they only capture males, and usually only a fraction of them, while adult females, eggs and larvae are unaffected, enabling a possible reinfestation. It is most effective to treat the infestation by eliminating the source and any affected food items,
51:
1198:. When seeking the source of an infestation, the search thus cannot be limited to the immediate area where pupae are discovered. Pantry moths can use clothing (remaining hidden) to reproduce and pupate, so it is important to inspect any source of clothing material.
912:
are double-stranded DNA viruses commonly used as biological control agents for the Indian-meal moth and are considered parasites. They come from a family of viruses that are limited to insects as hosts. Baculovirus isolates have been often isolated from other
675:
Usually the life cycle of an Indian-meal moth colony starts in a location where grain is present. The temperature within a grain bin must exceed 50 °F (10 °C). The eggs of the moth are grayish white and have a length between 0.3 and 0.5 millimetres
720:
of this species ranges between 30 and 300 days. A typical life cycle is 50 days. Under optimal conditions a life cycle can be as short as 28 days but cooler winter months prohibit this. Seven to nine generations of moths can live in a year.
285:) are commonly confused with the Indian-meal moth due to similar food sources and appearance. The species was named for feeding on Indian meal or cornmeal, and does not occur natively in India. It is also not to be confused with the
1027:
Indian-meal moths are known to mate multiple times. For males, it is vital to ensure paternity after copulation. To ensure this trait, males who mate with a female first (before any other males) will insert a large package of
733:
of the moth's environment exceeds 25 °C (77 °F), it can cause a delay in hatching. In the moth's early larval stage, temperatures of below 20 °C (68 °F) can cause a similar diapause. Different strains of
652:
infections spreading through an Indian-meal moth population. Healthy larvae are picked more often than unhealthy larvae for cannibalism. There appears to be no kin discrimination and siblings can be eaten by caterpillars.
1217:
interrupting their mating processes, and repelling them from the areas where dried food and grains are kept. It is recommended to first eliminate the source of infestation followed by larvae, eggs, and eventually moths.
639:
wheat supports the development of the moth. Other optimal diets include sultanas, American yellow corn and almonds. Groundnuts and maize meal, on the other hand, result in a longer development time for the moths.
634:
Moths feed on many plant-based foods including dry pet food (plant based), birdseed, cereal, soup mixes, bread, pasta, rice, flour, spices, dried fruits and nuts. There is strong evidence that the northern
960:
have mated multiple times previously. This is to ensure a greater chance of success in sperm competition in the females' storage organs. Males also ejaculate more sperm when mating with a younger female.
2022:
Ryne, Camilla; Zhu, Jun-Wei; Van Dongen, Stefan; Christer, Löfstedt (2001). "Spermatophore Size and
Multiple Mating: Effects on Reproductive Success and Post-Mating Behaviour in the Indian Meal Moth".
325:
The larvae of this species have the ability to bite through plastic and cardboard so even sealed containers may be infested. Once found, the moths are difficult to eradicate. The last larval
1241:
Additionally, blue to violet light can be very effective in drawing moths out, which suggests that the deployment of violet light could become another pest control tactic for these moths.
1901:
Podoler, H. (1974). "Effects of
Intraspecific Competition in the Indian Meal-Moth (Plodia interpunctella Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) on Populations of the Moth and its Parasite
583:
parts of the wings are yellow-gray or white-gray, with a dark band at the intersection between the proximal and distal regions. The hindwings, in general, are uniformly gray.
1940:
Zhu, Junwei; Rikard
Unelius, C.; Ryne, Camilla; Valeur, Peter G.; Löfstedt, Christer (August 1999). "Reidentification of the female sex pheromone of the Indian meal moth,
2100:
Deseő, K.V. (1 January 1976). "The
Oviposition of the Indian Meal Moth (Plodia Interpunctella Hbn., Lep., Phyticidae) Influenced by Olfactory Stimuli and Antennectomy".
716:
The pupae are often seen on grain surfaces and on the walls of grain bins. The adults emerge in four to ten days. They then mate and the cycle begins again. The entire
1681:
2558:
1177:
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696: in). Eggs can be laid directly on the food source singly or in groups of between 12 and 30. A mature female may lay between 100 and 300 eggs at a time.
1448:
1801:
Boots, M.; Begon, M. (1993). "Trade-Offs with
Resistance to a Granulosis Virus in the Indian Meal Moth, Examined by a Laboratory Evolution Experiment".
1859:
Cook, Penny A.; Gage, Matthew J. G. (1995). "Effects of Risks of Sperm
Competition on the Numbers of Eupyrene and Apyrene Sperm Ejaculated by the Moth
891:
is a parasitoid wasp that is commonly used in biological control. A biological control involves the use of other organisms to control pests. The gut
2532:
1532:
Boots, Michael (1 May 1998). "Cannibalism and the stage-dependent transmission of a viral pathogen of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella".
310:. It is important to note that they are not the same species as the waxworms often bred as animal feed. Rather, they are a common grain-feeding
2136:
Grant, G. G.; Smithwick, E. B.; Brady, U. E. (1 June 1975). "Courtship behavior of phycitid moths. II. Behavioral and pheromonal isolation of
523:
in the 19th century. In a report published in 1856, Fitch discussed the species, noting that the larvae had been observed to infest stores of
2117:
986:
In the Indian-meal moth, mating occurs a few days after the adult moth emerges from the silk cocoon. Mating rituals are largely limited to
662:
role in the Indian-meal moth foraging behavior has recently been harnessed as a form of pest control since it is attractive to the moth.
2198:
941:
Regulations prevent the use of many pesticides near food sources so these pests are highly suitable for control with natural predators.
579:
two thirds of their forewings are generally reddish brown in color with a copper luster. They can also be bronze or dark gray. The more
2571:
2493:
2049:
Cardé, Ring T.; Willis, Mark A. (1 July 2008). "Navigational
Strategies Used by Insects to Find Distant, Wind-Borne Sources of Odor".
1657:
995:
356:
is found on every continent in tropical habitats, excluding
Antarctica. Within the United States, the moth is most commonly found in
333:; so a new infestation site may develop far from the last pupation site. In addition to food sources, this species can reproduce and
2224:
2709:
2240:
1597:
Cowan, Thomas; Gries, Gerhard (1 May 2009). "Ultraviolet and violet light: attractive orientation cues for the Indian meal moth,
586:
The eggs of the Indian-meal moth are white, ovate, and very small. It is difficult to see them with the naked eye. Newly hatched
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969:
because males that emerge at an appropriate time are more likely to be reproductively successful with the surrounding females.
322:, and similar products. Substantial efforts have been taken in the United States to control the moth's damage to grain crops.
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590:
are equally difficult to see. They are mostly off-white in color, have brown heads, and develop through five to seven larval
1341:
2729:
2617:
767:
2724:
1414:
Walker in
Australia: Five New Native Species and the Two Introduced Pest Species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae)".
782:
580:
576:
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Boots, M. "Kinship and cannibalism in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella: No evidence of kin discrimination".
1485:
2428:
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755:
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2635:
2303:
1213:. Male moths are attracted by the female pheromone (the lure) and stick against the sticky walls inside the box.
2739:
2524:
2363:
364:. It is often found at food storage facilities worldwide, specifically in grain bins or grain storage buildings.
360:, where it thrives in the tropical habitat. The moth lives in a wide range of conditions, making it a persistent
1007:
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999:
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protruding from the abdomen. The legs help the larvae move over long distances in order to find pupation sites.
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63:
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41:
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743:
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2467:
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1762:
Sait, Begon (July 1994). "The
Effects of a Sublethal Baculovirus Infection in the Indian Meal Moth,
704:
Larvae begin to hatch in approximately two to fourteen days. The larvae have between five and seven
1226:
887:
2609:
1979:
Grant, G. G.; Brady, U. E. (1 June 1975). "Courtship behavior of phycitid moths. I. Comparison of
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Isolation of Entomopathogenic Gram Positive Spore Forming Bacteria Effective Against Coleoptera
1205:
Nontoxic traps are available to monitor outbreaks. One type of trap is a triangular box with a
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First and Second Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of New York
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Fasulo, Thomas R. & Knox, Marie A. (2009): University of Florida Featured Creatures –
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311:
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Grabe, Albert (1942): Eigenartige Geschmacksrichtungen bei Kleinschmetterlingsraupen .
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917:. At sub-lethal dosages, baculoviruses decrease reproductive capacity in terms of egg
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The Indian-meal moth often takes part in interspecific courtship especially with the
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17:
2400:
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1965:
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614: in) long. Larvae also have three sets of legs near the head and five sets of
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on clothing and any source of clothing must be inspected to prevent reinfestation.
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Indian-meal moths are also known to cannibalize larvae. This often leads to viral
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and digest it. This, along with the larvae eating the moth, leads to its death.
344:
Pantry moth life cycle, reproducing in a single cotton T-shirt inside a drawer.
2062:
1502:(Hübner) (Lep. Phycitidae) in a warehouse in Britain and on different foods".
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Lyon, William F. (2006): Ohio State University Insect and Pest Fact Sheets –
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Hidden inside a single cotton T-shirt, pantry moths can pupate to adult form.
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1840:(PhD thesis). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
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1498:
Williams, Gwyneth (June 1964). "The life-history of the Indian meal-moth,
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Indian-meal moths feed on plants, grains, and other human food products.
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Indian-meal moth larvae can infest a wide range of dry foodstuffs of
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released by this parasite into the Indian-meal moth larvae denature
515:
The common name, "Indian-meal moth", for this species was coined by
2485:
2247:. Colorado State University Extension. Version 4/03. Reviewed 3/08.
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594:. When these larvae mature, they measure about 12–14 millimetres (
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The Host-Plant in Relation to Insect Behaviour and Reproduction
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Indian-meal moths are developing a resistance to many kinds of
994:
techniques) primary pheromones in the female pheromone blend:
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834:
817:
813:
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larvae are able to travel significant distances before they
2288:
University of Florida Featured Creatures on Indianmeal Moth
1652:(4th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2225:
Pesticide Management Education Program – Indian Meal Moth
2201:. Learn to Get Rid Of... 19 February 2015. Archived from
1061:
successfully copulate, but insemination is not possible.
1209:
lure and sticky walls inside. These traps are known as
990:
release by the female. There are four identified (via
527:, which at the time was referred to as "Indian meal".
2295:
featuring information on habits, habitat and pictures
1443:
References in Savela, Markku (2009): Markku Savela's
1169:. They often leave webbing in the food they infest.
2332:
2314:
University of California Integrated Pest Management
1453:. Version of 9 April 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
1340:Mohandass, S; Arthur, F; Zhu, K; Throne, J (2007).
1944:: evidence for a four-component pheromone blend".
1645:
1161:). They have also been known to infest commercial
406:The species has been described under a number of
1270:Department of Entomology (Penn State University)
410:, which may occasionally still be found in non-
372:The Indian-meal moth is the only known living
2299:Scarabogram Bug of the Month: Indianmeal Moth
1905:(Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)".
1697:"An ecological study of the Indian-meal moth
1644:Frederick), Chapman, R. F. (Reginald (1998).
1383:Fasulo, Thomas; Knox, Marie (November 2015).
1266:"Indian Meal Moth (Department of Entomology)"
1190:in rooms other than where they hatched. Last
737:have differing tendencies to enter diapause.
329:is also able to travel long distances before
8:
1740:"Biological Control of Stored-Product Pests"
1680:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1346:(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored products"
555: in) in length with 16–20 millimetres (
210:
2320:
2258:Biological Control of Stored-Product Pests
2180:Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
973:delayed population of males to mate with.
49:
40:
31:
1716:
1648:The insects : structure and function
293:), another common pest of stored grains.
1439:
1437:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
430:Matsumura, 1932 (unjustified emendation)
1946:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1603:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1294:"National Pesticide Information Centre"
1250:
739:
2269:Midwest Biological Control News Online
1673:
1125:. More unusual recorded foods include
396:which include other pest species like
383:. It is closely related to the genera
2131:
2129:
1896:
1894:
1695:Tzanakakis, M. E. (1 November 1959).
1592:
1590:
1527:
1525:
1445:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
876:Other cannibalistic Indian-meal moths
7:
2646:fd8e40b5-f37d-4b4e-b341-084ff2c3c3c6
2525:deea02c9-6ce1-42dc-8eb7-11449eb4e4de
1288:
1286:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1865:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1701:(Hübner) with emphasis on diapause"
1350:Journal of Stored Products Research
1516:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1964.tb07259.x
1428:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1994.tb01226.x
996:(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate
964:Food and pupation site competition
519:, an entomologist employed by the
314:found around the world, consuming
25:
1468:. C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, USA.
2304:Home and Garden: Indianmeal Moth
2199:"How to Get Rid of Pantry Moths"
1987:and role of male scent glands".
1958:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00533.x
1836:du Rand, Nicolette (July 2009).
1615:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00838.x
1546:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1998.00115.x
1416:Australian Journal of Entomology
1165:, such as cracked corn used for
781:
766:
754:
742:
403:also known as the "flour moth".
62:
1750:Midwest Biological Control News
1410:Horak, M. (1994). "A Review of
251:. Alternative common names are
1023:Copulation and multiple mating
1:
1577:Evolutionary Ecology Research
535:Adults are 8–10 millimetres (
1488:. Version of 31 August 2006.
1486:HYG-2089-97: Indianmeal Moth
1065:Pest status and pest control
2309:OzAnimals – Indianmeal Moth
2293:Indian Meal Moth Fact Sheet
2227:. Version of February 2009.
2146:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2110:10.1007/978-1-4613-4274-8_8
2051:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1989:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1863:(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)".
1342:"Biology and management of
1330:. Version of December 2009.
2761:
2236:Cranshaw, Whitney (2011):
2036:10.1163/156853901753286506
1362:10.1016/j.jspr.2006.08.002
1008:(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
1004:(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienol
1000:(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal
2063:10.1007/s10886-008-9484-5
1907:Journal of Animal Ecology
1768:Journal of Animal Ecology
1752:(University of Wisconsin)
1504:Annals of Applied Biology
575: in) wingspans. The
207:
200:
181:
174:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
39:
34:
2243:27 February 2012 at the
1236:biological control agent
977:Female-male interactions
349:Distribution and habitat
306:) are commonly known as
287:Mediterranean flour moth
2710:Moths described in 1813
1718:10.3733/hilg.v29n05p205
1391:. university of Florida
427:Ephestia glycinivorella
279:) and the raisin moth (
2700:Household pest insects
2223:Klass, Carolyn (2009)
1182:
1077:
1045:Interspecific courting
950:Male-male interactions
368:Taxonomy and etymology
345:
167:P. interpunctella
2411:Plodia-interpunctella
2391:Plodia_interpunctella
2378:Plodia_interpunctella
2364:Plodia interpunctella
2334:Plodia interpunctella
2256:Phillips, Tom (1995)
2138:Plodia interpunctella
1981:Plodia interpunctella
1942:Plodia interpunctella
1877:10.1007/s002650050148
1861:Plodia interpunctella
1764:Plodia interpunctella
1699:Plodia interpunctella
1599:Plodia interpunctella
1534:Ecological Entomology
1500:Plodia interpunctella
1344:Plodia interpunctella
1326:Plodia interpunctella
1234:which is a potential
1220:The caterpillars are
1180:
1072:
451:Plodia interpunctalis
354:Plodia interpunctella
343:
226:Plodia interpunctella
185:Plodia interpunctella
18:Plodia interpunctella
2730:Moths of New Zealand
2520:Fauna Europaea (new)
2263:15 June 2010 at the
2144:in the laboratory".
1745:15 June 2010 at the
1036:Changes in fecundity
491:Tinea interpunctella
483:Tinea interpunctalis
419:Ephestia glycinivora
1903:Nemeritis canescens
1227:Habrobracon hebetor
888:Habrobracon hebetor
291:Ephestia kuehniella
2104:. pp. 61–65.
1803:Functional Ecology
1462:Fitch, Asa (1856)
1389:Featured Creatures
1186:ceilings and spin
1183:
1127:crushed red pepper
1078:
507:Unadilla latercula
443:Plodia glycinivora
435:Plodia castaneella
346:
2682:
2681:
2667:Open Tree of Life
2326:Taxon identifiers
2119:978-1-4613-4276-2
1385:"indianmeal moth"
1324:Indianmeal moth,
1159:Datura stramonium
1139:coffee substitute
992:mass spectrometry
982:Female pheromones
955:Sperm competition
932:biological agents
761:Freshly laid eggs
735:P. interpunctella
630:Plant-based foods
521:state of New York
511:
503:
495:
487:
479:
475:Tinea castaneella
471:
463:
455:
447:
446:(Matsumura, 1917)
439:
431:
423:
297:P. interpunctella
282:Cadra figulilella
217:
216:
156:
16:(Redirected from
2752:
2740:Moths of Iceland
2725:Moths of Réunion
2675:
2674:
2662:
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2623:NHMSYS0021143676
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2316:: – Pantry Pests
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2238:Indian Meal Moth
2234:
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2205:on 27 March 2015
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1320:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1089:origin, such as
936:granulosis virus
849:Canis familiaris
788:Empty pupal case
785:
770:
758:
746:
695:
694:
690:
685:
684:
680:
657:Foraging flights
613:
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509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
459:Plodia latercula
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
235:Indian-meal moth
231:Indian meal moth
229:), also spelled
187:
151:
67:
66:
53:
44:
35:Indianmeal moth
32:
21:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2753:
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2750:
2749:
2745:Moths of Africa
2720:Moths of Europe
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2684:
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2657:
2654:Observation.org
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2279:
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2255:
2251:
2245:Wayback Machine
2235:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2208:
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2197:
2196:
2192:
2177:
2173:
2158:10.1139/z75-096
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2001:10.1139/z75-095
1978:
1977:
1973:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1835:
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1830:
1815:10.2307/2390128
1800:
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1747:Wayback Machine
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1377:
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1321:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1247:
1211:pheromone traps
1175:
1149:, and even the
1083:
1075:sunflower seeds
1067:
1047:
1038:
1025:
1016:
1014:Male pheromones
984:
979:
966:
957:
952:
947:
928:
921:and production.
906:
883:
801:
796:
789:
786:
777:
771:
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747:
727:
714:
702:
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644:Non-plant foods
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571:
567:
566:
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557:
556:
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547:
546:
541:
537:
536:
533:
462:(Hampson, 1901)
422:Matsumura, 1917
408:junior synonyms
370:
351:
221:Indianmeal moth
196:
189:
183:
170:
150:
61:
28:
27:Species of moth
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Moths of Japan
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2507:Fauna Europaea
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2438:
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2415:
2405:
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2382:
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2282:External links
2280:
2277:
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2249:
2229:
2216:
2190:
2171:
2152:(6): 827–832.
2142:Cadra cautella
2125:
2118:
2092:
2057:(7): 854–866.
2041:
2030:(8): 947–963.
2014:
1995:(6): 813–826.
1985:Cadra cautella
1971:
1952:(2): 137–146.
1932:
1913:(3): 641–651.
1890:
1871:(4): 261–268.
1851:
1828:
1809:(5): 528–534.
1793:
1774:(3): 541–550.
1754:
1732:
1711:(5): 205–246.
1687:
1659:978-0521570480
1658:
1636:
1609:(2): 148–158.
1586:
1567:
1540:(2): 118–122.
1521:
1510:(3): 459–475.
1490:
1470:
1455:
1433:
1422:(3): 245–262.
1402:
1375:
1356:(3): 302–311.
1332:
1306:
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1174:
1171:
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1079:
1066:
1063:
1055:Cadra cautella
1046:
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1021:
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983:
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978:
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934:, such as the
927:
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897:blood proteins
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622:Food resources
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472:
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456:
454:(Hübner, 1825)
448:
440:
438:(Reutti, 1898)
432:
424:
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366:
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277:Cadra cautella
253:hanger-downers
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10:
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3:
2:
2757:
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2735:Moths of Asia
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2731:
2728:
2726:
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2705:Storage pests
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1237:
1233:
1232:braconid wasp
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1203:
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1030:spermatophore
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910:Baculoviruses
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749:Mating adults
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522:
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510:Hampson, 1901
508:
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481:
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473:
470:(Fitch, 1856)
468:
465:
460:
457:
452:
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444:
441:
436:
433:
428:
425:
420:
417:
416:
415:
413:
412:entomological
409:
404:
402:
400:
399:E. kuehniella
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367:
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176:Binomial name
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52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2333:
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2268:
2252:
2232:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2193:
2187:PDF fulltext
2185:: 105–109 .
2182:
2179:
2174:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
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2027:
2023:
2017:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1919:10.2307/3528
1910:
1906:
1902:
1868:
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1780:10.2307/5220
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1415:
1411:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1388:
1378:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1325:
1297:. Retrieved
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1240:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1200:
1184:
1158:
1147:mangelwurzel
1119:dried fruits
1084:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1039:
1026:
1019:copulation.
1017:
985:
971:
967:
958:
940:
929:
886:
871:Homo sapiens
870:
848:
838:
825:(Lacertilia)
806:insectivores
734:
728:
715:
703:
674:
666:Life history
660:
647:
633:
625:
585:
534:
514:
506:
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490:
486:Hübner, 1825
482:
478:Reutti, 1898
474:
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458:
450:
442:
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304:caterpillars
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184:
182:
166:
165:
146:
145:
29:
2605:NatureServe
2546:iNaturalist
2398:AfroMoths:
2358:Wikispecies
1395:10 November
1299:1 September
1222:parasitized
1135:cocoa beans
1051:almond moth
915:Lepidoptera
863:(Arachnida)
839:Felis catus
531:Description
502:Fitch, 1856
467:Plodia zeae
273:almond moth
261:pantry moth
257:weevil moth
116:Lepidoptera
2689:Categories
2597:PlodiInter
1846:10413/1235
1583:: 119–128.
1245:References
1155:jimsonweed
1073:Damage to
988:pheromones
857:(Rodentia)
804:Nocturnal
718:life cycle
650:granulosis
499:Tinea zeae
269:grain moth
265:flour moth
209:Many, see
96:Arthropoda
2695:Phycitini
2166:0008-4301
2071:0098-0331
2024:Behaviour
2009:0008-4301
1727:0073-2230
1705:Hilgardia
1676:cite book
1623:1570-7458
1554:1365-2311
1370:0022-474X
1275:2 October
1207:pheromone
1167:bird feed
1153:seeds of
1131:chocolate
1087:vegetable
919:viability
881:Parasites
831:(Ursidae)
799:Predators
775:sprinkles
773:Larva on
517:Asa Fitch
414:sources.
249:Pyralidae
161:Species:
136:Phycitini
126:Pyralidae
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
2610:2.742938
2594:MaBENA:
2572:LepIndex
2564:11196814
2442:BugGuide
2418:BioLib:
2408:BAMONA:
2401:PLODINTE
2343:Wikidata
2261:Archived
2241:Archived
2209:27 March
2087:21604778
2079:18581182
1966:85345490
1743:Archived
1668:37682660
1631:86272635
1562:86589135
1163:pet food
1145:, dried
1107:couscous
926:Immunity
904:Diseases
730:Diapause
725:Diapause
637:Manitoba
581:proximal
525:cornmeal
494:Hübner,
392:Ephestia
331:pupating
308:waxworms
239:pyraloid
202:Synonyms
122:Family:
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
2538:1873079
2349:Q779383
1885:4601073
1823:2390128
1188:cocoons
1173:Control
1143:cookies
893:enzymes
861:Spiders
855:Rodents
823:Lizards
794:Enemies
706:instars
691:⁄
681:⁄
616:prolegs
609:⁄
599:⁄
592:instars
570:⁄
560:⁄
550:⁄
540:⁄
376:of the
374:species
358:Florida
316:cereals
244:of the
237:, is a
142:Genus:
132:Tribe:
112:Order:
106:Insecta
102:Class:
2672:710461
2643:NZOR:
2551:124184
2512:441827
2499:305509
2486:PLODIN
2473:952934
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1552:
1450:Plodia
1368:
1328:Hübner
1196:pupate
1192:instar
1121:, and
1115:spices
1091:cereal
1081:Status
1006:, and
945:Mating
867:Humans
816:, and
712:Adults
700:Larvae
588:larvae
577:distal
381:Plodia
335:pupate
327:instar
320:fruits
300:larvae
271:. The
246:family
193:Hübner
155:, 1845
153:Guenée
147:Plodia
2659:10069
2636:58824
2584:LoB:
2577:12561
2559:IRMNG
2494:EUNIS
2460:4KHKB
2447:16481
2421:50456
2274:(10).
2083:S2CID
1962:S2CID
1923:JSTOR
1881:JSTOR
1819:JSTOR
1784:JSTOR
1627:S2CID
1558:S2CID
1412:Cadra
1151:toxic
1111:flour
1099:pasta
1095:bread
829:Bears
810:birds
386:Cadra
378:genus
2631:NCBI
2587:4579
2533:GBIF
2481:EPPO
2434:9739
2429:BOLD
2211:2015
2162:ISSN
2140:and
2114:ISBN
2075:PMID
2067:ISSN
2005:ISSN
1983:and
1927:3528
1788:5220
1723:ISSN
1682:link
1664:OCLC
1654:ISBN
1619:ISSN
1550:ISSN
1397:2017
1366:ISSN
1301:2016
1277:2017
1230:, a
1133:and
1123:nuts
1103:rice
845:Dogs
835:Cats
818:owls
814:bats
686:and
671:Eggs
389:and
362:pest
312:pest
242:moth
233:and
219:The
211:text
2618:NBN
2468:EoL
2455:CoL
2386:AFD
2373:ADW
2154:doi
2106:doi
2059:doi
2032:doi
2028:138
1997:doi
1954:doi
1915:doi
1873:doi
1842:hdl
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