453:
40:
483:, to breed Poitou donkeys. As of 2004, she owned 26 purebred and 14 partbred Poitous, making hers the largest Poitou breeding operation in the United States, and the second largest in the world, behind the French government-sponsored experimental farm. Hamilton works with French officials toward the preservation of the breed, and has received praise from French veterinarians, who appreciate her technical and financial contributions to the breed.
272:
362:, (the French national stud) and the Parc Naturel Regional du Marais Poitevin, working with private breeders, launched an effort to improve the genetics of the Poitou, develop new breeding techniques and collect traditional knowledge on the breed. In 1981, 18 large donkeys from Portugal were acquired for use in breeding Poitou donkeys. This preceded the creation of the Asinerie Nationale Experimentale, which opened in
391:
498:
in the breed, in order to use genetic material from France to improve Poitou herds in the US. The North
American Baudet de Poitou Society, organized by the American Donkey and Mule Society, is the American registry for the breed, coordinating with French officials for inspections and registrations of
337:
Poitou donkey and mule breeders were extremely protective of their breeding practices, some of which were "highly unusual and misguided." Jacks were kept in closed-in stalls throughout the year once they had begun covering mares, in often unhygienic conditions. Once the mares had been covered, a folk
464:
Historical records exist of several sets of exports of
Poitous from France to the US during the 19th and early 20th centuries, including a 1910 import of 10 donkeys. Most of these were integrated into the generic pool of donkey bloodstock, rather than being bred pure. During this time, Poitous were
329:
was established for the Poitou donkey in France. During the first half of the twentieth century, the mules bred by the Poitou and the
Poitevin continued to be desired throughout Europe, and were called the "finest working mule in the world". Purchasers paid higher prices for Poitevin mules than for
382:
for the Poitou donkey. The early conservation efforts were sometimes sidetracked as some breeders sold crossbred
Poitous as purebreds, which are worth up to ten times as much. Forged pedigrees and registration papers were sometimes used to legitimize these sales. However, by the 1990s, DNA testing
511:
reaches a similar size. In order to breed large mules, the original breeders of the Poitou chose animals with large features, such as ears, heads and leg joints. The ears developed to such an extent that their weight sometimes causes them to be carried horizontally. Minimum height is 1.40 m
348:
before jennies of their own kind, resulting in late-born foals that were vulnerable to cold fall and winter temperatures. Despite these husbandry issues, one author, writing in 1883, stated that "mule-breeding is about the only branch of agricultural industry in which France has no rival abroad,
377:
The Parc also works to preserve the
Poitevin horse breed. In 1988, the Association pour la Sauvegarde du Baudet du Poitou (SABAUD) was formed as a breeder network that focuses on marketing and fundraising for the breed, and in 1989 became the financial support arm of the Asinerie Nationale
476:(66 inches, 168 cm) high, was brought to the country. The 1940s through the 1960s saw a dearth of Poitou imports, and only a few arrived between 1978 and the 1990s. By 1996, there were estimated to only be around 30 Poitous in North America.
344:, vital for foal development, was considered unhealthy and withheld from newborns. A lack of breeding records resulted in fertility problems, and there was a significant amount of foal mortality, due to jacks being used to cover horse
410:
for the breed is split into two sections. The first, Livre A, is for purebred animals with documented Poitou parentage on both sides of their pedigree. The second, Livre B, is for animals with one purebred Poitou parent. The
551:. The genes responsible for the unusual coat type are recessive, so Poitou mules do not exhibit the trait, and cross-bred donkeys do not exhibit it unless of a related donkey breed that occasionally carries the same genes.
1173:
610:
357:
A breed census in 1977 found only 44 Poitou donkeys worldwide, and in 1980 there were still fewer than 80 animals. Conservation efforts were led by several public and private groups in France. In 1979, the
438:'s biological mother led to the initiative. The resultant foal became one of three Poitou donkeys in Australia. The procedure was unusual because it is often difficult for members of one
317:
There is found, in northern Poitou, donkeys which are as tall as large mules. They are almost completely covered in hair a half-foot long with legs and joints as large as a those of a
240:
for the breed was established in France in 1884, and the 19th and early 20th centuries saw them being used for the production of mules throughout Europe. During this same time, Poitou
415:
lists the Poitou as "Critical" on its
Conservation Priority List, a category for breeds with less than 2,000 animals worldwide and less than 200 registrations annually in the US.
338:
belief held that if they were underfed, they would produce colts, which were more valuable, rather than fillies. This often led to mares being starved during their pregnancies.
1081:
469:
breed. Due to high purchase and transportation costs, the breed played a smaller role in the development of the
Mammoth Jack than some breeders would have preferred.
564:, in which the silver-grey surround of the mouth and eyes has a reddish border. The underbelly and the insides of the thighs are pale. It may not display either
1010:
103:
1048:
Legrand, R., Tiret, L. & Abitbol, M. Two recessive mutations in FGF5 are associated with the long-hair phenotype in donkeys. Genet Sel Evol 46, 65 (2014).
1163:
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519:
and round haunches. The limb joints and feet are large, and the legs strong. The temperament has been described as "friendly, affectionate and docile".
494:
for Poitou donkeys have been in development in France since at least 1997, but
Hamilton has pioneered the use of artificial insemination using frozen
213:, which were formerly in worldwide demand for agricultural and other work. The Baudet has a distinctive coat, which hangs in long, ungroomed locks or
325:
In the mid-1800s, Poitevin mules were "regarded as the finest and strongest in France", and between 15,000 and 18,000 were sold annually. In 1884, a
402:
The conservation efforts in the latter decades of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st were successful, and a 2005 survey revealed 450
330:
others, and up to 30,000 were bred annually in Poitou, with some estimates putting the number as high as 50,000. As mechanization increased around
586:
means "donkey sire", but it used to describe the breed as a whole. With the decline of mule-breeding, some may be used for agricultural work, for
255:
in the mid-20th century saw a decline in the need for, and hence population of, the breed, and by 1977, a survey found only 44 members worldwide.
309:. It is not known when the Poitou's distinctive characteristics were gained but they seem to have been well-developed by 1717 when an advisor to
1074:
412:
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850:
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The exact origins of the Poitou breed are unknown, but donkeys and their use in the breeding of mules may have been introduced to the
745:
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452:
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In 1996, Debbie
Hamilton, an American, founded the Hamilton Rare Breeds Foundation on a 440-acre (180 ha) farm in
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384:
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Imports to the US continued until at least 1937, when a successful breeding jack name Kaki, who stood 16.2
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In Poitou, the coat of the Baudet was traditionally – and deliberately – left ungroomed; with time, it formed
423:
259:
efforts were begun by a number of public and private breeders and organizations, and by 2005 there were 450
378:
Experimentale. The
Association des Éleveurs des Races Équine, Mulassière et Asine, Baudet du Poitou is the
1168:
950:
Trimeche, A.; Renard, P.; Tainturier, D. (1998). "A Procedure for Poitou Jackass Sperm Cryopreservation".
367:
1131:
539:. These sometimes became so long that they reached the ground; a Baudet with such a long coat was termed
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245:
198:
297:(also known as the Poitevin) were developed together for the use of producing superior mules. In the
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334:, mules became outmoded, and population numbers for both mules and donkeys dropped dramatically.
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236:, and by the early 18th century, their physical characteristics had been established. A
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of donkey. It is one of the largest breeds, and jacks (donkey stallions) were bred to
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Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016).
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Règlement approuvé le 17 décembre 2013: Règlement du stud-book du Baudet du Poitou
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665:
989:
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473:
298:
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233:
155:
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registered animals. This number dropped to just under 400 by 2011. The French
611:
List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources
17:
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809:(in French). Association Races Mulassières du Poitou. Accessed October 2019.
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species to accept implanted embryos from another species in the same genus.
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241:
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mare. Worries that joint problems might prevent a healthy pregnancy in the
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The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
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407:
403:
326:
318:
260:
237:
737:
The Encyclopedia of Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds
418:
In 2001, scientists in Australia successfully implanted a Poitou donkey
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280:
225:
166:
650:. American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Archived 30 September 2013.
580:
The Baudet was traditionally used only for breeding mules; the word
387:
technology began to be used to identify and track purebred animals.
507:
The Baudet is a large breed; among other European donkeys only the
349:
owing its prosperity entirely to the zeal of those engaged in it."
512:(55 in) for jacks and 1.35 m (53 in) for jennies.
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389:
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619:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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427:
345:
202:
115:
1063:
53:
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They have large, long heads, strong necks, long backs, short
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were also used to develop other donkey breeds, including the
790:(in French). Les Haras Nationaux. Archived 21 February 2014.
826:"Endangered Donkey Has a Shaggy Tale - With A Happy Ending"
667:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
1174:
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
228:, possibly from donkeys introduced to the area by the
740:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 391.
853:. Sedgwick County Zoo. 31 July 2009. Archived from
558:, ranging from dark brown to black; it may also be
151:
126:
121:
110:
99:
91:
83:
60:
49:
988:. Hamilton Rare Breeds Association. Archived from
1026:. Action Wildlife Foundation, Inc. Archived from
1013:(in French). Haras Nationaux. Accessed July 2014.
232:. They may have been a status symbol during the
609:Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007).
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8:
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1050:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-014-0065-5
761:
759:
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568:markings ("white ticking"), nor a dorsal
301:, owning a Poitou donkey may have been a
931:. North American Saddle Mule Association
877:"Conservation Priority Equine List 2012"
729:
727:
725:
723:
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882:. American Livestock Breeds Conservancy
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774:. Benjamin Singerly. pp. 128–130.
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413:American Livestock Breeds Conservancy
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670:(sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI.
1164:Donkey breeds originating in France
824:Boudette, Neal E. (6 August 2004).
766:Wallace, John Hankins, ed. (1883).
220:The Baudet developed in the former
535:, long shaggy locks somewhat like
456:Poitou donkey on a museum farm in
25:
902:"Rare donkey's even rarer birth"
287:. The Baudet de Poitou and the
734:Dohner, Janet Vorwald (2001).
1:
964:10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00184-8
929:"American Mammoth Jackstock"
851:"Vivienne the Poitou donkey"
499:American-bred Poitou stock.
465:used in the creation of the
370:in 1982, as an experimental
772:Wallace's Monthly, Volume 9
700:. Oklahoma State University
1190:
1097:
768:"Mule Breeding in Poitou"
161:
37:
627:. Accessed January 2017.
283:region of France by the
1091:Donkey breeds of France
424:artificial insemination
248:in the United States.
209:horse breed to produce
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560:
547:
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461:
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368:Dampierre-sur-Boutonne
323:
276:
486:Techniques for using
467:American Mammoth Jack
455:
393:
315:
274:
246:American Mammoth Jack
448:In the United States
353:Conservation efforts
197:donkey, is a French
1132:Petit Gris du Berry
1122:Grand Noir du Berry
1030:on 16 February 2012
830:Wall Street Journal
142:average 140 cm
50:Conservation status
44:Year-old jenny foal
34:
462:
400:
277:
189:, also called the
56:(2007): endangered
1151:
1150:
992:on 17 August 2008
908:. 8 February 2002
509:Andalucian donkey
481:Hartland, Vermont
364:Charente-Maritime
183:
182:
84:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
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1102:Baudet du Poitou
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857:on 13 March 2012
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488:cryopreservation
380:registering body
305:among the local
263:Poitou donkeys.
187:Baudet du Poitou
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67:Baudet de Poitou
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33:Baudet du Poitou
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1112:Corsican donkey
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1024:"Poitou Donkey"
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986:"Poitou Donkey"
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503:Characteristics
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360:Haras Nationaux
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307:French nobility
293:(mule breeder)
275:A Poitevin mule
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104:Haras Nationaux
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73:Poitevin Donkey
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958:(1): 793–806.
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70:Poitou Donkey
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19:
18:Poitou donkey
1101:
1056:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:the original
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1006:
994:. Retrieved
990:the original
980:
955:
951:
945:
933:. Retrieved
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910:. Retrieved
905:
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884:. Retrieved
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859:. Retrieved
855:the original
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833:. Retrieved
829:
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702:. Retrieved
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554:The coat is
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432:Standardbred
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332:World War II
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285:Roman Empire
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257:Conservation
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219:
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194:
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186:
184:
174:Equus asinus
172:
92:Distribution
29:
1107:Bourbonnais
613:, annex to
570:mule-stripe
542:bourailloux
529: [
422:created by
396:bourailloux
313:described:
299:Middle Ages
295:horse breed
251:Increasing
234:Middle Ages
106:(in French)
61:Other names
1158:Categories
1034:5 February
996:5 February
935:5 February
912:5 February
704:4 February
648:Poitou Ass
598:References
548:guenilloux
537:dreadlocks
525:cadenettes
492:sperm bank
290:Mulassière
242:bloodlines
215:cadenettes
135:135–156 cm
95:world-wide
76:Poitou Ass
1138:Provençal
1134:(extinct)
385:microchip
342:Colostrum
1143:Pyrenean
1117:Cotentin
972:10734453
906:BBC News
886:10 March
861:10 March
835:21 March
698:"Poitou"
556:dark bay
458:Nordhorn
408:studbook
404:purebred
327:studbook
319:carriage
261:purebred
238:studbook
222:province
207:Poitevin
191:Poitevin
156:dark bay
140:Female:
100:Standard
590:or for
588:driving
566:rubican
561:fougère
426:in the
267:History
205:of the
114:siring
1127:Norman
970:
744:
674:
623:
592:riding
583:baudet
517:croups
420:embryo
398:Poitou
394:Adult
321:horse.
281:Poitou
230:Romans
226:Poitou
195:Poitou
167:Donkey
133:Male:
127:Height
122:Traits
87:France
880:(PDF)
533:]
496:semen
474:hands
441:Equus
430:of a
346:mares
203:mares
199:breed
116:mules
1036:2013
998:2013
968:PMID
937:2013
914:2013
888:2013
863:2013
837:2013
742:ISBN
706:2013
672:ISBN
621:ISBN
436:foal
428:womb
383:and
185:The
152:Coat
960:doi
576:Use
545:or
366:in
224:of
193:or
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