1025:, was an important argument, supportive for government and employers, that the unions could not easily counter. Many authors and researchers have argued that the importance of the Wassenaar Agreement has been largely overrated. Most of these writers have argued that considerable continuity can be seen from the 1950s onwards. Historian Stijn Kuipers, goes even further. In an article reliant on the work of Coen Helderman, Kuipers argues that the modern socioeconomic polder model already manifested itself in 1920 with the Dutch High Council of Labour. It follows that the polder model is therefore much older and could have had a larger influence on Dutch society and economy than previously thought.
1163:, when the process of land reclamation began, different societies living in the same polder have been forced to cooperate because without unanimous agreement on shared responsibility for maintenance of the dykes and pumping stations, the polders would have flooded and everyone would have suffered. Crucially, even when different cities in the same polder were at war, they still had to cooperate in this respect. This is thought to have taught the Dutch to set aside differences for a greater purpose.
833:
928:
1001:
of 1982, when unions, employers, and government decided on a comprehensive plan to revitalise the economy involving shorter working times and less pay on the one hand, and more employment on the other. This polder model, combined with a
1123:
is inevitable. This makes parties extremely cautious, since today's enemy may be tomorrow's ally, all the more so in present times when the perceived death of ideology has made it possible for almost all the parties to work together.
2279:
1119:. Important institutions of the polder model like the SER were founded in this period. No single political party has ever had anything approaching an overall majority in parliament, so a
1111:
political thought. During the postwar period, the
Catholic, Protestant, Christian, social-democratic, and liberal parties decided to work together to reconstruct the Netherlands, as did
1091:
There is no consensus about the exact historical background of the polder model. In general, there are three views on this subject. One explanation points to the rebuilding of the
2302:
1319:"Het begin van het moderne Nederlandse poldermodel; De Hoge Raad van Arbeid van 1920 als eerste manifestatie van het Nederlandse tripartiete sociaaleconomische overlegmodel?"
1217:
Het begin van het moderne
Nederlandse poldermodel; De Hoge Raad van Arbeid van 1920 als eerste manifestatie van het Nederlandse tripartiete sociaaleconomische overlegmodel?
991:
863:
2272:
1630:
1252:
1784:
1759:
1041:") has been used pejoratively by some politicians to describe the slow decision-making process where all parties have to be heard. The model flourished under the
1714:
1518:
901:
The polder model has been described as "a pragmatic recognition of pluriformity" and "cooperation despite differences". It is thought that the Dutch politician
2288:
2265:
1939:
1428:
1058:
1662:
978:, SER). The SER serves as the central forum to discuss labour issues and has a long tradition of consensus, often defusing labour conflicts and avoiding
2121:
2111:
1729:
2151:
1657:
1724:
892:, based on the Dutch version of consensus-based economic and social policymaking in the 1980s and 1990s. It gets its name from the Dutch word (
856:
2010:
987:
1875:
1779:
1687:
1667:
1065:, whose colour is blue). In the declining economic climate of the early 21st century, the model came under fierce attack particularly from
2461:
2043:
2171:
1902:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1645:
291:
2053:
2048:
1944:
1934:
1919:
1825:
1769:
1635:
935:
849:
226:
919:
as Polder Model?"), although it is uncertain whether she coined the term or simply seems to have been the first to write it down.
2456:
2213:
1929:
1749:
1734:
1709:
1580:
1421:
1075:
959:
2196:
2166:
2079:
2020:
1949:
1880:
1870:
1840:
1830:
2161:
1892:
1885:
1845:
392:
2126:
1865:
1860:
1835:
1042:
837:
732:
702:
452:
442:
2131:
2030:
1924:
1907:
1855:
1850:
1697:
1650:
762:
2451:
2176:
2116:
2089:
2005:
1914:
1815:
1803:
1682:
1640:
1625:
1513:
1414:
1318:
1276:
2327:
2232:
2186:
2067:
2038:
2015:
1968:
1456:
1448:
1116:
1050:
947:
2094:
1990:
1954:
1469:
889:
685:
613:
34:
2380:
2375:
2181:
2146:
2141:
221:
1268:
2201:
1482:
1144:
1062:
967:
787:
737:
618:
346:
216:
2466:
2426:
2385:
1897:
1570:
797:
196:
1383:
1373:
2406:
2365:
1985:
792:
437:
127:
97:
82:
2312:
1151:. A third explanation refers to a unique aspect of the Netherlands, that it consists in large part of
2241:
1677:
1595:
1575:
1120:
1021:. The CPB's policy advice since 1976, in particular with the Den Hartog and Tjan model, in favour of
697:
505:
402:
366:
211:
144:
92:
2257:
2390:
2370:
2206:
1820:
1739:
1610:
1590:
1585:
1363:
1156:
1128:
1104:
1010:
and budget cuts, has been held to be responsible for the Dutch economic miracle of the late 1990s.
998:
807:
752:
747:
680:
670:
356:
191:
2355:
2246:
1620:
1543:
812:
772:
643:
548:
167:
149:
139:
132:
1394:
1229:
1139:
against the unpredictable tides of the international economy because the
Netherlands is not an
2360:
1615:
1565:
1547:
1054:
1014:
665:
417:
397:
184:
177:
172:
1351:
2136:
1605:
1556:
1491:
1464:
658:
593:
578:
530:
520:
514:
487:
472:
243:
206:
1789:
1672:
1551:
1523:
1399:
1272:
1234:
782:
742:
707:
603:
563:
558:
525:
371:
351:
341:
331:
316:
296:
231:
117:
42:
1247:
Elke van Riel, "Akkoord van
Wassenaar keerpunt in relatie regering en sociale partners",
1600:
1538:
1533:
1172:
1022:
971:
881:
767:
583:
477:
321:
1155:, land reclaimed from the sea, which requires constant pumping and maintenance of the
2445:
2322:
2307:
2099:
1504:
1356:
1199:
1148:
1136:
1132:
1018:
1007:
979:
817:
802:
608:
598:
588:
573:
553:
482:
326:
248:
159:
122:
112:
102:
2156:
1177:
1112:
1096:
955:
692:
568:
427:
422:
407:
361:
336:
311:
306:
253:
107:
2317:
1719:
1486:
1437:
1160:
1100:
1092:
1070:
902:
757:
712:
675:
653:
648:
261:
236:
2104:
1066:
1003:
963:
943:
87:
55:
2191:
2084:
1980:
916:
777:
301:
266:
201:
65:
60:
17:
1331:
1290:
The Polder Model: From
Disease to Miracle? Dutch Neo-corporatism 1965–2000
927:
832:
1995:
1560:
1509:
1500:
1140:
1108:
154:
2411:
1528:
1478:
1406:
1143:
economy. To cushion against the international economy, they set up the
1046:
983:
951:
931:
510:
286:
2416:
1496:
1474:
1152:
1038:
894:
638:
1265:
1127:
Another explanation points to the dependency of the
Netherlands on
926:
2261:
1410:
2421:
997:
The current Dutch polder model is said to have begun with the
1013:
An important role in this process was played by the Dutch
1336:
Tijdschrift voor
Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis
2399:
2348:
2341:
2295:
2066:
2029:
1967:
1802:
1696:
1455:
1049:, a coalition including the traditional rivals the
1266:"Zo historisch was het Akkoord van Wassenaar niet"
992:universal validity of collective labour agreements
2289:Economic and financial history of the Netherlands
1303:Republiek van rivaliteiten; Nederland sinds 1813
2303:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
942:The Dutch polder model is characterised by the
1033:The term polder model and especially the verb
2273:
1422:
857:
8:
1332:"De Hoge Raad van Arbeid, 1919–1940(–1950)"
910:
2345:
2280:
2266:
2258:
2072:
1973:
1808:
1702:
1663:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1429:
1415:
1407:
1395:"The political branch of the polder model"
864:
850:
29:
1313:
1311:
1195:
1193:
27:Dutch method of consensus decision-making
1059:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
898:) for tracts of land enclosed by dikes.
1658:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
1305:(2nd printing Amsterdam, 2005), 216–17.
1189:
41:
1206:(Amsterdam / Rotterdam, 2004), 104–06.
988:Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement
7:
1321:, Radboud University Nijmegen, 2015.
1279:, 2007 (retrieved 25 February 2015).
1057:party, whose colour is red) and the
1081:The Wreckage of Eight Years Purple
966:. These talks are embodied in the
25:
936:Prime Minister of the Netherlands
838:Business and economics portal
1076:De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars
960:Federation Dutch Labour Movement
831:
982:. Similar models are in use in
912:Het socialisme als poldermodel?
1045:governments of Prime Minister
905:was the first to use the term
1:
1683:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
1147:, which oversaw an extensive
938:, supported the polder model.
733:Commons-based peer production
453:Socialism of the 21st century
1103:was an important feature of
1277:Radboud University Nijmegen
2483:
2462:Economy of the Netherlands
2328:Whaling in the Netherlands
1449:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1292:(Amsterdam, 2005), 267–69.
1135:. The Dutch cannot afford
923:Socioeconomic polder model
2226:
2075:
1976:
1811:
1775:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
1705:
1519:Development urban centers
1445:
890:consensus decision-making
227:Socialist-oriented market
2381:Dutch West India Company
2376:Dutch East India Company
2356:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
1117:employers' organizations
976:Sociaal-Economische Raad
948:employers' organisations
2457:Dutch words and phrases
1204:Woorden met een verhaal
1145:Social-Economic Council
1015:Central Planning Bureau
968:Social-Economic Council
909:, in her 1990 article "
2427:Stichting Max Havelaar
2386:New Netherland Company
2122:Decorations and medals
1571:Burgundian Netherlands
975:
939:
911:
885:
2407:De Nederlandsche Bank
2366:Brabantsche Compagnie
2117:Customs and etiquette
1087:Historical background
1073:in his book entitled
1063:conservative liberals
930:
2152:Orders of knighthood
1785:World Heritage Sites
1688:Coronavirus pandemic
1678:European debt crisis
1651:Dutch Liberation Day
1576:Habsburg Netherlands
1384:"A fine place to be"
1374:"Economic illusions"
1219:(Nijmegen, 2015), 3.
1121:coalition government
946:cooperation between
763:Newly industrialized
506:Collective ownership
367:Vertical archipelago
2391:Noordsche Compagnie
2371:Compagnie van Verre
1760:Mountains and hills
1611:Batavian Revolution
1591:Spanish Netherlands
1586:Seventeen Provinces
1251:, 2010 (versie 9) (
1129:international trade
1105:Christian democracy
1006:economic policy of
999:Wassenaar Agreement
748:Inclusive Democracy
2452:Dispute resolution
2313:Amsterdam Entrepôt
2011:Telecommunications
1621:Kingdom of Holland
1271:2015-09-24 at the
1017:(CPB), founded by
940:
686:Material balancing
168:Buddhist economics
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2361:Bank of Amsterdam
2342:Main institutions
2255:
2254:
2222:
2221:
2062:
2061:
1963:
1962:
1940:Political parties
1876:Foreign relations
1798:
1797:
1668:Same-sex marriage
1616:Batavian Republic
1596:Eighty Years' War
1566:Holy Roman Empire
1393:Mark Kranenburg,
1360:, 3 November 2012
1288:Jaap Woldendorp,
1159:. Ever since the
1107:and particularly
1055:social-democratic
888:) is a method of
874:
873:
384:By regional model
178:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
2474:
2346:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2235:
2073:
2044:Public transport
1974:
1809:
1703:
1529:Frankish Kingdom
1492:Migration Period
1431:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1352:"Same old Dutch"
1339:
1330:Coen Helderman,
1328:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1264:Agnes Akkerman,
1262:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:, 22 April 2002.
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1069:politicians and
1043:purple coalition
914:
866:
859:
852:
836:
835:
594:Municipalization
579:Financialization
549:Collectivization
531:Social ownership
521:Private property
515:Common ownership
473:Common ownership
287:Closed (autarky)
244:State capitalism
222:Socialist market
207:Market socialist
43:Economic systems
30:
21:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2395:
2337:
2291:
2286:
2256:
2251:
2238:
2231:
2218:
2172:Public holidays
2058:
2025:
1959:
1794:
1790:Zuiderzee Works
1692:
1673:Great Recession
1552:Frisian Freedom
1524:Frisian Kingdom
1465:Germanic tribes
1451:
1441:
1435:
1400:NRC Handelsblad
1348:
1346:Further reading
1343:
1342:
1329:
1325:
1317:Stijn Kuipers,
1316:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1273:Wayback Machine
1263:
1259:
1255:15 April 2015).
1246:
1242:
1235:NRC Handelsblad
1228:Ewoud Sanders,
1227:
1223:
1215:Stijn Kuipers,
1214:
1210:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1169:
1089:
1031:
925:
870:
830:
823:
822:
788:Post-industrial
783:Post-capitalist
743:Hunter-gatherer
728:
720:
719:
634:
626:
625:
604:Nationalization
564:Demutualization
559:Corporatization
544:
536:
535:
526:State ownership
501:
493:
492:
468:
460:
459:
385:
377:
376:
347:Robinson Crusoe
282:
281:By coordination
274:
273:
258:Traditionalist
118:Neomercantilist
78:
70:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2480:
2478:
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2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
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2297:
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2287:
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2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2228:
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2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Cultural icons
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:Road transport
2051:
2049:Rail transport
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:Prime Minister
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Municipalities
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:Climate change
1823:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1730:Extreme points
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
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1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
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1660:
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1653:
1648:
1638:
1636:United Kingdom
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:Dutch Republic
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1541:
1539:Lower Lorraine
1536:
1534:Middle Francia
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1494:
1489:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440: articles
1436:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1364:"Model makers"
1361:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1307:
1301:Piet de Rooy,
1294:
1281:
1257:
1240:
1221:
1208:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:Bipartisanship
1168:
1165:
1088:
1085:
1030:
1027:
1023:wage restraint
980:strike actions
924:
921:
872:
871:
869:
868:
861:
854:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
825:
824:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
798:Resource-based
795:
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770:
765:
760:
755:
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718:
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695:
690:
689:
688:
683:
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673:
663:
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661:
656:
651:
641:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
584:Liberalization
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
508:
502:
500:Property types
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
466:
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462:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
449:Latin America
447:
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445:
440:
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430:
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420:
412:
411:
410:
405:
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395:
386:
383:
382:
379:
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364:
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344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
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314:
309:
304:
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272:
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264:
256:
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229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
189:
188:
187:
182:
181:
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162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
136:
135:
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125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
85:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2479:
2468:
2467:Power sharing
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Dutch disease
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Dutch guilder
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
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1626:Incorporation
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1403:, 1 July 1999
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1388:The Economist
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1378:The Economist
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1230:"Poldermodel"
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1200:Ewoud Sanders
1196:
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1149:welfare state
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1137:protectionism
1134:
1133:world economy
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1113:labour unions
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738:Expeditionary
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609:Privatization
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599:Mutualization
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589:Marketization
587:
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574:Expropriation
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217:Participatory
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128:Social market
126:
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123:Protectionist
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103:Laissez-faire
101:
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31:
19:
2333:Polder model
2332:
2197:Coat of arms
2167:Prostitution
2080:Architecture
2021:Trade unions
2001:Polder model
2000:
1986:Central bank
1955:Water boards
1881:Human rights
1871:Homelessness
1841:Demographics
1831:Constitution
1641:World War II
1631:Principality
1447:Part of the
1398:
1390:, 2 May 2002
1387:
1380:, 2 May 2002
1377:
1370:, 2 May 2002
1367:
1355:
1335:
1326:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1260:
1249:SER Magazine
1248:
1243:
1233:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1178:Trasformismo
1126:
1097:World War II
1090:
1080:
1074:
1051:Labour Party
1034:
1032:
1012:
996:
958:such as the
941:
906:
900:
893:
878:polder model
877:
875:
703:Peer-to-peer
698:Self-managed
633:Coordination
569:Deregulation
432:
254:Distributist
108:Mercantilist
18:Polder Model
2318:Tulip mania
2214:Terminology
2162:Pornography
1903:Enforcement
1893:Immigration
1866:Health care
1846:Drug policy
1725:Earthquakes
1720:Delta Works
1581:Renaissance
1487:Cananefates
1438:Netherlands
1338:I:2 (2004).
1161:Middle Ages
1101:Corporatism
1093:Netherlands
1071:Pim Fortuyn
907:poldermodel
903:Ina Brouwer
886:poldermodel
808:Traditional
758:Manorialism
753:Information
727:Other types
713:Open access
676:Cybernetics
418:Anglo-Saxon
403:Singaporean
362:Underground
357:Subsistence
262:Corporatist
237:Syndicalist
197:Communalist
83:Associative
77:By ideology
50:Major types
2446:Categories
2137:Literature
2127:Irreligion
1935:Parliament
1861:Euthanasia
1836:Corruption
1606:Golden Age
1184:References
1067:right-wing
1029:Other uses
1004:neoliberal
964:government
962:, and the
944:tripartist
813:Transition
773:Plantation
681:Indicative
543:Transition
393:East Asian
164:Religious
140:Democratic
113:Neoliberal
98:Democratic
88:Capitalist
56:Capitalism
2400:Post-1815
2132:Languages
2031:Transport
1981:AEX index
1925:Provinces
1908:Law Firms
1856:Elections
1851:Education
1780:Volcanoes
1740:Gas field
1698:Geography
1470:Roman Era
934:, former
917:Socialism
778:Plutonomy
659:Regulated
488:Voluntary
414:European
267:Feudalism
212:Mutualist
202:Communist
192:Socialist
173:Christian
93:Corporate
66:Communism
61:Socialism
2349:Pre-1815
2242:Category
2177:Religion
2090:Cannabis
2006:Taxation
1996:Euronext
1950:Military
1816:Abortion
1804:Politics
1561:Guelders
1544:Flanders
1510:Dorestad
1501:Frisians
1269:Archived
1253:archived
1167:See also
1141:autarkic
1131:and the
1109:Catholic
1035:polderen
950:such as
666:Planning
317:Informal
302:Dirigist
155:Georgist
150:Feminist
35:a series
33:Part of
2412:Philips
2296:General
2233:Outline
2187:Symbols
2100:Cuisine
2068:Culture
2039:Cycling
2016:Tourism
1969:Economy
1915:Monarch
1821:Cabinet
1765:Regions
1755:Mammals
1745:Islands
1557:Brabant
1548:Holland
1514:Utrecht
1479:Chamavi
1457:History
1153:polders
1047:Wim Kok
984:Finland
952:VNO-NCW
932:Wim Kok
708:Sharing
671:In kind
619:Marxist
511:Commons
478:Private
467:Sectors
438:Rhenish
408:Keralan
398:Chinese
372:Virtual
352:Sharing
342:Planned
332:Natural
297:Digital
185:Islamic
145:Fascist
133:Welfare
2417:Fokker
2247:Portal
2192:Anthem
2157:People
2095:Cinema
1991:Energy
1770:Rivers
1715:Cities
1505:Franks
1497:Saxons
1483:Batavi
1475:Frisii
1095:after
1039:polder
895:polder
768:Palace
644:Market
639:Barter
483:Public
443:Soviet
428:Nordic
423:German
389:Asian
322:Market
2182:Sport
2147:Music
2142:Media
1750:Lakes
1710:Birds
1157:dykes
1037:("to
972:Dutch
882:Dutch
818:World
803:Token
693:Price
433:Dutch
327:Mixed
232:State
160:Green
2207:Lion
2202:Flag
2105:Wine
1886:LGBT
1115:and
990:and
915:" ("
876:The
654:Open
649:Free
337:Open
312:Gift
307:Dual
2422:KLM
2085:Art
1898:Law
1083:).
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