41:
279:
Skeletal pneumaticity allows animals to redistribute the skeletal mass within their body. The skeletal mass of a bird (pneumatized) and a mammal (not pneumatized) with similar body size is roughly the same, yet the bones of birds were found to be denser than the bones of mammals. This suggests that
288:
In theropods, the head and neck are greatly pneumatized, and the forearms are reduced. This would help reduce the mass further away from the center of balance. This adjustment to the center of mass would allow the animal to reduce its rotational inertia, thereby increasing its agility. The sacral
300:
are highly pneumatized birds with pneumatic diverticula traveling throughout the bones and into the skin. As screamers fly at high altitudes, it is hypothesized that the extreme pneumaticity in these birds is indicative of an adaptation for flying in high altitudes.
266:
with air, reducing the overall body mass. Reducing the body mass would make it easier for pterosaurs and birds to fly as there is less mass to keep aloft with the same amount of muscle powering the flight strokes. Pneumatizing the vertebral column of
668:
Picasso, Mariana BJ; Mosto, Maria Clelia; Tozzi, Romina; Degrange, Federico J; Barbeito, Claudio G (2014). "A peculiar association: the skin and the subcutaneus diverticula of the
Southern Screamer (Chauna torquata, Anseriformes)".
37:(air sacs) from an air-filled space, such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development.
242:. Slight pneumatization of the centra and rib heads by dorsal diverticula in the lungs of land tortoises has also been documented. In addition, pathological pneumatization has been known to occur in the human
280:
pneumatization of bird bones does not affect the overall mass but allows for a better balance of weight within the body to allow for greater balance, agility and ease of flight.
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The exact function of skeletal pneumaticity is not definitively known, but there are several working hypotheses concerning the role of skeletal pneumaticity in an organism.
545:
543:
Moreira, Bruno; Som, Peter M. (July 2010). "Unexplained extensive skull base and atlas pneumatization: computed tomographic findings".
336:
33:
is the presence of air spaces within bones. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic
417:
693:
580:
Bennett, Christopher (2001). "The
Osteology and Functional Morphology of the Late Cretaceous Pterosaur Pteranodon".
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126:
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Postcranial pneumatization is rarer outside of
Archosauria. Examples include the hyoid in howler monkeys
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pneumaticity would lower its center of mass to a more ventral position, allowing it more stabilization.
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would reduce the weight of these organisms, and make it easier to support and move the massive neck.
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Sereno, PC; Martinez, RN; Wilson, JA; Varricchio, DJ; Alcober, OA; Larsson, HC (30 September 2008).
142:. Many modern birds are extensively pneumatized. The air pockets of the bones are connected to the
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However the extent of pneumaticity depends on species. For example it is slight in diving birds,
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322:"Postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in sauropods and its implications for mass estimates"
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354:"Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina"
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dinosaurs, and some theropods have quite widespread pneumatization, for example
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418:"Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
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66:
500:
Farmer, CG (November 2006). "On the origin of avian air sacs".
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By invading the bones, the pneumatic diverticula would replace
331:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 201–228.
464:"The deep diving of the loon and old-squaw and its mechanism"
443:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0243:vpasat>2.0.co;2
327:. In Curry Rogers, Kristina A.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. (eds.).
236:, and the dorsal vertebrae in the osteoglossiform fish
613:"Bone density and the lightweight skeletons of birds"
101:
Postcranial pneumaticity is found largely in certain
155:Skeleton portion pneumatized by their diverticula
48:in a human, an example of skeletal pneumatization
73:. Pneumatization has been documented in extinct
477:(3). The Wilson Ornithological Society: 151–159
120:. Vertebral pneumatization is widespread among
8:
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546:JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
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502:Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
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329:The Sauropods: evolution and paleobiology
216:anterior and posterior thoracic air sacs
148:
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57:Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of
7:
315:
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611:Dumont, Elizabeth R. (2010-07-22).
27:Presence of air spaces within bones
462:Schorger, A. W. (September 1947).
25:
250:Function of skeletal pneumaticity
275:Alter skeletal mass distribution
85:. Pneumatic spaces include the
174:posterior thoracic vertebrae,
1:
582:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
229:lack pneumatic bones at all.
381:10.1371/journal.pone.0003303
293:Adaptation for high altitude
710:
514:10.1016/j.resp.2006.04.014
320:Wedel, Matthew J. (2005).
130:has pneumatization of the
416:Wedel, Mathew J. (2003).
127:Aerosteon riocoloradensis
559:10.1001/archoto.2010.108
97:Postcranial pneumaticity
590:10.1127/pala/260/2001/1
435:Paleontological Society
186:interclavicular air sac
629:10.1098/rspb.2010.0117
163:cervical and anterior
49:
219:- (lack diverticula)
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31:Skeletal pneumaticity
53:Cranial pneumaticity
623:(1691): 2193–2198.
471:The Wilson Bulletin
372:2008PLoSO...3.3303S
694:Vertebrate anatomy
671:Vertebrate Zoology
171:abdominal air sacs
165:thoracic vertebrae
144:pulmonary air sacs
50:
223:
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160:cervical air sacs
87:paranasal sinuses
46:paranasal sinuses
16:(Redirected from
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89:and some of the
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18:Pneumatization
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69:among extant
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553:(7): 731–3.
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479:. Retrieved
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446:. Retrieved
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426:Paleobiology
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366:(9): e3303.
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63:crocodilians
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437:: 243–255.
122:saurischian
107:saurischian
35:diverticula
481:2014-01-21
448:2014-01-21
305:References
192:, sternal
114:pterosaurs
83:pterosaurs
77:including
75:archosaurs
637:0962-8452
584:: 1–153.
298:Screamers
269:sauropods
176:synsacrum
140:gastralia
110:dinosaurs
103:archosaur
79:dinosaurs
71:tetrapods
688:Category
655:20236981
598:90380603
567:20644073
530:45680102
522:16787763
400:18825273
359:PLOS One
239:Pantodon
234:Alouatta
210:forelimb
202:clavicle
198:coracoid
180:hindlimb
152:Air sacs
646:2880151
391:2553519
368:Bibcode
284:Balance
206:scapula
190:sternum
136:furcula
59:mammals
653:
643:
635:
596:
565:
528:
520:
398:
388:
335:
264:marrow
208:, and
138:, and
116:, and
594:S2CID
526:S2CID
467:(PDF)
433:(2).
421:(PDF)
325:(PDF)
227:loons
132:ilium
118:birds
67:birds
651:PMID
633:ISSN
563:PMID
518:PMID
396:PMID
333:ISBN
194:ribs
178:and
81:and
65:and
44:The
641:PMC
625:doi
621:277
586:doi
555:doi
551:136
510:doi
506:154
439:doi
386:PMC
376:doi
690::
675:64
673:.
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631:.
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490:^
475:59
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431:29
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408:^
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312:^
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146::
134:,
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93:.
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657:.
627::
600:.
588::
569:.
557::
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512::
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451:.
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378::
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364:3
341:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
