421:, and the variant of English Romani of the early seventeenth century. This has particular implications when dating the origin and development of Anglo-Romani and its split from Welsh Romani. The author of one such study believes English Romani gradually lost its distinctive syntax, phonology and morphology while other scholars believe Anglo-Romani developed relatively quickly after the Romanis' arrival in England in the sixteenth century, in a development similar to the Pidgin or Creole languages.
36:
376:. However, the language in a modern context has changed from the Indic-based vocabulary, morphology, and influences from Greek and other Balkan languages of the seventeenth century to a Para-Romani dialect typical of modern Anglo-Romani with sentence endings influenced by English, while Welsh Romani retains the original grammatical system.
445:
or administrative matters, and so lacked the vocabulary for these terms. Such terms were simply borrowed from
English. However, to keep the language undecipherable to outsiders, the Romani speakers coined new terms that were a combination or variation of the original English terms. For example, a forester is called
732:
notes that in 1874, some Romani speakers were still employing complete inflection, while some were adopting the
English syntax with a Romani lexicon. It seems to be around 1876 that gender distinction was no longer seen; however, the continued use of Romani plural forms was noted, along with English
444:
language, during occasional encounters between various Romani clans. It was not a written language, but more a conversational one, used by families to keep conversations amongst themselves in public places such as markets unintelligible to others. It was not used in any official capacity in schools
379:
Historically, the variants of Welsh and
English Romani constituted the same variant of Romani, share characteristics, and are historically closely related to dialects spoken in France, Germany (Sinti), Scandinavia, Spain, Poland, North Russia and the Baltic states. Such dialects are descended from
741:
The Anglo-Romani
Project, an initiative of the Romani community of Blackburn and the Lancashire Traveller Education Service, has samples of Anglo-Romani conversation as well as documentation, which it has collected with the aim of documenting the Anglo-Romani lexicon in its regional and dialectal
608:
The members of these groups consider that not only do their dialects/accents differ, but also that they are of different regional groups. The speakers of
Southern Angloromani took the regional identity of Southern Romanichal Travellers and the speakers of Northern Angloromani took the regional
416:
document indicates that
English grammatical structures were influencing speakers of English Romani (within a London context where the document was sourced) to adopt an (adjective-noun) configuration rather than the (noun-adjective) configuration of other Romani dialects, including modern Welsh
432:
and
English Romani whose speakers used a separate and distinct Romani language when speaking amongst themselves. A situation which existed one hundred years later as testified by James Poulter 1775: "the English Gypsies spoke a variant of their own language that none other could understand,"
733:
verb conjugation. By 1923, some plural endings were still being used on nouns, but
English prepositions were used instead of Romani postpositions. Current usage has lost almost all Romani morphology and instead uses English morphology with Romani lexical items.
524:
of Romani since the second half of the eighteenth century, and although there are no ancient written records of the language, it has been possible to reconstruct the development of Romani from the medieval languages of India to its present forms as spoken in
3589:
Acton, Thomas, Vangelis
Marselos, and Laszlo Szego. 2000. The Development of Literary Dialects of Romanes, and the Prospects for an International Standard Dialect. In Language, Blacks, and Gypsies, ed. Thomas Acton and Morgan Dalphinis. London: Whiting and
301:
Romanichal used the Romani language from their arrival in the 16th century up until the late 19th century, when it was, for the most part, replaced by
English as their everyday and family language. This resulted in the formation of what is known as
493:, man, literally "town-man". Gradually, the British Romani began to give up their language in favour of English, though they retained much of the vocabulary, which they now use occasionally in English conversation – as Angloromani.
588:
because West Country English is also rhotic. Indeed, many Romanichal Travellers from the South of England or the Midlands region have a slightly West Country sounding accent; in fact it is a Southern Romanichal Traveller accent.
609:
identity of Northern Romanichal Travellers. At the time of settlement, these divisions were somewhat reflective of geographic location. They did travel, but until travel became modernized, the migrations were relatively local.
384:
document c.1616 highlights the variant of English Romani and contains a high number of words still used in the modern Northern European Romani dialects and until recently also Welsh Romani; Examples include:
3585:
Acton, Thomas and Gerwyn Davis. 1979. Educational Policy and Language Use Among English Romanies and Irish Travellers (Tinkers) in England and Wales. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 19-22:
3338:
Current changes amongst British Gypsies and their place in international patterns of development: proceedings of the Research and Policy Conference of the National Gypsy Education Council, held at ... Oxford
617:
Overall, Anglo-Romani consonants reflect the standard British English consonantal system with the exception that the rhotic is trilled and /x/ appears in certain dialects. Anglo-Romani may sometimes be
3599:
Hancock, Ian. 1996. Duty and Beauty, Possession and Truth: The Claim of Lexical Impoverishment as Control. In Gypsies: A book of interdisciplinary readings, ed. Diane Tong. New York: Garland Publishers.
579:
Every region where Angloromani is spoken is characterised by a distinct colloquial English style; this often leads outsiders to believe that the speech of Romanichals is regional English. The distinct
433:
indicating the language was distinct from the common "Canting tongue" of England. Romani of that time was a language of everyday communication, of practical use, and not a secret language.
3661:
742:
variation. Samples of conversation and their meaning can be found on their website. A dictionary of Anglo-Romani words and their etymology can be found on the Romani Project website.
306:" or the presence of Romani language and features in the English used by the Romani. Today, only a small minority of Romanichal are believed to speak the traditional Romani language.
3309:
3596:
Deterding, David. 1997. The formants of monophthong vowels in Standard Southern British English pronunciation. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 27: 47-55.
4222:
3408:
The Winchester Confessions 1615–1616: depositions of travellers, gypsies, fraudsters and makers of counterfeit documents, including a vocabulary of the Romany language
3557:
3654:
3629:
3277:
4267:
3911:
380:
the first wave of Romani immigrants into western, northern and southern Europe in the late Middle Ages. Few documents survive into modern times, the
4227:
3647:
4141:
4242:
53:
4247:
584:
pronunciation of the Southern Angloromani variety also means that many outsiders perceive Southern Romanichal Travellers to be from the
4257:
4262:
3582:
Acton, Thomas. 1989. The Value of “Creolized” Dialects of Romanes. In International Symposium Romani Language and Culture. Sarajevo.
3513:
3415:
424:
Anglo-Romani was already developing in the seventeenth century although the change from the original English Romani is unclear. The
119:
100:
72:
4232:
4183:
3670:
973:
4125:
3904:
3840:
57:
718:
In the sixteenth century, the Romani language was an inflected language, employing two genders, plurality and case marking.
79:
3868:
3316:
619:
581:
601:
Southern Angloromani (Spoken across the Southwest, Southeast, East Anglia, West Midlands, East Midlands and South Wales).
4237:
4188:
3612:
3529:
597:
Among Anglo-Romani speakers, there is variation depending on where groups originally settled before learning English:
86:
372:
indicates that British Romani was itself a dialect of the northern branch of Romani sharing a close similarity to
46:
4001:
3897:
3846:
68:
3336:
Kenrick, Donald. S. (1971). "The sociolinguistics of the development of British Romani". In Acton, T. A. (ed.).
428:
document disproves a sudden morphological change, and lends support to a strict linguistic separation between a
3965:
3605:
3449:
604:
Northern Angloramani (Spoken across the Northwest, Northeast, Yorkshire, Northeast Wales and Scottish Borders).
533:
from different regions to understand one another if they have not had any exposure to other dialects before.
4094:
3723:
3354:
4083:
725:
3602:
409:(glove), and all such words occur in all western dialects of Romani, with few English loanwords present.
4099:
4089:
4077:
3983:
3973:
3873:
3863:
3830:
3537:
373:
3568:
4252:
3993:
3745:
3728:
3624:
501:
724:
In the late nineteenth century, Romani personal pronouns became inconsistently marked, according to
4272:
3950:
3835:
643:
Romani allowed for two word orders – Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) and Verb-Subject-Object (VSO).
728:, who also notes that case distinction began fading overall, and gender marking also disappeared.
93:
3878:
3634:
3480:
992:
4022:
3509:
3411:
509:
3447:
Bakker, Peter (2002), "An early vocabulary of British Romani (1616): A linguistic analysis",
4120:
4072:
3803:
3696:
3682:
550:
513:
418:
267:
189:
4157:
4066:
3945:
3928:
3920:
3814:
3778:
3752:
3711:
622:
and in other cases is non-rhotic like English non-rhotic dialects; for example, in Romani
546:
542:
529:. Although the language remains similar at its core, it is sometimes quite difficult for
437:
429:
263:
185:
173:
3253:
3390:
4203:
3955:
3757:
3740:
3701:
323:
275:
181:
152:
226:
4216:
4167:
4104:
4017:
3937:
3809:
3796:
3706:
729:
530:
291:
259:
160:
328:
4038:
3978:
1009:
585:
333:
295:
164:
3639:
4052:
1025:
554:
303:
287:
35:
3733:
271:
3593:
Borrow, George. 1923. Romano Lavo-Lil. London: Hazell, Watson, and Viney, Ld.
3717:
350:
319:
279:
219:
203:
156:
338:
318:
This differs from the presence of loanwords (such as that used locally in
210:
3504:
Hancock, Ian (2010). "George Borrow's Romani". In Karanth, Dileep (ed.).
561:
517:
3790:
3784:
3278:"School of Arts, Languages and Cultures - The University of Manchester"
895:
Comparison of Angloromani, European Romani, Indic languages and English
521:
3625:
Speakromany.com a project from English Gypsies reviving their language
17:
3889:
3234:
925:
child, son, boy (all specifically used for Romani and not non-Romani)
568:
expressions in Standard English survive in Anglo-Romani, for example
526:
283:
3285:
500:, and the core of the vocabulary and grammar still resemble modern
4162:
565:
505:
497:
646:
Negation in Anglo-Romani is achieved through the use of the word
3371:
Bakker (1997). Review of McGowan, "The Winchester Confessions".
931:
441:
3893:
3643:
934:'a rough youth' (deriving from a derogatory usage of the word
29:
417:
Romani. The document suggests a complete separation between
3508:. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. p. 173.
956:
is a fairly recent Persian borrowing into Indic languages)
368:
A document from about the seventeenth century titled the
475:, house, thus literally "food-house"; and a mayor is a
3331:
3329:
3479:
McWilliams, Krislyn; Nelson, Manuela; Oxley, Meghan.
315:('The man was walking down the road with his horse')
27:
Language used by descendants of Romanichal Travellers
4176:
4150:
4134:
4113:
4051:
4031:
4010:
3992:
3964:
3936:
3927:
3856:
3823:
3766:
3689:
3677:
3481:"AngloRomani: The Mixed Language of Romani Peoples"
3433:Hancock, Ian. F. (1971). Comment on Kenrick, q.v.,
3429:
3427:
217:
201:
196:
170:
148:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
704:
696:
683:
675:
662:
654:
635:
629:
623:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
310:
252:
140:
3410:. Romany and Traveller Family History Society.
721:Anglo-Romani is first referenced in 1566–1567.
312:The mush was jalling down the drom with his gry
3905:
3655:
8:
355:
343:
928:bacha (relatively recent Persian borrowing)
242:(literally "English Romani"; also known as
3933:
3912:
3898:
3890:
3662:
3648:
3640:
496:The origins of the Romani language are in
364:Historical documentation of English Romani
309:An example of a phrase in Angloromani is:
131:
3349:
3347:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4223:Immigrant languages of the United States
3630:Distribution of Romani dialect by region
1013:
898:
749:
692:Reduplication is employed for emphasis:
667:('there's no water left in this bucket')
3506:Danger! Educated Gypsy: Selected Essays
3395:(2nd ed.). London: Asher & Co.
3245:
4142:Institute for the Languages of Finland
3611:Manchester University Romani Project
3304:
3302:
7:
3558:Samples of Anglo-Romani, Audio files
3389:Smart B. C.; Crofton, H. T. (1875).
3254:"BBC - Voices - Multilingual Nation"
560:Some English lexical items that are
440:was used exclusively as a family or
326:) from the Romani language, such as
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3486:. Seattle: University of Washington
3359:The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales
664:there's kekə pani left in kŭvə kurī
628:"young" (passing through the stage
451:, from the Romani word for forest,
3635:AngloRomani Linguistic Information
3534:romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk
3392:The Dialect of the English Gypsies
25:
4268:English-based pidgins and creoles
3373:Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society
262:origin involving the presence of
545:, with the base languages being
34:
4228:Languages of the United Kingdom
3671:Languages of the United Kingdom
45:needs additional citations for
680:('you are a fine-looking man')
1:
3690:Recognised regional languages
949:toffee apple (or 'red apple')
758:Hello (literally 'Good day')
266:vocabulary and syntax in the
4243:Romani in the United Kingdom
4189:World Day of Romani Language
671:"Be" is optionally deleted:
520:have been investigating the
4248:Romani in the United States
3613:ROMANI Project - Manchester
4289:
3361:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1007:
938:to refer to a Romani boy)
553:(something referred to as
4258:Languages of South Africa
4197:
688:('you are a pretty lady')
258:) is a mixed language of
139:
4263:Languages of New Zealand
3606:University of Washington
3569:Dictionary - Angloromani
3282:www.alc.manchester.ac.uk
844:Dik tutti kullika divvus
557:in Romani linguistics).
3466:Romani Sociolinguistics
970:policeman (or villager)
794:Tutti rokker Rummaness?
705:
697:
684:
676:
663:
655:
636:
630:
624:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
356:
344:
311:
270:used by descendants of
253:
141:
4233:Languages of Australia
3406:McGowan, Alan (1996).
3315:. 2004. Archived from
834:Adusta salla jan tutti
804:Katar kai tutti jells?
737:Samples of Angloromani
426:Winchester Confessions
414:Winchester Confessions
382:Winchester Confessions
370:Winchester Confessions
349:
337:
327:
69:"Angloromani language"
3310:"Languages of the UK"
838:Pleased to meet you.
798:Do you speak Romani?
656:măndī can kek ker lĭs
634:) can be rendered as
487:, village, town, and
824:Mandi tatchi rummani
808:Where are you from?
788:Yes, I'm fine, too.
677:tūte kūšta diken muš
613:Phonology and syntax
457:; a restaurant is a
54:improve this article
4238:Romani in Australia
3857:Languages by region
774:Mandi adusta kushti
746:Some common phrases
593:Dialectal variation
342:(originally Romani
4126:Bible translations
3921:Romani language(s)
868:My name is Maria.
858:What's your name?
848:See you tomorrow.
784:Owli, mandi kushti
541:Anglo-Romani is a
389:(pig meat bacon),
274:Travellers in the
4210:
4209:
4204:extinct languages
4047:
4046:
4023:Carpathian Romani
3887:
3886:
3678:Official language
3226:
3225:
1001:
1000:
892:
891:
864:Mandi's nav Maria
828:I'm full Romani.
818:I'm half Romani.
659:('I can't do it')
481:, from the words
393:(beer, alcohol),
233:
232:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4280:
4002:Kalderash Romani
3951:Sepečides Romani
3934:
3929:Romani varieties
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3869:Northern Ireland
3664:
3657:
3650:
3641:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3536:. Archived from
3526:
3520:
3519:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3284:. Archived from
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3250:
1014:
989:language, tongue
899:
778:I am very well.
750:
709:('very distant')
708:
700:
687:
685:tūte rinkna râne
679:
666:
658:
639:
633:
627:
564:or only used in
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
430:Canting language
359:
348:'brother'), and
347:
314:
256:
229:
213:
206:
176:
144:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4193:
4184:Standardization
4172:
4158:Khrlo e Romengo
4146:
4130:
4109:
4067:Bohemian Romani
4053:Mixed varieties
4043:
4032:Proto-languages
4027:
4006:
3988:
3966:Northern Romani
3960:
3946:Rumelian Romani
3923:
3918:
3888:
3883:
3852:
3819:
3779:Beurla Reagaird
3767:Other languages
3762:
3753:Scottish Gaelic
3685:
3673:
3668:
3621:
3579:
3577:Further reading
3574:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3370:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3231:
1028:
1012:
1006:
911:Indic languages
905:European Romani
897:
854:So tutti's nav?
748:
739:
716:
615:
595:
543:creole language
539:
502:Indic languages
463:from the words
366:
225:
209:
202:
192:
177:
174:Language family
172:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4286:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:Romano-Serbian
4092:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3956:Zargari Romani
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3841:Northern Irish
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3824:Sign languages
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3619:External links
3617:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3603:"Anglo-Romani"
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3550:
3521:
3514:
3496:
3471:
3457:
3454:, vol. 12
3450:Romani Studies
3439:
3423:
3416:
3398:
3381:
3364:
3343:
3325:
3322:on 2007-06-14.
3298:
3269:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:(intransitive)
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:te besel tele
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
990:
987:
984:
980:
979:
977:
971:
968:
965:
961:
960:
957:
950:
947:
944:
940:
939:
929:
926:
923:
920:
916:
915:
914:Slang English
912:
909:
906:
903:
896:
893:
890:
889:
886:
880:
879:
876:
870:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
760:
759:
756:
747:
744:
738:
735:
715:
712:
711:
710:
702:
690:
689:
681:
669:
668:
660:
614:
611:
606:
605:
602:
594:
591:
538:
535:
365:
362:
332:(originally a
324:Northumberland
276:United Kingdom
231:
230:
223:
215:
214:
207:
199:
198:
197:Language codes
194:
193:
180:
178:
171:
168:
167:
153:United Kingdom
150:
149:Native to
146:
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4285:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4168:Sutka City TV
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:Organizations
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4105:Scottish Cant
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:Laiuse Romani
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Baltic Romani
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3938:Balkan Romani
3935:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Scottish Cant
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3540:on 2013-01-13
3539:
3535:
3531:
3530:"Angloromani"
3525:
3522:
3517:
3515:9781902806983
3511:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3468:. p. 93.
3467:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3417:9781900660013
3413:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:Sampson, John
3350:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3288:on 2007-02-18
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3259:
3258:www.bbc.co.uk
3255:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2844:lolo/cerveno
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:(as in a bed)
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
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814:Mandi poshrat
812:
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802:
801:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
775:
772:
771:
768:How are you?
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
755:
754:Kushti divvus
752:
751:
745:
743:
736:
734:
731:
730:George Borrow
727:
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531:Romani people
528:
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519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
439:
436:The original
434:
431:
427:
422:
420:
419:Thieves' Cant
415:
412:However, the
410:
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292:United States
289:
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260:Indo-European
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161:United States
158:
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113:
110:December 2023
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4199:
4100:Scandoromani
4090:Romano-Greek
4082:
4078:Erromintxela
4065:
4060:
4039:Early Romani
3984:Welsh Romani
3979:Sinte Romani
3974:Finnish Kalo
3845:
3802:
3795:
3783:
3773:
3746:Ulster Scots
3716:
3564:
3553:
3542:. Retrieved
3538:the original
3533:
3524:
3505:
3499:
3488:. Retrieved
3474:
3465:
3460:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3407:
3401:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3375:. 5th ser.,
3372:
3367:
3358:
3337:
3317:the original
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3281:
3272:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:
3248:
3169:andro/andre
3059:(as a knife)
3058:
3046:(as a knife)
3045:
2529:te dzijavel
2371:
2337:
2206:te murdarel
2142:te mislinel
1870:
1741:
1656:
1447:
1434:(adult male)
1433:
1085:
1049:
1017:
1010:Swadesh list
1004:Swadesh list
953:
935:
883:
873:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
803:
793:
783:
773:
763:
753:
740:
723:
720:
717:
691:
670:
647:
645:
642:
616:
607:
596:
586:West Country
578:
573:
569:
559:
540:
537:Intertwining
495:
469:, food, and
435:
425:
423:
413:
411:
406:
405:(beans) and
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
378:
374:Welsh Romani
369:
367:
354:(originally
334:toffee apple
317:
308:
300:
296:South Africa
251:
247:
243:
240:Anglo-Romani
239:
235:
234:
218:
165:South Africa
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4253:Para-Romani
4061:Angloromani
3994:Vlax Romani
3847:Old Kentish
3774:Angloromani
3724:Guernésiais
3379:(1): 49-50.
3104:pravo/caco
2540:te bajinel
2414:to squeeze
2275:to scratch
2085:to breathe
1883:fingernail
1796:shero/bala
1657:(of a tree)
1448:human being
1026:Angloromani
943:lollipobbul
902:Angloromani
706:dūvrī-dūvrī
701:('distant')
555:Para-Romani
304:Para-Romani
288:New Zealand
254:Pogadi Chib
244:Angloromany
236:Angloromani
142:Pogadi Chib
135:Angloromani
4273:Romanichal
4217:Categories
3734:Sercquiais
3544:2010-12-26
3490:2015-12-23
3292:2020-06-23
3263:2024-05-18
3241:References
2568:to freeze
2184:te dzivel
2131:te dzanel
1453:rom/romni
1331:baro/bare
1050:(singular)
1008:See also:
946:laliphabai
714:Morphology
460:habbinkerr
272:Romanichal
80:newspapers
4202:indicate
4121:Alphabets
3718:Auregnais
3024:straight
2831:mountain
2578:to swell
2548:to float
2518:te penel
2505:to count
2475:to throw
2437:te tovel
2360:to stand
2255:to split
2217:te marel
2214:to fight
2195:te merel
2173:te sovel
2170:to sleep
2150:to smell
2139:to think
2120:te sunel
2109:te dikel
2095:to laugh
2065:to vomit
2015:to drink
1537:chirikle
1244:varesave
995:(Punjabi)
976:(Punjabi)
959:lollipop
952:lal seb (
574:swaddling
566:idiomatic
518:Linguists
448:veshengro
401:(cream),
320:Edinburgh
280:Australia
248:Rummaness
220:Glottolog
204:ISO 639-3
157:Australia
3874:Scotland
3864:Cornwall
3729:Jèrriais
3357:(1926).
3229:See also
3222:lav/nav
3208:because
3101:correct
2810:to burn
2558:to flow
2537:to play
2526:to sing
2465:to push
2455:to pull
2445:to wipe
2434:to wash
2404:to hold
2393:to give
2383:to fall
2370:to turn
2328:te dzal
2325:to come
2315:to walk
2295:to swim
2265:to stab
2225:to hunt
2203:to kill
2181:to live
2160:to fear
2128:to know
2117:to hear
2098:te asal
2075:to blow
2055:to spit
2045:to suck
2035:to bite
1783:feather
1482:husband
1211:na/nane
1086:(plural)
1029:Romanes
1022:English
974:gavāṇḍhī
967:gavengro
522:dialects
510:Kashmiri
478:gavmoosh
399:smentena
397:(tree),
360:'boy').
329:lollipop
227:angl1239
184:British
4200:Italics
4177:Related
4114:Writing
3831:British
3804:Pictish
3791:Llanito
3785:Cumbric
3697:Cornish
3683:English
3586:91-110.
3083:panalo
3070:smooth
3004:rotten
2996:nalaco
2862:yellow
2515:to say
2495:to sew
2485:to tie
2424:to rub
2396:te del
2349:to sit
2336:to lie
2305:to fly
2285:to dig
2245:to cut
2235:to hit
2192:to die
2106:to see
2025:to eat
1985:breast
1871:(organ)
1869:tongue
1668:flower
1595:forest
1514:animal
1503:father
1492:mother
1401:narrow
908:English
764:Sashin?
570:moniker
562:archaic
551:English
514:Punjabi
387:balovas
268:English
190:English
94:scholar
3815:Shelta
3712:Norman
3590:Birch.
3512:
3414:
3235:Polari
3137:pravo
3134:right
3044:sharp
3034:round
3014:dirty
2908:dives
2894:night
2883:black
2875:parno
2872:white
2852:green
2780:smoke
2720:cloud
2710:earth
2679:stone
2638:river
2618:water
2005:liver
1995:heart
1944:belly
1926:vasta
1859:tooth
1848:mouth
1807:shero
1742:(noun)
1719:blood
1678:grass
1615:fruit
1605:stick
1565:snake
1555:louse
1461:child
1424:romni
1421:woman
1393:cikno
1390:short
1382:cikno
1379:small
1369:heavy
1359:thick
1295:three
1263:other
1255:cikra
1175:where
1142:there
1090:tumen
964:gavver
726:Leland
620:rhotic
582:rhotic
547:Romani
527:Europe
512:, and
466:habbin
438:Romani
407:folaso
391:lovina
294:, and
284:Canada
264:Romani
186:Romani
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
18:Pogadi
4163:RTK 2
4151:Media
4011:Other
3879:Wales
3836:Irish
3758:Welsh
3741:Scots
3702:Irish
3484:(PDF)
3435:above
3320:(PDF)
3313:(PDF)
3219:name
3211:lebo
3177:with
3148:levo
3145:left
3115:pase
3112:near
3057:dull
2985:laco
2982:good
2974:puro
2963:nevo
2952:calo
2949:full
2941:shil
2938:cold
2930:tato
2927:warm
2919:besh
2916:year
2897:raci
2886:kalo
2823:drom
2820:road
2790:fire
2760:snow
2750:wind
2700:dust
2690:sand
2668:salt
2648:lake
2628:rain
2608:star
2598:moon
1977:dumo
1974:back
1964:neck
1954:guts
1934:wing
1923:hand
1913:knee
1893:foot
1837:nose
1829:yaka
1818:kana
1804:head
1793:hair
1773:tail
1763:horn
1730:bone
1708:meat
1698:skin
1688:rope
1655:bark
1645:root
1635:leaf
1625:seed
1585:tree
1575:worm
1534:bird
1524:fish
1495:mama
1472:wife
1464:cave
1446:man (
1438:murs
1411:thin
1349:wide
1339:long
1320:panj
1317:five
1309:star
1306:four
1298:trin
1241:some
1233:keci
1230:many
1189:kana
1186:when
1164:what
1131:here
1120:that
1109:this
1098:they
1076:amen
922:ćhavo
878:Yes.
698:dūvrī
637:tawno
631:tarno
625:terno
506:Hindi
504:like
498:India
490:moosh
357:ćhavo
345:phral
250:, or
182:Mixed
101:JSTOR
87:books
4073:Caló
3797:Norn
3707:Manx
3510:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3216:207
3205:206
3195:205
3187:and
3184:204
3174:203
3163:202
3153:201
3142:200
3131:199
3126:dur
3123:far
3120:198
3109:197
3098:196
3091:dry
3088:195
3080:wet
3077:194
3067:193
3054:192
3041:191
3031:190
3021:189
3011:188
3001:187
2993:bad
2990:186
2979:185
2971:old
2968:184
2960:new
2957:183
2946:182
2935:181
2924:180
2913:179
2905:day
2902:178
2891:177
2880:176
2869:175
2859:174
2849:173
2841:red
2838:172
2828:171
2817:170
2807:169
2800:ash
2797:168
2787:167
2777:166
2770:ice
2767:165
2757:164
2747:163
2740:sky
2737:162
2730:fog
2727:161
2717:160
2707:159
2697:158
2687:157
2682:bar
2676:156
2671:lon
2665:155
2658:sea
2655:154
2645:153
2635:152
2625:151
2615:150
2605:149
2595:148
2588:sun
2585:147
2575:146
2565:145
2555:144
2545:143
2534:142
2523:141
2512:140
2502:139
2492:138
2482:137
2472:136
2462:135
2452:134
2442:133
2431:132
2421:131
2411:130
2401:129
2390:128
2380:127
2367:126
2357:125
2346:124
2333:123
2322:122
2312:121
2302:120
2292:119
2282:118
2272:117
2262:116
2252:115
2242:114
2232:113
2222:112
2211:111
2200:110
2189:109
2178:108
2167:107
2157:106
2147:105
2136:104
2125:103
2114:102
2103:101
2092:100
1903:leg
1875:cib
1851:muj
1840:nak
1826:eye
1815:ear
1753:egg
1740:fat
1722:rat
1711:mas
1545:dog
1506:oco
1432:man
1328:big
1287:duj
1284:two
1276:jek
1273:one
1252:few
1219:all
1208:not
1200:sar
1197:how
1178:kaj
1153:who
1145:ode
1134:ade
1123:oda
1112:ada
1084:you
1048:you
993:jībh
986:ćhib
936:chav
932:chav
919:chav
888:No.
874:Owli
572:and
549:and
472:kerr
454:vesh
442:clan
403:boba
351:chav
322:and
73:news
3452:, 5
3198:if
3166:in
3156:at
2082:99
2072:98
2062:97
2052:96
2042:95
2032:94
2022:93
2012:92
2002:91
1992:90
1982:89
1971:88
1961:87
1951:86
1941:85
1931:84
1920:83
1910:82
1900:81
1890:80
1880:79
1866:78
1856:77
1845:76
1834:75
1823:74
1812:73
1801:72
1790:71
1780:70
1770:69
1760:68
1750:67
1737:66
1727:65
1716:64
1705:63
1695:62
1685:61
1675:60
1665:59
1652:58
1642:57
1632:56
1622:55
1612:54
1602:53
1592:52
1582:51
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