488:
459:
277:
While exact epidemiological data are lacking, Plummer–Vinson syndrome has become extremely rare. The reduction in prevalence has been hypothesized to result from improvements in nutritional status and iron availability in countries where the syndrome was previously more common. The syndrome generally
543:
Plummer–Vinson syndrome (PVS) is an extremely rare condition, and its exact prevalence remains unknown. While it is becoming less common in developed countries, the condition is increasingly found in developing regions, particularly in Asia. However, it is very rarely observed in
African countries,
467:
445:
Complete blood cell counts, peripheral blood smears, and iron studies (e.g., serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, and saturation percentage) are essential for confirming iron deficiency, with or without the presence of hypochromic microcytic anemia.
385:
may also be present. In some cases, the syndrome may manifest as post-cricoid malignancy, which can be detected by the absence of laryngeal crepitus. Normally, laryngeal crepitus is produced when the cricoid cartilage rubs against the vertebrae.
966:
951:
302:
Patients with
Plummer–Vinson syndrome often experience a burning sensation in the tongue and oral mucosa, and atrophy of the lingual papillae results in a smooth, shiny, red dorsum of the tongue. Common symptoms include:
454:
Barium esophagography and videofluoroscopy can aid in detecting esophageal webs. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy allows for the visual confirmation of these webs, which are caused by subepithelial fibrosis.
381:, consistent with iron-deficiency anemia. A biopsy of the affected mucosa usually reveals epithelial atrophy (shrinking) and varying degrees of submucosal chronic inflammation. Epithelial atypia or
2434:
2920:
274:(thin membranes in the esophagus that can cause obstruction). Treatment with iron supplementation and mechanical widening of the esophagus generally leads to excellent outcomes.
1612:
2116:
511:, which allows for normal swallowing and the passage of food. However, there is a risk of perforation of the esophagus with the use of dilators for treatment.
402:
may play a role. The syndrome is more common in women, particularly those in middle age, with a peak incidence occurring in individuals over 50 years of age.
1711:
1219:
1424:
479:
Maintaining good nutrition with adequate iron intake may help prevent this disorder. A balanced diet, combined with regular exercise, is also recommended.
1750:
1575:
1077:
1527:
1349:
1419:
1359:
1605:
507:, which may alleviate symptoms such as dysphagia and pain. If symptoms persist, the esophageal web can be dilated using esophageal bougies during
1978:
60:
1236:
928:
1391:
2910:
2191:
1598:
2863:
2710:
1400:
1371:
1303:
873:
Plummer, H.S. (1912). "Diffuse dilatation of the esophagus without anatomic stenosis (cardiospasm). A report of ninety-one cases".
2608:
1431:
572:, who independently described the syndrome in 1919. Despite this, "Plummer–Vinson syndrome" remains the most commonly used name.
2749:
2361:
2344:
1849:
1844:
1721:
1874:
2603:
2559:
2453:
2275:
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581:
2814:
1410:
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1315:
470:
Right posterior oblique prone single contrast fluoroscopic image showing a circumferential thin cervical esophageal web.
1783:
1467:
1341:
1205:
1679:
410:
The following clinical presentations may be indicative of
Plummer–Vinson syndrome and may be used in its diagnosis:
2149:
2078:
1405:
1231:
178:
2422:
2378:
2331:
2137:
1755:
1332:
1322:
1310:
1063:
2448:
519:
Patients generally respond well to treatment. Iron supplementation usually resolves the anemia and corrects the
2768:
2083:
2041:
1854:
1729:
1716:
1657:
1298:
981:
399:
1686:
2693:
2470:
2211:
2003:
1662:
1503:
1354:
528:
524:
283:
118:
487:
2915:
2773:
2497:
2480:
1890:
1864:
1740:
1691:
1652:
1630:
1622:
1494:
1155:
1043:
569:
496:
259:
99:
2705:
2613:
2574:
2502:
1474:
1241:
561:
557:
2624:
1805:
565:
282:
women. Identification and follow-up of affected individuals are important due to the increased risk of
2744:
2688:
2509:
2405:
1988:
1983:
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1735:
1701:
1484:
1479:
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1173:
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2541:
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2458:
2410:
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2223:
2172:
2144:
2066:
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2056:
1973:
1533:
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970:
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2715:
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2683:
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2519:
2046:
2018:
1778:
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1639:
1565:
1538:
1143:
760:
329:
90:
67:
2154:
1952:
2828:
2809:
2182:
1570:
1560:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1450:
1282:
1271:
1261:
1195:
1178:
1169:
1151:
1113:
1021:
992:
900:
Vinson, P.P. (1919). "A case of cardiospasm with dilatation and angulation of the esophagus".
838:
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715:
683:
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378:
335:
172:
127:
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2103:
2022:
2013:
1963:
1903:
1788:
1765:
1445:
508:
271:
111:
1590:
564:. In the UK, it is known as Paterson–Kelly or Paterson–Brown-Kelly syndrome, named after
861:
778:
466:
2870:
2785:
2339:
2312:
2177:
2112:
2108:
1998:
1968:
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833:
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621:
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138:
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2549:
2492:
2475:
2387:
2132:
1959:
1834:
1800:
1745:
886:
747:
730:
523:(tongue pain). Plummer–Vinson syndrome is recognized as a risk factor for developing
495:
Treatment for
Plummer–Vinson syndrome primarily focuses on correcting the underlying
764:
2678:
2590:
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2317:
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1947:
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251:
59:
986:
462:
Upright double contrast image showing jet phenomena from cervical esophageal web.
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675:
2634:
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1930:
1869:
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1055:
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206:
83:
17:
437:
The following tests are helpful in the diagnosis of
Plummer–Vinson syndrome:
2584:
2554:
2417:
2395:
2248:
2099:
2073:
1935:
1925:
1812:
1773:
1706:
1027:
382:
370:
358:
353:
Upper esophageal webs (located in the post-cricoid region, contrasting with
307:
287:
267:
263:
255:
216:
107:
103:
95:
923:
842:
756:
687:
657:
638:
2218:
2196:
1908:
1038:
430:
395:
318:
823:
2270:
2036:
1940:
1912:
731:"Plummer-Vinson syndrome successfully treated by endoscopic dilatation"
527:
of the oral cavity, esophagus, and hypopharynx. The risk of esophageal
291:
807:"Iron deficiency anemia and Plummer-Vinson syndrome: current insights"
2736:
2354:
2240:
1134:
955:
943:
2186:
1916:
465:
458:
457:
544:
despite the relatively high prevalence of iron deficiency there.
500:
313:
1594:
1059:
531:
is also increased, and therefore, the syndrome is considered a
394:
The cause of
Plummer–Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, both
716:"Plummer-Vinson syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
247:
201:
Iron supplementation, mechanical dilation of the esophagus
552:
The disease is named after two
Americans working at the
338:(inflammation and cracking at the corners of the mouth)
167:
Poor nutritional status, particularly iron deficiency
933:
729:
Enomoto M, Kohmoto M, Arafa UA, et al. (2007).
193:
Adequate iron intake, monitoring at-risk individuals
2849:
2735:
2728:
2669:
2583:
2540:
2386:
2377:
2330:
2284:
2239:
2125:
2012:
1902:
1889:
1764:
1638:
1629:
1553:
1493:
1444:
1340:
1331:
1204:
1189:
1142:
1133:
1126:
1104:
1097:
1007:
937:
225:
215:
205:
197:
189:
171:
161:
153:
145:
133:
117:
89:
73:
37:
32:
420:Erythematous oral mucosa with a burning sensation
805:Goel, A; Bakshi, SS; Soni, N; Chhavi, N (2017).
682:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2921:Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
1606:
1071:
8:
1712:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1220:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
373:may reveal the presence of esophageal webs.
270:(cracking at the corners of the mouth), and
875:Journal of the American Medical Association
674:Verma, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Sandeep (2023),
433:(cracks or fissures) around the oral cavity
2732:
2383:
1899:
1751:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
1635:
1613:
1599:
1591:
1576:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
1337:
1201:
1139:
1130:
1101:
1078:
1064:
1056:
934:
735:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
58:
29:
1528:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
1350:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
832:
822:
746:
647:
637:
486:
593:
344:(abnormally thin or spoon-shaped nails)
800:
798:
796:
1979:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
7:
1237:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
669:
667:
1392:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
1360:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
417:Pallor of the conjunctiva and face
25:
2864:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
2711:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1401:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
1372:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
626:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
503:supplementation as part of their
365:Serial contrast gastrointestinal
2609:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1432:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
902:Medical Clinics of North America
887:10.1001/jama.1912.04260060366003
748:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.03430.x
1850:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
1845:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
1722:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
705:Sabiston 18th edition, p. 1078.
2604:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
2454:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2276:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
1365:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
582:List of hematologic conditions
357:found at the lower end of the
266:(inflammation of the tongue),
1:
2661:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
620:Novacek G, Gottfried (2006).
244:Paterson–Brown-Kelly syndrome
221:Generally good with treatment
47:Paterson–Brown-Kelly syndrome
2570:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2089:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
1697:Esophageal motility disorder
1316:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
1304:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
908:. Philadelphia, PA: 623–627.
377:typically show hypochromic
2937:
2555:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2079:Functional colonic disease
1875:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1425:Drug-induced nonautoimmune
1406:Thrombotic microangiopathy
1232:pyruvate kinase deficiency
499:. Patients should receive
369:or upper-gastrointestinal
179:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
2911:Syndromes affecting blood
1756:Acute esophageal necrosis
1411:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
1323:Hereditary stomatocytosis
1311:Hereditary elliptocytosis
811:Journal of Blood Medicine
779:"Plummer-Vinson Syndrome"
676:"Plummer-Vinson Syndrome"
622:"Plummer-Vinson syndrome"
258:(difficulty swallowing),
66:
57:
1855:Gastric dumping syndrome
1730:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1717:Diffuse esophageal spasm
1299:Hereditary spherocytosis
400:nutritional deficiencies
2471:Alcoholic liver disease
2004:Bile acid malabsorption
1948:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1504:Mean corpuscular volume
1468:Diamond–Blackfan anemia
1420:Drug-induced autoimmune
1355:Cold agglutinin disease
1161:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
529:squamous cell carcinoma
525:squamous cell carcinoma
426:Atrophic, smooth tongue
310:(difficulty swallowing)
284:squamous cell carcinoma
240:Paterson–Kelly syndrome
236:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
44:Paterson–Kelly syndrome
33:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
2481:Hepatic encephalopathy
1865:Buried bumper syndrome
1796:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
1680:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
1623:human digestive system
1156:Iron-deficiency anemia
639:10.1186/1750-1172-1-36
497:iron-deficiency anemia
492:
471:
463:
260:iron-deficiency anemia
149:Chronic, but treatable
100:iron-deficiency anemia
2706:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2575:Porcelain gallbladder
1687:Zenker's diverticulum
1475:Pure red cell aplasia
1242:hexokinase deficiency
562:Porter Paisley Vinson
558:Henry Stanley Plummer
490:
469:
461:
185:(for iron deficiency)
177:Clinical evaluation,
50:Sideropenic dysphagia
2510:Hepatorenal syndrome
2449:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2406:Autoimmune hepatitis
2231:Intestinal adhesions
1989:Short bowel syndrome
1818:Functional dyspepsia
1736:Esophageal stricture
1702:Nutcracker esophagus
1480:Sideroblastic anemia
1288:Hemoglobin C disease
1174:Megaloblastic anemia
570:Donald Ross Paterson
326:(painful swallowing)
2906:Esophagus disorders
2901:Nutritional anemias
2649:Choledocholithiasis
2520:Metabolic disorders
2486:Acute liver failure
2459:Portal hypertension
2411:Alcoholic hepatitis
2254:Radiation proctitis
2173:Mesenteric ischemia
2145:Gastroenterocolitis
1974:Blind loop syndrome
1784:Ménétrier's disease
1692:Barrett's esophagus
1279:Sickle cell disease
824:10.2147/JBM.S127801
2824:Undefined location
2815:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
2716:Pancreatic fistula
2699:Pancreatic abscess
2654:Biliary dyskinesia
2625:Mirizzi's syndrome
2126:Large and/or small
1806:Dieulafoy's lesion
1675:Boerhaave syndrome
1566:Sulfhemoglobinemia
1008:External resources
493:
472:
464:
330:Atrophic glossitis
68:Angular stomatitis
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2724:
2723:
2326:
2325:
2183:Bowel obstruction
1885:
1884:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1571:Reticulocytopenia
1561:Methemoglobinemia
1549:
1548:
1440:
1439:
1380:
1379:
1179:Pernicious anemia
1122:
1121:
1114:Polycythemia vera
1053:
1052:
566:Derek Brown-Kelly
379:microcytic anemia
350:(enlarged spleen)
336:Angular cheilitis
254:characterized by
233:
232:
173:Diagnostic method
128:pharyngeal cancer
124:Esophageal cancer
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2928:
2876:Pneumoperitoneum
2733:
2643:Common bile duct
2525:Wilson's disease
2515:Peliosis hepatis
2384:
2261:Proctalgia fugax
2168:Abdominal angina
2093:Ogilvie syndrome
2042:Pseudomembranous
1900:
1860:Gastric volvulus
1825:Pyloric stenosis
1636:
1621:Diseases of the
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1338:
1252:hemoglobinopathy
1202:
1140:
1131:
1102:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1057:
935:
910:
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891:
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211:Iron supplements
80:Gastroenterology
62:
30:
21:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2845:
2834:Internal hernia
2720:
2665:
2630:Biliary fistula
2588:
2579:
2565:Adenomyomatosis
2560:Cholesterolosis
2536:
2530:Hemochromatosis
2401:Viral hepatitis
2373:
2322:
2280:
2266:Rectal prolapse
2235:
2202:Fecal impaction
2192:Intussusception
2155:Crohn's disease
2121:
2104:Toxic megacolon
2016:
2014:Large intestine
2008:
1953:Curling's ulcer
1906:
1904:Small intestine
1893:
1881:
1789:Gastroenteritis
1760:
1625:
1619:
1589:
1580:
1545:
1489:
1448:
1436:
1376:
1327:
1193:
1185:
1118:
1093:
1091:red blood cells
1084:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1003:
1002:
946:
919:
914:
913:
899:
898:
894:
872:
871:
867:
854:
850:
804:
803:
794:
784:
782:
781:. PubMed Health
777:
776:
772:
741:(12): 2348–51.
728:
727:
723:
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709:
704:
700:
692:
690:
673:
672:
665:
619:
618:
595:
590:
578:
550:
541:
517:
509:upper endoscopy
485:
477:
452:
443:
408:
392:
332:(smooth tongue)
300:
272:esophageal webs
238:(also known as
157:Iron deficiency
112:esophageal webs
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2871:Hemoperitoneum
2868:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
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2812:
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2342:
2340:Blood in stool
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2313:Anal dysplasia
2310:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
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2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
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2204:
2199:
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2178:Angiodysplasia
2175:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
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2119:
2113:Diverticulosis
2109:Diverticulitis
2106:
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2026:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:Milroy disease
1996:
1991:
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1981:
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1971:
1969:Tropical sprue
1966:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1943:
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1920:
1897:
1891:Lower GI tract
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1886:
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1837:
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1660:
1655:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1631:Upper GI tract
1627:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:Fanconi anemia
1456:
1454:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1035:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
989:
978:
963:
947:
942:
941:
939:
938:Classification
932:
931:
918:
917:External links
915:
912:
911:
892:
865:
848:
792:
770:
721:
707:
698:
663:
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
577:
574:
549:
546:
540:
537:
516:
513:
484:
481:
476:
473:
451:
448:
442:
439:
435:
434:
427:
424:
423:Breathlessness
421:
418:
415:
407:
404:
391:
388:
363:
362:
355:Schatzki rings
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
316:
311:
299:
296:
280:perimenopausal
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
175:
169:
168:
165:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:perimenopausal
135:
131:
130:
121:
115:
114:
93:
87:
86:
77:
71:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
52:
51:
48:
45:
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
18:Plummer-Vinson
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2933:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Rare diseases
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:Diaphragmatic
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Cholecystitis
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:Liver abscess
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:Liver failure
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:Enterocolitis
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:Malabsorption
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Gastroparesis
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Cushing ulcer
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Megaesophagus
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
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1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1485:Myelophthisic
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
999:
995:
994:
990:
988:
984:
983:
979:
977:
973:
972:
968:
964:
962:
958:
957:
953:
949:
948:
945:
940:
936:
930:
926:
925:
921:
920:
916:
907:
903:
896:
893:
888:
884:
881:: 2013–2015.
880:
876:
869:
866:
863:
862:Who Named It?
859:
858:
852:
849:
844:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
799:
797:
793:
780:
774:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
717:
711:
708:
702:
699:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
668:
664:
659:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
594:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:Ascorbic acid
489:
482:
480:
474:
468:
460:
456:
449:
447:
440:
438:
432:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:
411:
405:
403:
401:
397:
389:
387:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:
304:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:Typically in
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
120:
119:Complications
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
56:
49:
46:
43:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2823:
2802:
2679:Pancreatitis
2641:
2591:biliary tree
2464:Nutmeg liver
2441:
2367:Hematochezia
2318:Pruritus ani
2303:Anal abscess
2298:Anal fistula
2294:Anal fissure
2207:Constipation
2161:
2032:Appendicitis
1840:Gastroptosis
1830:Achlorhydria
1669:
1658:Eosinophilic
1534:normochromic
1526:
1502:
1384:
1292:
1250:
1224:
1213:
1160:
1106:Polycythemia
1037:
1026:
1015:
991:
980:
965:
950:
922:
905:
901:
895:
878:
874:
868:
855:
851:
814:
810:
783:. Retrieved
773:
738:
734:
724:
710:
701:
691:, retrieved
679:
629:
625:
560:and surgeon
551:
542:
539:Epidemiology
533:premalignant
518:
494:
478:
453:
444:
436:
409:
398:factors and
393:
364:
348:Splenomegaly
301:
298:Presentation
276:
252:rare disease
243:
239:
235:
234:
163:Risk factors
2859:Peritonitis
2621:Cholestasis
2599:Cholangitis
2542:Gallbladder
2430:Fatty liver
2350:Hematemesis
2332:GI bleeding
2138:Necrotizing
2067:Lymphocytic
2062:Collagenous
2057:Microscopic
1994:Steatorrhea
1895:Enteropathy
1741:Inlet patch
1663:Herpetiform
1648:Esophagitis
1539:hypochromic
1495:Blood tests
1257:Thalassemia
1215:enzymopathy
1144:Nutritional
1017:MedlinePlus
817:: 175–184.
556:—physician
554:Mayo Clinic
535:condition.
521:glossodynia
429:Peripheral
375:Blood tests
367:radiography
342:Koilonychia
324:Odynophagia
183:blood tests
134:Usual onset
38:Other names
2895:Categories
2851:Peritoneal
2829:Incisional
2750:Congenital
2694:Hereditary
2671:Pancreatic
2635:Haemobilia
2308:Hemorrhoid
2286:Anal canal
2224:Infectious
2212:Functional
2047:Ulcerative
1931:Duodenitis
1870:Gastrinoma
1520:macrocytic
1515:microcytic
1510:normocytic
1473:Acquired:
1459:Hereditary
1226:glycolysis
1206:Hereditary
993:DiseasesDB
785:31 January
693:2023-11-08
680:StatPearls
588:References
475:Prevention
278:occurs in
207:Medication
190:Prevention
84:Hematology
2839:Richter's
2796:Spigelian
2791:Obturator
2781:Umbilical
2614:Ascending
2585:Bile duct
2418:Cirrhosis
2396:Hepatitis
2379:Accessory
2249:Proctitis
2100:Megacolon
2074:Dysentery
1984:Whipple's
1936:Jejunitis
1926:Enteritis
1813:Dyspepsia
1774:Gastritis
1707:Achalasia
1640:Esophagus
1191:Hemolytic
1028:eMedicine
857:synd/1777
515:Prognosis
483:Treatment
441:Lab tests
414:Dizziness
406:Diagnosis
383:dysplasia
371:endoscopy
359:esophagus
308:Dysphagia
288:esophagus
268:cheilosis
264:glossitis
256:dysphagia
226:Frequency
217:Prognosis
198:Treatment
108:cheilosis
104:glossitis
96:Dysphagia
75:Specialty
2769:Indirect
2764:Inguinal
2498:Pyogenic
2443:Vascular
2219:Diarrhea
2197:Volvulus
2163:Vascular
2102: /
2091: /
2052:Ischemic
2019:Appendix
1909:Duodenum
1779:Atrophic
1653:Candidal
1449:(mostly
1446:Aplastic
1386:membrane
1333:Acquired
1294:membrane
1194:(mostly
1087:Diseases
1039:Orphanet
1033:med/3431
843:29089792
765:33777667
757:18031398
688:30855890
658:16978405
576:See also
431:rhagades
319:Weakness
146:Duration
91:Symptoms
2810:Petit's
2786:Femoral
2689:Chronic
2503:Amoebic
2271:Anismus
2037:Colitis
1964:Coeliac
1941:Ileitis
1913:Jejunum
1766:Stomach
1670:Rupture
987:D011004
834:5655134
718:. 2011.
649:1586011
548:History
450:Imaging
396:genetic
292:pharynx
286:of the
250:) is a
246:in the
2804:Lumbar
2774:Direct
2757:Hiatus
2737:Hernia
2589:Other
2355:Melena
2241:Rectum
1724:(GERD)
1451:normo-
1196:normo-
1170:Macro-
1152:Micro-
1135:Anemia
1022:001158
929:CHORUS
841:
831:
763:
755:
686:
656:
646:
632:: 36.
390:Causes
154:Causes
2729:Other
2684:Acute
2435:MASLD
2388:Liver
2362:Lower
2345:Upper
2187:Ileus
2023:Colon
1917:Ileum
1732:(LPR)
1554:Other
1283:trait
1272:delta
1262:alpha
1044:54028
998:10134
976:280.8
961:D50.1
924:00325
761:S2CID
141:women
2117:SCAD
1342:AIHA
1267:beta
982:MeSH
971:9-CM
839:PMID
787:2012
753:PMID
684:PMID
654:PMID
568:and
505:diet
501:iron
314:Pain
290:and
229:Rare
2423:PBC
2150:IBD
2084:IBS
1089:of
967:ICD
952:ICD
927:at
883:doi
860:at
829:PMC
819:doi
743:doi
644:PMC
634:doi
242:or
2897::
2587:/
2185::
2166::
1962::
1461::
1172::
1154::
1042::
1031::
1020::
996::
985::
974::
959::
956:10
904:.
879:58
877:.
837:.
827:.
813:.
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