398:
227:(HIP). During this process, the material is heated until the binder enters a liquid phase while the carbide grains (which have a much higher melting point) remain solid. At this elevated temperature and pressure, the carbide grains rearrange themselves and compact together, forming a porous matrix. The ductility of the metal binder serves to offset the brittleness of the carbide ceramic, resulting in the composite's high overall toughness and durability. By controlling various parameters, including grain size, cobalt content, dotation (e.g., alloy carbides)
299:. In recent decades, though, solid-carbide endmills have also become more commonly used, wherever the application's characteristics make the pros (such as shorter cycle times) outweigh the cons (mentioned above). As well, modern turning (lathe) tooling may use a carbide insert on a carbide tool such as a boring bar, which are more rigid than steel insert holders and therefor less prone to vibration, which is of particular importance with boring or threading bars that may need to reach into a part to a depth many times the tool diameter.
272:
647:
information until long after the date of the initial work. Thus, placing data in an historical, chronological order is somewhat difficult. However, it has been possible to establish that as far back as 1929, approximately 6 years after the first patent was granted, Krupp/Osram workers had identified the positive aspects of tungsten carbide grain refinement. By 1939, they had also discovered the beneficial effects of adding a small amount of
36:
135:
1067:
331:) are beginning to surface, enabling the cutting power of diamond without the unwanted chemical reaction between real diamond and iron.) Most coatings generally increase a tool's hardness and/or lubricity. A coating allows the cutting edge of a tool to cleanly pass through the material without having the material
703:
in the form of plates of different shapes and sizes. The manufacturing process is as follows: a fine powder of tungsten carbide (or other refractory carbide) and a fine powder of binder material such as cobalt or nickel both get intermixed and then pressed into the appropriate forms. Pressed plates
257:
of cemented tungsten carbide is found to vary with the amount of cobalt used as a metal binder. For 5.9% cobalt samples, a coefficient of 4.4 μm/m·K was measured, whereas 13% cobalt samples have a coefficient of around 5.0 μm/m·K. Both values are only valid from 20 °C (68 °F) to
363:
Mining and tunneling cutting tools are most often fitted with cemented carbide tips, the so-called "button bits". Artificial diamond can replace the cemented carbide buttons only when conditions are ideal, but as rock drilling is a tough job cemented carbide button bits remain the most used type
513:
study society for electrical lighting' to replace diamonds as a material for machining metal. Not having the equipment to exploit this material on an industrial scale, Osram sells the license to Krupp at the end of 1925. In 1926 Krupp brings sintered carbide onto the market under the name WIDIA
646:
Regarding fine-grained hardmetal, an attempt has been made to follow the scientific and technological steps associated with its production; this task is not easy, though, because of the restrictions placed by commercial, and in some cases research, organisations, in not publicising relevant
707:
The plates of this superhard composite are applied to manufacturing of metal-cutting and drilling tools; they are usually soldered on the cutting tool tips. Heat post-treatment is not required. The pobedit inserts at the tips of drill bits are still very widespread in Russia.
658:
What was considered 'fine' in one decade was considered not so fine in the next. Thus, a grain size in the range 0.5–3.0 μm was considered fine in the early years, but by the 1990s, the era of the nano-crystalline material had arrived, with a grain size of 20–50 nm.
583:
During World War II there was a tungsten shortage in
Germany. It was found that tungsten in carbide cuts metal more efficiently than tungsten in high-speed steel, so to economise on the use of tungsten, carbides were used for metal cutting as much as possible.
642:
Uncoated tips brazed to their shanks were the first form. Clamped indexable inserts and today's wide variety of coatings are advances made in the decades since. With every passing decade, the use of carbide has become less "special" and more ubiquitous.
188:. Carbide tools can withstand higher temperatures at the cutter-workpiece interface than standard high-speed steel tools (which is a principal reason enabling the faster machining). Carbide is usually superior for the cutting of tough materials such as
295:. This gives the benefit of using carbide at the cutting interface without the high cost and brittleness of making the entire tool out of carbide. Most modern face mills use carbide inserts, as well as many lathe tools and
556:
gives the date of carbide tools' commercial introduction as 1927. Burghardt and
Axelrod give the date of their commercial introduction in the United States as 1928. Subsequent development occurred in various countries.
196:, as well as in situations where other cutting tools would wear away faster, such as high-quantity production runs. In situations where carbide tooling is not required, high-speed steel is preferred for its lower cost.
283:
than other typical tool materials, and it is more brittle, making it susceptible to chipping and breaking. To offset these problems, the carbide cutting tip itself is often in the form of a small
767:
335:(stick) to it. The coating also helps to decrease the temperature associated with the cutting process and increase the life of the tool. The coating is usually deposited via thermal
372:
Since the mid-1960s, steel mills around the world have applied cemented carbide to the rolls of their rolling mills for both hot and cold rolling of tubes, bars, and flats.
237:(introduced in 1927) which uses tungsten carbide particles held together by a cobalt metal binder. Since then, other cemented carbides have been developed, such as
485:
Tungsten carbide has become a popular material in the bridal jewellery industry, due to its extreme hardness and high resistance to scratching. Given its
886:
631:), although the genericized sense was never especially widespread in English ("carbide" is the normal generic term). Since 2009, the name has been
817:
696:
are made. Later a number of similar alloys based on tungsten and cobalt were developed, and the name of 'pobedit' was retained for them as well.
1004:
749:
355:
C tertiary carbide forms at the interface between the carbide and the cobalt phase, which may lead to adhesion failure of the coating.
169:(TaC) as the aggregate. Mentions of "carbide" or "tungsten carbide" in industrial contexts usually refer to these cemented composites.
119:
53:
989:
Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (1996), Green, Robert E.; McCauley, Christopher J. (eds.),
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100:
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are sintered at a temperature close to the melting point of the binder metal, which yields a very tight and solid substance.
72:
57:
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208:
where carbide particles act as the aggregate and a metallic binder serves as the matrix (analogous to concrete, where a
79:
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1104:
1099:
216:, but the abrasive particles are much smaller; macroscopically, the material of a carbide cutter appears homogeneous.
652:
324:
320:
212:
aggregate is suspended in a cement matrix). The structure of cemented carbide is conceptually similar to that of a
86:
46:
340:
336:
939:Васильев, Н. Н.; Исаакян, О. Н.; Рогинский, Н. О.; Смолянский, Я. Б.; Сокович, В. А.; Хачатуров, Т. С. (1941).
636:
316:
68:
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designers to rethink every aspect of existing designs, with an eye toward yet more rigidity and yet better
489:, it is prone to chip, crack, or shatter in jewellery applications. Once fractured, it cannot be repaired.
515:
230:
and carbon content, a carbide manufacturer can tailor the carbide's performance to specific applications.
224:
205:
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This category contains a countless number of applications, but can be split into three main areas:
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564:(carbides being not entirely equal to diamond), carbide tooling offered an improvement in cutting
154:
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To increase the life of carbide tools, they are sometimes coated. Five such coatings are TiN (
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343:(PVD) method. However, if the deposition is performed at too high temperature, an
765:
Hidnert, Peter (January 1937). "Thermal
Expansion of Cemented Tungsten Carbide".
219:
The process of combining the carbide particles with the binder is referred to as
717:
486:
288:
258:
60 °C (140 °F) due to non-linearity in the thermal expansion process.
149:, as well as in other industrial applications. It consists of fine particles of
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Spriggs, Geoffrey E. (1995). "A history of fine grained hardmetal".
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in various countries and languages, including
English (widia,
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29:
1049:"Cemented Carbides in the Soviet Union – The Unknown History"
887:
International
Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
623:
620:
545:
542:
461:
Roof and tail tools and components for high wear resistance
437:
Rings and bushings typically for bump and seal applications
394:
Some key areas where cemented carbide components are used:
419:
Rotary cutters for high-speed cutting of artificial fibres
614:
339:(CVD) and, for certain applications, with the mechanical
920:(in Russian) (3 ed.). Советская энциклопедия . 1975
800:
291:
whose shank is made of another material, usually carbon
861:
768:
Journal of
Research of the National Bureau of Standards
401:
Spinning blade of a table saw cutting wood at an angle
172:
Most of the time, carbide cutters will leave a better
1032:
Schubert, W.-D.; Lassner, E.; Böhlke, W (June 2010).
611:
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539:
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145:are a class of hard materials used extensively for
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
692:in 1929, it is described as a material from which
651:and tantalum carbide. This effectively controlled
447:Pump pistons for high-performance pumps (e.g., in
157:by a binder metal. Cemented carbides commonly use
848:
241:, which is better suited for cutting steel, and
138:Circular saw blade with tungsten-carbide inserts
671:
368:Rolls for hot-roll and cold-roll applications
8:
972:Burghardt, Henry D.; Axelrod, Aaron (1954).
519:
454:Nozzles, e.g., high-performance nozzles for
976:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
744:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 388–389.
501:carbides occurred in Germany in the 1920s.
639:numerous popular brands of cutting tools.
560:Although the marketing pitch was slightly
245:, which is tougher than tungsten carbide.
233:The first cemented carbide developed was
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
742:Metal Machining: Theory and Applications
572:had done two decades earlier, it forced
497:The initial development of cemented and
728:
1034:"Cemented Carbides – A Success Story"
633:revived as a brand name by Kennametal
7:
945:Технический железнодорожный словарь
738:"A6.2 Cemented carbides and cermets"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
819:1926 Krupp markets WIDIA tool metal
440:Woodworking, e.g., for sawing and
327:). (Newer coatings, known as DLC (
25:
1065:
947:(in Russian). Трансжелдориздат .
604:
526:
255:coefficient of thermal expansion
34:
918:Большая советская энциклопедия
699:Pobedit is usually produced by
684:as a hard phase, and about 10%
45:needs additional citations for
849:Burghardt & Axelrod (1954)
1:
376:Other industrial applications
958:the free dictionary: pobedit
900:10.1016/0263-4368(95)92671-6
995:(25th ed.), New York:
941:"ПОБЕДИТ [Pobedit]"
914:"Победит [Pobedit]"
801:Machinery's Handbook (1996)
680:carbide alloy of about 90%
1121:
1053:Tungsten (ITIA Newsletter)
653:discontinuous grain growth
325:aluminium titanium nitride
321:titanium aluminium nitride
27:Type of composite material
826:, Germany, archived from
672:
568:so remarkable that, like
341:physical vapor deposition
337:chemical vapor deposition
267:Inserts for metal cutting
422:Metal forming tools for
359:Inserts for mining tools
317:titanium carbide-nitride
275:Tungsten-carbide inserts
176:on a part and allow for
736:Childs, Thomas (2000).
281:more expensive per unit
206:metal matrix composites
974:Machine Tool Operation
520:
509:was developed by the '
430:applications, such as
402:
364:throughout the world.
276:
225:hot isostatic pressing
204:Cemented carbides are
139:
1074:at Wikimedia Commons
600:genericized trademark
406:Automotive components
400:
390:Tools and tool blanks
384:Engineered components
274:
137:
992:Machinery's Handbook
781:10.6028/jres.018.025
554:Machinery's Handbook
54:improve this article
1095:Superhard materials
476:Non-industrial uses
329:diamond-like carbon
249:Physical properties
1105:Metalworking tools
1100:Tungsten compounds
524:= like diamond)."
409:Canning tools for
403:
277:
140:
69:"Cemented carbide"
1072:Cemented carbides
1070:Media related to
1006:978-0-8311-2575-2
816:ThyssenKrupp AG,
751:978-0-340-69159-5
701:powder metallurgy
505:says , "Sintered
143:Cemented carbides
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16:(Redirected from
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507:tungsten carbide
313:titanium carbide
309:titanium nitride
243:tantalum carbide
239:titanium carbide
235:tungsten carbide
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182:high-speed steel
178:faster machining
167:tantalum carbide
163:titanium carbide
159:tungsten carbide
153:cemented into a
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832:, retrieved
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775:(1): 47–52.
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503:ThyssenKrupp
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458:applications
456:oil drilling
444:applications
432:drawing dies
424:wire drawing
411:deep drawing
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262:Applications
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200:Construction
190:carbon steel
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110:October 2023
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
718:Carbide saw
592: [
521:WIe DIAmant
487:brittleness
315:), Ti(C)N (
289:tipped tool
279:Carbide is
186:tool steels
1084:Categories
869:22 October
724:References
580:bearings.
562:hyperbolic
464:Balls for
387:Wear parts
319:), TiAlN (
293:tool steel
165:(TiC), or
80:newspapers
1015:473691581
863:Widia.com
481:Jewellery
345:eta phase
221:sintering
184:or other
155:composite
1090:Carbides
982:52011537
712:See also
678:sintered
673:победи́т
649:vanadium
637:subsumes
499:sintered
428:stamping
311:), TiC (
297:endmills
924:21 June
834:2 March
676:) is a
668:Pobedit
663:Pobedit
578:spindle
516:acronym
493:History
449:nuclear
442:planing
347:of a Co
151:carbide
94:scholar
18:Pobedit
1013:
1003:
980:
748:
686:cobalt
285:insert
210:gravel
161:(WC),
96:
89:
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67:
1037:(PDF)
824:Essen
596:]
589:Widia
511:Osram
180:than
101:JSTOR
87:books
1011:OCLC
1001:ISBN
978:LCCN
926:2020
871:2010
836:2012
746:ISBN
587:The
518:for
468:and
426:and
415:cans
333:gall
253:The
73:news
896:doi
777:doi
223:or
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