1708:
amanitin-containing mushrooms have a mortality rate of only 10%, whereas those admitted 60 or more hours after ingestion have a 50β90% mortality rate. In the United States, mushroom poisoning kills an average of about 3 people a year. According to
National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual reports published by America's Poison Centers, the average number of deaths occurring over a ten-year period (2012β2020) sits right at 3 a year. In 2012, 4 out of the 7 total deaths that occurred that year, were attributed to a single event where a "housekeeper at a Board and Care Home for elderly dementia patients collected and cooked wild (Amanita) mushrooms into a sauce that she consumed with six residents of the home.". Over 1,300 emergency room visits in the United States were attributed to poisonous mushroom ingestion in 2016, with about 9% of patients experiencing a serious adverse outcome.
721:
1680:
This would suggest that avoidance of toxic mushrooms is a learned behavior. Organisms may avoid toxic mushrooms if they observed other organisms of the same species consume the fungus. Learned behavior is when an organism learns how to behave based on previous experiences. Some researchers believe that if an organism got sick or observed another organism get sick from consuming a poisonous mushroom, then they would know not to continue consuming it for fear of getting sick again.
912:
429:: For 6β12 hours, there are no symptoms. This is followed by a period of gastrointestinal upset (vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea). This stage is caused primarily by the phallotoxins and typically lasts 24 hours. At the end of this second stage is when severe liver damage begins. The damage may continue for another 2β3 days. Kidney damage can also occur. Some patients will require a liver transplant. Amatoxins are found in some mushrooms in the genus
1694:
evidence to suggest if the odor is a result of the production of the toxin or if it is intended as a warning signal. Additionally, many of the odors are not picked up by humans. This could suggest that there is another characteristic difference between poisonous and non-poisonous mushrooms to avoid predation from larger mammals or that there is another purpose for some mushrooms being poisonous that is not dependent on predators.
1675:, which is an adaptation that warns off predators based on a physical trait of an organism. In this case, the researchers were interested in observing whether the color of a mushroom deters predators. This would suggest that toxic mushrooms are of different colors than non-poisonous ones. The visual cue of some colors should be enough for predators to know not to consume the mushroom. The second possible warning sign is
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51:
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describing what now is known about the different species of fungi that are harmful to humans. It is now thought that of the approximately 100,000 known fungi species found worldwide, about 100 of them are poisonous to humans. However, by far the majority of mushroom poisonings are not fatal, and the majority of fatal poisonings are attributable to the
598:(ALDH), which, in general, causes no harm, unless the person has alcohol in their bloodstream while ALDH is inhibited. This can happen if alcohol is ingested shortly before or up to a few days after eating the mushrooms. In that case, the alcohol cannot be completely metabolized, and the person will experience flushed skin, vomiting,
1664:, survive, and reproduce. Snails and insects are fungivores and many have learned or evolved to avoid eating poisonous mushrooms. However, it is believed that mammals pose a higher threat to mushrooms than fungivores, as larger body sizes mean they are more capable of eating an entire fungus in one sitting.
1689:
chemical traits. The three deadly mushrooms listed above, Amanita, Galerina, and
Lepiota, are all of different colors, consisting of reds, yellows, browns, and whites. A possible theory as to why color is not a factor in determining whether a mushroom is poisonous is the fact that many of its predators are
1083:
is also inedible when raw, but is eaten in Europe after pickling or parboiling. However, after the death of the German mycologist Dr. Julius SchΓ€ffer, it was discovered that the mushroom contains a toxin that can stimulate the immune system to attack its red blood cells. This reaction is rare but can
1679:
aposematism, a similar concept, but instead of focusing on color, the odor of the mushroom would be what deters predation. This would again indicate that poisonous mushrooms would emit a different odor than non-poisonous ones. Alternatively, is the ability of organisms to learn from other organisms.
1707:
is high. With some toxins, death can occur in a week or a few days. Although a liver or kidney transplant may save some patients with complete organ failure, in many cases there are no organs available. Patients hospitalized and given aggressive support therapy almost immediately after ingestion of
634:
upon ingestion. The effects of muscimol vary, but nausea and vomiting are common. Confusion, euphoria, or sleepiness are possible. Loss of muscular coordination, sweating, and chills are likely. Some people experience visual distortions, a feeling of strength, or delusions. Symptoms normally appear
162:
Poisonous mushrooms contain a variety of different toxins that can differ markedly in toxicity. Symptoms of mushroom poisoning may vary from gastric upset to organ failure resulting in death. Serious symptoms do not always occur immediately after eating, often not until the toxin attacks the kidney
1683:
An analysis of 245 North
American mushroom species and 265 from Europe, revealed 21.2% of the North American species and 12.1% of the European ones as poisonous. After collecting this information, and using a neural network to classify all of the mushrooms based on color and odor, the researchers
1688:
color and mushrooms containing toxins. The cap is the top, rounded part of a mushroom and comes in different colors. This proposes that the cap color does not act as a warning sign to deter predators, providing no evidence that poisonous mushrooms may not signal their toxicity through visual or
139:
of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species. To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for
1693:
and have poor vision. Therefore, viewing the different colors is difficult, and could result in inaccurate consumption. The study, however, did suggest that poisonous mushrooms do emit a smell that is unpleasant and therefore discourages consumption. Despite this result, there is no definitive
1103:
or "angel's wings". In general, these mushrooms are considered edible. All the victims died of an acute brain disorder, and all had pre-existing kidney disease. The exact cause of the toxicity was not known at this time and the deaths cannot be definitively attributed to mushroom consumption.
692:
New species of fungi are continuing to be discovered, with an estimated number of 800 new species registered annually. This, added to the fact that many investigations have recently reclassified some species of mushrooms from edible to poisonous has made older classifications insufficient at
1721:
Many folk traditions concern the defining features of poisonous mushrooms. However, there are no general identifiers for poisonous mushrooms, so such traditions are unreliable. Guidelines to identify particular mushrooms exist, and will serve only if one knows which mushrooms are toxic.
703:
1702:
Some mushrooms contain less toxic compounds and, therefore, are not severely poisonous. Poisonings by these mushrooms may respond well to treatment. However, certain types of mushrooms contain very potent toxins and are very poisonous; so even if symptoms are treated promptly,
1919:
died in Paris, along with his wife, all but one of his children, their maidservant, and four acquaintances after insisting that certain poisonous mushrooms they had gathered were edible despite the express warning of cooks at two separate restaurants to which he had taken the
1617:, or β the death capβ, is a type of mushroom named for its substantial amount of amatoxin, which has about 10 mg per mushroom, which is the lethal dose. Amatoxin blocks the replication of DNA, which leads to cell death. This can affect cells that replicate frequently, such as
473:
contain this toxin. People having eaten mushrooms containing orellanine may experience early symptoms as well, because the mushrooms often contain other toxins in addition to orellanine. A related toxin that causes similar symptoms but within 3β6 days has been isolated from
2680:
CalviΓ±o, Jesus; Romero, Rafael; Pintos, Elena; Novoa, Daniel; GΓΌimil, Dolores; Cordal, Teresa; Mardaras, Javier; Arcocha, Victor; Lens, XoseM.; Sanchez-Guisande, Domingo (1998). "Voluntary
Ingestion of Cortinarius Mushrooms Leading to Chronic Interstitial Nephritis".
1823:"Poisonous mushrooms have a pointed cap. Edible ones have a flat, rounded cap." β The shape of the mushroom cap does not correlate with presence or absence of mushroom toxins, so this is not a reliable method to distinguish between edible and poisonous species.
459:: This toxin generally causes no symptoms for 3β20 days after ingestion. Typically around day 11, the process of kidney failure begins, and is usually symptomatic by day 20. These symptoms can include pain in the area of the kidneys, thirst, vomiting,
1632:
Mushrooms have also been found to have evolved toxicity independently from each other. Researchers have found that different mushroom species share the same type of amatoxin called amanitin. They specifically looked at three of the deadliest species,
1124:
or unusual reactions to fungi can also occur. Some are probably due to allergy, others to some other kind of sensitivity. It is not uncommon for a person to experience gastrointestinal upset associated with one particular mushroom species or genus.
3709:
3694:
762:. In this case, the victim had some limited experience in identifying mushrooms, but did not take the time to correctly identify these particular mushrooms until after he began to experience symptoms of mushroom poisoning.
1789:"All mushrooms are safe if cooked/parboiled/dried/pickled/etc." β While it is true that some otherwise-inedible species can be rendered safe by special preparation, many toxic species cannot be made toxin-free. Many
840:
A few poisonings are the result of misidentification while attempting to collect hallucinogenic mushrooms for recreational use. In 1981, one fatality and two hospitalizations occurred following consumption of
826:
A majority of mushroom poisonings, in general, are the result of small children, especially toddlers in the "grazing" stage, ingesting mushrooms found on the lawn. While this can happen with any mushroom,
888:
It is natural that accidental ingestion of hallucinogenic species also occurs, but is rarely harmful when ingested in small quantities. Cases of serious toxicity have been reported in small children.
819:
s at this stage are difficult to distinguish from puffballs. Foragers are encouraged to always cut the fruiting bodies of suspected puffballs in half, as this will reveal the outline of a developing
2296:
Veronika
Pelizzari; Elisabeth Feifel; Manuela M. Rohrmoser; Gerhard Gstraunthaler; Meinhard Moser (July 1994). "Partial Purification and Characterization of a Toxic Component of Amanita smithiana".
1656:
Mushroom toxins have appeared and disappeared many times throughout their evolutionary history. Many scientists believe that the toxins evolved in mushrooms are used to deter predation, either from
564:. It causes severe gastrointestinal irritation, leading to vomiting and diarrhea. In some cases, liver failure has been reported. It can also cause red blood cells to break down, leading to
1653:. Once assimilated, it can then be passed down to an offspring. The researchers also concluded that there is βan unknown ancestral fungal donor,β that allowed for horizontal gene transfer.
496:
of the nerves and muscles. Symptoms include sweating, salivation, tears, blurred vision, palpitations, and, in high doses, respiratory failure. Muscarine is found in mushrooms of the genus
4805:
2352:"IA #25-02 β 9/19/96, REVISION OF IMPORT ALERT #25-02, "**DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION** OF MOREL MUSHROOMS DUE TO ADULTERATION AND SUBSTITUTION", ATTACHMENT A β 2 February 2006"
1953:
Department of Rocket and Space
Systems at RSC Energia (Russia's leading spacecraft manufacturer), became suddenly seriously ill and subsequently died after eating inedible mushrooms.
1946:. The woman who cooked the meal, Erin Patterson, was charged with murder in November 2023. Patterson has pleaded not guilty and the Supreme court will hear her case on 23 May, 2024.
1629:. It can also cause the loss of muscle contraction and liver failure. Despite the severe and dangerous symptoms, amatoxin poisoning is treatable given quick, professional care.
1075:. These poisonings may be due to orellanine, but the onset of symptoms occurs in 4 to 11 hours, which is much quicker than the 3 to 20 days normally associated with orellanine.
174:(sometimes requiring hospitalization), but usually no long-term damage. However, there are a number of recognized mushroom toxins with specific, and sometimes deadly, effects:
3820:
1269:
is possible. Muscimol intoxication is often considered unpleasant and undesirable, however, and as such has seen little recreational use compared to the unrelated
420:
The period between ingestion and the onset of symptoms varies dramatically between toxins, some taking days to show symptoms identifiable as mushroom poisoning.
3128:
166:
The most common consequence of mushroom poisoning is simply gastrointestinal upset. Most "poisonous" mushrooms contain gastrointestinal irritants that cause
1990:
Wright AV, Niskanen A, Pyysalo H, Korpela H (1981). "Amelioration of toxic effects of ethylidene gyromitrin (false morel poison) with pyridoxine chloride".
4679:
2879:
4133:
1113:, which grows on rye, is sometimes ground up with rye, unnoticed, and later consumed. This can cause devastating, even fatal effects, which is called
3767:
3758:
1814:"Poisonous mushrooms will turn rice red when boiled." β A number of Laotian refugees were hospitalized after eating mushrooms (probably toxic
3429:
2127:
2040:
1649:, a scientific process that determines the DNA sequence of an organismβs genome, closely related mushrooms obtained genetic information via
3813:
1882:
mushroom. However, this story first appeared some two centuries after the events, and it is debatable whether
Claudius was murdered at all.
663:, similar to mannitol, which causes no harm in most people but causes gastrointestinal irritation in some. It is found in small amounts in
2853:
1671:, or observable characteristics, may co-occur with toxicity, and therefore act as a warning signal. The first potential warning sign is
4769:
606:, weakness, apprehension, confusion, palpitations, and sometimes trouble to breathe. Coprine is found mainly in mushrooms of the genus
3577:
1327:. Symptoms of intense gastrointestinal upset appear after 20 minutes to 4 hours, caused by an unidentified gastrointestinal irritant.
4250:
3607:
3454:
3367:
2778:
2630:; R. Andrew Sewell (December 2005). "Hallucinogenic botanicals of America: A growing need for focused drug education and research".
1923:
3198:"2012 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th Annual Report"
2351:
1733:, usually bright-red to orange or yellow, is narcotic and hallucinogenic, although no human deaths have been reported. The deadly
4564:
2236:
Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H (April 1983). "Chemotherapy of
Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin".
1149:
508:, although it is now known that the main effect of this mushroom is caused by ibotenic acid. Muscarine can also be found in some
1394:(tiger tricholoma) β gastrointestinal upset due to an unidentified toxin, begins in 15 minutes to 2 hours and lasts 4 to 6 days.
3806:
3748:
2828:
756:
can be mistaken for other species, as well, in particular when immature. On at least one occasion they have been mistaken for
4382:
4377:
3593:
2741:
135:
as an edible species. The most common reason for this misidentification is a close resemblance in terms of color and general
3325:
983:. Even true morels, if eaten raw, will cause gastrointestinal upset. Typically, morels are thoroughly cooked before eating.
1762:"Insects/animals will avoid toxic mushrooms." β Fungi that are harmless to invertebrates can still be toxic to humans; the
1418:(sulfur tuft) β usually causes gastrointestinal upset, but the toxins fasciculol E and F could lead to paralysis and death.
4649:
4387:
4075:
3280:"Health Care Utilization and Outcomes Associated with Accidental Poisonous Mushroom Ingestions β United States, 2016β2018"
3060:"Explaining Dioscorides' "Double Difference": Why Are Some Mushrooms Poisonous, and Do They Signal Their Unprofitability?"
1145:
4205:
943:
spp., "Jack-o-lantern mushrooms", are another cause of sometimes significant toxicity. They are sometimes mistaken for
4372:
1524:
1237:
The following species may cause great discomfort, sometimes requiring hospitalization, but are not considered deadly.
989:, although referred to as "thimble morels" or "early morels" by some, have caused toxic effects in some individuals.
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1891:
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675:
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4362:
3724:
3599:
2904:
Suzuki, Kumiko; Fujimoto, Haruhiro; Yamazaki, Mikio (1983). "The toxic principles of
Naematoloma fasciculare".
1846:
are poisonous both raw and cooked and can lead to strong gastrointestinal symptoms, and other species like the
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1480:
1297:
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829:
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Mowry, James B; Spyker, Daniel A; Cantilena Jr., Louis R; Bailey, J Elise; Ford, Marsha (23 December 2013).
2959:
1969:
1646:
1458:
1099:
1871:, may have died of mushroom poisoning around ~479 BCE, though this claim has not been universally accepted.
908:), has been more commonly associated with severe gastrointestinal upset than its better-known counterpart.
4034:
3651:"Top Russian rocket scientist dies from 'mushroom poisoning' in latest suspicious demise in Putin's state"
1992:
1626:
1037:
595:
347:
109:
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639:, the "Alice in Wonderland" mushroom, is known for the hallucinatory experiences caused by muscimol, but
4357:
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4240:
3146:
2148:
1943:
1755:
1530:
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However, mushroom poisoning is not always due to mistaken identity. For example, the highly toxic ergot
877:
720:
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2599:
3519:
1592:(the scaly chanterelle) β causes gastric upset in many people, although some eat it without problems.
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1963:
1897:
1544:
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136:
131:
Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a
121:
1838:
species in particular, in most parts of the world, there are no known deadly varieties of the genus
1820:
species) deemed safe by this folklore rule and this misconception cost at least one person her life.
1484:(known as poison pie or fairy cakes) β causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
1036:-like compound that is harmless unless ingested within a few days of ingesting alcohol. It inhibits
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4408:
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also contain the same compound. While normally self-limiting, fatalities have been associated with
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1939:
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temperature scale, died in Danzig on 14 August 1701 from accidentally eating poisonous mushrooms.
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59:
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Affects the vascular system and can lead to loss of limbs and/or cardiac arrest. Found in genus
3650:
3359:
3089:
Mier, Norman; Canete, Sandrine; Klaebe, Alain; Chavant, Louise; Fournier, Didier (March 1996).
911:
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476:
464:
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has been shown to protect the liver from amanita toxins and promote regrowth of damaged cells.
68:
4268:
4230:
4225:
4160:
4053:
3948:
3578:
The
Slightly Different Temperature Scale. Wetterdienst.de (in German). Retrieved 1 June 2023
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448:
359:
321:
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Chodorowski Z, Waldman W, Sein Anand J (2002). "Acute poisoning with Tricholoma equestre".
4447:
4235:
4155:
3953:
3935:
3763:
2996:"Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushrooms"
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1942:
mushrooms. Three of the four guests subsequently died and one survived, later receiving a
1935:
1916:
1843:
1794:
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or mammals. If mushrooms are consumed, it can negatively affect their ability to disperse
1609:
that cause different types of harm. The most common toxin that causes severe poisoning is
1550:
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1258:
627:
254:
145:
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2724:
2563:
2529:
2381:
2331:
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1842:, which reduces the risks associated with misidentification. However, mushrooms like the
1021:, but this may not render the mushroom entirely safe, resulting in its being called the "
734:
A majority of these cases are due to mistaken identity. This is a common occurrence with
2188:"An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin"
2171:
Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas β a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians
651:, and consumption of a large number of any of these mushrooms is likely to be dangerous.
4654:
4627:
4550:
4517:
4452:
4192:
3958:
3905:
3775:
Provides information on the toxicity of mushrooms in your area, symptoms and first aid.
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2005:
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species are both small, brown, and sticky, and can be found growing together. However,
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425:
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4413:
4335:
4183:
3968:
3925:
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3352:
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1534:β cause vomiting and diarrhea in most people, although some people seem to be immune.
1254:
1193:
1121:
1004:
901:
660:
622:
354:
308:
236:. Causes kidney failure within three weeks after ingestion. Principal toxin in genus
229:
199:
Causes often fatal liver damage 1β3 days after ingestion. The principal toxin in the
191:
3798:
3232:
2832:
2265:
2222:
1048:βflushing, headache, nausea, palpitations, and, in severe cases, trouble breathing.
50:
4538:
4352:
4273:
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2627:
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does not, but it is best to avoid mixing alcohol with other members of this genus.
996:
953:
17:
2745:
765:
544:(MMH). It affects multiple body systems. It blocks the important neurotransmitter
148:
and mushrooms containing such toxins will not be rendered safe to eat by cooking.
3729:
3329:
3216:
1090:
was widely considered edible and good, until it was connected with rare cases of
957:. They contain toxins known as illudins, which causes gastrointestinal symptoms.
4618:
4582:
4543:
4529:
4456:
4428:
3887:
2107:
1759:, etc.) are brightly colored, whereas most poisonous species are brown or white.
1672:
1555:
1210:
944:
929:
576:. A gyromitrin-like compound has also been identified in mushrooms of the genus
469:
316:
208:
3487:
3403:"Amphon Tuckey died after eating death cap mushrooms picked at botanic gardens"
2249:
1613:, found in various mushroom species that cause the most fatalities every year.
782:
4674:
4572:
4534:
4471:
4435:
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3703:
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1572:β reported to be poisonous. Arora reports that all yellow- or purple-staining
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402:
389:
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77:
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2831:. North American Mycological Association Toxicology Committee. Archived from
1128:
Some mushrooms might concentrate toxins from their growth substrate, such as
837:
causes severe gastrointestinal upset but is not considered deadly poisonous.
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4634:
4587:
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275:
245:
200:
132:
93:
89:
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2807:
2651:
2530:"Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning β Northern California, January 1997"
2514:
2496:
2465:
2214:
1854:, proper caution is, therefore, advised in determining the correct species.
3114:
2925:
2702:
2579:
2545:
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4592:
4577:
4510:
4500:
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4092:
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3836:
2960:"These Mushrooms Borrowed the Same Deadly Toxin From a Mysterious Source"
2603:
1875:
1739:
1638:
1610:
1402:(man-on-horseback) β until recently thought edible and good, can lead to
1309:(pinkgills) β some species are highly poisonous, such as livid entoloma (
1305:
1247:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1114:
1097:
In the fall of 2004, thirteen deaths were associated with consumption of
1050:
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905:
855:
804:
787:
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in particular, due to its resemblance to the Asian paddy-straw mushroom,
655:
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565:
561:
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338:
258:
233:
171:
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141:
101:
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require thorough cooking to break down toxins. As with another mushroom
1605:
Many different species of mushrooms are poisonous and contain differing
924:
27:
Harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom
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1831:
1816:
1808:
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occur even after safely eating the mushroom for many years. Similarly,
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2694:
2206:
960:
Bioluminescent species are generally inedible and often mildly toxic.
947:. Both are bright-orange and fruit at the same time of year, although
4709:
4505:
4466:
3915:
3854:
3698:
3058:
Sheratt, Thomas; Wilkinson, David; Bain, Roderick (October 6, 2005).
1950:
1834:
are, in general, safe to eat." β It is true that, unlike a number of
1774:
1618:
1554:β these and other peppery-tasting milk-caps are pickled and eaten in
1493:
1265:
of the mushroom, rendering it relatively non-toxic, though death via
1007:, gastrointestinal toxicity, and destruction of the blood cells. The
980:
569:
557:
549:
125:
3278:
Gold JA; Kiernan E; Yeh M; Jackson BR; Benedict K (March 12, 2021).
2309:
1780:"Poisonous mushrooms taste bad." β People who have eaten the deadly
875:
species. Another case reports kidney failure following ingestion of
791:, an edible puffball mushroom, which closely resembles the immature
299:
Causes illness when consumed with alcohol. Principal toxin in genus
3749:
Poisonous mushrooms: microscopic identification in cooked specimens
3075:
2854:"How to tell the difference between poisonous and edible mushrooms"
2481:"The optimal management of mushroom poisoning remains undetermined"
216:
Causes extreme gastrointestinal upset. Found in various mushrooms.
4723:
4719:
3878:
1949:
In August 2023, Professor Vitaly Melnikov, 77, who had headed the
1767:
1661:
1622:
1606:
1133:
1008:
999:", are deadly poisonous if eaten raw. They contain a toxin called
923:
910:
781:
764:
719:
701:
578:
117:
113:
1426:(brown roll-rim) β once thought edible, but now found to destroy
63:
accounts for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide.
4712:
is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
3537:
Evans, N; Hamilton, A; Bello-Villalba, M. J; Bingham, C (2012).
1909:
1786:
and survived have reported that the mushrooms tasted quite good.
1022:
833:
is often implicated due to its preference for growing in lawns.
545:
3802:
3624:"Australia mushroom deaths: Memorial for couple draws hundreds"
3091:"Insecticidal properties of mushroom and toadstool carpophores"
1584:β causes indigestion in many people, although some seem immune.
3539:"Irreversible renal damage from accidental mushroom poisoning"
2528:
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (June 1997).
1558:, but are indigestible or poisonous unless correctly prepared.
1496:, causes rapid vomiting. Other Russulas with a peppery taste (
612:, although similar effects have been noted after ingestion of
443:. Overall, mortality is between 10 and 15 percent. Recently,
2029:; Kathleen A. Delaney; Louis Ling; Timothy Erickson (2001).
1972:(including non-deadly species that are nevertheless harmful)
951:
grows on wood and has true gills rather than the veins of a
920:, a poisonous mushroom sometimes mistaken for a chanterelle.
274:
Causes brain damage, seizures, gastrointestinal upset, and
3447:
Persephone's Quest: Entheogens and the Origins of Religion
1797:
and so are not broken down during cooking; in particular,
2939:
Patowary, B.S. (2010). "Mushroom Poisoning-an overview".
2403:"Theory for why "edible" mushrooms make some people sick"
2186:
Saller R, Brignoli R, Melzer J, Meier R (February 2008).
1777:." β None of the known mushroom toxins react with silver.
635:
after 30 minutes to 2 hours and last for several hours.
3772:
1729:"Poisonous mushrooms are brightly colored." β Indeed,
1044:. Thus, the symptoms of toxicity are similar to being
590:: Coprine is metabolized to a chemical that resembles
397:
Causes gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, nausea.
1737:, in contrast, is an unremarkable white. The deadly
1301:(greengills) β causes intense gastrointestinal upset.
3744:
Poisonous American Mushrooms β AmericanMushrooms.com
3676:
1069:
Recently, poisonings have also been associated with
4667:
4611:
4559:
4482:
4398:
4334:
4327:
4286:
4259:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4119:
4091:
4061:
4052:
4015:
3997:
3977:
3934:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3680:
67:
40:
35:
3254:"Foraging Fatality Statistics 2016 (Please Share)"
2564:"Mushroom Poisoning among Laotian Refugees β 1981"
2562:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (June 4, 1982).
2168:
2111:
815:s still entirely encased in their universal veil.
3147:"Plant and Mushroom Poisoning Statistics Summary"
1476:as edible, but Arora lists it as "to be avoided".
4806:Toxic effect of noxious substances eaten as food
3781:"What We Don't Know About Slugs & Mushrooms"
1725:Examples of erroneous folklore "rules" include:
1684:concluded that there was no correlation between
1472:has been implicated in a death. Many books list
1285:(panther mushroom) β contains similar toxins as
3595:In the Company of Mushrooms: A Biologist's Tale
2880:"FUNGAL TOXINS AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS"
1878:is said to have been murdered by being fed the
3779:Maunder, John E; Voitk, Andrus (Summer 2010).
3773:American Association of Poison Control Centers
1827:, for instance, has a rounded cap when mature.
1468:β gastrointestinal irritation. Of these, only
1289:, but is associated with more fatalities than
3814:
3470:Marmion, V.J.; Wiedemann, T.E.J. (May 2002).
2432:"Mycetism: A Review of the Recent Literature"
2304:(4). Mycological Society of America: 555β60.
2118:. California, USA: Ten Speed Press. pp.
2056:
2054:
2052:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
979:Toxicities can also occur with collection of
894:, while containing the same hallucinogens as
278:. Metabolic poison. Principal toxin in genus
8:
2941:Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal
2764:
2762:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2346:
2344:
1766:, for instance, is often infested by insect
744:. Both are light-colored and covered with a
3354:Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World
2819:
2817:
1895:) was poisoned (but survived) after eating
1596:is sometimes confused with the chanterelle.
823:should it be present within the structure.
4704:
4331:
4188:
4179:
4058:
3883:
3874:
3821:
3807:
3799:
3677:
3326:"California Poison Action Line: Mushrooms"
2557:
2555:
2143:Benjamin DR. "Amatoxin syndrome": 198β214.
257:. Found in various mushrooms. Antidote is
49:
32:
3554:
3495:
3295:
3021:
3011:
2504:
2455:
2175:. New York: WH Freeman and Company. 1995.
1246:(fly agaric) β Contains the psychoactive
282:. Antidote is large doses of intravenous
163:or liver, sometimes days or weeks later.
3064:The University of Chicago Press Journals
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1801:, the poison produced by the death cap (
968:, which is occasionally mistaken for an
572:. It is found in mushrooms of the genus
467:. A few species in the very large genus
433:, but are also found in some species of
176:
3751:from medical mycologist R.C. Summerbell
3422:Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
1982:
1934:were taken to hospital after consuming
1743:are brown. Some choice edible species (
1154:Of the most lethal mushrooms, fiveβthe
1040:, an enzyme required for breaking down
556:, muscle cramps, loss of coordination,
3768:North American Mycological Association
3759:North American Mycological Association
2906:Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
2829:"Mushroom Poisonings Reported in 2004"
2157:
2146:
1924:July 2023 Leongatha mushroom poisoning
1430:with regular or long-term consumption.
871:, the same poison found in the deadly
540:: Stomach acids convert gyromitrin to
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
2989:
2987:
7:
4752:
3449:. privately published. p. 131.
2773:. Wolfe Publishing. pp. 126β9.
2035:. USA: WB Saunders. pp. ch115.
4764:
2958:Greenwood, Veronique (2022-05-09).
2604:"I survived the "Destroying Angel""
1230:. Deadly species are listed in the
3384:"Woman died of mushroom poisoning"
2430:Graeme, Kimberlie A. (June 2014).
2006:10.1111/j.1745-4565.1981.tb00422.x
25:
2771:A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi
2412:. Puget Sound Mycological Society
2354:. FDA. 2006-02-02. Archived from
972:or other edible species contains
4763:
4751:
4740:
4739:
3764:Mushroom Poisoning Case Registry
3424:. Random House, Inc. p. 1.
2725:Disulfiramlike Mushroom Toxicity
2382:Hallucinogenic Mushroom Toxicity
1277:by the native people of Siberia.
1273:, though it has been used as an
1150:List of poisonous fungus species
712:, immature, possibly poisonous,
384:Causes diarrhea in some people.
3520:"Delicious or deadly? You pick"
1867:(known as The Buddha), by some
1226:also contain lethal amounts of
568:, kidney failure, and signs of
3649:Quinn, Chay (31 August 2023).
2742:"Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes"
2683:American Journal of Nephrology
667:, and considerable amounts in
140:cooking. Some toxins, such as
1:
2436:Journal of Medical Toxicology
1904:The parents of the physicist
1773:"Poisonous mushrooms blacken
1146:List of deadly fungus species
480:and some other related toxic
3755:Mushroom Poisoning Syndromes
3217:10.3109/15563650.2013.863906
3107:10.1016/0031-9422(95)00773-3
2769:Bresinsky A, Besl H (1990).
2744:. NAMA. 2003. Archived from
2534:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
2280:Orellanine Mushroom Toxicity
1938:suspected to have contained
937:Although usually not fatal,
778:, one deadly and one edible.
3401:Pitel, Laura (2010-03-19).
2062:Gyromitra Mushroom Toxicity
1811:, is not denatured by heat.
1525:Agaricus praeclaresquamosus
1406:after repeated consumption.
774:, two examples of immature
492:: Muscarine stimulates the
116:in about 10 days. Mushroom
4822:
4492:Arthropod bites and stings
4111:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
3488:10.1177/014107680209500515
2667:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
2479:Gussow L (November 2000).
2250:10.1177/096032718300200203
1563:Lactarius vinaceorufescens
1508:) will likely do the same.
1143:
155:
4735:
4707:
4703:
4251:Tricyclic antidepressants
3850:
3766:(North America) from the
3290:(10). USA: CDC: 337β341.
2994:Luo, Hong (May 9, 2022).
2856:. Wildfood UK. 2014-04-29
2665:"Death due to Galerina".
2644:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.005
2448:10.1007/s13181-013-0355-2
1966:(for lethal species only)
1906:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
1465:Rubroboletus pulcherrimus
1025:of the Finnish cuisine".
676:Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca
502:jack o' Lantern mushrooms
57:
48:
3600:Harvard University Press
3358:. Timber Press. p.
3350:Ian Robert Hall (2003).
3176:America's Poison Centers
1885:The best-selling author
1651:horizontal gene transfer
1481:Hebeloma crustuliniforme
1298:Chlorophyllum molybdites
1057:Coprinopsis atramentaria
1028:A more unusual toxin is
881:, a mushroom containing
830:Chlorophyllum molybdites
4690:List of types of poison
4246:Serotonergic substances
3472:"The death of Claudius"
3445:Wasson, Gordon (1986).
3013:10.1073/pnas.2201113119
2574:(21). USA: CDC: 287β8.
1970:List of poisonous fungi
1698:Prognosis and treatment
1459:Neoboletus luridiformis
1416:Naematoloma fasciculare
1100:Pleurocybella porrigens
803:, David Arora cautions
520:species, in particular
3978:Other non-toxic metals
3420:Stamets, Paul (2000).
3135:. FDA. 9 January 2008.
2497:10.1136/ewjm.173.5.317
2195:Forsch KomplementΓ€rmed
2156:Cite journal requires
1993:Journal of Food Safety
1627:central nervous system
1625:, and eventually, the
1267:respiratory depression
1186:)βbelong to the genus
1038:aldehyde dehydrogenase
934:
921:
807:-hunters to beware of
796:
779:
731:
717:
596:aldehyde dehydrogenase
504:. It is also found in
4358:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
2114:Mushrooms Demystified
1793:are not particularly
1756:Laetiporus sulphureus
1531:Agaricus xanthodermus
1519:Agaricus californicus
1453:Chalciporus piperatus
1447:Rubroboletus legaliae
1411:Hypholoma fasciculare
1214:. Several species of
1208:)βare from the genus
927:
914:
878:Cortinarius orellanus
801:Mushrooms Demystified
785:
768:
723:
705:
526:, and some red-pored
357:. Principal toxin in
319:. Principal toxin in
122:secondary metabolites
108:can vary from slight
1964:List of deadly fungi
1898:Cortinarius rubellus
1807:) and others of the
1545:Lactarius torminosus
1539:Lactifluus piperatus
1474:N. luridiformis
1470:R. pulcherrimus
1435:Rubroboletus satanas
1380:β contain muscarine.
1356:Inosperma erubescens
1318:Entoloma rhodopolium
1232:List of deadly fungi
1130:Chicken of the Woods
741:Volvariella volvacea
494:muscarinic receptors
449:blessed milk thistle
44:Mycetism, mycetismus
4728:foodborne illnesses
4685:Lists of poisonings
4368:Shellfish poisoning
4076:Aluminium phosphide
3602:. pp. 15, 18.
3590:Schaechter, Moselio
3526:. 2 September 2008.
3205:Clinical Toxicology
3006:(20): e2201113119.
2918:10.1248/cpb.31.2176
2669:. 28 December 1981.
2638:(5). USA: 519β526.
2032:Clinical Toxicology
1892:The Horse Whisperer
1712:Society and culture
1576:are "best avoided".
1494:as its name implies
1399:Tricholoma equestre
1391:Tricholoma tigrinum
1385:Tricholoma pardinum
1368:species, including
1271:psilocybin mushroom
1261:into muscimol upon
1192:, and two moreβthe
1140:Poisonous mushrooms
1087:Tricholoma equestre
1060:, contain coprine.
1054:species, including
1014:Gyromitra esculenta
724:Edible shaggy mane
542:monomethylhydrazine
343:Potentially deadly
313:Potentially deadly
266:Monomethylhydrazine
250:Potentially deadly
158:Category:Mycotoxins
92:resulting from the
18:Poisonous mushrooms
4680:EPA list of hazard
4462:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
4206:Anticholinesterase
2964:The New York Times
2600:Eschelman, Richard
1908:, who created the
1865:Siddhartha Gautama
1804:Amanita phalloides
1581:Ramaria gelatinosa
1513:Agaricus hondensis
1441:Suillellus luridus
1438:(Devil's bolete),
1423:Paxillus involutus
1339:Inocybe fastigiata
1324:Entoloma nidorosum
1282:Amanita pantherina
1110:Claviceps purpurea
1080:Paxillus involutus
1003:, which can cause
965:Clitocybe dealbata
935:
922:
891:Amanita pantherina
844:Galerina marginata
811:"eggs", which are
797:
780:
732:
718:
696:Amanita phalloides
615:Clitocybe clavipes
523:Clitocybe dealbata
152:Signs and symptoms
86:Mushroom poisoning
74:Emergency medicine
60:Amanita phalloides
36:Mushroom poisoning
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4663:
4662:
4645:Poisonous animals
4323:
4322:
4288:Vitamin poisoning
4282:
4281:
4169:
4168:
4048:
4047:
3993:
3992:
3739:
3738:
3556:10.1136/bmj.e5262
3431:978-1-58008-175-7
3129:"Mushroom Toxins"
2695:10.1159/000013410
2332:Mushroom Toxicity
2207:10.1159/000113648
2129:978-0-89815-169-5
2042:978-0-7216-5485-0
1926:β Four people in
1795:sensitive to heat
1647:genome sequencing
1589:Gomphus floccosus
1499:Russula silvicola
1492:(the sickener) β
1359:has caused death.
1345:Inocybe geophylla
1312:Entoloma sinuatum
1164:destroying angels
1072:Amanita smithiana
847:, mistaken for a
681:false chanterelle
477:Amanita smithiana
418:
417:
83:
82:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4813:
4767:
4766:
4755:
4754:
4743:
4742:
4716:, which is rare.
4705:
4640:Venomous animals
4332:
4189:
4180:
4081:Organophosphates
4059:
3936:Dietary minerals
3884:
3875:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3630:. 31 August 2023
3620:
3614:
3613:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3357:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3328:. Archived from
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3299:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3172:"ANNUAL REPORTS"
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3133:FDA Bad Bug Book
3125:
3119:
3118:
3101:(5): 1293β1299.
3086:
3080:
3079:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3015:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2912:(6): 2176β2178.
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2882:. Archived from
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2738:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2406:(PDF newsletter)
2395:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2293:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2117:
2104:
2069:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2023:
2010:
2009:
1987:
1944:liver transplant
1750:Amanita caesarea
1735:destroying angel
1569:Lactarius uvidus
1336:species such as
1257:. Ibotenic acid
1243:Amanita muscaria
1063:Coprinus comatus
897:Amanita muscaria
759:Coprinus comatus
727:Coprinus comatus
665:oyster mushrooms
445:Silybum marianum
360:Amanita muscaria
322:Amanita muscaria
177:
124:produced by the
110:gastrointestinal
53:
33:
21:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4796:Poisonous fungi
4786:
4785:
4784:
4775:
4731:
4717:
4699:
4659:
4607:
4555:
4478:
4394:
4319:
4314:
4278:
4255:
4221:Benzodiazepines
4165:
4151:Carbon monoxide
4139:Ethylene glycol
4115:
4087:
4044:
4011:
3989:
3973:
3930:
3864:
3846:
3827:
3783:
3778:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3689:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3057:
3056:
3039:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2976:
2974:
2957:
2956:
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2933:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
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2873:
2869:
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2857:
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2851:
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2793:
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2788:
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2768:
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2760:
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2735:
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2718:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
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2621:
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2610:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2593:
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2553:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2329:
2325:
2310:10.2307/3760749
2295:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2273:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2155:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2106:
2105:
2072:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2025:
2024:
2013:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1960:
1936:beef Wellington
1917:Johann Schobert
1861:
1719:
1717:Folk traditions
1714:
1700:
1603:
1551:Lactarius rufus
1489:Russula emetica
1428:red blood cells
1180:fool's mushroom
1152:
1142:
970:oyster mushroom
690:
255:SLUDGE syndrome
160:
154:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4761:
4749:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4708:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4655:Mycotoxicology
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4615:
4613:
4612:Related topics
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4551:Tick paralysis
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4518:Scorpion venom
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4405:
4403:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4261:Cardiovascular
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4186:
4184:Drug overdoses
4177:
4175:Pharmaceutical
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3776:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3721:
3706:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:Classification
3674:
3673:External links
3671:
3668:
3667:
3641:
3615:
3608:
3581:
3570:
3529:
3511:
3462:
3455:
3437:
3430:
3412:
3393:
3375:
3368:
3342:
3317:
3270:
3258:Eat The Planet
3245:
3188:
3163:
3151:Eat The Planet
3138:
3120:
3095:Phytochemistry
3081:
3076:10.1086/497399
3070:(6): 767β775.
3037:
2983:
2950:
2931:
2896:
2878:(2005-04-24).
2867:
2845:
2813:
2802:(4β5): 386β7.
2786:
2779:
2758:
2733:
2716:
2689:(6): 565β569.
2672:
2657:
2619:
2591:
2551:
2540:(22): 489β92.
2520:
2471:
2442:(2): 173β189.
2422:
2390:
2368:
2340:
2323:
2288:
2271:
2228:
2178:
2158:|journal=
2135:
2128:
2070:
2048:
2041:
2011:
2000:(3): 199β203.
1981:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1921:
1913:
1902:
1887:Nicholas Evans
1883:
1874:Roman Emperor
1872:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1844:Devil's bolete
1828:
1821:
1812:
1787:
1778:
1771:
1760:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1577:
1559:
1535:
1509:
1505:Russula mairei
1485:
1477:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1404:rhabdomyolysis
1395:
1381:
1360:
1352:
1328:
1302:
1294:
1278:
1259:decarboxylates
1172:A. bisporigera
1141:
1138:
1092:rhabdomyolysis
986:Verpa bohemica
917:Jack-O-Lantern
799:The author of
746:universal veil
689:
686:
685:
684:
652:
628:Decarboxylates
619:
594:. It inhibits
583:
533:
500:, notably the
485:
452:
426:Alpha-Amanitin
416:
415:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
379:
373:
372:
355:hallucinations
344:
341:
335:
334:
314:
311:
305:
304:
297:
294:
288:
287:
286:hydrochloride
272:
269:
262:
261:
251:
248:
242:
241:
227:
224:
218:
217:
214:
211:
205:
204:
197:
194:
188:
187:
184:
181:
153:
150:
133:toxic mushroom
112:discomfort to
81:
80:
71:
65:
64:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4818:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:Miscellaneous
4666:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Deadly fungus
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4523:Charybdotoxin
4521:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Batrachotoxin
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4311:Megavitamin-B
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Sulfuric acid
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3609:9780674445550
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3456:0-300-05266-9
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3390:. 2010-03-18.
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3369:0-88192-586-1
3365:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3346:
3343:
3332:on 2008-02-10
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2886:on 2008-07-19
2885:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2835:on 2008-07-04
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:Beug, Michael
2820:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2780:0-7234-1576-5
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2748:on 2008-03-29
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:Life Sciences
2629:
2628:Halpern, John
2623:
2620:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2399:Lindgren, Jan
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2358:on 2008-04-16
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:(2): 183β95.
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2150:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:The composer
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:Notable cases
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:fungal toxins
1788:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:ibotenic acid
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1202:fool's webcap
1199:
1195:
1194:deadly webcap
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:), the three
1161:
1160:A. phalloides
1157:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:idiosyncratic
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1005:neurotoxicity
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:
961:
958:
956:
955:
950:
946:
942:
941:
932:
931:
926:
919:
918:
913:
909:
907:
903:
902:ibotenic acid
899:
898:
893:
892:
886:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
851:
846:
845:
838:
836:
835:C. molybdites
832:
831:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
794:
790:
789:
784:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
761:
760:
755:
754:
749:
747:
743:
742:
737:
736:A. phalloides
729:
728:
722:
715:
711:
709:
704:
700:
698:
697:
687:
682:
678:
677:
672:
671:
666:
662:
661:sugar alcohol
658:
657:
653:
650:
649:A. pantherina
646:
642:
641:A. pantherina
638:
633:
629:
625:
624:
623:Ibotenic acid
620:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
584:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:, leading to
547:
543:
539:
538:
534:
532:
530:
525:
524:
519:
518:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
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401:
400:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
366:
365:A. pantherina
362:
361:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
328:
327:A. pantherina
324:
323:
318:
315:
312:
310:
309:Ibotenic acid
307:
306:
302:
298:
295:
293:
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289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
267:
264:
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138:
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129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
100:that contain
99:
95:
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87:
79:
75:
72:
70:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4597:
4539:Latrodectism
4530:spider venom
4353:Haff disease
4274:Dipyridamole
4216:Barbiturates
4126:
3888:Toxic metals
3791:
3787:
3723:
3708:
3693:
3660:15 September
3658:. Retrieved
3654:
3644:
3634:15 September
3632:. Retrieved
3627:
3618:
3594:
3584:
3573:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3524:Scotsman.com
3523:
3514:
3482:(5): 260β1.
3479:
3475:
3465:
3446:
3440:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3353:
3345:
3334:. Retrieved
3330:the original
3320:
3309:. Retrieved
3287:
3283:
3273:
3262:. Retrieved
3260:. 2018-01-04
3257:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3211:(10): 1211.
3208:
3204:
3191:
3180:. Retrieved
3175:
3166:
3155:. Retrieved
3153:. 2018-01-04
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3067:
3063:
3003:
2999:
2975:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:the original
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2848:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:the original
2799:
2795:
2789:
2770:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2736:
2723:
2719:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2594:
2583:. Retrieved
2571:
2567:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2491:(5): 317β8.
2488:
2485:West. J. Med
2484:
2474:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:Spore Prints
2409:
2401:(May 2003).
2393:
2380:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2330:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2278:
2274:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2198:
2194:
2181:
2170:
2149:cite journal
2138:
2113:
2108:Arora, David
2060:
2031:
2027:Ford, Marsha
1997:
1991:
1985:
1896:
1890:
1851:
1848:lurid bolete
1839:
1835:
1815:
1802:
1781:
1754:
1748:
1745:chanterelles
1738:
1724:
1720:
1701:
1682:
1666:
1655:
1631:
1604:
1594:G. floccosus
1593:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1241:
1236:
1209:
1206:C. orellanus
1205:
1197:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1127:
1119:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1027:
1012:
997:false morels
990:
984:
978:
963:
962:
959:
954:Cantharellus
952:
948:
945:chanterelles
938:
936:
928:
915:
895:
889:
887:
876:
872:
864:
860:
854:
848:
842:
839:
834:
828:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
798:
792:
786:
775:
769:
757:
751:
750:
748:when young.
739:
735:
733:
725:
713:
706:
694:
691:
674:
673:species and
668:
654:
648:
644:
640:
636:
621:
613:
607:
585:
577:
573:
535:
527:
521:
515:
514:species and
509:
505:
497:
487:
481:
475:
468:
454:
444:
438:
434:
430:
424:
419:
411:
368:
364:
358:
330:
326:
320:
300:
279:
237:
230:Redox cycler
165:
161:
146:thermostable
130:
104:substances.
85:
84:
58:
4770:WikiProject
4583:Fish toxins
4544:Loxoscelism
4457:Snake venom
4429:Physalaemin
4401:vertebrates
4241:Paracetamol
3794:(3): 36β44.
3476:J R Soc Med
2238:Hum Toxicol
2201:(1): 9β20.
1673:aposematism
1556:Scandinavia
1377:C. dealbata
1371:C. rivulosa
1362:Some white
1291:A. muscaria
1287:A. muscaria
1211:Cortinarius
1200:), and the
1198:C. rubellus
1178:), and the
1132:growing on
930:Chanterelle
637:A. muscaria
506:A. muscaria
470:Cortinarius
394:Non-lethal
381:Non-lethal
317:Excitotoxin
296:Non-lethal
238:Cortinarius
232:similar to
213:Non-lethal
209:Phallotoxin
41:Other names
4801:Mycotoxins
4790:Categories
4718:including
4675:Antibiotic
4603:Strychnine
4573:Cinchonism
4535:Latrotoxin
4484:Arthropods
4472:Batroxobin
4383:Neurotoxic
4378:Diarrhetic
4328:Biological
4071:Pesticides
4063:Phosphorus
3999:Metalloids
3336:2008-02-18
3311:2021-06-05
3264:2021-05-11
3182:2023-06-07
3157:2023-06-07
2977:2024-04-25
2890:2008-08-13
2860:15 October
2839:2008-08-04
2752:2008-08-13
2613:2008-08-04
2585:2008-08-04
2416:2008-08-05
2362:2008-08-04
1977:References
1920:mushrooms.
1910:Fahrenheit
1799:Ξ±-Amanitin
1731:fly agaric
1669:phenotypes
1658:fungivores
1645:. Through
1252:neurotoxin
1176:A. ocreata
1144:See also:
1034:disulfiram
1019:parboiling
1001:gyromitrin
949:Omphalotus
940:Omphalotus
883:orellanine
730:mushrooms.
716:mushrooms.
699:mushroom.
645:A. gemmata
592:disulfiram
537:Gyromitrin
498:Omphalotus
456:Orellanine
403:Ergotamine
390:Bolesatine
369:A. gemmata
351:depression
331:A. gemmata
284:pyridoxine
222:Orellanine
192:Ξ±-Amanitin
156:See also:
137:morphology
78:toxicology
4695:Pollution
4635:Cnidocyte
4588:Lathyrism
4501:Bee venom
4497:Bee sting
4441:Coturnism
4424:Bufotenin
4409:Amphibian
4388:Paralytic
4363:Scombroid
4348:Ciguatera
4306:Vitamin E
4301:Vitamin D
4296:Vitamin A
4017:Nonmetals
3964:Manganese
3896:Beryllium
3870:Inorganic
3832:Poisoning
3757:from the
3549:: e5262.
3409:. London.
3407:The Times
2972:0362-4331
2876:Gover, DW
2730:eMedicine
2609:. Cornell
2387:eMedicine
2337:eMedicine
2298:Mycologia
2285:eMedicine
2067:eMedicine
1940:death cap
1932:Australia
1928:Leongatha
1880:death cap
1825:Death cap
1764:death cap
1740:Galerinas
1705:mortality
1691:nocturnal
1677:olfactory
1601:Evolution
1574:Lactarius
1365:Clitocybe
1350:muscarine
1275:entheogen
1228:amatoxins
1168:A. virosa
1156:death cap
1120:Cases of
1046:hung over
992:Gyromitra
974:muscarine
933:, edible.
869:amatoxins
867:contains
861:Psilocybe
853:species.
850:Psilocybe
604:dizziness
574:Gyromitra
560:, and/or
517:Clitocybe
489:Muscarine
412:Claviceps
280:Gyromitra
276:hemolysis
246:Muscarine
201:death cap
183:Toxicity
142:amatoxins
98:mushrooms
94:ingestion
90:poisoning
69:Specialty
4746:Category
4598:Mushroom
4578:Ergotism
4563: /
4537: /
4511:Melittin
4499: /
4455: /
4419:Bombesin
4338: /
4315:syndrome
4144:Methanol
4106:Nicotine
4093:Nitrogen
4040:Fluoride
4035:Chlorine
4030:Selenium
3944:Chromium
3921:Thallium
3842:Overdose
3837:Toxicity
3592:(1998).
3565:22885396
3506:11983773
3388:BBC News
3306:33705365
3233:43129572
3225:24359283
3032:35533275
2827:(2004).
2808:12184017
2796:Prz. Lek
2652:16188280
2602:(2006).
2515:11069865
2466:24573533
2266:19805371
2223:23468345
2215:18334810
2110:(1986).
1958:See also
1876:Claudius
1869:accounts
1783:Amanitas
1639:Galerina
1611:amatoxin
1348:contain
1306:Entoloma
1250:and the
1248:muscimol
1224:Conocybe
1216:Galerina
1184:A. verna
1115:ergotism
1051:Coprinus
1011:consume
906:muscimol
865:Galerina
856:Galerina
805:puffball
793:Amanitas
788:Puffball
776:Amanitas
771:Amanitas
753:Amanitas
656:Arabitol
632:muscimol
609:Coprinus
600:headache
566:jaundice
562:seizures
554:delirium
461:headache
435:Galerina
377:Arabitol
339:Muscimol
301:Coprinus
259:atropine
234:paraquat
186:Effects
172:diarrhea
168:vomiting
106:Symptoms
4758:Commons
4714:argyria
4623:Stinger
4593:Locoism
4373:Amnesic
4340:Seafood
4269:Digoxin
4236:Opioids
4231:Lithium
4226:Cocaine
4211:Aspirin
4201:Alcohol
4193:Nervous
4161:Toluene
4134:Ethanol
4128:alcohol
4101:Cyanide
4054:Organic
4007:Arsenic
3911:Mercury
3901:Cadmium
3860:History
3730:D009145
3497:1279685
3297:7951822
3115:8729458
3023:9171917
2926:6685576
2711:2175833
2703:9845839
2580:6808348
2546:9194398
2506:1071150
2457:4057534
2318:3760749
2258:6862461
1840:Boletus
1836:Amanita
1832:Boletes
1817:Russula
1643:Lepiota
1635:Amanita
1619:kidneys
1615:Amanita
1333:Inocybe
1220:Lepiota
1189:Amanita
1136:trees.
1042:alcohol
1030:coprine
995:spp., "
900:(e.g.,
873:Amanita
821:Amanita
817:Amanita
813:Amanita
809:Amanita
714:Amanita
708:Amanita
670:Suillus
587:Coprine
558:tremors
529:Boletes
511:Inocybe
482:Amanita
465:fatigue
440:Lepiota
431:Amanita
407:Deadly
346:Causes
292:Coprine
271:Deadly
253:Causes
226:Deadly
196:Deadly
4724:toxins
4720:venoms
4710:Silver
4561:Plants
4506:Apamin
4467:Ancrod
4453:Snakes
4448:Mammal
4399:Other
4156:Oxygen
3985:Silver
3954:Copper
3949:Cobalt
3916:Nickel
3879:Metals
3855:Poison
3606:
3563:
3504:
3494:
3453:
3428:
3366:
3304:
3294:
3238:7 June
3231:
3223:
3178:. 2022
3113:
3030:
3020:
2970:
2924:
2806:
2777:
2709:
2701:
2650:
2607:(blog)
2578:
2544:
2513:
2503:
2464:
2454:
2316:
2264:
2256:
2221:
2213:
2126:
2039:
1951:Moscow
1852:genera
1775:silver
1768:larvae
1662:spores
1641:, and
1623:livers
1607:toxins
1321:, and
1263:curing
1222:, and
1174:, and
1017:after
981:morels
688:Causes
679:(the "
570:anemia
550:stupor
463:, and
367:, and
329:, and
268:(MMH)
180:Toxin
144:, are
126:fungus
118:toxins
4628:plant
4565:Fungi
4436:Birds
3788:Fungi
3784:(PDF)
3719:988.1
3704:T62.0
3229:S2CID
3201:(PDF)
2707:S2CID
2314:JSTOR
2262:S2CID
2219:S2CID
2191:(PDF)
1809:genus
1667:Some
1330:Many
1009:Finns
630:into
579:Verpa
114:death
102:toxic
4621:and
4619:Bite
4336:Fish
3969:Zinc
3959:Iron
3906:Lead
3725:MeSH
3714:9-CM
3662:2023
3636:2023
3604:ISBN
3561:PMID
3502:PMID
3451:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3302:PMID
3284:MMWR
3240:2023
3221:PMID
3111:PMID
3028:PMID
3000:PNAS
2968:ISSN
2947:(2).
2922:PMID
2862:2018
2804:PMID
2775:ISBN
2699:PMID
2648:PMID
2576:PMID
2568:MMWR
2542:PMID
2511:PMID
2462:PMID
2254:PMID
2211:PMID
2166:in:
2162:help
2124:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1374:and
1342:and
1148:and
1032:, a
1023:fugu
904:and
859:and
710:spp.
659:: A
643:and
546:GABA
437:and
353:and
170:and
120:are
4120:CHO
3926:Tin
3710:ICD
3695:ICD
3655:LBC
3628:BBC
3551:doi
3547:345
3543:BMJ
3492:PMC
3484:doi
3360:103
3292:PMC
3213:doi
3103:doi
3072:doi
3068:166
3018:PMC
3008:doi
3004:119
2914:doi
2728:at
2691:doi
2640:doi
2501:PMC
2493:doi
2489:173
2452:PMC
2444:doi
2385:at
2335:at
2306:doi
2283:at
2246:doi
2203:doi
2120:679
2065:at
2002:doi
1686:cap
1315:),
1134:yew
683:").
447:or
348:CNS
96:of
88:is
4792::
4726:,
4722:,
3790:.
3786:.
3728::
3717::
3702::
3699:10
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3559:.
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3490:.
3480:95
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3288:70
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2302:86
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2151:}}
2147:{{
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2051:^
2014:^
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1930:,
1753:,
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1637:,
1621:,
1566:,
1548:,
1542:,
1528:,
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