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structures with periodicity larger than the laser beam's wavelength (i.e. grooves) that are formed perpendicularly to the subwavelength-sized ripples; the proposed physical mechanism assumes the erasing of periodic energy deposition followed by the formation of hydrothermal convection rolls that propagate parallel to the electric field polarisation.
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An alternative mechanism that assumes the synergy of electron excitation and capillary wave solidification has been also proposed to explain both the formation of ripples and the observed ripple periodicity. An extension of the mechanism was also proposed to account for the development of periodic
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The set of resonant mechanisms leading to formation of ripple is defined by the strong link between ripple periodicity and laser wavelength. It includes the excitation of surface electromagnetic wave such as surface plasmon polariton, and surface waves excited by an isolated defect or surface
47:. Moreover, the ripples can reach far sub-wavelength periodicities until 100 nm as recently observed in titanium. The "cumulative" changes occurring from pulse to pulse in the material properties are still under investigation.
307:
Derrien, Thibault .J.-Y.; Torres, R.; Sarnet, T.; Sentis, M.; Itina, T.E. (1 October 2011). "Formation of femtosecond laser induced surface structures on silicon: Insights from numerical modeling and single pulse experiments".
27:
are parallel oscillations which have been observed since the 1960s on the bottom of pulsed laser irradiation of semiconductors. They have the property to be very dependent to the orientation of the laser electric field.
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Their interest is about potential applications in building microfluidic channels, changing the color of materials, modifying local electrical properties, and building sub-diffraction-limit optical
16:
402:
Tsibidis, G.D.; Fotakis, M.; Stratakis, E. (2015). "From ripples to spikes: A hydrodynamical mechanism to interpret femtosecond laser-induced self-assembled structures".
157:
Bonse, J. (2013). "Sub-100-nm laser-induced periodic surface structures upon irradiation of titanium by Ti: sapphire femtosecond laser pulses in air".
272:
Guosheng, Zhou; Fauchet, P.; Siegman, A. (1 November 1982). "Growth of spontaneous periodic surface structures on solids during laser illumination".
447:
Emel'yanov, V.I. (2009). "The
Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation for the defect-deformation instability of a surface-stressed nanolayer".
357:; Fotakis, C. (2012). "Dynamics of ripple formation on silicon surfaces by ultrashort laser pulses in subablation conditions".
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is often mentioned to support different theories such as defect accumulation, or ultrafast modification of the atomic lattice.
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the non-resonant mechanisms, more related with thermal consequences of the irradiation of the target by the laser, like
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the resonant mechanisms, which are based on electromagnetic aspects, as periodic energy deposition due to roughness, as
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The formation mechanisms are still under debate. However, two types of formation mechanisms can be underlined:
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233:"Origin of periodicity in nanostructuring on thin film surfaces ablated with femtosecond laser pulses"
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Birnbaum, Milton (November 1965). "Semiconductor
Surface Damage Produced by Ruby Lasers".
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Scheme of periodic structures of nearly 300 nm deep with a period of 800 nm.
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Sipe, J.E.; J.F. Young; J.S. Preston; H.M. Van Driel (1983).
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The analogy of the structure shape with the solution of
194:"Laser-induced periodic surface structure. I. Theory"
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roughness, especially under femtosecond irradiation
526:"Colorizing metals with femtosecond laser pulses"
353:Tsibidis, G.D.; Barberoglou, M.; Loukakos, P.A.;
105:formation process by femtosecond irradiation.
482:Varlamova, Olga; Juergen Reif (August 2013).
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101:They also constitute the first stage of the
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63:excitation during the laser illumination;
35:, such structures have been observed on
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524:Vorobyev, A. Y.; Chunlei Guo (2008).
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231:Miyaji, G.; K. Miyazaki (2008).
31:Since the wide availability of
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511:10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.10.140
340:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.10.084
70:formed in the melted layer.
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434:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.041405
389:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.115316
124:Journal of Applied Physics
469:10.1134/S1054660X0903030X
179:10.1007/s00339-012-7140-y
61:surface plasmon polariton
294:10.1103/PhysRevB.26.5366
218:10.1103/PhysRevB.27.1141
530:Applied Physics Letters
491:Applied Surface Science
310:Applied Surface Science
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258:10.1364/OE.16.016265
96:diffraction gratings
51:Formation mechanisms
25:Polarization ripples
542:2008ApPhL..92d1914V
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461:2009LaPhy..19..538E
426:2015PhRvB..92d1405T
381:2012PhRvB..86k5316T
332:2012ApSS..258.9487D
286:1982PhRvB..26.5366G
249:2008OExpr..1616265M
243:(20): 16265–16271.
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171:2013ApPhA.110..547B
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33:femtosecond lasers
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550:10.1063/1.2834902
404:Physical Review B
359:Physical Review B
316:(23): 9487–9490.
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159:Applied Physics A
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564:Category
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37:metals
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