184:
468:
402:
272:
31:
693:
Territory as he may deem fit, on remunerating them for their improvements and the expenses of such removal, or may consolidate them with other friendly tribes or bands; and he may further at his discretion cause the whole or any portion of the lands hereby reserved, or of such other land as may be selected in lieu thereof, to be surveyed into lots, and assign the same to suc individuals or families as are willing to avail themselves of the privilege, and will locate on the same as a permanent home on the same terms and subject to the same regulations as are provided in the sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas, so far as the same may be applicable.
2253:
224:
principles underlying Indian nations is that they "retain all the inherent powers of any sovereign nation", retaining all original sovereign rights and powers "which have not been given up or taken away by due process" of law. Courts have ruled that the "intent of
Congress to limit the sovereign powers of Indian governments by legislation must be clearly expressed in the law in order to be effective" (in legal terminology, per Saito, Georgia State University College of Law).
255:
principal canons, one is that they are to be interpreted as they would have been understood by the signatories. The
Supreme Court has ruled that "Treaties are to be construed as a grant of rights from the Indians, not to them—and a reservation of those not granted." (This principle has guided, for instance, the retention of Native Americans of traditional rights to fish and hunt on land ceded to the government, unless those rights were specifically restricted.
2264:
759:, won federal recognition in the 1970s, in order to secure certain financial benefits, including aid to education for their children. The BIA made the decisions based on their operating as cohesive political communities during the long treaty-rights struggles. Federal courts denied recognition to the Snohomish, Steilacoom, and Duwamish, because they were not recognized as polities (civil governments).
263:
concede. The resulting political dynamic has resulted in tensions and disputes among tribal, federal, and state governments about sovereign powers and jurisdiction denied to tribes by the colonial justifications underlying federal law, which tribes and members point out they never voluntarily surrendered. Diminution of sovereignty is usually absent from accession of lands.
739:
Today regional fisheries councils, in which Native
Americans, sports and commercial fishermen participate together with federal scientists and attorneys, annually review the status of particular fisheries to see how many fish are available for harvest, to review protection plans or their need, and to
735:
in 1974, which interpreted the Native
Americans as having traditional rights to fish because they were not explicitly restricted by this and other treaties, was followed by state efforts to restrict them and resistance to their fishing by non-Indians. The case was appealed and in 1979, the US Supreme
262:
Indian tribes, for the most part, were not parties to and rarely agreed with the diminution in their sovereign powers by the alien tradition of
European law. They have often claimed, in cases since the late twentieth century, to retain greater sovereign powers than federal Indian law is prepared to
387:
Indian tribes believed the treaties became effective when they were signed by the officials they had dealt with. But United States law required
Congress to approve all treaties after they were negotiated by representatives. European Americans began to settle about 1845 but Congress did not approve
223:
The courts have said that the power of
Congress in Indian affairs is plenary (full and complete)—great but under present law not absolute. The federal government and tribes are co-equal sovereign entities; the tribal governments predated the existence of the United States. One of the basic
282:
frequently made oral promises to tribal representatives that were not matched by what his office put in writing. As oral cultures, the Native tribes took him at his word. Stevens approved treaties which Judge James
Wickerson would characterize forty years later as "unfair, unjust, ungenerous, and
215:
Under the laws encouraging settlement, each male settler could homestead and receive 320 acres (1.3 km) free for himself and 640 acres with his wife (women could not individually hold property). Settlers arriving before 1850 could receive 640 acres (2.6 km), or 1 Regular
Section, one
692:
The
President may hereafter, when in his opinion the interests of the Territory shall require and the welfare of the said Indians be promoted, remove them from either or all of the special reservations herein before make to the said general reservation, or such other suitable place within said
313:
of 1855. Governor Stevens ignored federal government instructions to stick to sorting out the areas where natives and settlers were immediately adjacent to one another or where settlers moved in on Native places, and tried to settle Native issues for the territory. Natives were angered by his
726:
The Pacific Northwest tribes had traditionally depended on harvests of salmon and other fish as a major part of their diets. Citing the treaties and their restrictions to reservations, the state and federal government increasingly restricted their fishing after 1890. There was a rise in both
254:
Particularly since the rise of Native American activism in the late twentieth century, there have been new legal challenges to numerous treaties, land settlements, and terms of treaties. The Supreme Court has ruled that there are "canons of construction" for interpreting treaties; of the two
211:
opened Oregon Territory to European-American settlement; Washington Territory had a similar law. The law sunset 1 December 1855; settlers had to file their land claims by that date, so White leaders had incentive to get treaties signed with Native Americans as speedily as possible to enable
653:
were listed next to the Lummi in the first draft of the treaty, it appears that line was inadvertently omitted during transcription of the final draft. Several tribes, such as the Duwamish and Snohomish, continue working toward official federal recognition. See also, for example,
219:
By and large, Native leaders were willing to sell their land (although they had utterly different conceptions of land use and no cultural comprehension of European-American property rights concepts). They rejected proposals for their relocation from Puget Sound country.
216:
square mile. Claims were made by unilateral occupation, implicitly backed by militia if not military. Native Americans were disconcerted by the encroachment of the settlers on their territory, and sometimes reacted by making raids or forming uprisings against them.
2142:
258:
A treaty broken is not rescinded. Only a following treaty or agreement can relieve signatories of the original treaty. "Treaties are as old and as venerable as the Constitution of the United States. Age does not impair their validity or legality."
2237:
2173:
2157:
2147:
804:
to the British boundary. Of the one hundred signatures, eighty-two were signed by Indian chiefs, headmen and delegates of numerous tribes. The first four recognized as leading chiefs of their own and allied tribes were
2232:
2178:
1819:
730:
In a period of increased activism, in the 1960s several Native American tribes in the Northwest began protest fish-ins. They peacefully and successfully outmaneuvered police, garnering wide media attention. The
290:(HBC), who had developed a reputation for driving a hard bargain, but sticking honestly to what they agreed to, and for treating Whites and Indians impartially. This continued through the dealings of the local
2199:
2101:
2132:
2066:
2031:
2106:
2011:
1971:
1796:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2036:
2152:
1986:
1901:
2021:
2016:
1891:
775:. The monument, a 6.5 by 3 feet (1.98 m × 0.91 m) slab of granite, is 15 inches (380 mm) thick. A bronze plaque mounted on the west face is inscribed with text written by
2111:
2076:
1981:
1956:
1524:
Lange referenced Thomas W. Prosch, "A Chronological History of Seattle From 1850 to 1897" Typescript dated 1900-1901, Northwest Collection, University of Washington Library, Seattle, 36-37;
2096:
2046:
2026:
2001:
1991:
1976:
1966:
1951:
1931:
1906:
1896:
1886:
679:
Following a challenge by Native Americans in the late twentieth-century to federal policy excluding them from certain properties for fishing, they filed a suit. Judge George Boldt in the
2116:
2091:
1996:
1936:
1916:
1911:
1881:
1871:
2051:
2006:
1946:
1921:
1876:
2298:
2183:
2081:
1961:
1926:
1609:
Treaty between the United States and the Duwamish, Suquamish, and other allied and subordinate tribes of Indians in Washington Territory: January 22, 1855, ratified April 11, 1859
962:
Treaty between the United States and the Duwamish, Suquamish, and other allied and subordinate tribes of Indians in Washington Territory: January 22, 1855, ratified April 11, 1859
2137:
2086:
2041:
1941:
314:
pushing in other areas. Their concept of war had more to do with resources and complex concepts of prestige than with conquest or annihilation, which were not even considered.
2288:
1849:
1834:
710:
or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United States, nor shall foreign Indians be permitted to reside in their reservations without consent of the superintendent or agent.
388:
the treaty until April 1859, which made such settlement legal. The U.S. government never implemented the provisions of the Treaty for the Duwamish, and several other tribes.
2293:
1789:
180:
Ha-seh-doo-an. The treaty guaranteed both fishing rights and reservations. Reservations were not designated for the Duwamish, Skagit, Snohomish, and Snoqualmie peoples.
467:
1865:
302:'s brother-in-law), he was described as among the few even-handed men in the BIA. They were not prepared for the less straightforward approach of Stevens and his staff.
401:
271:
183:
1476:
1342:
1761:
779:. The monument commemorates the signing of the treaty, however the precise location of the signing is unknown. The Point Elliott Treaty Monument was added to the
2267:
1782:
232:
478:, two peoples, the "People of the Inside (the environs of Elliott Bay)" and the "People of the Large Lake (Lake Washington)" (together known as the Duwamish)
2257:
1484:
1178:
884:
74:(March 1853), one of about thirteen treaties between the U.S. and Native Nations in what is now Washington. The treaty was signed on January 22, 1855, at
675:
The right of taking fish at usual and accustomed grounds and stations is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory,
589:
1716:
1563:
Bureau of Indian Affairs, "BIA Issues Final Determination on the Recognition of the Duwamish Tribal Organization", News Release, January 19, 2001 (
1149:
1095:
1829:
1206:
Lane, Barbara. 1975. Identity, Treaty Status, and Fisheries of Samish Indian Tribe. Ethnological reports prepared for the Boldt trial; online at
852:
63:
250:; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.
1805:
825:
780:
768:
86:. Lands were being occupied by European-Americans since settlement in what became Washington Territory began in earnest from about 1845.
1313:
459:
Chiefs, as such, were appointed by Governor Stevens, though the treaty states "on behalf of said tribes, and duly authorized by them".
2220:
204:
1685:
1658:
1594:
1444:
1390:
1359:
1302:
1274:
916:
82:, and ratified 8 March and 11 April 1859. Between the signing of the treaty and the ratification, fighting continued throughout the
346:
3. To furnish them with schools, teachers, farmers and farming implements, blacksmiths, and carpenter, with shops of those trades.
1624:
30:
317:
Historian Morgan suggested that Stevens appointed certain chiefs of tribes in order to facilitate goals of his administration.
208:
133:
1604:
957:
683:(1974, upheld 1979) upheld their traditional right of access for fishing and hunting, as it was not restricted by the treaty.
567:, ″The Hiding place″ up river where people hid from northern attackers (who came by canoe), a place name for the Skagit River″
846:
2303:
2225:
2204:
1454:
1400:
642:
310:
228:
1492:
1186:
881:
727:
commercial and sports fisheries, dominated by European Americans. State repression increased through the 1950s.
715:
877:
697:
An attorney in the employ of the Natives during negotiations was concerned on their behalf with this language.
306:
291:
1207:
1576:
570:
287:
633:
tribes did not take part in the treaty councils, though the rights of the Nooksack were signed over by the
2313:
2308:
1839:
164:, and Skagit Chief Goliah. The Duwamish signatories to the Point Elliott Treaty of January 22, 1855 were
1551:
Long referenced Hector Castro and Mike Barber, "After Decades, Duwamish Tribe Wins Federal Recognition",
1844:
1824:
1724:
1233:
1157:
1103:
299:
83:
743:
In the same period, Native Americans outside reservations and without federal recognition, such as the
707:
1589:. revised and updated, first illustrated edition. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
1124:
818:
772:
756:
547:
79:
71:
35:
1697:
1041:
829:
541:
239:
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in persuance thereof; and
1768:
909:
892:
748:
595:
Noo-wha-ha (beside Upper Skagit, Lower Skagit and Kikiallus a fourth major regional Skagit group)
523:
196:
110:
1536:"Duwamish Tribe wins federal recognition on January 19, 2001, but loses it again two days later"
1288:. Vol. Garland reference library of social science, v. 452. New York: Garland. p. 611.
1246:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1590:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1355:
1336:
1298:
1270:
576:
552:
496:
486:
126:
114:
1673:
Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851-1901
1321:
1229:
1774:
1535:
1508:
841:
801:
767:
In 1930, the Point Elliott Treaty Monument was erected by the Marcus Whitman Chapter of the
655:
626:
622:
618:
535:
475:
246:
102:
1739:
1469:
1415:
1230:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Point Elliott Treaty Monument"
923:
on the site of the Samish Indian Nation (accessed 2009-04-09), which uses both spellings;
920:
888:
858:
776:
630:
913:
362:
7. As the change from savage to civilized habits must necessarily be gradual, we were to
1263:
752:
744:
732:
680:
364:
retain the right of fishing at our accustomed fishing-places, and of hunting, gathering
200:
122:
1628:
2282:
928:
814:
806:
797:
650:
646:
638:
605:
564:
558:
379:, when it should have become fitted for it, the lands of the reservations were to be
279:
161:
149:
148:
reservations. The Native American signers included Suquamish and Dwamish (Duwamish)
98:
90:
59:
2238:
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
1509:"U.S. President Millard Fillmore establishes Washington Territory on March 2, 1853"
925:
McDermott Introduces Legislation Seeking Federal Recognition For The Duwamish Tribe
634:
580:
286:
The local natives had a 30-year history of dealing with the "King George's men" of
157:
145:
118:
17:
328:, and encourage them to cultivate the soil and adopt settled and civilized habits.
309:(1854) and this Treaty of Point Elliott of 1855 (January 22) were followed by the
924:
513:
507:
501:
295:
67:
510:, "The People of the variable stream" or "Green ('fluctuating') River People"
1526:
Edmond S Meany, "The Cowlitz Convention: Inception of Washington Territory"
529:
481:
141:
106:
1693:
Speidel provides a substantial bibliography with extensive primary sources.
1666:
Speidel provides a substantial bibliography with extensive primary sources.
1625:"Introduction to American Indian Sovereignty: Indian Rights to Sovereignty"
1575:
Susan Gilmore, "Duwamish Denied Tribal Status", Ibid., September 29, 2001 (
1208:
https://www.msaj.com/_files/ugd/aad22c_10660538e84f4ceb8a11ac94b879a1f9.pdf
641:, without their presence. Samish attendance was documented by ethnologist
1581:
Note: This file was revised on 3 August 2001 and again on 20 January 2001.
1577:
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/134347559_duwamish29m.html
942:(2) Thirteen treaties, 26 December 1854–7 July 1883, most in 1855.
532:, "Upriver People" (originally considered a subdivision of the Snoqualmie)
810:
153:
243:
made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States,
34:
Plaque near the location of the signing of the Treaty of Point Elliott,
137:
2233:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
1611:. University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections. 1999-05-21
964:. University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections. 1999-05-21
598:
Nook-wa-chah-mish (perhaps the Nookachamps band of the Skagit tribes)
1569:
Sara Jeanne Greene, "Chief Seattle's Tribe Clings to its Identity",
1284:
Clinton, Robert N. (1994). "Sovereignty". In Davis, Mary B. (ed.).
1028:(1) Speidel (1967), (1978) (2) Morgan (1951, 1982), pp. 39–51
490:
466:
400:
270:
182:
29:
1721:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1702:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1489:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1183:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1154:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1129:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1100:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1046:
The Treaty Trail: U.S. – Indian Treaty Councils in the Northwest
1036:
1034:
847:
History of Seattle before 1900 # Relations with Native Americans
573:(a Swinomish band, but sometimes considered a Lower Skagit band)
1778:
912:
on the site of the University of Oregon (accessed 2009-04-09);
800:
concluded the treaty by which the Indians ceded the lands from
320:"The salient features of the policy outlined were as follows:
1432:
1378:
1293:
Deloria, Vine Jr. (1994). "Treaty". In Davis, Mary B. (ed.).
1093:(1.1) NB: Not verified by a Knowledge editor. Referenced in
891:, Washington State Historical Society (accessed 2009-04-09);
771:
at the northeast corner of Lincoln Avenue and 3rd Street in
990:(1) Furtwangler (1997), pp. 6–9, 110–111, 162
366:
berries and roots, and pasturing stock on unoccupied land
1742:. Governors Office of Indian Affairs, State of Washington
1627:. Georgia State University College of Law. Archived from
1564:
1295:
Native America in the twentieth century: an encyclopedia
1286:
Native America in the twentieth century: an encyclopedia
706:
The said tribes and bands further agree not to trade at
1723:. Washington State History Museum. 2004. Archived from
1491:. Washington State History Museum. 2004. Archived from
1185:. Washington State History Museum. 2004. Archived from
1156:. Washington State History Museum. 2004. Archived from
1102:. Washington State History Museum. 2004. Archived from
428:
Point Elliott Treaty, advisers to Washington Territory
1354:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
129:, (in order of signing) and other tribes also signed.
1676:. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp.
1649:. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp.
604:
Cho-bah-ah-bish (perhaps the Tcubaa'bish band of the
441:
James Tilton, Surveyor-General, Washington Territory
89:
Signatories to the Treaty of Point Elliott included
2213:
2192:
2166:
2125:
1858:
1835:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1812:
1767:GOIA | Governor's Office of Indian Affairs (GOIA),
1557:Bernard McGhee, "Duwamish Tribe Wins Recognition",
1312:Fraley, Kevin, Washington Archives Manager (2000).
1262:
1866:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1261:Black, Henry Campbell; Garner, Bryan A. (1999).
736:Court upheld Boldt's ruling in the lower court.
2258:National Register of Historic Places portal
992:(2) Donaldson pp. 295–296 in Ibid, p. 110
788:
666:The treaty includes the following provisions:
305:The Washington Territory treaties, such as the
27:1855 treaty between the US and Native Americans
1091:, Volume 1 of 2. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin.
927:, February 8, 2007 on the site of Congressman
786:As of 2024, the plaque at the monument reads:
408:Initial Treaty Advisers, Washington Territory
2299:Native American history of Washington (state)
1790:
8:
1561:, January 20, 2001, (www.seattletimes.com);
1341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
349:4. To prohibit wars and disputes among them.
58:—is the lands settlement treaty between the
1717:"Treaties and Councils: Stevens' Entourage"
1485:"January 22, 1855: Treaty of Point Elliott"
1179:"January 22, 1855: Treaty of Point Elliott"
1150:"Treaties and Councils: Stevens' Entourage"
1096:"Treaties and Councils: Stevens' Entourage"
895:, US GenWeb Archives (accessed 2009-04-09).
339:of blankets, clothing, and useful articles
298:. Together with Indian Agent Mike Simmons (
2289:United States and Native American treaties
1797:
1783:
1775:
1587:Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle
1125:"Treaties and Councils: What is a Treaty?"
740:develop how they will share the harvests.
152:, Snoqualmoo (Snoqualmie) and Sno-ho-mish
2294:Government documents of the United States
1806:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1646:Doc Maynard: the man who invented Seattle
1475:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
880:, HistoryLink.org (accessed 2009-04-09);
1573:, June 18, 2001 (www.seattletimes.com);
1555:January 20, 2001, (www.seattlep-i.com);
1019:Clinton in Davis (1994), pp. 645–9
1010:Deloria in Davis (1994), pp. 645–9
267:Governor Stevens and the U.S. government
1704:. Washington State History Museum. 2004
1218:Harmon in Hoxie (1996), pp. 522–3
1131:. Washington State History Museum. 2004
1048:. Washington State History Museum. 2004
869:
714:The complete treaty, unabridged can be
502:Smalh-kamish (Smulkamish / Smalhkamish)
489:, "River People" (one of nine historic
1530:, Vol. 13, No. 1 (January 1922), 3-19.
1464:
1463:
1452:
1429:Encyclopedia of North American Indians
1410:
1409:
1398:
1375:Encyclopedia of North American Indians
1334:
955:(2) it was offed by Governor Stevens
821:ratified the treaty on March 8, 1859.
168:Si'ahl as Chief Seattle, and Duwamish
1698:"Treaties and Councils: Introduction"
1670:Speidel, William C. ("Bill") (1967).
1643:Speidel, William C. ("Bill") (1978).
1297:. New York: Garland. pp. 645–9.
1042:"Treaties and Councils: Introduction"
432:M. T. Simmons, Special Indian Agent,
132:The treaty established the Suquamish
7:
1423:Holm, Tom (Cherokee, Creek) (1996).
1078:Morgan (1951, 1982), pp. 20–54
826:Daughters of the American Revolution
781:National Register of Historic Places
769:Daughters of the American Revolution
1528:The Washington Historical Quarterly
1087:(1) Stevens, Hazard (son) (1901).
914:History of The Samish Indian Nation
824:Erected by Marcus Whitman Chapter,
793:At this place on January 22, 1855,
2221:National Historic Preservation Act
981:Long (20 January 2001, Essay 2951)
536:N'Quentl-ma-mish (Kwehtlamamishes)
514:St-kah-mish (Stkamish / Skekomish)
25:
1760:Washington State History Museum,
97:Si'ahl) and Territorial Governor
2263:
2262:
2251:
1427:. In Hoxie, Frederick E. (ed.).
1373:. In Hoxie, Frederick E. (ed.).
953:(1) Morgan (1951, 1982), p. 14
592:(misidentified as a Skagit band)
548:Stoluck-wha-mish (Stillaguamish)
435:H. A. Goldsborough, Commissary,
199:of 1834 specifically prohibited
1740:"Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855"
851:Histories of other Puget Sound
516:, "People of the village named
209:Donation Land Claim Act of 1850
2174:Federated States of Micronesia
1820:Architectural style categories
1534:Long, Priscilla (2001-01-20).
418:H. A. Goldsborough, Commissary
324:1. To concentrate the Indians
294:(BIA) Superintendent General,
278:Washington Territory Governor
70:region in the recently formed
1:
1769:Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855
1228:Pat Kessler (November 2003).
1089:Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens
893:Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855
878:Treaty of Point Elliott, 1855
763:Point Elliott Treaty Monument
397:Staff for the U.S. government
381:allotted to them in severalty
369:as long as it remained vacant
1623:Saito, Natsu Taylor (2006).
1350:Furtwangler, Albert (1997).
1314:"Washington Indian Treaties"
1269:. St. Paul, MN: West Group.
101:. Representatives from the
645:and officially reported by
590:Sah-ku-mehu (Sauk-Suiattle)
526:, "Strong People of Status"
341:during a long term of years
2330:
2226:Historic Preservation Fund
2205:American Legation, Morocco
1553:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1540:HistoryLink.org Essay 2951
1513:HistoryLink.org Essay 5244
1507:Lange, Greg (2003-02-19).
1369:Harmon, Alexandra (1996).
842:Duwamish (tribe) # History
544:(perhaps a Snohomish band)
331:2. To pay for their lands
2246:
2167:Lists by associated state
1065:(1) Morgan (1951, 1982)
617:For various reasons, the
530:Skai-wha-mish (Skykomish)
504:, "People of White River"
438:B. F. Shaw, Interpreter,
207:territories. The Oregon
2148:Northern Mariana Islands
1585:Morgan, Murray (1982) .
579:(sometimes considered a
508:Skope-ahmish (Skopamish)
487:Sk-kahl-mish (Skokomish)
307:Treaty of Medicine Creek
292:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1762:Treaty of Point Elliott
1352:Answering Chief Seattle
1247:4 accompanying pictures
882:Treaty of Point Elliott
577:Swin-a-mish (Swinomish)
571:Kik-i-allus (Kikia'los)
553:Sno-ho-mish (Snohomish)
524:Snoqualmoo (Snoqualmie)
421:B. F. Shaw, Interpreter
415:George Gibbs, Surveyor
326:upon a few reservations
247:supreme law of the land
212:development by whites.
44:Treaty of Point Elliott
2143:Minor Outlying Islands
2126:Lists by insular areas
1840:Keeper of the Register
1565:http://www.doi.gov/bia
1425:"Warriors and warfare"
931:(accessed 2009-04-09).
910:Treaty of Point Elliot
833:
712:
695:
677:
647:Governor Issac Stevens
561:, "Facing one another"
555:, "The Lowland People"
497:Sam-ahmish (Sammamish)
471:
405:
352:5. To abolish slavery.
275:
252:
187:
78:or Point Elliott, now
66:tribes of the greater
52:Treaty of Point Elliot
39:
1845:National Park Service
1825:Contributing property
1495:on September 27, 2007
1234:National Park Service
1189:on September 27, 2007
757:Stillaguamish peoples
704:
690:
673:
470:
424:Colonel M. T. Simmons
412:James Doty, Secretary
404:
311:Treaty of Walla Walla
274:
237:
186:
33:
2304:Mukilteo, Washington
2200:District of Columbia
1371:"Puget Sound Tribes"
1067:(2) Speidel (1978)
865:Notes and references
819:United States Senate
613:Non-signatory tribes
288:Hudson's Bay Company
80:Mukilteo, Washington
72:Washington Territory
50:,—also known as the
48:Point Elliott Treaty
36:Mukilteo, Washington
830:Everett, Washington
783:on April 14, 2004.
716:found on Wikisource
300:David 'Doc' Maynard
62:government and the
56:Point Elliot Treaty
18:Point Elliot Treaty
1318:US GenWeb Archives
919:2006-10-03 at the
908:; see for example
887:2007-09-27 at the
876:See, for example,
708:Vancouver's Island
601:Mee-see-qua-guilch
538:(a Snohomish band)
476:Dwamish (Duwamish)
472:
406:
359:the use of liquor.
357:as far as possible
276:
197:Nonintercourse Act
188:
40:
2276:
2275:
1830:Historic district
1571:The Seattle Times
1559:The Seattle Times
1462:External link in
1455:cite encyclopedia
1408:External link in
1401:cite encyclopedia
1069:(3) Holm in Hoxie
662:Selected articles
229:U.S. Constitution
176:Now-a-chais, and
16:(Redirected from
2321:
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2179:Marshall Islands
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798:Issac I. Stevens
722:After the treaty
656:Duwamish (tribe)
463:Signatory tribes
455:Native Americans
377:some future time
46:of 1855, or the
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1755:Further reading
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921:Wayback Machine
903:
899:
889:Wayback Machine
875:
871:
867:
859:Quinault Treaty
853:Native American
838:
777:Edmond S. Meany
765:
724:
664:
649:. Although the
615:
465:
457:
399:
394:
269:
203:intrusion into
193:
156:as Pat-ka-nam,
140:, Swin-a-mish (
64:Native American
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2133:American Samoa
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2089:
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2079:
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2067:South Carolina
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:North Carolina
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
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1884:
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1874:
1869:
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1859:Lists by state
1856:
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1850:Property types
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1265:Law dictionary
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849:
844:
837:
834:
813:, Goliah, and
764:
761:
753:Sauks-Suiattle
745:Nooksack tribe
733:Boldt Decision
723:
720:
703:
702:
689:
688:
681:Boldt Decision
672:
671:
663:
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627:Lower Puyallup
614:
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201:White American
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154:Chief Patkanim
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2326:
2315:
2314:1859 treaties
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2309:1855 treaties
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2107:West Virginia
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:New Hampshire
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Massachusetts
1970:
1968:
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1943:
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1786:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1727:on 2006-08-12
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1687:0-914890-00-X
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1660:0-914890-02-6
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1631:on 2006-08-23
1630:
1626:
1621:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:0-295-95846-4
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
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1541:
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1529:
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1510:
1505:
1494:
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1482:
1478:
1471:
1456:
1448:
1446:0-395-66921-9
1442:
1438:
1434:
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1426:
1421:
1417:
1402:
1394:
1392:0-395-66921-9
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1361:0-295-97633-0
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1324:on 2006-02-21
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1304:0-8240-4846-6
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1276:0-314-24130-2
1272:
1267:
1266:
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1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
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1203:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1160:on 2006-08-12
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1106:on 2006-08-12
1105:
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929:Jim McDermott
926:
922:
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848:
845:
843:
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815:Chow-its-hoot
812:
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639:Chow-its-hoot
636:
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624:
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607:
606:Skagit tribes
603:
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586:Squin-ah-mish
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582:
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569:
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542:Sk-tah-le-jum
540:
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531:
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327:
323:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
281:
280:Isaac Stevens
273:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
248:
245:shall be the
242:
236:
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Chow-its-hoot
159:
155:
151:
150:Chief Seattle
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:Isaac Stevens
96:
92:
91:Chief Seattle
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:United States
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2072:South Dakota
2062:Rhode Island
2057:Pennsylvania
2037:North Dakota
1744:. Retrieved
1729:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1720:
1706:. Retrieved
1701:
1678:196–197, 200
1672:
1651:196–197, 200
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1613:. Retrieved
1608:
1586:
1570:
1558:
1552:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1488:
1428:
1374:
1351:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1317:
1294:
1285:
1264:
1255:Bibliography
1237:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1182:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1158:the original
1153:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1099:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
986:
977:
966:. Retrieved
961:
949:
944:(2.1) Fraley
936:
905:
900:
872:
823:
795:
792:
790:1885 1930
789:
785:
766:
749:Upper Skagit
742:
738:
729:
725:
713:
705:
696:
691:
678:
674:
665:
643:George Gibbs
616:
581:Lower Skagit
517:
458:
450:H. D. Cock,
447:J. Y. Miller
427:
407:
392:Negotiations
386:
380:
376:
368:
367:
363:
356:
340:
337:in annuities
336:
333:not in money
332:
325:
319:
316:
304:
285:
277:
261:
257:
253:
244:
241:all treaties
240:
238:
235:, states:
226:
222:
218:
214:
194:
177:
173:
172:Ts'huahntl,
169:
165:
134:Port Madison
131:
94:
88:
75:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
2193:Other areas
2153:Puerto Rico
1987:Mississippi
1902:Connecticut
1435:. pp.
1381:. pp.
940:(1) Lange
802:Point Pully
701:ARTICLE 12.
355:6. To stop
296:Joel Palmer
76:Muckl-te-oh
68:Puget Sound
2283:Categories
2102:Washington
2022:New Mexico
2017:New Jersey
1892:California
1746:2006-07-21
1731:2006-07-21
1708:2006-07-21
1635:2006-07-21
1615:2006-07-21
1545:2006-07-21
1518:2006-04-21
1499:2006-07-21
1431:. Boston:
1377:. Boston:
1328:2006-04-21
1193:2006-07-21
1164:2006-07-21
1135:2006-07-21
1110:2006-07-21
1052:2006-07-21
968:2006-07-21
687:ARTICLE 7.
670:ARTICLE 5.
444:F. Kennedy
283:illegal".
111:Snoqualmie
2112:Wisconsin
2077:Tennessee
1982:Minnesota
1957:Louisiana
1605:"Page 10"
958:"Page 10"
904:With one
796:Governor
623:Semiahmoo
482:Suquamish
233:Article 6
142:Swinomish
127:Swinomish
115:Snohomish
107:Suquamish
2268:Category
2097:Virginia
2047:Oklahoma
2027:New York
2002:Nebraska
1992:Missouri
1977:Michigan
1967:Maryland
1952:Kentucky
1932:Illinois
1907:Delaware
1897:Colorado
1887:Arkansas
1337:cite web
1239:June 17,
917:Archived
885:Archived
836:See also
811:Patkanim
773:Mukilteo
631:Quileute
619:Nooksack
103:Duwamish
2214:Related
2117:Wyoming
2092:Vermont
1997:Montana
1937:Indiana
1917:Georgia
1912:Florida
1882:Arizona
1872:Alabama
807:Seattle
518:log jam
493:tribes)
191:Context
144:), and
138:Tulalip
2052:Oregon
2007:Nevada
1947:Kansas
1922:Hawaii
1877:Alaska
1813:Topics
1764:(PDF).
1684:
1657:
1593:
1443:
1389:
1358:
1301:
1273:
855:tribes
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