611:, to improve isochronism. The fusee is a specially cut conical pulley attached by a fine chain to the mainspring barrel. When the spring is fully wound (and its torque the highest), the full length of the chain is wrapped around the fusee and the force of the mainspring is exerted on the smallest diameter portion of the fusee cone. As the spring unwinds and its torque decreases, the chain winds back onto the mainspring barrel and pulls on an increasingly larger diameter portion of the fusee. This provides a more uniform amount of torque on the watch train, and thus results in more consistent balance amplitude and better isochronism. A fusee is a practical necessity in watches using a verge escapement, and can also provide considerable benefit with a lever escapement and other high precision types of escapements (Hamiltons WWII era Model 21 chronometer used a fusee in combination with a detent escapement).
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turn of the hairspring in a different plane from the rest of the spring. This allows the hairspring to "breathe" more evenly and symmetrically. Two types of overcoils are found - the gradual overcoil and the Z-Bend. The gradual overcoil is obtained by imposing two gradual twists to the hairspring, forming the rise to the second plane over half the circumference; and the Z-bend does this by imposing two kinks of complementary 45 degree angles, accomplishing a rise to the second plane in about three spring section heights. The second method is done for esthetic reasons and is much more difficult to perform. Due to the difficulty with forming an overcoil, modern watches often use a slightly less effective "dogleg", which uses a series of sharp bends (in plane) to place part of the outermost coil out of the way of the rest of the spring.
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the compensation balance. The compensation balance consisted of a ring of steel sandwiched to a ring of brass. These rings were then split in two places. The balance would, at least theoretically, actually decrease in size with heating to compensate for the lengthening of the hairspring. Through careful adjustment of the placement of the balance screws (brass or gold screws placed in the rim of the balance), a watch could be adjusted to keep time the same at both hot (100 °F (38 °C)) and cold (32 °F (0 °C)) temperatures. Unfortunately, a watch so adjusted would run slow at temperatures between these two. The problem was completely solved through the use of special alloys for the balance and hairspring which were essentially immune to thermal expansion. Such an alloy is used in
Hamilton's 992E and 992B.
330:
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545:, watch, is one in which the case lacks a metal cover to protect the crystal. It is typical for an open-faced watch to have the pendant located at 12:00 and the sub-second dial located at 6:00. Occasionally, a watch movement intended for a hunting case (with the winding stem at 3:00 and sub second dial at 6:00) will have an open-faced case. Such watch is known as a "sidewinder." Alternatively, such a watch movement may be fitted with a so-called conversion dial, which relocates the winding stem to 12:00 and the sub-second dial to 3:00. After 1908, watches approved for railroad service were required to be cased in open-faced cases with the winding stem at 12:00.
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positions on open-faced watches, and at 5:00 on hunting cased watches. Once the lever was pulled out, the crown could be turned to set the time. The lever was then pushed back in and the crystal and bezel were closed over the dial again. This method of time setting on pocket watches was preferred by
American and Canadian railroads, as lever setting watches make accidental time changes impossible. After 1908, lever setting was generally required for new watches entering service on American railroads.
859:. Until early in the 20th century, though, the pocket watch remained predominant for men, with the wristwatch considered feminine and unmanly. In men's fashions, pocket watches began to be superseded by wristwatches around the time of World War I, when officers in the field began to appreciate that a watch worn on the wrist was more easily accessed than one kept in a pocket. A watch of transitional design, combining features of pocket watches and modern wristwatches, was called a "
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timing machine. Thus, adjusting a watch to position requires many hours of labor, increasing the cost of the watch. Medium grade watches were commonly adjusted to 3 positions (dial up, dial down, pendant up) while high grade watches were commonly adjusted to 5 positions (dial up, dial down, stem up, stem left, stem right) or even all 6 positions. Railroad watches were required, after 1908, to be adjusted to 5 positions. 3 positions were the general requirement before that time.
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362:, which had been developed for large public clocks in the 14th century. This type of escapement involved a high degree of friction and did not include any kind of jewelling to protect the contacting surfaces from wear. As a result, a verge watch could rarely achieve any high standard of accuracy. (Surviving examples mostly run very fast, often gaining an hour a day or more.) The first widely used improvement was the
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winding-arbor (which was set over the watch's winding-wheel, to wind the mainspring) or by putting the key onto the setting-arbor, which was connected with the minute-wheel and turned the hands. Some watches of this period had the setting-arbor at the front of the watch, so that removing the crystal and bezel was necessary to set the time. Watch keys are the origin of the class key, common paraphernalia for
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506:...open faced, size 16 or 18, have a minimum of 17 jewels, adjusted to at least five positions, keep time accurately to within 30 seconds a week, adjusted to temps of 34 °F (1 °C) to 100 °F (38 °C), have a double roller, steel escape wheel, lever set, regulator, winding stem at 12 o'clock, and have bold black Arabic numerals on a white dial, with black hands.
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863:" or "wristlet". The more accurate pocket watches continued to be widely used in railroading even as their popularity declined elsewhere. Quartz pocket watches are available in the present day, retaining the form and function of the original pocket watches while using a quartz crystal as opposed to the traditional fully-mechanical movement.
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wear, the only available location for carrying a watch is in a trouser pocket. The more recent advent of mobile phones and other gadgets that are worn on the waist has diminished the appeal of carrying an additional item in the same location, especially as such pocketable gadgets usually have timekeeping functionality themselves.
465:(afterwards known as Waltham) could turn out more than 50,000 reliable watches each year. This development drove the Swiss out of their dominating position at the cheaper end of the market, compelling them to raise the quality of their products and establish themselves as the leaders in precision and accuracy instead.
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The widespread use of pocket watches in a professional environment finally came to an end in approximately 1943. The Royal Navy of the
British military distributed to their sailors Waltham pocket watches, which were nine-jewel movements, with black dials, and numbers coated with radium for visibility
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Early watches used a solid steel balance. As temperature increased, the solid balance expanded in size, changing the moment of inertia and changing the timing of the watch. In addition, the hairspring would lengthen, decreasing its spring constant. This problem was initially solved through the use of
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merely for information that might lead to the recovery of stolen watches. By the end of the 18th century, however, watches (while still largely hand-made) were becoming more common; special cheap watches were made for sale to sailors, with crude but colorful paintings of maritime scenes on the dials.
280:
The first timepieces to be worn, made in 16th-century Europe, were transitional in size between clocks and watches. These 'clock-watches' were fastened to clothing or worn on a chain around the neck. They were heavy drum shaped brass cylinders several inches in diameter, engraved and ornamented. They
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for men returned to fashion, and this led to small resurgence in pocket watches, as some men actually used the vest pocket for its original purpose. Since then, some watch companies continue to make pocket watches. As vests have long since fallen out of fashion (in the US) as part of formal business
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Much like the lever-set movements, these pocket watches had a small pin or knob next to the watch-stem that had to be depressed before turning the crown to set the time and releasing the pin when the correct time had been set. This style of watch is occasionally referred to as "nail set", as the set
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The mainstream transition to the use of stem-wind, stem-set watches occurred at around the same time as the end of the manufacture and use of the fusee watch. Fusee chain-driven timing was replaced with a mainspring of better quality spring steel (commonly known as the "going barrel") allowing for a
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The majority of antique and vintage hunter-case watches have the lid-hinges at the 9 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow of the watch at the 3 o'clock position. Modern hunter-case pocket watches usually have the hinges for the lid at the 6 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow at the
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system as well as careful control of the shape and polish on the balance pivots. All of this achieves an equalization of the effect of gravity on the watch in various positions. Positional adjustments are achieved through careful adjustment of each of these factors, provided by repeated trials on a
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in the 1850s, the stem-wind, stem-set movement did away with the watch key which was a necessity for the operation of any pocket watch up to that point. The first stem-wind and stem-set pocket watches were sold during the Great
Exhibition in London in 1851 and the first owners of these new kinds of
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strap or fob, when a long chain would have been cumbersome or likely to catch on things. This fob could also provide a protective flap over their face and crystal. Women's watches were normally of this form, with a watch fob that was more decorative than protective. Chains were frequently decorated
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An intermediate type, known as the demi-hunter (or half-hunter), is a case style in which the outer lid has a glass panel or hole in the centre giving a view of the hands. The hours are marked, often in blue enamel, on the outer lid itself; thus with this type of case one can tell the time without
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Isochronism was occasionally improved through the use of a stopworks, a system designed to only allow the mainspring to operate within its center (most consistent) range. The most common method of achieving isochronism is through the use of the
Breguet overcoil, which places part of the outermost
502:. This led to the adoption in 1893 of stringent standards for pocket watches used in railroading. These railroad-grade pocket watches, as they became colloquially known, had to meet the General Railroad Timepiece Standards adopted in 1893 by almost all railroads. These standards read, in part:
671:
Mandatory for all railroad watches after roughly 1908, this kind of pocket watch was set by opening the crystal and bezel and pulling out the setting-lever (most hunter-cases have levers accessible without removing the crystal or bezel), which was generally found at either the 10 or 2 o'clock
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The first pocket watches, since their creation in the 16th century, up until the third quarter of the 19th century, had key-wind and key-set movements. A watch key was necessary to wind the watch and to set the time. This was usually done by opening the caseback and putting the key over the
81:
322:. To fit in pockets, their shape evolved into the typical pocket watch shape, rounded and flattened with no sharp edges. Glass was used to cover the face beginning around 1610. Watch fobs began to be used, the name originating from the German word
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Until the second half of the 18th century, watches were luxury items; as an indication of how highly they were valued, English newspapers of the 18th century often include advertisements offering rewards of between one and five
571:
12 o'clock position, as with open-face watches. In both styles of watch-cases, the sub-seconds dial was always at the 6 o'clock position. A hunter-case pocket watch with a spring-ring chain is pictured at the top of this page.
285:. The face was not covered with glass, but usually had a hinged brass cover, often decoratively pierced with grillwork so the time could be read without opening. The movement was made of iron or steel and held together with
558:
where "fox hunting men found it convenient to be able to open their watch and read the time with one hand, while holding the reins of their 'hunter' (horse) in the other hand". It is also known as a "savonnette", after the
553:
A hunter-case pocket watch is a case with a spring-hinged circular metal lid or cover, that closes over the watch-dial and crystal, protecting them from dust, scratches and other damage or debris. The name originated from
307:. Still later in the century there was a trend for unusually shaped watches, and clock-watches shaped like books, animals, fruit, stars, flowers, insects, crosses, and even skulls (Death's head watches) were made.
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390:. With this, a domestic watch could keep time to within a minute a day. Lever watches became common after about 1820, and this type is still used in most mechanical watches.
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more even release of power to the escape mechanism. The balance wheel and balance spring provide a separate function: to regulate the timing (or escape) of the movement.
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839:. Patented in 1889, discontinued a number of years and reintroduced in 1968 is still manufactured. An example of the decline and resurgence of the pocket watch.
417:, both of which avoided the higher purity of other types of silver to make circulating coins and other utilitarian silver objects last longer with heavy use.
847:
Colibri pocket watch, manufactured mid-1990s. The back case has an extra hinged cover that can be folded out to allow the watch to stand upright on a table.
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Keywind watches are also commonly seen with conventional going barrels and other types of mainspring barrels, particularly in
American watchmaking.
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83:
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positions". This means that the watch has been tuned to keep time under various positions and conditions. There are eight possible adjustments:
421:
461:, Switzerland, led the way in this, and soon afterwards the newborn American watch industry developed much new machinery, so that by 1865 the
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Bartholomew
Manfredi to the Marchese di Mantova Federico Gonzaga, where he offers him a "pocket clock" better than that belonging to the
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494:, on April 19, 1891, occurred because one of the engineers' watches had stopped for four minutes. The railroad officials commissioned
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also appeared on watch chains, although usually in an overly decorated style. Also common are fasteners designed to be put through a
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X-ray video of a pocket stopwatch with a clear visible mechanics of the watch. Video was taken with 10 X-ray images per second.
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659:. Stem-wind, stem-set movements are the most common type of watch-movement found in both vintage and modern pocket watches.
326:, a small pocket. The watch was wound and also set by opening the back and fitting a key to a square arbor, and turning it.
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They were the most common type of watch from their development in the 16th century until wristwatches became popular after
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In some countries, namely the US, a gift of a gold-cased pocket watch is traditionally awarded to an employee upon their
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as the 16th century progressed. Early watches only had an hour hand, the minute hand appearing in the late 17th century.
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as their Chief Time
Inspector, in order to establish precision standards and a reliable timepiece inspection system for
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movement embracing the arts and fashions of the
Victorian era, during which pocket watches were nearly ubiquitous.
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164:, which by association also became known as a fob. Ostensibly practical gadgets such as a watch winding key,
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Savonette with cathedral hands and luminescent dial made by Thos. Russell & Son (probably in the 1920’s)
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Positional adjustments are attained by careful poising (ensuring even weight distribution) of the balance-
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314:(the woman's watch remained a pendant into the 20th century). This is said to have occurred in 1675 when
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There are two main styles of pocket watch, the hunter-case pocket watch and the open-face pocket watch.
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Pocket watch movements are occasionally engraved with the word "Adjusted", or "Adjusted to
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Styles changed in the 17th century and men began to wear watches in pockets instead of as
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744:(the ability of the watch to keep time, regardless of the mainspring's level of tension)
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An early reference to the pocket watch is in a letter in
November 1462 from the Italian
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during the last half of the 19th century led to the widespread use of pocket watches.
405:. This cut the cost of manufacture and repair. Most Model 57 pocket watches were in a
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High resolution image of a clockwork with silver hallmark and precision surface finish
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964:, How It Works, vol. 19 (3rd ed.), Marshall Cavendish, 2003, p. 2651,
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mechanisms. The shape later evolved into a rounded form; these were later called
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Pocket watches are uncommon in the present day, having first been superseded by
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230:, was regularly manufacturing pocket watches by 1526. Thereafter, pocket watch
143:, and to prevent them from being dropped. Watches were also mounted on a short
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1306:"WWI vets popularized the most important accessory in a gentleman's wardrobe"
1116:"Juan F. DĂ©niz, The first transparent watch, Antiquarian Horology March 2018"
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This article is about the portable timepiece. For the Dave Grohl album, see
1147:"A Brief History of Railroad Watches, and their role in modern timekeeping"
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293:, until screws began to be used after 1550. Many of the movements included
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in 1755) was put into limited production by a handful of makers including
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799: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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127:, were used by the military. Pocket watches generally have an attached
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1956:
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1280:"Hebdomas: The True Story of the 8-Day Pocket Watch, Stephen Foskett"
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2015:
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Temperature (from 34 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit (1 to 38 °C))
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1424:. Illustration of workings of common mechanical pocket watch.
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in the dark, in anticipation of the eventual D-Day invasion.
184:, this sort being frequently associated with and named after
1427:
409:("one nine fine"), a 90% pure silver alloy commonly used in
638:
Movement of a 1914 Hamilton 992 Railroad grade pocket watch
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early in the 18th century and applied by the English maker
33:"Watch Chain" redirects here. For the succulent plant, see
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1024:
1022:
250:
Antique verge fusée pocket watch movement, from the 1700s
527:
An open-face pocket watch made by the Swiss watchmaker
54:
A golden pocket watch with hunter-case and watch chain
1233:"New triumphs in age-old quest for perfect timepiece"
1005:, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, p. 253,
567:(savon) due to its resemblance to a round soap bar.
401:, introduced the Waltham Model 57, the first to use
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2292:
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1985:
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885:The pocket watch has regained popularity with the
870:For a few years in the late 1970s and early 1980s
374:. Then, towards the end of the 18th century, the
630:pocket watch is of stem-wind, stem-set movement.
453:Watch manufacture was becoming streamlined; the
504:
341:Wooden pocket watch XIX-XX. Russian stamp, 2010
1361:"Can a pocket watch outshine the Apple Watch?"
1093:. Vol. Clocks and Watches. Old and Sold.
937:List of most expensive watches sold at auction
831:An 'Hebdomas' 8 day pocket watch, circa 1920,
413:, slightly less pure than the British (92.5%)
76:, 1510, Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg.
1443:
1197:
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914:Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication
72:, worn on chains around the neck. Example by
8:
681:button must be pressed using a fingernail.
607:Many keywind watch movements make use of a
1820:
1629:
1450:
1436:
1428:
1239:, Vol. 119, No. 6 (December 1931), p. 53.
1003:The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts
815:Learn how and when to remove this message
156:pendant, often carrying the arms of some
1338:. Vol. M–Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 236.
587:The parts of a pocket watch movement by
488:Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway
952:
902:The Vacheron Constantin Reference 57260
604:high-school and university graduation.
469:Use in railroading in the United States
1073:
1028:
422:American system of watch manufacturing
1260:from the original on October 19, 2016
1043:"Artifacts of the Golden Age, part 1"
7:
1367:from the original on 18 October 2016
1177:, Fondation de la Haute horlogerie,
797:adding citations to reliable sources
449:. It is the first transparent watch.
258:A French pocket watch from the 1920s
123:during which a transitional design,
16:Watch made to be carried in a pocket
1250:"Foundation de la Haute Horlogerie"
1213:from the original on 6 October 2018
354:Up to the 1720s, almost all watch
14:
131:to allow them to be secured to a
773:
696:model 1899 pocket watch movement
104:that is made to be carried in a
1359:Passy, Charles (9 March 2015).
1316:from the original on 2021-06-24
1286:from the original on 2021-07-21
1181:from the original on 2010-09-27
1097:from the original on 2020-04-20
896:Most complicated pocket watches
784:needs additional citations for
272:A pocket watch, retrieved from
1203:"About Watch Cases and Crowns"
833:Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle
667:Stem-wind, lever-set movements
646:in 1842 and commercialized by
443:Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle
386:(a Swiss based in London) and
276:from unknown victim of sinking
234:spread throughout the rest of
1:
618:Stem-wind, stem-set movements
532:
435:
676:Stem-wind, pin-set movements
486:A famous train wreck on the
62:Pocket watches evolved from
932:List of watch manufacturers
595:Key-wind, key-set movements
434:" with a transparent dial,
207:-driven clocks appeared in
112:, which is strapped to the
2457:
1049:. TimeZone. Archived from
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419:
261:
32:
18:
2387:
1389:Milham, Willis I (1945),
1001:Campbell, Gordon (2006),
916:(1933) – 24 complications
910:(1989) – 33 complications
908:Patek Philippe Calibre 89
904:(2015) – 57 complications
199:. By the end of the 15th
1091:Encyclopedia of Antiques
648:Patek Philippe & Co.
579:Types of watch movements
180:and worn in a jacket or
1952:Nickel silver (alpacca)
1393:, New York: MacMillan,
1334:Van Horn, Carl (2003).
511:Types of pocket watches
26:. For the company, see
1041:Perez, Carlos (2001).
962:Science and Technology
848:
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463:American Watch Company
450:
399:Waltham, Massachusetts
395:American Watch Company
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2293:Other natural objects
960:"Watch, Mechanical",
846:
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765:Decline in popularity
703:
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637:
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500:Railroad chronometers
475:Railroad chronometers
429:
420:Further information:
403:interchangeable parts
388:Abraham-Louis Breguet
340:
332:
316:Charles II of England
271:
257:
249:
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61:
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28:PocketWatch (company)
1768:Wire wrapped jewelry
1748:Repoussé and chasing
1391:Time and Timekeepers
1282:. 29 November 2020.
1256:. October 19, 2016.
1207:Vintage Watch Straps
1151:SECOND HAND HOROLOGY
793:improve this article
368:Abbé de Hautefeuille
274:shipwreck of Titanic
66:, supposedly called
2310:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1416:"Perfect Timepiece"
1254:hautehorlogerie.org
927:Movado Ermeto watch
704:Movement of a gold
549:Hunter-case watches
366:, developed by the
364:cylinder escapement
1655:Jewellery designer
1076:, pp. 213–15.
1031:, pp. 133–37.
942:Chatelaine (chain)
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841:
710:
706:Elgin pocket watch
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685:Adjusted movements
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592:
541:An open-faced, or
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451:
358:were based on the
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335:
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264:History of watches
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108:, as opposed to a
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2215:Organic gemstones
1812:
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1420:Popular Mechanics
872:three-piece suits
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575:opening the lid.
519:Open-face watches
89:
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1967:Stainless steel
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1862:Precious metal
1857:
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1422:, December 1931
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415:sterling silver
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473:Main article:
470:
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411:dollar coinage
304:Nuremberg eggs
262:Main article:
243:
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197:Duke of Modena
125:trench watches
69:Nuremberg eggs
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1345:1-57607-676-8
1341:
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1315:
1311:
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1304:Choi, David.
1300:
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1128:on 2018-03-16
1124:
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1088:
1087:"Pocketwatch"
1082:
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1053:on 2007-02-18
1052:
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1019:
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1012:0-19-518948-5
1008:
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987:0-7614-7314-9
983:
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971:0-7614-7333-5
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855:and later by
854:
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788:
787:
782:This section
780:
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764:
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751:
743:
740:
737:
735:Pendant right
734:
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719:
718:
717:
715:
707:
702:
695:
691:
684:
682:
675:
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666:
664:
660:
658:
657:Prince Albert
654:
651:watches were
649:
645:
636:
629:
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476:
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456:
448:
444:
433:
432:mystery watch
430:A so-called "
428:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
378:(invented by
377:
373:
372:George Graham
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
349:
339:
331:
327:
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317:
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284:
275:
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265:
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241:
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229:
225:
222:
218:
217:Peter Henlein
214:
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126:
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117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
75:
74:Peter Henlein
71:
70:
65:
64:clock-watches
60:
52:
44:
38:
37:
29:
25:
23:
2420:Wearable art
2415:Phaleristics
2410:Metalworking
2315:Gutta-percha
2091:Lapis lazuli
1877:Colored gold
1758:Stonesetting
1609:
1419:
1390:
1383:Bibliography
1369:. Retrieved
1354:
1335:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1253:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1206:
1183:, retrieved
1173:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1153:. 2023-06-29
1150:
1141:
1130:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1110:
1099:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1046:
1036:
1002:
996:
978:How it Works
977:
961:
955:
884:
877:
869:
865:
861:trench watch
853:wristwatches
850:
811:
802:
791:Please help
786:verification
783:
759:
755:
747:
732:Pendant left
729:Pendant down
713:
711:
679:
670:
661:
642:Invented by
641:
626:The c. 1950
613:
606:
598:
573:
569:
552:
540:
514:
505:
496:Webb C. Ball
492:Kipton, Ohio
485:
479:The rise of
478:
459:Schaffhausen
452:
393:In 1857 the
392:
384:Josiah Emery
380:Thomas Mudge
353:
344:
323:
309:
302:
287:tapered pins
281:had only an
279:
190:
174:cigar cutter
118:
98:pocket watch
97:
95:
67:
63:
35:
21:
2357:Art jewelry
2181:Tiger's eye
2086:Labradorite
2036:Chrysocolla
2031:Chrysoberyl
1947:Mokume-gane
1924:Base metals
1696:centrifugal
1665:Silversmith
1540:Ferronnière
1490:Belt buckle
1485:Belly chain
1264:October 19,
1074:Milham 1945
1029:Milham 1945
890:subcultural
857:smartphones
837:Switzerland
742:Isochronism
536: 1970
481:railroading
447:Switzerland
439: 1889
407:coin silver
318:introduced
232:manufacture
172:, and/or a
121:World War I
22:Pocketwatch
2191:Tourmaline
2136:Prasiolite
2011:Aventurine
1882:Crown gold
1784:Draw plate
1733:Metal clay
1670:Watchmaker
1660:Lapidarist
1645:Clockmaker
1520:Collar pin
1515:Chatelaine
1371:14 October
1320:2021-06-24
1290:2021-07-21
1185:2010-08-19
1157:2024-01-10
1132:2018-05-01
1101:2012-03-30
1057:2007-06-06
948:References
880:retirement
750:hairspring
726:Pendant up
457:family of
320:waistcoats
193:clockmaker
178:buttonhole
166:vesta case
110:wristwatch
2337:Toadstone
2274:Operculum
2201:Variscite
2196:Turquoise
2176:Tanzanite
2111:Moonstone
2106:Marcasite
2101:Malachite
2026:Carnelian
2001:Amazonite
1988:gemstones
1962:Pinchbeck
1907:Argentium
1897:Shibuichi
1838:Palladium
1817:Materials
1753:Soldering
1743:Polishing
1718:Engraving
1713:Enameling
1679:Processes
1650:Goldsmith
1585:Tie chain
1560:Neck ring
1550:Lapel pin
1459:Jewellery
887:steampunk
805:July 2012
723:Dial down
708:, c. 1919
563:word for
356:movements
283:hour hand
228:Nuremberg
224:locksmith
211:, and in
182:waistcoat
141:belt loop
133:waistcoat
2435:Category
2405:Gemology
2379:Fineness
2370:(purity)
2305:Bog-wood
2252:Precious
2232:Ammolite
2171:Sunstone
2161:Sodalite
2156:Sapphire
2116:Obsidian
2056:Fluorite
2046:Diopside
2006:Amethyst
1986:Mineral
1977:Tungsten
1972:Titanium
1887:Electrum
1843:Platinum
1728:Kazaziye
1723:Filigree
1701:lost-wax
1600:Toe ring
1590:Tie clip
1565:Pectoral
1555:Necklace
1530:Cufflink
1505:Bracelet
1500:Bolo tie
1480:Barrette
1365:Archived
1314:Archived
1284:Archived
1258:Archived
1211:Archived
1179:archived
1174:Glossary
1095:Archived
980:, 2003,
921:See also
602:American
312:pendants
295:striking
2441:Watches
2400:Fashion
2374:Finding
2222:Abalone
2131:Peridot
2096:Larimar
2081:Kyanite
2066:Howlite
2051:Emerald
2041:Diamond
1914:Tumbaga
1892:ShakudĹŤ
1848:Rhodium
1799:Mandrel
1738:Plating
1691:Casting
1686:Carving
1595:Tie pin
1570:Pendant
1545:Genital
1535:Earring
720:Dial up
694:Waltham
556:England
348:guineas
242:History
213:Germany
201:century
162:society
148:with a
145:leather
24:(album)
2364:(mass)
2300:Bezoar
2206:Zircon
2166:Spinel
2141:Quartz
2076:Jasper
2061:Garnet
1957:Pewter
1942:Copper
1937:Bronze
1864:alloys
1853:Silver
1804:Pliers
1794:Hammer
1706:vacuum
1633:People
1626:Making
1610:pocket
1510:Brooch
1475:Anklet
1397:
1342:
1217:7 June
1009:
984:
968:
561:French
543:LĂ©pine
291:wedges
236:Europe
221:master
205:spring
154:enamel
150:silver
106:pocket
2368:Carat
2362:Carat
2350:Terms
2325:Shell
2279:Pearl
2269:Nacre
2259:Ivory
2247:Black
2242:Coral
2237:Copal
2227:Amber
2186:Topaz
2145:smoky
2016:Beryl
1996:Agate
1932:Brass
1777:Tools
1615:strap
1605:Watch
1580:Tiara
1525:Crown
1495:Bindi
1467:Forms
1126:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
628:Omega
609:fusee
529:Omega
324:fuppe
299:alarm
209:Italy
139:, or
137:lapel
129:chain
114:wrist
102:watch
100:is a
2320:Hair
2151:Ruby
2126:Opal
2121:Onyx
2071:Jade
1833:Gold
1789:File
1575:Ring
1395:ISBN
1373:2016
1340:ISBN
1266:2016
1219:2016
1007:ISBN
982:ISBN
966:ISBN
655:and
565:soap
455:Japy
289:and
219:, a
170:seal
158:club
2264:Jet
2020:red
1235:in
975:in
795:by
490:in
397:in
297:or
226:of
160:or
152:or
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