Constitution of Mexico - Knowledge (XXG)

1565:, a strong supporter of Carranza, requested the convention to consider extending the vote to women for representatives for the lower house of the legislature. The request was conveyed to a committee. Article 35 specifying the rights and privileges of Mexican citizens could have been extended to include full rights for women, but the committee went out of its way to explicitly deny women those rights. Carranza was an advocate of women's rights as was his advisor and delegate to the congress, Palavicini. Palavicini questioned the committee chair for not including women's suffrage, but the chair deflected, saying the committee did not take the question of women's suffrage into consideration. In fact, the committee had stated explicitly why they did not extend women the vote. "women ... do not feel the need to participate in public affairs, as is shown by the lack of all organized movement toward that end; ... political rights are not based on the nature of the human being but on the regulatory functions of the State, on the functions that it must exercise in order to maintain the coexistence of natural rights of all; under the conditions in which Mexican society finds itself, the granting of the vote to women is considered unnecessary." Those opposing women's suffrage thought that women were under the influence of the Catholic Church, so enfranchising them would give power to the Church, but this opinion was not explicitly found in the records of the debate. Women would not achieve the vote in Mexico until 1953. 1473:, dealing with education, was highly contentious. Carranza's draft of Article 3 reads "There is to be full liberty of instruction, but that given in official educational establishments will be secular, and the instruction imparted by these institutions will be free at both the upper and lower levels." Francisco Múgica proposed a much more strongly worded alternative. "There will be liberty of instruction; but that given in official establishments of education will be secular, as will be the upper and lower primary instruction given in private schools. No religious corporation, ministry of any cult, or any person belonging to a similar association may establish or direct schools of primary instruction, nor give instruction in any school . Private primary schools may be established only subject to the supervision of the Government. Primary instruction will be obligatory for all Mexicans, and in official establishments it will be free." 1574:

Although Mexican delegates did not think enforcement would be easy, it was argued by proponents that enshrining it in the constitution would give prohibition due respect. It was considered in the draft of Article 4, but resoundingly defeated by delegates 145–7. Article 123 dealing with labor, prohibited sale of alcoholic beverages and the establishment of gambling houses in workers' centers, so further debates on prohibition had a chance of passage. Arguments for prohibition were voiced over the loss of revenues that taxing taverns and drink brought in, its contribution to criminality, and undermining public health. In the end, prohibition of alcohol generally was not incorporated into the constitution. Delegate General Múgica made an all-out effort to include the ban, but realized it would not pass. An attempt to prohibit bullfighting was given short shrift, considered a Mexican cultural celebration.

1278: 1614:. Requiring landowners to make all their land productive, and if left idle, subject to government expropriation; the granting of a fixed amount of land to anyone who asks for it, provided they bring it into production and not sell it. Points in the PLM's call for improvement in education were also incorporated, such as completely secular education, compulsory attendance up until age 14, and the establishment of trade schools. Not surprisingly, the PLM also called for restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church, which were incorporated in the constitution. These included treating religious institutions as businesses and required to pay taxes; nationalization of religious institutions' real property; and the elimination of religious-run schools. 1494:

Constitutionalist faction. The anticlericalism of the Constitutionalists was a part of their aim to build a strong nation-state. "elegates viewed the church as a political enemy to the establishment of a liberal, secular nation-state...The church seemed to be viewed by most of the delegates as a foreign body that worked against the development of a progressive and independent nation." Rather than anticlericalism being a religious stance, in this interpretation "the militant anti-church stance of the congress was another expression of nationalism." But the Catholic Church had strongly supported the Huerta regime, so that the anticlerical articles in the Constitution are the negative consequences of that.

2504:"In the case of an invasion, a serious disrupt of public peace or any event that puts society in danger or conflict, only the President of the United Mexican States, in accordance with the Secretaries of State and the General Attorney of the Republic, and with approval of the Congress of the Union and, on its recesses, the Permanent Commission, may suspend in all the country or in a specific place any guarantee which were an obstacle to face quickly and easily the situation; but the president shall only do it for a limited time. If the suspension had place when the Congress is gathered, then the Congress will grant any authorization that it deems necessary for the Executive to face the situation." 2062: 979: 57: 2606:, the right to strike, the right to a day's rest per week, and the right to a proper indemnification following unjustified termination of the working relationship by the employer. This article also established equality regardless of race or gender. The language of the draft passed in 1917 restricted the employment of women in dangerous industries or in work after 10 p.m.; there were provisions for prenatal relief from onerous work three months before birth and one month following birth, as well as provisions to allow mothers to nurse their babies. 5672: 1583: 2222:"Everyone has the right to enter the Republic, exit it, travel through its territory, and change his residence without the need of a security card, passport, or any similar device. The exercise of this right will be subordinated to the faculties of judicial authority, in the cases of criminal or civil responsibility, and to the limits of the administrative authorities, on the limits imposed by laws on emigration, immigration, and health safety laws in the Republic, or over foreigners residing in our country." 1955:. Nonetheless, the Mexican government began moves to normalize diplomatic relations with the Vatican. The pope's second 1990 trip in May put increased pressure on the Mexican government to take steps toward normalization, particularly after the Vatican and the Soviet Union did so that year. Although Salinas planned a trip to the Vatican in 1991, the Catholic hierarchy in Mexico did not want normalization of relations with the Vatican without discussion of significant changes to the constitution. 1482:

the content of the debates is that for Constitutionalists anticlericalism was a nationalist rather than religious issue. The Roman Catholic Church as an institution was seen to be antiliberal and antinationalist, so that "the Catholic Church was an enemy of Mexican sovereignty and an obstacle to the triumph of liberalism and progress." From this ideological viewpoint, the implementation of the Catholic Church's agenda "was exercised through its control of education, oral confession, etc."

1411:) was sharp even before the congress actually opened. The most bitter fight was over the seating of Palavicini, which was finally settled in a closed session. Carranza's foreign minister and son-in-law, revolutionary General Cándido Aguilar, brought the matter to conclusion by saying that the Constituent Congress was losing time with the debate of Palavincini, while Villa remained strong in Chihuahua and the United States might intervene in Mexico to oppose the new constitution. 2125:

growth of our culture; and it shall contribute to better human relationships, not only with the elements which it contributes toward strengthening and at the same time inculcating, together with respect for the dignity of the person and the integrity of the family, the conviction of the general interest of society, but also by the care which it devotes to the ideals of brotherhood and equality of rights of all men, avoiding privileges of race, creed, class, sex, or persons.

1187: 1286: 1646:, political nationalism, protection of workers' rights, and acknowledgment of peasants' rights to land. In the assessment of E.V. Niemeyer, "In contrast with the reformers of 1857, who first wrote a constitution and then defended it liberal principles on the battlefield, the early twentieth-century revolutionaries fought first and then wrote a new constitution of the land, the Constitution of 1917. In a real sense this document legalized the Mexican Revolution." 1442:) passed easily. Although the Constituent Congress has been characterized as a polarized battle of "moderate" and "radical" delegates, Carranza's advisers expected his draft to be revised. In the words of one scholar it was "mauled." The drafting of the two most revolutionary articles was by a small committee and the congress voted unanimously in favor within hours of their presentation. Pastor Rouaix was the guiding hand behind the final versions of both 1269:

Since the multiple major revolutionary reforms were not part of the 1857 Constitution, adding them would entail further complexity. A new constitution drafted by elected delegates would give legitimacy to the new charter, arguing for a constituent congress. Although there was some resistance to the idea, the revolutionaries recognized the "right of revolution", that having won the conflict, the victors could have their way in creating the new document.

265: 1789: 2528:"Mexicans shall have priority over foreigners under equality of circumstances for all classes of concessions and for all employment, positions, or commissions of the Government in which the status of citizenship is not indispensable." Foreigners, immigrants, and even naturalized citizens of Mexico may not serve as military officers, Mexican-flagged ship and airline crew, or chiefs of seaports and airports. 1391:'s regime (February 1913-July 1914). Although some had voted to accept Madero's forced resignation from the presidency, in a failed move to save his life, this group had blocked Huerta's moves in the legislature to the point that in October 1913 Huerta dissolved congress and ruled as a dictator. Some congressmen fled Mexico, others were jailed by Huerta. With the Constitutionalist victory, some 229: 2634: 752: 2053:: Every person has the right to adequate food to maintain his or her wellbeing and physical, emotional and intellectual development. The State must guarantee this right." For Article 27, Clause XX, the revision is "Sustainable and integral rural development (...) will also have among its objectives that the State guarantee sufficient and timely supply of basic foods as established by law." 2404:"Every man is free to pursue the religious belief that best suits him, and to practice its ceremonies, devotions or cults, as long as they do not constitute a crime. Congress cannot dictate laws that establish or abolish any given religion. Ordinarily, all religious acts will be practiced in temples, and those that extraordinarily are practiced outside temples must adhere to law." 1876: 1224:. The revolutionaries fought for causes that were beyond the political bounds of the 1857 Constitution. Various political plans articulated demands for socio-economic reform. Carranza's Constitutionalist faction emerged victorious in 1915, having defeated Huerta's regime and then the bloody civil war between the revolutionary faction of 1891:(1988–1994) announced a program to "modernize" Mexico via structural transformation. "The modern state is a state which ... maintains transparency and updates its relation with political parties, entrepreneurial groups, and the church." His declaration was more an articulation of the direction of change, but not list of specifics. 1399:, Félix F. Palavicini, and Luis Manuel Rojas, were now ready to serve in the Constituent Congress to draft the new constitution. There was opposition to them from other Carrancistas for their history of serving in the Huerta regime and those opponents attempted to block their being seated as delegates. Carranza supported the 2536:"The Federal Executive shall have the exclusive power to compel any foreigner whose remaining he may deem inexpedient to abandon the national territory immediately and without the necessity of previous legal action." It also states: "Foreigners may not in any way participate in the political affairs of the country." 1403:, saying he had instructed them to continue serving in Congress during the Huerta regime as a way to gather information about the regime and to block its attempts to act constitutionally. At the Constituent Congress, there were bitter fights over the seating of particular delegates, so that the division between the 1244:

but had not pursued the idea in the thick of revolutionary struggle, but once he had consolidated power, he formally and publicly articulated the idea. Writing in February 1915, he stated "When peace is established, I shall convoke a Congress duly elected by all people which shall have the character of a

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Confiscation of assets does not include the application of said assets to pay for civil responsibilities caused by a crime, or when used to pay taxes or other fines. Nor will it be confiscation when said assets are part of illegal activities, or when they are related to organized crime, or when proof

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The Congress of the Union, with a view to unifying and coordinating education throughout the Republic, shall issue the necessary laws for dividing the social function of education among the Federation, the States and the Municipalities, for fixing the appropriate financial allocations for this public

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The constitution still does not accord full religious freedom as recognized by the various human rights declarations and conventions. Specifically, outdoor worship is still prohibited and only allowed in exceptional circumstances, generally requiring government permission, religious organizations are

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An even more significant change came in Salinas's official state of the nation address in November 1991. He stated that "the moment has come to promote new judicial proceedings for the churches," which were impelled by the need "to reconcile the definitive secularization of our society with effective

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The Constitution is a living document, which has been amended a number of times. As with the earlier Constitutions, the enforcement of Constitution of 1917 has varied over the years. The Constitution of 1857 had strong anticlerical articles, but under Díaz the Catholic Church had regained much of its

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This constitution is the first one in world history to set out social rights, serving as a model for the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and the Russian Constitution of 1918. Articles: 3, 27, and 123 displayed profound changes in Mexican political philosophy that would help frame the political and social

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to granting such a beneficial interest is that the foreigner agree that all matters relating to such land are the exclusive domain of Mexican courts and Mexican jurisdiction, and that in all issues pertaining to such land, the foreigner will conduct him or herself as a Mexican, and settle any issues

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for imprisonable charges. Separate crimes discovered during an investigation must be charged separately. Mistreatment during detention by authorities, all discomforts that are inflicted without legal motive, and all fees or contributions (forced bribes) in jails are abuses that will be prohibited by

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Disallows international treaties for extradition when the person to be extradited is politically persecuted, or accused while having the condition of slave, or when the foreign country contravenes the civil rights granted in the Mexican constitution (like the right to life and the abolishment of the

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Religious corporations, ministers of religion, stock companies which exclusively or predominantly engage in educational activities, and associations or companies devoted to the propagation of any religious creed shall not in any way participate in institutions giving elementary, secondary and normal

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The education imparted by the Federal State shall be designed to develop harmoniously all the faculties of the human being and shall foster in him at the same time a love of country and a consciousness of international solidarity, in independence and justice. Said education must be free of bias. (As

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The Mexican nation is unique and indivisible. The nation is pluricultural based originally on its indigenous people which are those that are descendants of the people that lived in the current territory of the country at the beginning of the colonization and that preserve their own social, economic,

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of the Revolution, not the lawyers, who were there, but were generally the opposition. On all the crucial issues the lawyers voted against the majority of the Convention. The majority was in the hands of the soldiers -- generals, colonels, majors -- men who had marched and counter-marched across the

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had already brought together victorious revolutionary factions, including Constitutionalists, Zapatistas, and Villistas, but discussions there did not center on anticlericalism. However, the 1916–1917 constitutional congress had lengthy and heated debates over anticlericalism. A contention that fits

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and its subsequent updates did not include demands for a new constitution, but his advisors persuaded him that the best way forward was a new constitution rather than a piecemeal revision of the earlier Constitution. He had initially floated the idea of a constitutional convention in September 1913,

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This article states that no law or authority can "previously" censor the press, or ask for a bail to the authors or printers. The freedom of the press has its limits in respect to private life, morality, and public peace. Incarceration or censorship cannot occur before charges of "press crimes" can

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Palavicini argued that incorporating revolutionary reforms into a new constitution would give them firm standing in the present and future that could be overturned easily. Once a new legislature was convened, legislators could more effect reforms efficiently since they were part of the constitution

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It shall be national insofar as – without hostility or exclusiveness – it shall achieve the understanding of our problems, the utilization of our resources, the defense of our political independence, the assurance of our economic independence, and the continuity and

2008:

In 2009, it was reported that changes to the ejidal system have largely failed to improve ejidal productivity. The changes have been implicated as significant contributing factors to worsening rural poverty, forced migration, and the conversion of Mexico, where the cultivation of maize originated,

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religious freedom." The government proposed changes to the constitution to "respect freedom of religion," but reaffirmed the separation of Church and State, keeping in place secular public education, as well as restrictions on clerics' political participation in civic life and wealth accumulation.

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that allowed ejidos to be converted to private property and sold were designed to create a market in real estate and allow for the creation of larger, more productive agricultural enterprises. Women were seen to be more vulnerable economically with this change since they were a small proportion of

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was revised to restrict the rights of peasant women to hold ejidos in their own name, unless they were "the sole support of the family unit." Female holders of ejidos lost their ejido rights if they married another ejidatario. "Essentially, land was viewed as a family resource, with only one ejido

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discussions," and that "no one should lose sight of the profound change taking place in our fundamental institutions." There is evidence that the "people of Mexico City were cynical: they expected the congress to rubber stamp the draft presented to it by Carranza." Delegates read Carranza's draft,

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Carranza himself submitted a full draft revision of the constitution on 1 December 1916, but the proposed revisions "reflected little of the turmoil that had been going on for the past four years. It was indeed simply a rewording and reorganization of the Constitution of 1857." Carranza's advisers

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The membership of the Congress was not representative of all regions, classes, or political stripes in Mexico. The 220 delegates were all Carrancistas, since the Constitutionalist faction had been victorious militarily; but that did not mean they were of one mind. Most delegates were middle class,

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when president for more than three decades made the legislature and the courts subordinate to his executive power while the Constitution of 1857 remained in effect in theory, but not in practice. Palavicini argued that the process of amending the constitution would be time-consuming and piecemeal.

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is illegal in Mexico; any slaves from abroad who enter national territory will, by this mere act, be freed and given the full protection of the law. All types of discrimination whether it be for ethnic origin, national origin, gender, age, different capacities, social condition, health condition,

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in 1867. Another view is that Mexico City was too conservative and Carranza chose the provincial capital of Querétaro because it was a quiet, peaceful place for such an important meeting. The congress formally opened in November 1916, with delegate elections and then a credentials fight preceding

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now mandated socialist education, which "in addition to removing all religious doctrine" was to "combat fanaticism and prejudices", "build in the youth a rational and exact concept of the universe and of social life". In 1946 socialist education was formally removed from the constitution and the

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Delegates debated social reforms of popular practices deemed as detrimental to the public health of Mexicans. Prohibition of the manufacture and consumption of alcohol had been included as an amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, repealed in 1933 as a failure, but the idea was in the air.

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restricted the Catholic Church as a consequence of the support given by the Mexican Church's hierarchy to Victoriano Huerta's dictatorship, It has been argued that the Revolution did not begin in 1910 with anticlericalism as a significant issue, but emerged as one only after the victory of the

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backing the progressive faction, although indirectly. "Of the members of the high command, it was Obregón who best understood that military victory had to be consolidated through major concessions to crucial revolutionary forces." Historian of the Querétaro convention, E.V. Niemeyer, compiled a

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Foreign nationals cannot own land within 100 km of the borders or 50 km of the coast; however, foreigners can have a beneficial interest in such land through a trust (fideicomiso), where the legal ownership of the land is held by a Mexican financial institution. The only precondition

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as originally enacted in 1917 were anticlerical and restricted the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, as well as other organized churches. Although it has been argued that these restrictions were included in part due to a desire by anticlerical framers to punish the Mexican Church's

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Article 123 was perhaps the most radical of the provisions of the 1917 Constitution and was intended to give the working class a relief to the many abuses and hardships they had previously faced from uncontrolled labour managers. Although Venustiano Carranza had not intended to codify labour

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Private persons may engage in education of all kinds and grades. But as regards elementary, secondary, and normal education (and that of any kind or grade designed for laborers and farm workers) they must previously obtain, in every case, the express authorization of the public power. Such

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cultural, political institutions. The awareness of their indigenous identity should be fundamental criteria to determine to whom the dispositions over indigenous tribes are applied. They are integral communities of an indigenous tribe that form a social, economic and cultural organization.

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The State will plan, determine, and carry out the development of the Nation, so that it guarantees its integrity, strengthens national sovereignty, and allows for a broader exercise of freedom and dignity of the individuals through an economic growth that distributes wealth with justice.

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likewise prohibited ministers or religious groups from aiding the poor, engaging in scientific research, and spreading their teachings. The constitution prohibited churches to own property and transferred all church property to the state, thus making all houses of worship state property.

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Inhabitants of the Republic may, for their protection, own guns and arms in their homes. Only arms approved by the Army may be owned, and federal law will state the manner in which they can be used. (Firearms are prohibited from importation into the Republic without proper licensing and

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The Vatican likely sensed a sea-change in the Mexican ruling party's stance on anticlericalism. In 1990, John Paul II visited Mexico, his first since 1979 for the Puebla conference of Latin American bishops. After the announcement of his intentions, the Mexican Minister of the Interior

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Republic and fought its battles... The soldiers wanted, as General Múgica said to me, to socialize property. But they were frightened -- afraid of their own courage, of their own ideas. They found all of the learned men in the Convention opposed to them. Article 27 was a compromise.

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Private institutions devoted to education of the kinds and grades specified in the preceding section must be without exception in conformity with the provisions of sections I and II of the first paragraph of this article and must also be in harmony with official plans and programs.

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required that education, in both public and private schools be completely secular and free of any religious instruction and prohibited religions from participating in education – essentially outlawing Catholic schools or even religious education in private schools.

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factions from this congress; however, the demands, and political pressure, of these factions pushed the delegates to adopt social demands not originally in Carranza's plan –i.e. articles 27 and 123 that spoke to the demands of peasants and workers who had fought for their rights.

1367:, Carranza's son-in-law. The predominantly civilian composition of the Constituent Congress was in contrast with the place of real power in revolutionary Mexico, which was in the military. Most senior generals did not participate directly in the congress. An exception was 1372:

roster of delegates, with the names of delegates and information on the age, state from which delegates were elected, and their occupation, profession, or military rank. Villa's home state of Chihuahua had only one delegate., while Morelos, Zapata's home state, had two.

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The implementation of reforms entailed amending the constitution, which required overcoming opposition on the Left as well as in the Catholic Church itself. After considerable debate, the Mexican legislature voted for these fundamental revisions in Church-State policy.

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arising from their interest in such land exclusively through Mexican courts and institutions. The stipulated consequence of a failure to abide by these terms is forfeiture to the nation of their interests in all lands where the foreigner has such beneficial interests.

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persuaded Carranza that a new constitution was the best way to return to rule of law, through a new governing document. Carranza agreed, allowing Palavicini to launch a press campaign to win over Mexicans, and especially the revolutionary army generals, to the idea.

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who saw anticlericalism as an inherent element of post-Revolution Mexico. It was clear that given the contested nature of the 1988 elections that Salinas could not expect to operate with a mandate for his program. However, the debate was now open. Leftists led by

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which empowered the State over fundamental aspects of property ownership and resulted in expropriation and distribution of lands, while limiting the right to sell communally-held ejido lands, and most famously in 1938, the expropriation of foreign oil companies.

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National sovereignty is bestowed essentially and originally upon the people. Every public power derives from the people and is instituted for their benefit. The people possess, at all times, the inalienable right to alter or change their form of government.

3875:, Dirk Raat, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1982. Cockcroft translated the PLM program and indicated which parts were incorporated into the constitution and which went further than the constitution. Page numbers here are to the reprint in Raat. 2374:

Crime investigation corresponds to the Public Ministry and different police corps, which will be under the command of whoever is in the exercise of that function. This article proceeds to explain the functions of the Public Ministry, police, and trials.

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Carranza convoked a congress specifically to revise the liberal constitution of 1857, but the process created a more sweeping, new document. The Constitution was drafted in Querétaro, not the capital. Carranza chose the site because it was where Emperor

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denied churches any kind of legal status and allowed local legislators to limit the number of ministers, (essentially giving the state the ability to restrict religious institutions) and banned any ministers not born in Mexico. It denied ministers

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Public functionaries and employees will respect the public exercise to their right to petition, as long as it is formulated in writing, in a peaceful and respectful manner. In political petitioning, only citizens of the republic have this right.

1506:, which enabled the government to implement land reform and exert control over its subsoil resources, particularly oil. Article 27 states in particular that foreign citizens cannot own land at the borders or coasts as a consequence of the 2622:" and places a series of restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions (ineligible to hold public office, to campaign on behalf of political parties or candidates, to inherit from persons other than close blood relatives, etc.). 2344:

Mandates gender segregation of inmates and separation of those held for trial from those who have been convicted. Limits the government's authority to arrest only those suspected of crimes for which imprisonment is an allowed punishment.

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There were significant debates on the anticlerical articles of the constitution. The liberal Constitution of 1857 already restricted the Roman Catholic Church as an institution, but the constitutional revision went even further. The 1914

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The areas of the economy in direct control of the government, such as post, telegraph, oil and its derivatives, basic petrochemical industries, radioactive minerals, and the generation of electricity are not considered to be monopolies.

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This article states that every individual in Mexico (official name, Estados Unidos Mexicanos or United Mexican States) has the rights that the Constitution gives. These rights cannot be denied and they cannot be suspended.

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The most highly contentious discussions were over the articles dealing with education and with the Roman Catholic Church, while the more "revolutionary" articles on the state's power to expropriate and distribute resources

1974:(Religious Associations Act), passed 408–10. The leftist Partido Revolucionario Democrático struggled with whether to support this significant change to Mexico's anticlericalism, but most PRD legislators did in the end. 2429:

The property of all land and water within national territory is originally owned by the Nation, who has the right to transfer this ownership to particulars. Hence, private property is a privilege created by the Nation.

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The Church had contested all these restrictions from the beginning. With the possibility of changed relations between Church and State, "the main demand of the Catholic hierarchy was centered on the modification of

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not permitted to own print or electronic media outlets, government permission is required to broadcast religious ceremonies, and ministers are prohibited from being political candidates or holding public office.

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is prohibited. This article makes provisions relating to arrest and imprisonment. The article's emphasis on "social readjustment of the offender" was interpreted for a time after 2001 as forbidding sentences of

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not workers or peasants. Middle class professionals predominated, with lawyers, teachers, engineers, doctors, and journalists. A small but significant group of delegates were revolutionary generals, including

865:. Some of the most important provisions are Articles 3, 27, and 123; adopted in response to the armed insurrection of popular classes during the Mexican Revolution, these articles display profound changes in 4225:

Secretaria de Gobernación, Diario Official, "Decreto por el que se reforman los. Artículos 3, 5, 24, 130 y se adiciona el art. 17 Transitorio de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos," 28 January

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service and for establishing the penalties applicable to officials who do not comply with or enforce the pertinent provisions, as well as the penalties applicable to all those who infringe such provisions.

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Cruel and unusual punishment is prohibited. Specifically, penalties of death, mutilation, infamy, marks, physical punishments, torments, excessive fines, confiscation of assets, and others are abolished.

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It shall be democratic, considering democracy not only as a legal structure and a political regimen, but as a system of life founded on a constant economic, social, and cultural betterment of the people;

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were revised to guarantee the right of food In Mexico. "he State has an obligation to guarantee the right ... and to assure sufficient supply of basic foods through integral and sustainable development

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The congress debated extending the vote to Mexican women. There were very active women's suffrage movements in the U.S. and Britain. While not as strong in Mexico, there were activists for the cause.

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that helped frame the political and social backdrop for Mexico in the twentieth century. Article 3 established the basis for free, mandatory, and secular education; Article 27 laid the foundation for

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and other religious celebrations during his 1980 and 1990 visits illegal acts, the government turned a blind eye. The anticlerical articles remained in the Constitution until the reforms of 1992.

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education and education for laborers or field workers. The State may in its discretion withdraw at any time the recognition of official validity of studies conducted in private institutions.

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A major victory for organized labor was the enshrining of labor rights in the Constitution. Labor had played an important role in the Constitutionalist victory, and this was its reward in

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prevented the recognition of the Church as a legal entity, denied to clergy the exercise of political rights, and prevented the Church from participating in any way in political matters.

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This article establishes freedom for the expression of ideas with limitations for speech that is morally offensive, infringes on others' rights, or encourages crime or public disorder.

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religion, opinions, sexual preferences, or civil state or any other which attacks human dignity and has as an objective to destroy the rights and liberties of the people are forbidden.

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The main ideas or an abstract of the current contents of the articles of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States is as follows. Not all articles are presented. (See the

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ejidatarios. In practice, in one 2002 study of four different site, despite the change in the law, women (mothers and widows) retained considerable economic status within the family.

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and the 1857 Constitution over a lengthy period, the Constituent Congress produced the final draft in a matter of a few months, between November 1916 and February 1917. According to

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Constitution, the hypothetical contents of which could be later reviewed, rewritten and ignored (all of which happened)." Another factor may have been that the forces of General

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Nuclear fuel may only be exploited and used by the State. The use of Nuclear elements in the Nation may only have peaceful purposes (i.e. Mexico cannot build nuclear weapons).

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incorporated its demands for the 8-hour day, minimum wage, hygienic working conditions, prohibitions on abuse of sharecroppers, payment of wages in cash, not scrip, banning of

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acting as mediator between the Mexican government and the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, the end of the violent conflict did not result in constitutional changes.

1314:, the immediacy with which the document was drafted and Carranza's acceptance of some radical provisions "suggests that what Carranza and his colleagues chiefly wanted was 1675:

The constitution was amended in 1926 to allow presidential re-elections as long as the president did not serve consecutive terms. This amendment allowed former president

5271: 1346:. Carranza was pressured to amnesty those who had been hostile as well as allow those who had gone into exile to return to Mexico, but he refused. Carranza excluded the 1264:

already. The Constitution of 1857 had subordinated the executive branch to the legislative, in an attempt to curtail the power of strong presidents. The liberal general

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was a fierce anticlerical. When he became president of Mexico in 1924, he began enforcing the constitutional restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the

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will not be considered to be monopolies when their purpose is the economic equality of the industry, as long as the guild is overseen by the Federal Government.

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II. The educational services shall be based on scientific progress and shall fight against ignorance, ignorance's effects, servitudes, fanaticism and prejudice.

1927:" to recognize the Church as a legal entity, restore political rights to priests, and to end restrictions "on the social actions of the Church and its members." 463: 3132: 2115:

I. According to the religious liberties established under article 24, educational services shall be secular and, therefore, free of any religious orientation.

1650:

economic power, since he did not enforce the constitutional provisions. The anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution were not enforced vigorously until

5798: 4880: 4548: 1939:

opposed any change in the anticlerical articles of the constitution, since they were seen as the foundation for the power of the secular state. However, the

789: 4531:(translation by Carlos Pérez Vázques) of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (2005 edition by the Institute of Juridical Research, UNAM) 873:; and Article 123 was designed to empower the labor sector, which had emerged in the late nineteenth century and which supported the winning faction of the 5138: 2914: 2730: 2319:

justice, all civil and criminal disputes must be resolved before courts. Mandates speedy trials in both civil and criminal matters. Prohibits levying of "

1289:

The new constitution was approved on 5 February 1917. This photo shows the Constituent Congress of 1917 swearing fealty to the newly created Constitution.

1277: 5713: 3961: 3691: 1387:", who had been elected in 1912 to the Mexican legislature during Madero's presidency. Some considered them tainted for their continuing to serve during 1338:

Delegates to the congress were to be elected, with one per jurisdiction that had existed in 1912, when congressional elections had been held during the

1843:

The constitution was made even more anticlerical from 1934 to 1946, when an amendment mandating socialist education was in effect. On 13 December 1934

5234: 4313: 1239:

Carranza initially envisioned revisions to the 1857 Constitution that would incorporate the demands for which revolutionaries fought. Carranza's 1913

661: 424: 5481: 5466: 2396:

No trial should have more than three instances. No one can be judged twice for the same crime, whether the person is declared guilty or non-guilty.

2167:

All Citizens of the United Mexican States are free to work in the profession of their choosing, as long as it does not attack the rights of others.

1380:, states the Constituent Congress contained 85 conservatives and centrists close to Carranza's brand of liberalism, and 132 more radical delegates. 2210:

documentation. Foreigners may not pass the border with unlicensed firearms; the commission of such act is a felony, punishable by prison term. See

5793: 4580: 4040: 1698:

was to empower the government to expropriate property for the good of the nation. This tool was used to break up large landed estates and created

2278:, punishments must follow what is dictated by written law. Note that due process under Mexican law is not the same as US law as Mexico is not a 5556: 5393: 5148: 5017: 4370: 3939: 2996:

Mexico and the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief

2591: 2439:

The State will always have the right to impose on private property constraints dictated by "public interest". The State will also regulate the

733: 501: 2446:

All natural resources in national territory are property of the nation, and private exploitation may only be carried out through concessions.

2184:

be proven, but it can happen when responsibility has been judicially established. In no case shall printers be seized as crimes' instruments.

2061: 5626: 5281: 4482: 2838: 2796: 2443:

based on social benefits and the equal distribution of wealth. The state is also responsible for conservation and ecological considerations.

1825:

of the Church and of the faithful" and that both he and his predecessor had endeavored to avoid their application by the Mexican government.

715: 711: 478: 31: 1330:

contends "revealed the still-hot embers of peasant war and mass discontent with the whole reactionary policy followed by Carranza in 1916."

5728: 4681: 4646: 4091: 1507: 1299: 698: 693: 570: 566: 4258: 3097: 2303:, any person may arrest the offender and his accomplices, turning them over without delay to the nearest authorities." In other words, a 1859:

The inconsistency in enforcement meant that even though the constitution prohibited any worship outside of a church building, which made

1679:

to run for the presidency in 1928, an election he won, but he was assassinated before taking office. The amendment was repealed in 1934.

5880: 5491: 5110: 4995: 1994: 1659: 922: 592: 35: 5773: 5718: 5636: 5012: 4921: 4629: 4297: 4169:

Jorge A. Vargas, "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters."

2786: 862: 668: 649: 610: 5651: 4843: 4731: 4671: 4507: 3783: 3727: 3685: 3655: 2952: 2766: 2724: 2440: 1931: 600: 561: 557: 553: 549: 3070: 375: 4426: 834:. It was approved by the Constituent Congress on 5 February 1917, and was later amended several times. It is the successor to the 5860: 5419: 4838: 4813: 4593: 782: 441: 385: 2998: 5778: 5336: 4931: 4870: 2667: 1351: 978: 925:), commemorating the promulgation of the Constitution on 5 February 1917. The holiday is held on the first Monday of February. 625: 432: 292: 56: 241: 5080: 4808: 2657: 1967: 1940: 1833: 967: 605: 4405: 4131: 4111: 3157: 1662:

with the U.S. and Canada. Anticlerical articles were amended as was Article 27 empowering the state over natural resources.

630: 3035: 5875: 5838: 5143: 5048: 4803: 4651: 2565: 1556: 1342:

presidency. Those who had been "hostile to the Constitutionalist Cause" were banned from participating, but voting was by

899:, there were significant revisions of the constitution, modifying Article 27 to strengthen private property rights, allow 544: 540: 536: 532: 5646: 5788: 5459: 5351: 5249: 5153: 5133: 4953: 4936: 4833: 2677: 1970:(PAN). The enabling legislation was debated far more than the initial bill, but in July 1992, the enabling legislation, 1736: 1478: 907:

and end redistribution of land, and the articles restricting the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico were largely repealed.

762: 578: 454: 390: 334: 278: 137: 2610:

protection in the constitution, congressmen who supported the working-class successfully pushed for it to be included.

1848:

document returned to the generalized secular education. In practice, however, socialist education ended with President

1455: 5895: 5890: 5768: 5758: 5566: 5058: 4958: 4885: 4619: 4573: 2155:

All people, men and women, are equal under the law. This article also grants all people protection to their health, a

1864: 1658:. In the 1990s, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari called for amending the Constitution as Mexico sought to join the 1307: 775: 686: 635: 339: 5821: 4424:

The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress: The Constitution of 1917.

2129:

authorization may be refused or revoked by decisions against which there can be no judicial proceedings or recourse.

1540: 1396: 1360: 5783: 4147:

Salinas, quoted in Roberto Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach."

5826: 5816: 5763: 5733: 5723: 5541: 5361: 5182: 5073: 5063: 4736: 4691: 3124: 3036:"Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters" 2756: 2618:

States that church(es) and state are to remain separate. It provides for the obligatory state registration of all "

1343: 509: 17: 2828: 2464:

That an area of land at the coast (20 meters from the highest tide line) is federal property that cannot be sold.

1821:, stated that the anticlerical articles of the constitution were "seriously derogatory to the most elementary and 1322:

remained an active threat to the Constitutionalist regime. In December 1916, Villa captured the important city of

1254: 5738: 5661: 5631: 5606: 5576: 5501: 5496: 5266: 4985: 4968: 4890: 4823: 2580: 2159:, and rights for children. Everyone has a right to an appropriate ecosystem for their development & welfare. 2066: 1888: 1880: 1739:

enacted during the Liberal Reform in Mexico, already significantly curtailed the role of religious institutions.

952: 896: 881: 5753: 5748: 5743: 4666: 2908: 2021:

adopted a final decree amending the Constitution as approved by the majority of the Federated States, modifying

1936: 1598:'s (PLM) 1906 political program proposed a number of reforms that were incorporated into the 1917 Constitution. 5641: 5616: 5591: 5551: 5536: 5506: 5168: 5163: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4797: 4788: 4182:

Jorge A. Vargas, "Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988–1995." 25

3717: 2714: 2647: 2243: 918: 673: 656: 620: 5693: 3965: 3675: 1805: 1793: 1651: 885: 819: 5708: 5703: 5571: 5905: 5870: 5656: 5596: 5561: 5516: 5452: 5239: 5100: 4828: 4696: 4636: 4534: 2554: 1990: 1595: 1587: 1311: 1233: 839: 723: 467: 329: 5444: 4317: 1682:

The Constitution was amended in 1927 to extend the president's term for four years to six years. President

5900: 5611: 5581: 5526: 5521: 5511: 5304: 5209: 5115: 5105: 4963: 4641: 4566: 4528: 3645: 3405: 2211: 1759: 1582: 346: 300: 4342: 2479:

The State will protect areas of priority in the economy, such as satellite communications and railroads.

1686:

was the first to serve out a full six-year term, beginning in 1934 and stepping down from power in 1940.

5885: 5698: 5586: 5531: 5376: 5229: 5219: 5095: 5043: 4973: 4926: 4865: 4686: 3773: 3015:

Roberto Blancarte (1993). "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach".

1632: 1611: 1544: 870: 738: 416: 408: 305: 202: 4457:

E. Canales Serrano, "Diseño Institucional de la Junta de Conciliación y Arbitraje", (April, 2018), p.10

4036: 3924:

Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history, Don M. Coerver, Suzanne B. Pasztor, pg. 55

1781:(1920–1924) did not implement the anticlerical articles of the constitution, which was the stance that 1683: 990:) which are series of articles related to the same overall theme. The Titles, of variable length, are: 1249: 5865: 5621: 5546: 5388: 5224: 5199: 5194: 5085: 4990: 4746: 4624: 4609: 1849: 1676: 1643: 1368: 1295: 1210: 947: 942: 827: 615: 145: 4377: 3935: 5680: 5341: 5331: 5214: 5120: 5000: 4948: 4771: 4751: 2304: 1774: 1339: 1206: 1202: 1190: 1186: 858: 522: 493: 367: 359: 150: 127: 1285: 5371: 5346: 4909: 4895: 4711: 2886: 2672: 2619: 2482:

The Nation will have a Central Bank with the primary objective of procuring the stability of the

2239: 2026: 1822: 1198: 874: 866: 843: 831: 319: 255: 4247:"Ejidos, Land Sales, and Free Trade in Northwest Mexico: Will Globalization Affect the Commons?" 4088: 2942: 2324: 172:

Only in cases of permanent or absolute absence of the President, the General Congress elects an

4427:

https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/constitution-of-1917.html

4246: 2201:

Only citizens of the Republic of Mexico may take part in the political affairs of the country.

5412: 5296: 5276: 5261: 5158: 5090: 5031: 5005: 4818: 4793: 4783: 4601: 4503: 4478: 4293: 4077: 3779: 3723: 3681: 3651: 3085: 2948: 2878: 2834: 2792: 2762: 2720: 2652: 2329: 2300: 2235: 1860: 1778: 1767: 1732: 1388: 1240: 1217: 962: 395: 324: 167: 117: 3742:

Roman, Richard, "Church-State Relations and the Mexican Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917."

5314: 5068: 4761: 4756: 4656: 3603:

Richard Roman, "Church-State Relations and the Mexican Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917".

2870: 2569: 2323:" and fees, judicial service is free to all parties. Courts are to be free and independent. 2156: 2018: 2002: 1785:

had taken with the anticlerical articles of the 1857 Constitution and the Catholic Church.

1782: 1511: 1265: 1197:

The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States is one of the major outcomes of the

1193:, leader of the victorious faction, convoked the elected body to draft the new constitution. 910: 811: 728: 445: 173: 5428: 5383: 5366: 5356: 5319: 5254: 5204: 4741: 4433: 4346: 4135: 4115: 4095: 3161: 3002: 2433: 2421:

The State will encourage the development of democracy which will support economic growth.

1562: 1229: 1221: 133: 3059:"Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988–1995" 1930:

The initial reaction to changing the constitution was quite negative from members of the

1425:

but did not accept the document that only made minor revisions to the 1857 Constitution.

1236:

contends that the new constitution was "a means to confer legitimacy on a shaky regime."

3351:

Peter H. Smith, "La política dentro la revolución: el congreso constiyente de 1916–17."

3058: 2001:

also permit the privatization and the sale of ejidal land and was a direct cause of the

5053: 4875: 3228: 2603: 2259: 1915:

also prevented churches from holding real property at all. For the Catholic hierarchy,

1603: 1547:

made demands for protections for labor, that were incorporated into the labor article.

1373: 1364: 702: 264: 2452:

This article also deals with other subtleties on what constitutes Mexico's territory.

1788: 1770:, prohibiting them and religious publications from criticizing the law or government. 5854: 5433: 5286: 4980: 4409: 4289: 4282: 2995: 2890: 2662: 2639: 2333: 2271: 1982: 1837: 1828:

The escalation of church-state tensions led to fierce regional violence known as the

1763: 1420:

who had prepared the draft expected that it "would serve as a starting point for the

900: 854: 756: 314: 4444:

N. Andrew and N. Cleven, "Some Social Aspects of the Mexican Constitution of 1917."

2353:

Prohibits detention in excess of 72 hours (3 days) without formal charges. Mandates

1943:

in alliance with the weakened PRI became allies to move toward fundamental reforms.

5324: 5125: 4721: 4519: 2483: 1836:. Although the Cristero War came to an end in 1929, with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico 1829: 1817: 1797: 1655: 1635:

as well as asserting state sovereignty over the nation's subsoil rights ; and

1536: 1327: 1319: 1225: 937: 889: 82: 4338:

Alfredo Acedo, "Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food." CIP Americas.

2858: 1981:

The end of constitutional support for land reform was part of a larger program of

1707:

membership allotted per family." In 1971, these restrictions were removed via the

823: 4472: 4128: 4108: 3154: 2307:

is allowed (as distinct from vigilante justice, prohibited in the next article).

1852:, who said at the beginning of his presidential term in 1940 "I am a believer" ( 1094:

About the responsibilities of the public service and the patrimony of the State (

1045:

Capítulo II, de las Partes Integrantes de la Federación y del Territorio Nacional

1043:

Chapter II: On the Parts That Make Up the Federation and the National Territory (

5309: 4314:"On June 23, 2005, Mexico's House approved a measure striking the death penalty" 2944:

In the shadow of the Mexican revolution: contemporary Mexican history, 1910–1989

2486:. The Central Bank and its activities will not be considered monopolies either. 2354: 2320: 2275: 2255: 1535:. The labor article was drafted by a small committee of the congress, headed by 982:

Original inside cover of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States

181: 39: 1642:

Its innovations were in expanding the Mexican state's power into the realms of

1248:

for raising constitutional precepts the reforms dictated during the struggle."

4706: 4701: 4676: 4661: 3986:

Sarah Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Rural Mexico".

2874: 2629: 2279: 2112:

per the full definition of the word "Laica" as used in the original document)

1962:

The bill to amend the constitution was submitted to the legislature to reform

1883:(1988–1994), whose administration significantly amended the 1917 Constitution. 1813: 1323: 957: 232: 157: 102: 34:. For the constitution of the State of Mexico published in the same year, see 4017:

Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," pp. 121–23.

2882: 5685: 4614: 4008:

Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," pp. 121–22

3867:

James D. Cockcroft, ed. "Liberal Party Program 1906" in James D. Cockcroft,

3775:

NAFTA & neocolonialism: comparative criminal, human & social justice

2698:

Revolution at QuerétaroÉ: The Mexican Constitutional Convention of 1916–1917

2316: 1875: 1871:

Constitutional reform of anticlerical articles and land reform under Salinas

1502:

The question of the state's power over natural resources was articulated in

1347: 1096:

De las responsabilidades de los servidores públicos y patrimonial del Estado

4500:

Revolution at Querétaro: the Mexican constitutional convention of 1916–1917

2859:"Zapata reactivado: una visión žižekiana del Centenario de la Constitución" 5671: 5244: 4726: 4360:

translation in Acedo, "Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food.

3999:

Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," p. 121.

1711:(Agrarian Reform Law), so that spouses and their children could inherit. 2913:. School of Canon Law, the Catholic University of America. p. 172. 2830:

Earl Warren and the Warren Court: the legacy in American and foreign law

1966:. The bill passed in December 1991 with the support of the conservative 3433:

Mexico: biography of power : a history of modern Mexico, 1810–1996

2274:(retroactive) laws. All persons punished under the law are entitled to 2231: 2087: 1809: 4235:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 5.

4216:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 4.

4160:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico", p. 2.

1856:), signaling the end of the enforcement of the anticlerical articles. 4589: 3086:"The Effect of International Treaties on Religious Freedom in Mexico" 2490: 2065:

Commemoration of the 100 year anniversary of the Constitution at the

1832:. Some scholars have characterized the constitution in this era as a 1699: 1201:

that started in 1910 and won by the Constitutionalist faction led by

176:

when necessary; Deputies validated presidential elections until 1993.

75: 2713:

Akhtar Majeed; Ronald Lampman Watts; Douglas Mitchell Brown (2006).

2489:

Unions and workers associations will not be considered monopolies.

1985:

economic restructuring that had already been weakening support for

4558: 2990: 2988: 2077:

section below for links to the full text in English and Spanish.)

2060: 1986: 1874: 1787: 1581: 1383:

An important group of delegates elected to the congress were the "

1284: 1276: 977: 904: 30:"Constitución de 1917" redirects here. For the metro station, see 27:

Principles, institutions and law of political governance in Mexico

2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2332:, which led to the refusal of some extradition requests from the 863:

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Constitution of 1918

2716:

Distribution of powers and responsibilities in federal countries

1898:

The Constitution of 1917 had several anticlerical restrictions.

5448: 4562: 3647:

Workers, neighbors, and citizens: the revolution in Mexico City

1610:

of the Constitution incorporated some of the PLM's demands for

4037:"Mexico Partially Restores Religious Freedom — The Forerunner" 1834:"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation 1038:

Capítulo I, de la Soberanía Nacional y de la Forma de Gobierno

4339: 1109:

About the States of the Federation and the Federal District (

888:(1924–1928) in 1926 led to the violent conflict known as the 884:, and attempts to enforce the articles strictly by President 2758:

Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1982, Volume 12; Volume 1982

4195:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations" p. 2.

4129:

Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history

4127:

Coerver, Don M., Suzanne B. Pasztor and Robert Buffington,

4089:

DECRETO que reforma el artículo 3 y la fracción XXV del 73.

2907:

Catholic University of America. Dept. of Canon Law (1942).

1036:

Chapter I: On National Sovereignty and Form of Government (

2496:

Copyrights and patents will not be considered monopolies.

933:

The constitution was founded on seven fundamental ideals:

5475:

Constitutions of states and dependencies in the Americas

3125:"Mexico will Celebrate Constitution Day on February 6th" 1906:

restricted church services outside of church buildings;

1627:

established the bases for a mandatory and lay education;

880:

Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, and 130 seriously restricted the

842:. "The Constitution of 1917 is the legal triumph of the 3871:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1968. Reprinted in 3719:

Beyond Eurocentrism: a new view of modern world history

2436:

may only be made when there is a public utility cause.

1407:

and a more radical group of leftists (sometimes called

1303:

that; the final draft was approved on 5 February 1917.

1281:

Teatro Iturbide, Querétaro, where the congress was held

2099:

This article states the nature of the Mexican nation.

1723:

Anticlerical articles and the 1934 and 1946 Amendments

1702:, small-scale, inalienable peasant holdings. In 1927, 1111:

De los estados de la Federación y del Distrito Federal

3308: 3306: 1182:

Constitutionalists and the idea of a new constitution

816:

Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos

4184:

Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law

3063:

Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law

1951:) stated flatly that the government would not amend 5679: 5480: 5295: 5181: 5030: 4908: 4770: 4600: 4542:"Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food" 3403:Manuel González Oropeza, "Constitution of 1917" in 2520:This article speaks about obligations of Mexicans. 2512:This article speaks about the Mexican nationality. 1590:(1906) were incorporated into the 1917 Constitution 1002:

Capítulo I: de los Derechos Humanos y sus Garantías

853:is the first such document in the world to set out 808:

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States

226: 216: 208: 198: 190: 180: 166: 156: 144: 126: 116: 111: 101: 81: 71: 66: 50:

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States

49: 18:

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States

4281: 4212: 4210: 3873:Mexico: From Independence to Revolution: 1810–1910 3110:Victor Gabriel Muro, "Catholic Church: Mexico" in 2009:into a net-importer of maize and food in general. 4408:. The Institute of World Politics. Archived from 3869:Intellectual Precursors of the Mexican Revolution 3547: 3545: 3448:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p. 332. 3248:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1972, p. 328. 3172: 3170: 1808:(1924–1928) sought to enforce them. In 1926 Pope 1000:Chapter I: Of Human Rights and their Guarantees ( 4257:(2/3). University of Kansas Libraries: 211–234. 3005:, pp. 437–438 nn. 7–8, BYU Law Review, June 2002 2143:All education given by the State shall be free. 1306:Unlike the earlier congresses that produced the 1216:to unite Mexicans against the regime of General 4502:Austin : University of Texas Press, 1974. 4316:. English.nessunotocchicaino.it. Archived from 3677:Zapata: The Ideology of a Peasant Revolutionary 3246:Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years 3114:vol. 1, p. 222. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 3772:Laurence French; Magdaleno Manzanárez (2004). 3615: 3613: 2700:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1974, 233. 1972:Ley de Asociaciones Religiosas y Culto Público 1902:restricted the existence of religious orders; 61:Cover of the original copy of the Constitution 5460: 4574: 4448:, vol. 4, No. 3, No. 3 (August 1921), p. 479. 4356: 4354: 4109:Mexican politics: the containment of conflict 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3627: 3625: 1690:Amendment restricting agrarian women's rights 1168:About the Inviolability of the Constitution ( 783: 8: 5794:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2941:Héctor Aguilar Camín; Lorenzo Meyer (1993). 2602:Covers the rights of workers, including the 5111:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 3902:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program," p. 275. 3893:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program," p. 274. 3884:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program", p. 276. 3778:. University Press of America. p. 24. 3680:. International Publishers Co. p. 23. 3446:Mexican Revolution: Constitutionalist Years 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2761:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 14. 2069:, Santiago de Querétaro on 5 February 2017. 1606:, and Sunday as an obligatory day of rest. 986:The Constitution is divided into "Titles" ( 5467: 5453: 5445: 5187: 5036: 4914: 4776: 4581: 4567: 4559: 3962:"Mexico – Reference Information – History" 3722:. Syracuse University Press. p. 165. 3711: 3709: 3669: 3667: 3639: 3637: 2902: 2900: 2140:Elementary education shall be compulsory. 2029:in its entirety within Mexican territory. 1639:was designed to empower the labor sector. 790: 776: 250: 55: 4400: 4398: 2947:. University of Texas Press. p. 63. 2822: 2820: 2780: 2778: 2750: 2748: 2708: 2706: 425:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress 4520:The most recent text of the Constitution 2366:Allows people charged to remain silent. 2025:of said Constitution banning the use of 1185: 1058:Chapter I: On the Separation of Powers ( 1023:Capítulo IV: de los Ciudadanos Mexicanos 4474:Totalitarianism and political religions 3755:Roman, "Church-State Relations," p. 76. 3631:Roman, "Church-State Relations," p. 75. 3619:Roman, "Church-State Relations", p. 75. 3435:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 387. 2689: 1654:became president in 1924, sparking the 1569:Prohibition of alcohol and bullfighting 1170:De la Inviolabilidad de la Constitución 253: 4173:Vol. 1998, issue 2, article 6, p. 433. 3792:from the original on 22 December 2016. 3046:from the original on 18 February 2015. 2572:must be "a Mexican citizen by birth." 1623:backdrop for the rest of the century. 1065:Chapter II: On the Legislative Power ( 968:Supremacy of the State over the Church 502:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 46: 4535:A History of the Mexican Constitution 4261:from the original on 19 November 2015 4073: 2857:Centeno, Ramón I. (1 February 2018). 2733:from the original on 13 November 2021 2719:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 188. 2013:Capital punishment and 2005 amendment 1298:was executed, bringing to an end the 1072:Chapter III: On the Executive Power ( 1060:Capítulo I, de la División de Poderes 895:In 1992, under the administration of 7: 3942:from the original on 4 November 2012 3650:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 261. 3381:. New York: The New Press 2005, 236. 3235:. New York: Harper Collins 1997, 358 3135:from the original on 5 February 2023 3100:from the original on 7 January 2016. 2852: 2850: 2805:from the original on 20 January 2022 2791:. Infobase Publishing. p. 596. 2583:officers must be Mexicans by birth. 2388:of ownership cannot be established. 2057:Current articles of the constitution 1887:In his inaugural address, President 1586:Parts of the program of the radical 1517:The Constitution was written by the 1508:United States occupation of Veracruz 107:Constitutional presidential republic 4446:Hispanic American Historical Review 3746:. Vol. 20, No. 1 (winter 1978), 73. 2788:Encyclopedia of World Constitutions 2358:law and curbed by the authorities. 2262:cannot be used to judge civilians. 2254:There are no private courts (i.e.: 2074: 1995:North American Free Trade Agreement 1660:North American Free Trade Agreement 1458:, author of influential 1909 work, 1153:About Reforms to the Constitution ( 1079:Chapter IV: On the Judicial Power ( 36:Constitution of the State of Mexico 4118:, p. 50. Greenwood Publishing 1995 4043:from the original on 13 March 2013 4026:Hamilton, "Neoliberalism", p. 139. 3694:from the original on 28 April 2024 3164:, p. 5, W. S. Hein Publishing 2000 3084:Ricardo Hernández-Forcada (2002). 3073:from the original on 4 March 2016. 2863:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 2230:The Mexican state does not have a 2033:Constitutional right to food, 2011 1997:(NAFTA), and the modifications of 1510:, In the assessment of historian 1414: 1067:Capítulo II, del Poder Legislativo 32:Constitución de 1917 metro station 25: 4732:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4288:. New York, USA: Verso. pp. 4204:Blancarte, "Recent Changes," p. 4 3964:. Latin-focus.com. Archived from 3607:Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter 1978), 73. 2961:from the original on 10 May 2018. 2917:from the original on 10 May 2018. 2441:exploitation of natural resources 1932:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1498:Land reform and natural resources 1155:De las Reformas a la Constitución 1126:Del Trabajo y la Previsión Social 1074:Capítulo III, del Poder Ejecutivo 1021:Chapter IV: On Mexican Citizens ( 846:. To some it is the revolution." 5670: 5637:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2994:Soberanes Fernández, José Luis, 2833:. Lexington Books. p. 244. 2632: 2620:churches and religious groupings 1671:Amendments on presidential terms 1016:Capítulo III: de los Extranjeros 750: 263: 227: 38:. For the Cablebús station, see 4039:. Forerunner.com. August 1992. 2668:List of constitutions of Mexico 2472:All monopolies are prohibited. 2242:does confer awards such as the 1124:About Work and Social Welfare ( 1081:Capítulo IV, del Poder Judicial 882:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico 4151:, Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4. 3990:Vol. 37, No. 1 (2002), p. 121. 3988:Latin American Research Review 3566:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3553:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3537:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3511:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3366:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3340:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3178:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 2658:History of democracy in Mexico 2291:death penalty in Article 22). 1728:Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, and 130 621:National Regeneration Movement 1: 4652:Centralist Republic of Mexico 4149:Journal of Church & State 3017:Journal of Church & State 1731:hierarchy for its support of 1415:Carranza's draft constitution 1009:Capítulo II: de los Mexicanos 857:, serving as a model for the 712:Diplomatic missions of Mexico 5081:Institutional stock exchange 4717:Second American intervention 2678:Rule according to higher law 2049:)." The formal language is " 1737:Mexican Constitution of 1857 1694:One of the major impacts of 1479:Convention of Aguascalientes 1014:Chapter III, On Foreigners ( 917:) is one of Mexico's annual 579:Instituto Nacional Electoral 212:Constituent Congress of 1917 5282:Water supply and sanitation 4647:Spanish reconquest attempts 4422:Library of Congress (n.d.) 3744:Journal of Church and State 3605:Journal of Church and State 3459:The Constitutionalist Years 2270:Prohibits the enactment of 1804:Starting in 1926 President 1460:The Great National Problems 1438:) and the rights of labor ( 1395:, namely Alfonso Cravioto, 1220:, who had come to power by 1207:Constitutionalist coalition 694:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 601:Institutional Revolutionary 479:Federal electoral districts 376:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 242:Mexico's dilemma/Appendix B 5922: 5881:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 4682:Second French intervention 4630:Control of Central America 4522:in the Government website 4340:http://www.cipamericas.org 3355:, XXIIi (1972–73), p. 372. 3233:Mexico: Biography of Power 2827:Harry N. Scheiber (2007). 2594:must be Mexican by birth. 1964:Articles 3, 5, 24, and 130 1557:Women's suffrage in Mexico 1554: 1344:universal manhood suffrage 1300:Second French Intervention 510:Federal Electoral Tribunal 29: 5812: 5779:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5668: 5406: 5190: 5039: 4917: 4881:Tropical cyclone rainfall 4779: 3674:Robert P. Millon (1995). 2875:10.1525/msem.2018.34.1.36 2256:feudal or manorial courts 1889:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1881:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1308:1824 Mexican Constitution 1273:Constitutional Convention 1007:Chapter II: On Mexicans ( 953:Representative government 943:Sovereignty of the nation 897:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 238: 54: 5799:Turks and Caicos Islands 4922:Administrative divisions 4498:Niemeyer, E. Victor Jr. 3155:The Mexican Legal System 3057:Jorge A. Vargas (1996). 3034:Jorge A. Vargas (1998). 2785:Gerhard Robbers (2007). 2648:Constitutional economics 2244:Order of the Aztec Eagle 2017:On 8 November 2005, The 1550: 1485:It has been argued that 650:Administrative divisions 464:President of the Chamber 5861:Constitutions of Mexico 5337:Handcrafts and folk art 5106:National stock exchange 4844:Protected natural areas 4672:Second Mexican Republic 4637:Supreme Executive Power 4114:13 October 2023 at the 4098:(at pg. 2) (in Spanish) 3913:Revolution at Querétaro 3856:Revolution at Querétaro 3843:Revolution at Querétaro 3830:Revolution at Querétaro 3817:Revolution at Querétaro 3485:Constitutionalist Years 3472:Constitutionalist Years 3444:Charles C. Cumberland, 3420:Revolution at Querétaro 3392:Revolution at Querétaro 3259:Revolution at Querétaro 3244:Charles C. Cumberland, 3217:Revolution at Querétaro 3204:Revolution at Querétaro 3191:Revolution at Querétaro 3160:9 November 2023 at the 3001:19 October 2012 at the 2755:Yoram Dinstein (1989). 1993:and negotiation of the 1991:small-scale agriculture 1631:led the foundation for 1596:Liberal Party of Mexico 1588:Liberal Party of Mexico 1545:Liberal Party of Mexico 1450:. The initial draft of 1222:a coup in February 1913 938:A declaration of rights 468:Marcela Guerra Castillo 442:President of the Senate 89:; 107 years ago 5714:British Virgin Islands 5149:States by unemployment 5139:Science and technology 4642:First Mexican Republic 4406:"Mexico's glass house" 4345:13 August 2015 at the 4280:Bello, Walden (2009). 4245:Yetman, David (2000). 3938:. Globalsecurity.org. 3590:quoted in Cumberland, 3577:quoted in Cumberland, 3524:The Mexican Revolution 3406:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3394:, Appendix F, 263-267. 3379:The Mexican Revolution 3327:The Mexican Revolution 3285:The Mexican Revolution 3272:The Mexican Revolution 3112:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2592:Supreme Court justices 2325:Imprisonment for debts 2258:) in Mexico. Military 2238:upon any person. (The 2212:Gun politics in Mexico 2070: 2067:Teatro de la República 1884: 1801: 1792:Revolutionary general 1760:freedom of association 1714:The 1992 amendment to 1709:Ley de Reforma Agraria 1689: 1591: 1524: 1456:Andrés Molina Enríquez 1290: 1282: 1246:congreso constituyente 1194: 1141:Prevenciones Generales 983: 915:Día de la Constitución 828:constituent convention 815: 804:Constitution of Mexico 529:Recent major elections 434:Senate of the Republic 386:List of heads of state 287:Constitution of Mexico 5627:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5377:Our Lady of Guadalupe 4871:Territorial evolution 4687:Second Mexican Empire 4134:28 April 2024 at the 2246:to notable persons.) 2064: 1968:National Action Party 1941:National Action Party 1878: 1806:Plutarco Elías Calles 1794:Plutarco Elías Calles 1791: 1652:Plutarco Elías Calles 1633:land reform in Mexico 1612:land reform in Mexico 1585: 1543:. The Program of the 1541:José Natividad Macías 1515: 1397:José Natividad Macías 1361:Francisco José Múgica 1288: 1280: 1189: 981: 963:Constitutional remedy 871:land reform in Mexico 840:Mexican constitutions 820:Santiago de Querétaro 611:Democratic Revolution 417:Congress of the Union 5876:Secularism in Mexico 5394:World Heritage Sites 4809:Environmental issues 4667:Mexican–American War 4625:First Mexican Empire 4529:Full text in English 4471:Maier, Hans (2004). 4107:Needler, Martin C., 4094:26 June 2013 at the 3936:"Mexico – President" 3828:quoted in Niemeyer, 3129:www.banderasnews.com 2910:The jurist, Volume 2 2555:Mexican Citizenship. 2234:and cannot confer a 1850:Manuel Avila Camacho 1644:economic nationalism 1446:, passed first, and 1296:Maximilian of Mexico 1139:General Provisions ( 948:Separation of powers 929:Essential principles 851:Constitution of 1917 836:Constitution of 1857 221:Constitution of 1857 112:Government structure 87:5 February 1917 5804:U.S. Virgin Islands 5647:Trinidad and Tobago 5492:Antigua and Barbuda 5049:Automotive industry 4937:Chamber of Deputies 4620:War of Independence 4432:27 May 2021 at the 4383:on 18 February 2015 3804:Peace by Revolution 3802:Tannenbaum, Frank. 3716:Peter Gran (1996). 3153:Avalos, Francisco, 3131:. 3 February 2023. 2604:eight-hour work day 1989:and other forms of 1937:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 1775:Venustiano Carranza 1340:Francisco I. Madero 1203:Venustiano Carranza 1191:Venustiano Carranza 859:Weimar Constitution 456:Chamber of Deputies 368:President of Mexico 138:Chamber of Deputies 5896:Politics of Mexico 5891:Mexican Revolution 5557:Dominican Republic 5250:Indigenous peoples 5154:Telecommunications 5013:State legislatures 4954:Federal government 4834:Metropolitan areas 4712:Mexican Revolution 4554:on 7 January 2016. 4371:"tradconstcpv.PDF" 4138:, p. 432, ABC-CLIO 3644:John Lear (1987). 3592:Mexican Revolution 3579:Mexican Revolution 3509:quoted in Knight, 3498:Mexican Revolution 3314:Mexican Revolution 3298:Mexican Revolution 2673:Politics of Mexico 2071: 2027:capital punishment 2023:Articles 14 and 22 1885: 1879:Mexican President 1823:inalienable rights 1802: 1666:Further amendments 1592: 1378:Biography of Power 1326:, which historian 1291: 1283: 1199:Mexican Revolution 1195: 984: 875:Mexican Revolution 844:Mexican Revolution 832:Mexican Revolution 824:State of Querétaro 818:), was drafted in 669:State legislatures 631:Citizens' Movement 391:Federal government 335:Capital punishment 279:Federal government 256:Politics of Mexico 5848: 5847: 5442: 5441: 5402: 5401: 5177: 5176: 5026: 5025: 4996:Political parties 4959:Foreign relations 4904: 4903: 4692:Restored Republic 4610:Pre-Columbian era 4484:978-0-7146-8529-8 4186:, 497-559 (1996). 3526:, vol. 2. p. 471. 3409:, vol. 1, p. 333. 3353:Historia Mexicana 2840:978-0-7391-1635-7 2798:978-0-8160-6078-8 2653:Constitutionalism 2484:national currency 2330:life imprisonment 2301:flagrante delicto 2236:title of nobility 1861:Pope John Paul II 1768:freedom of speech 1733:Victoriano Huerta 1389:Victoriano Huerta 1241:Plan of Guadalupe 1218:Victoriano Huerta 1214:1857 Constitution 800: 799: 757:Mexico portal 734:Visa requirements 687:Foreign relations 593:Political parties 340:Life imprisonment 249: 248: 203:Lecumberri Palace 182:First legislature 168:Electoral college 16:(Redirected from 5913: 5769:Saint Barthélemy 5729:Falkland Islands 5674: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5446: 5422: 5415: 5362:National symbols 5188: 5129: 5074:Renewable energy 5064:Economic history 5037: 4915: 4777: 4757:Chiapas conflict 4657:Texas Revolution 4583: 4576: 4569: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4547:. 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1413: 1385:Bloc Renovador 1376:, in his book 1374:Enrique Krauze 1369:Álvaro Obregón 1335: 1332: 1274: 1271: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1159: 1158: 1145: 1144: 1130: 1129: 1115: 1114: 1100: 1099: 1085: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 975: 972: 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 930: 927: 838:, and earlier 798: 797: 795: 794: 787: 780: 772: 769: 768: 766: 765: 759: 746: 745: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 719: 718: 707: 706: 703:Marcelo Ebrard 690: 685: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 674:Municipalities 671: 666: 665: 664: 653: 648: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 597: 596: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 574: 573: 526: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 506: 505: 497: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 482: 481: 472: 471: 460: 459: 450: 449: 438: 437: 428: 427: 421: 420: 412: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 393: 388: 381: 380: 372: 371: 363: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 344: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 311: 310: 309: 308: 297: 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States 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5470: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5272:States by HDI 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 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Routledge. 4476: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4284:The Food Wars 4276: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3785:0-7618-2890-7 3781: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3752: 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1857: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1838:Dwight Morrow 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1783:Porfirio Díaz 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764:right to vote 1761: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1537:Pastor Rouaix 1534: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1279: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266:Porfirio Díaz 1261: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 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Carranza's 1204: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1133:Seventh Title 1127: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 997: 995: 991: 989: 980: 973: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 934: 928: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 906: 902: 901:privatization 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:social rights 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 793: 788: 786: 781: 779: 774: 773: 771: 770: 764: 761: 760: 758: 748: 747: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 713: 710: 709: 704: 700: 695: 692: 691: 688: 683: 682: 675: 672: 670: 667: 663: 660: 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 646: 645: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 594: 589: 588: 581: 580: 576: 575: 572: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 548:Legislative: 546: 542: 538: 534: 528: 527: 524: 519: 518: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 499: 498: 495: 490: 489: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 469: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 453: 452: 447: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 431: 430: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 414: 413: 410: 405: 404: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 365: 364: 361: 356: 355: 348: 345: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 312: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 298: 294: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 275: 274: 271: 270: 266: 262: 261: 257: 252: 243: 240: 239: 237: 234: 225: 222: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186:15 April 1917 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 161: 159: 155: 152: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 129: 125: 121: 119: 115: 110: 106: 104: 100: 86: 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 65: 58: 53: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5886:Cristero War 5837: 5789:Sint Maarten 5774:Saint Martin 5681:Dependencies 5601: 5305:Architecture 5210:Demographics 5054:Central bank 4964:Human rights 4944:Constitution 4943: 4762:War on drugs 4737:World War II 4722:Cristero War 4615:Colonial era 4549:the original 4524:(in Spanish) 4499: 4473: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4423: 4418: 4410:the original 4385:. 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