Political history of Pakistan

363: 804: 1344:, chief jurist for Bhutto's case. Mushtaq Hussain was famously known in the public as extreme hater of Bhutto, and played a controversial role in Bhutto's removal as foreign minister in 1965. Mushtaq Hussain, now judge, disrespected Bhutto and his hometown, and further denied any appeals. Under Zia's direction and Mushtaq's order, Bhutto was controversially executed in 1979 after the Supreme Court upheld the High Court's death sentence on charges of authorizing the murder of a political opponent. Under Zia's martial law military dictatorship (which was declared legal under the Doctrine of Necessity by the Supreme Court in 1978) the following initiatives were taken: 1301: 1796:

who took part in this assumed conspiracy, placing them in the infamous Adiala Jail. A quick trial was held in the Supreme Court which gave Sharif a life sentence, with his assets being frozen based on a corruption scandal. He came close to receiving the death sentence based on the hijacking case. The news of Sharif's dismissal made headlines all over the world and under pressure from US President Bill Clinton and King Fahd of Saudi Arabia Musharraf agreed to spare Sharif's life. Exiled to Saudi Arabia, Sharif was forced to be out of politics for nearly ten years.

1280:

around 15,000 Balochs fought the Pakistani Army, Navy and Air Force. Following the successful recovery of the ammunition in the Iraqi embassy, shipped by both Iraq and Soviet Union for the Baluchistan resistance, the Naval Intelligence launched the investigation, and cited that arms were smuggled from the coastal areas of Balochistan. The Navy acted immediately, and jumped in the conflict. Vice-Admiral Patrick Simpson, commander of Southern Naval Command, began to launch the series of operation with also applying the naval blockage.

1333:, then-Chief of Army Staff who was recently appointed by Bhutto after Bhutto forced to retire 17 senior generals in order to bring Zia as Chief of Army Staff. Maududi encouraged General Zia-ul-Haq to stage a coup against Bhutto, and convinced him that a new Islamic, but a military coup needed against hutto in order to maintain law and order in the country. Encouraged and supported by Maududi and other hardline religious leaders, General Zia staged a coup against his own loyal supporter in July 1977 (See 2804: 3013: 355:, a prelude to future constitutions, in the Legislative Assembly. The house passed it on 12 March 1949. It has been described as the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history. Both United States and Soviet Union sent invitation to Liaquat Ali Khan. However, Khan chose to pay a goodwill visit to United States first. This was perceived as a rebuff to Moscow, and has been traced to profound adverse consequences. Khan had wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in the 662: 291: 1663: 1456: 934: 303: 851:

as Premier. The Military government and General Yahya Khan was kept unaware of these developments. Both Bhutto and Mujib continued political pressure on Khan's military government. Under pressure by Bhutto, Mujib and his military government, General Khan ordered a military action in East Pakistan. The Military Police arrested Bhutto and put him on house arrest. And, Mujib was sent to military court where his case was headed by

5318: 1564: 1130:" of Pakistan's atom project by a recent International Institute of Strategic Studies, London, (IISS) Dossier on history of the Pakistan's nuclear development, with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the father of Pakistan's nuclear developmental programme. Munir Ahmad Khan, an expert in Plutonium technology, had also laid the foundation and groundbreaking work for the Plutonium reprocessing technology. Khan, built the 2965: 2645: 1011:

prime minister. General Tikka Khan, infamous for his role in the Bangladesh war, was made the first Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army; Admiral Mohammad Shariff was made the first 4-star admiral, and first Chief of Naval Staff of Pakistan Navy, and Air Chief Marshal Zulfikar Ali Khan as first 4-star air force general and Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force. In 1976, Bhutto also created the office of

5328: 713:'s Joint Intelligence North and Military Intelligence's Northern Areas Assessment directorate began to formulate the plan to infiltrate in Kashmir. In 1965, assuming that a weakened Indian Military would not respond, Pakistan chose to send in "mujahideens" and Pakistan Army regulars into the Indian-controlled part of Jammu and Kashmir. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto backed the plan, and Pakistan Army's 557: 74: 1272:

Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in exchange for a consensual approval of the Pakistan Constitution of 1973. But while Bhutto admitted the NWFP and Balochistan to a NAP-JUI coalition, he refused to negotiate with the provincial governments led by chief minister Ataullah Mengal in Quetta and Mufti Mahmud in Peshawar. Tensions erupted and an armed resistance began to take place.

1500: 35: 772:". Munir Ahmad Khan quickly notified Bhutto of what had happened. And, Bhutto began lobbying for the nuclear weapon's option. However, due to economical reasons, Khan deferred and refused to expand the nuclear energy programme despite the proposals made by Bhutto, Abdul Salam and Munir Khan. With extensive efforts led by Abdus Salam, Khan had personally approved the 687: 1292:

purposefully isolated feudal leaders such as Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Ataullah Mengal from provincial policy. He also militarily put down all civil disobedience movements, effectively leading to unprecedented social stability within the province. Due to martial law, his reign was the longest in the history of Balochistan (1977–1984).

1371:

independence grew. Junejo also signed the Geneva Accord, which Zia greatly disliked. After a large-scale explosion at ammunitions store in Ojhri, Junejo vowed to bring those responsible for the significant damage caused to justice, implicating several times the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Director-General Akhtar Abdur Rahman.

1655:

artistic programs and music. Public anxiety about the weakness of Pakistani education led to large-scale federal support for science education and research by both Bhutto and Sharif. Despite her tough policies, the popularity of Benazir Bhutto waned after her husband allegedly became involved in the controversial death of

346:. Pakistan consisted of two wings, West-Pakistan and East-Pakistan. The Liaquat government, along with all subsequent governments during that first decade after independence faced serious difficulties in effectively governing both East and West Pakistan, eventually leading to the military coup of 1958. The 1288:

The military government then appointed General Rahimuddin Khan as Martial Law Administrator over the Balochistan Province. The provincial military government under the famously authoritarian General Rahimuddin began to act as a separate entity and military regime independent of the central government.

1471:

Democracy returned again in 1988 with general elections which were held after President Zia-ul-Haq's death. The elections marked the return of the Peoples Party to power. Their leader, Benazir Bhutto, became the first female prime minister of Pakistan as well as the first female head of government in

1374:

President Zia, infuriated, dismissed the Junejo government on several charges in May 1988. He then called for the holding of fresh elections in November. General Zia-ul-Haq never saw the elections materialize however, as he died in a plane crash on August 17, 1988, which was later proven to be highly

1287:

Although major fighting had broken down, ideological schisms caused splinter groups to form and steadily gain momentum. Despite the overthrow of the Bhutto government in 1977 by General Zia-ul-Haque, Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army, calls for secession and widespread civil disobedience remained.

450:

protesting for Bengali to receive equal status with Urdu. Several protesters were killed, and the movement gained further support throughout East Pakistan. Later, the Government agreed to provide equal status to Bengali as a state language of Pakistan, a right later codified in the 1956 constitution.

1682:

The 1997 election resulted in conservatives receiving a large majority of the vote and winning enough seats in parliament to change the constitution to eliminate the checks and balances that restrained the prime minister's power. Institutional challenges to authority of the new prime minister, Nawaz

1654:

Focusing on cultural development, her policies resulted in growth in the rock and pop music industry, and the film industry made a comeback after introducing new talent. She exercised tough policies to ban Indian media in the country, while promoting the television industry to produce dramas, films,

1559:

in Karachi in 1992. Institutional problems arose with president Ishaq, who attempted to dismiss Sharif on the same charges he had used against Benazir Bhutto. Through a Supreme Court judgement Sharif was restored and together with Bhutto ousted Khan from the presidency. Weeks later Sharif was forced

1271:

Province, which at that time was quite lawless and run by tribal justice. The ethnic Balochis saw this as a violation of their territorial rights. Emboldened by the stand taken by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1971, the Baloch and Pashtun nationalists had also demanded their "provincial rights" from then

980:

Bhutto also disbanded the Pakistan Marines, a new service in the navy, after failing to produce any effective results during the conflict. Bhutto sought to re-organize the Military of Pakistan and numerous officers who were responsible for Bengal's autocracies were fired from their services. In July

850:

inaugural session. However, the capitalization on West-Pakistan, West-Pakistanis feared the East-Pakistani separatism, therefore, Bhutto demanded a coalition government with Mujib. In a meeting, both Mujib and Bhutto agreed upon a coalition government as Bhutto would assumed the Presidency and Mujib

1795:

was initiated and the senior commanders of the military leadership ousted Sharif's government and took over the airport. The flight landed with only a few minutes of fuel to spare. The Military Police seized the Prime Minister's Secretariat and deposed Sharif, Ziauddin Butt and the cabinet staffers

912:

During the alleged mass killing in Bangladesh (erstwhile East-Pakistan), the military government had refused to take any political and reconciliation initiatives despite the calls were made. The coordination between the armed forces were ineffective and unsupported. The Air Force brutally failed to

484:, then Chief of General's Staff of the Generals Headquarter (GHQ) was arrested along with a number of officers from Pakistan Army. It was the first conspiracy against the elected government. Eleven military (army) officers and four civilians were involved in the conspiracy. The conspirator included 1279:

In time, the Baloch nationalist insurgency erupted and sucked the armed forces into the province, pitting the Baloch tribal middle classes against Islamabad. The sporadic fighting between the insurgency and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September 1974 when

1275:

Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors and forty-four MNAs and MPAs, obtained an order from the Supreme Court banning the NAP and charged them all with high treason, to be

499:

remained loyal to Liaquat Ali Khan. After an 18-month trial conducted in secrecy, Major-General Khan and Faiz Ahmed Faiz were both convicted and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Their defense lawyer was the notable Bengali Muslim politician Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. When Suhrawardy became

2335:

Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians, he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in

1378:

Under Zia, real defence spending increased on average by 9 percent per annum during 1977–88 while development spending rose 3 percent per annum; by 1987–88 defence spending had overtaken development spending. For the 1980s as a whole, defence spending averaged 6.5 percent of GDP. This contributed

1291:

This allowed General Rahimuddin Khan to act as an absolute martial law administrator, unanswerable to the central government. Both General Zia-ul-Haq and General Rahimuddin Khan supported the declaration of a general amnesty in Balochistan to those willing to give up arms. General Rahimuddin then

1019:

of this important and prestigious office was given to General Muhammad Sharif, who was also promoted to the 4-star rank. The Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed after a careful analysis of the Pakistan Armed Forces, and it is the principal body that maintains coordination between the armed

1010:

with Bhutto as Prime minister of the country. In 1974, Bhutto adopted the recommendation from Hamoodur Rehman Commission, and disbanded the "Commander-in-Chief" title as the head of the Pakistan Armed Forces. Bhutto appointed Chiefs of Staff in the Pakistan Armed Forces, reporting directly to the

1370:

General Zia lifted martial law in 1985, holding party-less elections and handpicking Muhammad Khan Junejo to be the Prime Minister of Pakistan, who in turn rubber-stamped Zia remaining Chief of Army Staff until 1990. Junejo, however gradually fell out with Zia as his political and administrative

350:

began to take place in Kashmir region in 1947. Both Liaquat and Jinnah were determined to stop the riots and refugee problems and to set up an effective administrative system for the country. Liaquat Ali Khan did the groundbreaking work for the Foreign Policy of Pakistan while taking initiatives

1595:

chairman of the joint chiefs. She oversaw a tough stance to bring political stability, which with her fiery rhetoric earned her the nickname "Iron Lady" from her rivals. Proponents of social democracy and national pride were supported, while the nationalisation and centralisation of the economy

1283:

The Iranian military fearing a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran also aided the Bhutto-sent Pakistan military in brutally putting down the insurrection. After three days of fighting the Baloch tribals were running out of ammunition and so withdrew by 1976. The army had suffered 25

1328:

held talks with the PNA and Islamist leaders. An agreement was eventually reached in June 1977 and Bhutto was to sign it on July 5. However, in spite the enthusiasm of the negotiating team other PNA leaders had reservations about the agreement. On the other hand, Maududi showed to Army that no

998:

policies while working to prevent any further division of the country. On 2 January 1972, Bhutto announced the nationalization of all major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electrical engineering, petrochemicals, cement and public utilities. A new labor policy was

908:

The result was the Pakistan Armed Forces surrender to the liberation forces upon which 93,000 Pakistani soldiers and officers became POWs, the largest since World War II. The official war ended in just under nine months on December 16, 1971, with Pakistan losing its eastern part, which became

1323:

began to advocate the overthrow the government of Bhutto. The religious leaders had always seen Bhutto's policies autocratic and more of secular policies than being under in Islamic system. Maududi began to call for Bhutto's overthrow and end his regime as he grabbed support from Pakistan's

905:). The coordination between the armed forces of Pakistan were ineffective and unsupported. On major decision, the army, navy, marine and air force weren't taken in confidence. Each force had led their own independent operations without notifying or taking in confidence the higher command. 1093:

Throughout the time, the foundations were laid down to develop a military nuclear capability. This includes the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons design, development and testing programme. The fuel cycle program included the uranium exploration, mining, refining, conversion and

1729:

The World, instead of putting pressure on ... not to take the destructive road... imposed all kinds of sanctions on for no fault of her...! If Japan had its own nuclear capability......Hiroshima and Nagasaki would not have suffered atomic destruction at the hands of the... United

1659:. Many public figures and officials suspected Benazir Bhutto's involvement in the murder, although there was no proof. In 1996, seven weeks after this incident, Benazir Bhutto's government was dismissed by her own hand-picked president on charges of Murtaza Bhutto's death. 542:

and, subsequently, dismissed Pakistan's first constituent assembly in 1954 when it precluded the Governor-General from acting except on the advice of his ministers. The armed forces and courts sided with the Governor-General, undermining the authority of democratic bodies.

1038:

Since 1967, Bhutto had been lobbying for the option of nuclear deterrence on different occasions. Soon after Bhutto came to assume control of Pakistan, he made his move to establish nuclear weapons development. On January 20, 1972, Abdus Salam, after being requested by

359:, as declared three days after Pakistan's independence when he declared that Pakistan would take no sides in the conflict of ideologies between the nations. Khan later tried to visit Soviet Union but the dates for goodwill visit were not materialized by Soviet Union. 1717:. When this news reached Pakistan, a shocked Sharif called a Defence Committee of the Cabinet meeting in Islamabad and vowed that "she would give a suitable reply to the Indians...". After reviewing the effects of the tests for roughly two weeks Sharif ordered the 891:

of Pakistan Army, an extreme armed action to curb and liberate the East-Pakistan from the resistance. Faced with popular unrest and revolt in East-Pakistan, the Army and Navy clamped down through violence. The navy and army crackdown and brutalities during the

1724:

Internationally condemned, but extremely popular at home, Sharif took steps to control the economy. Sharif responded fiercely to international criticism and defused the pressure by attacking India for nuclear proliferation and the US for the atomic bombing of

900:

and the continued extrajudicial killings throughout the later months resulted in further resentment among the East Pakistanis of East Pakistan. With India assisting the Mukti Bahini, war broke out between the separatist supporters in Bangladesh and Pakistan

1047:, to meet with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. It was here that Bhutto orchestrated, administered, and led the scientific research on nuclear weapons as he announced the official nuclear weapons development program. In 1972, Pakistan's core intelligence service, the 791:

that time. In 1967, Bhutto formed People's Party of Pakistan and tapped a wave of anti-Ayub Khan movement in both West and East Pakistan. Demoralized and pressured, Ayub Khan handed over the regime to his junior Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army General

721:. However, even after the careful analysis the airborne operation failed, and major war broke out between India and Pakistan. Ayub Khan blamed Bhutto for starting the conflict, while the armed forces became increasingly involved in the war. 2378:

Pakistan's notorious Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate, the supporters of the Afghan Mujahidin in the 1980s and the Taliban in the 1990s, violated the UN embargo and provided Bosnian Muslims with sophisticated antitank guided

362: 1643:. Benazir Bhutto continued her pressure on India, pushing India on to take defensive positions on its nuclear programme. Bhutto's clandestine initiatives modernised and expanded the atomic bomb programme after initiating 2289:

Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, ISI, to help Bosnians fight the

1515:

of the Soviet Union from neighbouring Afghanistan. Soon after the evacuation the alliance with the US came to an end when Pakistan's atomic bomb project was revealed to the world, leading to the imposition of

1348:

Strict Islamic law was introduced into the country's legal system by 1978, contributing to current-day sectarianism and religious fundamentalism, as well as instilling a sense of religious purpose within the

677:

This was a turning point in the country's history and even though the riots were eventually quashed by force but the seeds of intolerance were sown in the Pakistani society, and only got stronger over time.

1790:

his replacement. Sharif ordered Jinnah International Airport to be sealed to prevent the landing of a PIA flight carrying General Musharraf, which then circled the skies over Karachi for several hours. A

1755:

Under Sharif's leadership, Pakistan became the seventh declared nuclear-weapon state, the first in the Muslim world. The conservative government also adopted environmental policies after establishing the

1608: 1596:

continued after the Eighth Five-Year Plan was enacted to end stagflation. Her foreign policy made an effort to balance relations with Iran, the United States, the European Union and the socialist states.

1220:, greatly contributed to the uranium enrichment programme under both governments. Dr. A. Q. Khan established an administrative proliferation network through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to 673:

The government in response to the riots eventually asked the military for help and in response Corp Commander of Lahore General Muhammad Azam Khan enacted the first martial law in parts of the country.

2037: 401:

who refused to obey the orders of Jinnah. General Gracey argued that Jinnah as Governor-General represented the British Crown of which he himself was an appointee. Therefore, he did not send troops to

1771:, by Pakistan-backed Kashmiri militants, threatened to escalate to a full-scale war and increased fears of a nuclear war in South Asia. Internationally condemned, the Kargil war was followed by the 1090:" (TPG), the special weapons division of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) that developed the designs and completed the crucial mathematical and physics calculations of the nuclear weapons. 1520:

by the United States. In 1989, Bhutto ordered a military intervention in Afghanistan, which failed, leading her to dismiss the directors of the intelligence services. With US aid she imposed the

1366:

The socialist economic policies of the previous civilian government, which also included aggressive nationalisation, were gradually reversed; and Pakistan's gross national product rose greatly.

1267:

The Baloch rebellion of the 1970s was the most threatening civil disorder to a United Pakistan since Bangladesh's secession. The Pakistan Armed Forces wanted to establish military garrisons in

1086:. He is also credited in bringing hundreds of Pakistani scientists, engineers, and mathematicians who would later go on to develop the nuclear weapons program and later on formed and headed " 724:

However, both Soviet-Union and United States deescalated the conflict. China provided economic and moral help and even threatened India on its conflicted border issues. Khan along with

2163: 2633: 1644: 987:, and brought back 93,000 Pakistan Armed Forces personnel, secured 5,000 square miles of area held by India. Under this agreement, Bhutto recognized East Pakistan as Bangladesh. 1786:

from the posts of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs and Chief of Army Staff failed after the military leadership refused to accept the appointment of ISI Director Lieutenant-General

1352:

Pakistan fought a war by proxy against the Communists in Afghanistan in the Soviet-Afghan War, greatly contributing to the eventual withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan.

416:

During Khan's tenure, India and Pakistan agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations. This agreement was termed as '

1016: 977:, then-Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Navy. All of these Commander-in-Chiefs led their services during the conflict, and openly blamed each other for their intense failure. 1524:

to restore and centralise the national economy. Nonetheless, the economic situation worsened when the state currency lost a currency war with India. The country entered a

2365: 435:

in 1950. The pact was an effort to improve relations and reduce tension between India and Pakistan, and to protect the religious minorities on both sides of the borders.

4059: 1224:. He then established Pakistan's gas-centrifuge program based on the URENCO's Zippe-type centrifuge. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is considered to be the founder of Pakistan's 800:

of the country and installed a military government in both East and West-Pakistan. Yahya and his military government promised to hold a general election within 2 years.

2950: 2460: 1721:

to perform a series of nuclear tests in the remote area of the Chagai Hills. The military forces in the country were mobilised at war-readiness on the Indian border.

4675: 1547:

led by Nawaz Sharif to form a government under a democratic system for the first time. Attempting to end stagflation Sharif launched a program of privatisation and

2322: 920: 578: 91: 2569: 420:' and a ceasefire was effected in Kashmir on January 1, 1949. It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN. 4809: 2041: 1472:

a Muslim-majority country. This period, lasting until 1999, introduced competitive two-party democracy to the country. It featured a fierce competition between

1079: 2542: 2045: 803: 4179: 1243:

also played its part in the success and development of the uranium enrichment programme by producing the uranium hexafluoride gas feedstock for enrichment.

53: 3957: 2626: 197: 4188: 4104: 1102:) production, enrichment and fuel fabrication and reprocessing facilities. These facilities were established in the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission or 888: 2611: 4114: 3185: 1012: 1446: 1200:

and the strategic importance of Pakistan to the United States was gone. Once the full extent of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was revealed,

5285: 5260: 4008: 3902: 3762: 1757: 1688: 1512: 1033: 1556: 4535: 4343: 3826: 3607: 2713: 1392: 48: 1842:

Tudor, Maya. "The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan." Chapter 5. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

1710:. These were countered and all four were forced to resign, Chief Justice Shah doing so after the Supreme Court was stormed by Sharif partisans. 5352: 4530: 2928: 2619: 1410: 2167: 427:

began to attack the minorities in West-Pakistan, which later slipped to India. Sensing another war with India, Khan met Indian Prime Minister

5275: 5225: 4508: 4266: 4066: 3969: 3862: 2723: 2276: 1847: 783:

removed Bhutto as his Foreign minister, in a conspiracy planned by Jurist and then-Bhutto's secretary Mushtaq Hussain, and under pressure by

2606: 2601: 629: 138: 4206: 4054: 2995: 2943: 2718: 1337:). Maududi and other hardliner religious groups supported the martial law government, and remained loyal to General Zia entire his regime. 3581: 601: 110: 1551:. His government adopted a policy of ambiguity regarding atomic bomb programs. Sharif intervened in the Gulf War in 1991, and ordered an 243:, though Pakistan's founder, Jinnah, often regarded as 'The Great Leader' for his efforts emphasized that Pakistan would be a relatively 4612: 4321: 4109: 3732: 3109: 1548: 3142: 4456: 4451: 4164: 3892: 3152: 3134: 3101: 2579: 2359: 2316: 2270: 1525: 1521: 519: 2399: 608: 117: 5250: 5139: 3897: 2990: 2985: 2520: 2490: 2219: 2100: 2075: 2018: 1993: 1968: 1718: 1615:

which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege of Sarajevo. Under Nasir's leadership the

1248: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1164: 1115: 1111: 1103: 648: 466: 157: 2336:

supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia.

5194: 4348: 4309: 3991: 3986: 3942: 3877: 3662: 3650: 3114: 2899: 2793: 2776: 1792: 1576: 1192:, and was witnessed by other senior scientists belonging to Pakistan Armed Forces and the PAEC. To compound further matters, the 1131: 846:. Negotiation and talks were brutally failed, and Bhutto was famously heard saying "break the legs" if any member of attend the 539: 295: 240: 1300: 740:

After the indecisive war of 1965 with India, Pakistani people began to accuse Field Marshal Ayub Khan of betraying the cause of

5169: 4685: 4622: 4570: 3974: 3836: 3821: 3622: 2936: 2886: 2745: 2349: 1696: 1667: 1572: 1540: 1529: 1460: 1420: 1312: 1140: 949: 819: 797: 615: 124: 5230: 5119: 4736: 4662: 4513: 4493: 4483: 4446: 4353: 3867: 3757: 3119: 2852: 2788: 2782: 2429: 1428: 1148: 788: 582: 481: 95: 3012: 2728: 2452: 5255: 5204: 5124: 4988: 4836: 4657: 4555: 4256: 4171: 3841: 3178: 3044: 2864: 2757: 2698: 2210:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§PAEC's contribution to Uranium enrichment programme, the Project-706.". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

1424: 1212:. Having been developed under both Bhutto and Zia, the nuclear development programme had fully matured by the late 1980s. 1163:), further advancements were made to enrich uranium and consolidate the nuclear development programme. On March 11, 1983, 852: 847: 597: 106: 2803: 2546: 423:

In 1948, Jinnah died, and a major problem of religious minorities flared during late 1949 and early 1950. Militants from

5235: 5099: 5094: 4784: 4771: 4701: 4617: 4585: 4565: 4378: 4121: 3964: 3947: 3831: 3717: 3571: 3545: 3518: 3054: 3037: 2770: 2306: 1775:, which came on a bad juncture for the Prime minister Sharif who no longer had broad public support for his government. 525: 343: 307: 208:. Since its independence, Pakistan has had a colorful yet turbulent political history at times, often characterized by 5270: 5265: 5209: 5184: 5129: 5089: 4721: 4523: 4338: 4333: 4294: 4233: 3887: 3752: 3722: 3712: 3707: 3576: 3091: 2763: 2678: 2663: 1616: 1600: 1485: 1060: 1048: 773: 768:

and develop a credible nuclear deterrent capability. Ayub Khan refused accelerating the programme, and famously said:

710: 489: 285: 264: 3503: 567: 397:

was spoken by most of the population. Jinnah also faced problems with Pakistan Army's Commander-in-Chief General Sir

2818: 5144: 4983: 4865: 4304: 4271: 4126: 4097: 4001: 3872: 3846: 3742: 3617: 3478: 3147: 2980: 2892: 2858: 2751: 2693: 1736: 1671: 1648: 1481: 1473: 1316: 1221: 1083: 1064: 954: 902: 765: 532: 370: 347: 335: 209: 586: 571: 84: 5240: 5189: 5159: 4928: 4726: 4650: 4461: 4216: 4211: 3727: 3645: 3627: 3523: 3241: 3079: 3074: 2875: 2841: 2733: 2668: 2009:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§The Theoretical Physics Group, A cue from Manhattan Project?". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

1704: 981:

1972, Bhutto traveled to India to meet the Indian Premier Indira Gandhi where he successfully proceeded with the

959: 741: 443: 228:, and aimed to establish a separate homeland for Muslims in South Asia. The Pakistan Movement was spearheaded by 2829: 2585: 1508: 5290: 5179: 4976: 4915: 4900: 4885: 4843: 4595: 4316: 4289: 3926: 3637: 3462: 3313: 3171: 2708: 1056: 1003: 884: 753: 756:. Sensing the seriousness of such threat, Bhutto arranged a meeting between Munir Ahmad Khan and Ayub Khan at 2834: 1713:

Problems with India further escalated in 1998, when television reported Indian nuclear explosions, codenamed

5084: 4933: 4848: 4680: 4560: 4478: 4466: 4326: 4228: 3737: 3513: 3483: 3086: 2703: 1544: 1489: 1256: 1007: 859: 691: 424: 3586: 622: 131: 4966: 4860: 4831: 4602: 4471: 4144: 4092: 4082: 4031: 3747: 3493: 3447: 3374: 3278: 3027: 2959: 1442: 1356: 1217: 1075: 823: 315: 256: 5079: 5069: 4938: 4816: 4804: 4518: 4370: 4358: 4261: 4251: 4223: 4198: 4049: 3996: 3689: 3457: 3427: 3359: 3303: 3226: 3049: 2881: 2688: 2683: 1464: 1229: 1225: 1144: 945: 893: 843: 714: 528: 477: 460: 447: 410: 352: 3261: 2824: 1511:, and cemented pro-Western policies due to a common distrust of communism. Her government observed the 290: 5149: 5022: 5017: 4998: 4890: 4855: 4821: 4580: 4547: 4243: 3909: 3882: 3566: 3561: 3452: 1579:

after hand-picking a president. She approved the appointments of all four four-star chiefs of staff:

1095: 729: 236: 189: 446:

reached its peak on 21 February 1952, when the police and soldiers opened fire on students near the

43: 5311: 5134: 5074: 5027: 4799: 4794: 4759: 4731: 4706: 4645: 4629: 4575: 4503: 4488: 4428: 4299: 4087: 3952: 3813: 3788: 3612: 3266: 3208: 3124: 3002: 2673: 2649: 1772: 1746: 1414: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1304: 1247:

was also responsible for all the pre and post enrichment phases of the nuclear fuel cycle. By 1986

1160: 1067: 1040: 995: 937: 839: 780: 725: 718: 339: 229: 205: 5327: 2260: 5199: 5043: 4993: 4971: 4923: 4879: 4607: 4590: 4405: 4400: 4156: 3540: 3288: 3032: 2847: 2066:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§Dr A. Q. Khan, Nothing Succeed like Success?". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

1876: 1592: 1552: 1517: 1450: 1284:

fatalities and around 300 casualties in the fight while the rebels lost 5,000 people as of 1977.

1205: 1201: 1152: 881: 835: 793: 535: 432: 327: 201: 1255:

had begun work on the 50 MW plutonium and tritium production reactor at Khushab, known as

5321: 5245: 5111: 5064: 5012: 4950: 4905: 4826: 4789: 3919: 3914: 3533: 3528: 3508: 3354: 3256: 2869: 2739: 2575: 2355: 2312: 2266: 2215: 2096: 2071: 2014: 1989: 1964: 1868: 1843: 1675: 1533: 1493: 1388: 1213: 897: 856: 784: 473: 417: 406: 252: 225: 221: 1894: 1118:) on January 20, 1972, at the Multan Conference of senior scientists and engineers. Earlier, 500:

the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1957, he obtained a reprieve for most of the conspirators.

405:

region. Jinnah also faced problems with Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force Air Vice-Marshal

17: 5280: 4895: 4716: 4393: 3793: 3498: 2138: 1783: 1692: 1252: 1168: 1119: 1107: 970: 915: 869: 749: 745: 493: 428: 394: 366: 331: 661: 5331: 5174: 4667: 4281: 3384: 3273: 2391: 2262:

Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history

1707: 1662: 1455: 1360: 1341: 1320: 1156: 982: 974: 966: 962: 933: 752:

at IAEA's Reactor Division, met Bhutto where he notified Bhutto with rapid development of

699: 485: 374: 302: 248: 2512: 2482: 2421: 2235: 1941: 5049: 4870: 3979: 3432: 3399: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3298: 1761: 1684: 1656: 952:

where he delivered an emotional speech to his shattered nation. Bhutto also formed the

757: 496: 398: 193: 1603:(ISI), became involved in supporting Muslims around the world. ISI's Director-General 184:) is the narrative and analysis of political events, ideas, movements, and leaders of 5346: 4498: 4388: 4383: 3422: 3308: 3283: 3246: 1787: 1700: 1584: 1507:

Prime Minister Bhutto presided over the country during the penultimate period of the

1209: 877: 873: 831: 827: 811: 470: 439: 386: 382: 311: 244: 175: 1563: 3803: 3591: 3394: 3329: 3251: 1984:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§Development of Weapons in 1972". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

1628: 1588: 1580: 1477: 1193: 1189: 1176: 1172: 1171:

carried out the first successful cold test of a working nuclear device near at the

866: 669:, Pakistani President, with his tenure being recognized as ‘Pakistan’s Golden Age.’ 2189: 1959:

Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§A Man in a Hurry for the Bomb". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.).

4779: 3778: 3632: 3488: 3442: 3349: 3344: 3339: 1640: 1636: 1624: 1604: 1307:, Pakistani military dictator on the right, administering an award to a general. 1268: 1197: 1071: 1029: 556: 390: 268: 73: 2164:"Lankan Muslims in Dubai supplied N-materials to Pak: A Q Khan - Express India" 948:, and put General Khan on house arrest instead. Bhutto immediately appeared on 5154: 4875: 3798: 3783: 3657: 3364: 2116: 1918: 1768: 1714: 991: 807: 260: 2308:

Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror

1872: 1760:. Sharif continued Bhutto's cultural policies, though he did allow access to 492:. In the meantime, Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army General Ayub Khan and 1499: 1438: 1186: 666: 1276:

tried by a specially constituted Hyderabad Tribunal of handpicked judges.

5004: 4711: 3334: 3293: 3236: 3194: 2964: 2644: 2607:

Maulana Ihtesham ul Haq Thanvi on History of Pakistani Politics - Part II

1895:"UNITED NATIONS INDIA-PAKISTAN OBSERVATION MISSION (UNIPOM) - Background" 1620: 1434: 1359:

were put down by the province's authoritarian martial law ruler, General

356: 185: 2602:

Maulana Ihtesham ul Haq Thanvi on History of Pakistani Politics - Part I

1880: 1817:"LITERARY NOTES: Why did the Quaid make Urdu Pakistan's state language?" 235:

The movement was successful and Pakistan gained its independence as the

204:

by the United Kingdom, in a region which is commonly referred to as the

5164: 3231: 1632: 1379:

strongly to large fiscal deficits and a rapid build-up of public debt.

1208:) were imposed on the country by several other countries, particularly 965:. Bhutto fired Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army, Lieutenant-General 402: 2091:

Armstrong, David; Joseph John Trento; National Security News Service.

944:

Soon after Bhutto assumed the control of the country, Bhutto released

538:'s government despite the Prime Minister enjoying the support of the 5056: 1044: 1043:, arranged a secret meeting of academic scientists and engineers, in 776:

commercial plant, against the wishes of his own military government.

761: 255:

rights were upheld. Pakistan was also formed on unstable grounds, as

3163: 1816: 958:, to carry out the inquiry and causes of the war, under the Bengali 838:, Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan, held talks with both 686: 2571:

Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's History

1607:

later confessed that despite the UN arms embargo on Bosnia the ISI

999:

announced with more workers' rights and the power of trade unions.

1661: 1562: 1498: 1299: 1052: 932: 802: 703: 685: 660: 361: 319: 301: 289: 263:

plagued the country's provinces. Mainly, the country incorporated

1647:. In 1994 she successfully approached France for the transfer of 1006:. For the first time since 1958, the country was shifted back to 4943: 3437: 2921:( Brackets ) indicate civilian governments under military rulers 1782:

October 1999 Prime Minister Sharif's attempt to dismiss General

1631:. Pakistan was one of only three countries which recognised the 1182: 1123: 1122:

was serving as Director of Nuclear Power and Reactors Division,

994:

policies of Field Marshal Ayub Khan, and instead introduced the

4757: 4426: 4029: 3687: 3206: 3167: 2932: 2615: 1363:, who ruled for an unprecedented seven years under martial law. 1324:

conservative Islamist parties. Despite these serious movement,

1232:

uranium enrichment programme, which was originally launched by

2545:. London: Telegraph Group Ltd. 13 October 1999. Archived from 550: 351:

towards the formulation of the constitution. He presented the

67: 28: 973:, Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Air Force, and Vice-Admiral 1070:

increased by 200%. In the initial years and starting years,

232:

and staunchly opposed by some of Muslim religious scholars.

1496:

and the United States lessening its interests in Pakistan.

913:

protect the naval and army assets during the conflict (See

488:, a notable poet and intellectual, also connected with the 1329:

agreement was taken place, and Maududi encouraged General

1055:

was close to developing an atomic bomb, under its (India)

413:

who also refused to obey standing orders given by Jinnah.

1543:

results allowed the right-wing conservative alliance the

810:, Pakistani military president (left) meets US President 770:

if we ever need the bomb, we will buy it off the shelf

385:

as official language of Pakistan. It sparked protests in

2236:"Mawdūdī, Abūʾl-Aʿlā | journalist and Muslim theologian" 239:

on 14 August 1947. Pakistan's independence was based on

224:, as it came to be known, was based on the principle of 1954: 1952: 1950: 1402: 1398: 1136:, a plutonium reprocessing plant located in Islamabad. 690:

Pakistani soldiers take cover near a canal during the

1002:

In 1974, the Parliament of Pakistan gave approval of

547:

The Ayub Khan Era: The First Martial Law (1958-1969)

5218: 5110: 5036: 4959: 4914: 4770: 4694: 4638: 4546: 4439: 4369: 4280: 4242: 4197: 4137: 4075: 4042: 3935: 3855: 3812: 3771: 3700: 3600: 3554: 3471: 3415: 3408: 3322: 3219: 3133: 3100: 3067: 3020: 2973: 2811: 2656: 2093:

America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise

1619:was also involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in 1078:, headed the nuclear weapons program as he was the 98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2574:. Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 408. 2300: 2298: 1560:to relinquish office by the military leadership. 1059:. Partially in response, defence expenditure and 1375:sophisticated sabotage by unknown perpetrators. 409:and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Rear Admiral 1727: 1383:1988–1999: Third democratic era (Benazir–Nawaz) 830:and Awami League gaining absolute majority in 717:was told to begin an operation, under codename 2214:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 2070:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 2013:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 1988:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 1963:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. 1492:disappeared from the political arena with the 3179: 2944: 2627: 2042:International Institute for Strategic Studies 796:in 1969. General Yahya designated himself as 8: 1683:Sharif, were led by the civilian President 585:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 198:Presidencies and provinces of British India 42:It has been suggested that this article be 4767: 4754: 4436: 4423: 4039: 4026: 3697: 3684: 3412: 3216: 3203: 3186: 3172: 3164: 2951: 2937: 2929: 2634: 2620: 2612: 504:Toppling coalition governments (1951-1958) 180: 2422:"Protesters halt Pakistani PM court case" 764:. Khan urged the need of acceleration of 649:Learn how and when to remove this message 158:Learn how and when to remove this message 2190:"On the trail of the black market bombs" 1758:Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency 1689:Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 1609:airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles 1454: 1034:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction 2095:. Steerforth Press, 2007. p. 165. 1804: 1575:Benazir Bhutto secured a plurality and 1411:Pakistan and state sponsored terrorism 2038:"Bhutto was father of Pakistani bomb" 2032: 2030: 1623:Province, rebel Muslim groups in the 1319:(PNA) under the renowned theologian 7: 4676:Securities & Exchange Commission 2523:from the original on 13 January 2007 2432:from the original on 16 January 2023 2402:from the original on 12 October 2007 2368:from the original on 16 January 2023 2325:from the original on 16 January 2023 2279:from the original on 16 January 2023 1838: 1836: 1810: 1808: 1599:Pakistan's intelligence agency, the 1447:Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) 1296:Third martial law period (1977-1988) 1259:, which became operational by 1998. 698:In 1962, Pakistan had witnessed the 583:adding citations to reliable sources 96:adding citations to reliable sources 2483:"India launches Kashmir air attack" 1467:, in red and grey, with a majority. 275:Post-independence years (1947-1951) 179: 4344:Counter Terrorism Department (CTD) 2919:indicates the incumbent government 2451:Our Staff Reporter (30 May 1998). 1942:Pakistan Constitutional Beginnings 1919:"Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah" 1393:History of Pakistan (1947–present) 1110:. He was appointed as chairman of 520:1953 Pakistani constitutional coup 271:which consisted of feudal lords. 49:History of Pakistan (1947–present) 25: 2543:"Pakistan PM ousted in army coup" 1719:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 1545:Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA) 1112:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 280:Liaquat Ali Khan’s administration 5326: 5317: 5316: 4349:Pakistani Intelligence community 3011: 2963: 2802: 2643: 2463:from the original on 9 June 2012 555: 296:Constituent Assembly of Pakistan 72: 33: 4737:Redundant Islamic economisation 2650:Federal governments of Pakistan 2493:from the original on 4 May 2009 2453:"Politicians hail N-explosions" 2354:. Zenith Imprint. p. 154. 1627:, and some religious groups in 1532:by the conservative president, 1421:First Benazir Bhutto government 1141:Chief Martial Law Administrator 1013:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 929:Return of democracy (1971-1977) 820:General parliamentary elections 798:Chief Martial Law Administrator 598:"Political history of Pakistan" 381:The same year, Jinnah declared 107:"Political history of Pakistan" 83:needs additional citations for 2914:indicate caretaker governments 2714:Zulfikar (President's Council) 1429:Second Nawaz Sharif government 789:President of the United States 298:, Pakistan’s first parliament. 1: 5353:Political history of Pakistan 1859:"The Objectives Resolution". 1425:First Nawaz Sharif government 1126:. He was credited to be the " 1024:Nuclear deterrent development 969:and also deposed Air Marshal 853:Judge Advocate General Branch 172:political history of Pakistan 18:Political History of Pakistan 2513:"Pakistan army seizes power" 2044:. 2012-03-14. Archived from 1530:her government was dismissed 1313:1977 parliamentary elections 990:Bhutto also disapproved the 212:and inefficient leadership. 196:on 14 August 1947, when the 4536:Water supply and sanitation 2674:Bogra (Ministry of Talents) 2265:. LIT Verlag. p. 195. 2118:Eye To Eye: An Islamic Bomb 1815:Parekh, Rauf (2017-12-25). 1639:as the legitimate ruler of 1601:Inter-Services Intelligence 1484:led by Benazir Bhutto. The 711:Inter-Services Intelligence 490:Communist Party of Pakistan 480:, planned by Major-General 286:Liaquat Ali Khan government 5369: 2311:. Routledge. p. 148. 1944:PAKISTAN - A Country Study 1649:Air-independent propulsion 1474:centre-right conservatives 1432: 1418: 1408: 1386: 1355:Secessionist uprisings in 1317:Pakistan National Alliance 1222:Khan Research Laboratories 1027: 955:Hamoodur Rahman Commission 903:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 517: 458: 455:1951 attempted coup d'état 373:, alongside U.S President 371:Prime Minister of Pakistan 348:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 283: 5307: 4766: 4753: 4732:Public-private partnering 4435: 4422: 4055:National Security Council 4038: 4025: 3696: 3683: 3215: 3202: 3009: 2909: 2800: 1088:Theoretical Physics Group 822:were held in 1970, with 509:Nazimuddin administration 444:Bengali Language Movement 59:Proposed since June 2024. 1494:fall of global communism 1263:Balochistan civil unrest 1051:, secretly learned that 889:Eastern Military Command 885:Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi 826:winning the majority in 766:nuclear energy programme 754:Indian nuclear programme 744:. Months after the war, 533:Pakistani Prime Minister 514:1953 constitutional coup 3484:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3135:Territorial governments 2794:Musharraf (Martial Law) 2240:Encyclopedia Britannica 1745:May 1998, televised at 1645:missile system programs 1549:economic liberalisation 1257:Khushab Reactor Complex 1008:parliamentary democracy 692:1965 Indo-Pakistani war 425:Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan 294:Jinnah speaking in the 4717:Military economisation 4322:Enforced disappearance 4105:Provincial governments 3646:Balochistan insurgency 3504:Hindi–Urdu controversy 3494:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3448:First Anglo-Afghan War 3148:Azad Jammu and Kashmir 3102:Provincial governments 2960:Government of Pakistan 2819:Musharraf (Presidency) 2392:"Who are the Taleban?" 2305:Abbas, Hassan (2015). 1753: 1679: 1635:government and Mullah 1573:1993 general elections 1568: 1522:Seventh Five-Year Plan 1504: 1482:centre-left socialists 1468: 1443:Pakistan space program 1340:General Zia appointed 1308: 1218:metallurgical engineer 1181:. The test was led by 941: 815: 736:1970 Pakistan election 695: 670: 469:(MI) director-general 378: 323: 299: 181:پاکستان کی سیاسی تاريخ 4827:Gender discrimination 4224:Federal Shariat Court 4189:Provincial assemblies 3458:Second Anglo-Sikh War 3360:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim 2588:on 19 September 2013. 2568:Aziz, Sartaj (2009). 2259:Wiebes, Cees (2003). 1665: 1566: 1541:1990 general election 1526:period of stagflation 1502: 1458: 1419:Further information: 1303: 1214:Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan 936: 894:Operation Searchlight 874:Eastern Naval Command 865:General Khan ordered 844:Sheikh Mujibur Rehman 806: 706:emerging victorious. 689: 664: 467:Military Intelligence 461:Rawalpindi conspiracy 448:Dhaka Medical College 411:James Wilfred Jefford 365: 353:Objectives Resolution 306:Muhammad Ali Jinnah, 305: 293: 5286:World Heritage Sites 5261:Mausolea and shrines 4707:Directive investment 4009:World Heritage Sites 3943:Archaeological sites 3878:Environmental issues 3567:Monarchy of Pakistan 3562:Dominion of Pakistan 3453:First Anglo-Sikh War 2428:. 28 November 1997. 2398:. 2 September 2006. 1697:Chief of Naval Staff 1674:, in green, with an 1503:Benazir Bhutto, 2004 1463:results showing the 1096:Uranium Hexafluoride 730:Tashkent Declaration 579:improve this section 540:Constituent Assembly 476:foiled an attempted 237:Dominion of Pakistan 216:Pre-independence era 92:improve this article 4760:Society and Culture 4686:Trading Corporation 4494:Planning Commission 4083:National government 2519:. 12 October 1999. 2348:Schindler, John R. 2212:Long Road to Chagai 2170:on January 13, 2012 2068:Long Road to Chagai 2011:Long Road to Chagai 1986:Long Road to Chagai 1961:Long Road to Chagai 1923:www.pakistan.gov.pk 1899:peacekeeping.un.org 1867:(1): 89–118. 2009. 1773:Atlantique Incident 1577:formed a government 1571:As a result of the 1415:Culture of Pakistan 1335:Operation Fair Play 1326:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1305:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 1196:had withdrawn from 1161:Operation Fair Play 1149:Chief of Army Staff 1068:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1041:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 996:socialist economics 940:in the 1971 crisis. 887:, Commander of the 840:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 726:Lal Bahadur Shastri 719:Operation Gibraltar 230:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 206:Indian subcontinent 4514:Telecommunications 4406:Civil Armed Forces 4354:Capital punishment 4172:National Assembly 3587:Liaquat–Nehru Pact 3524:Jinnah's 14 Points 3428:East India Company 3115:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3021:Legislative branch 2699:Ayub (Martial Law) 2549:on 1 November 2005 2143:globalsecurity.org 1767:The next year the 1680: 1672:right-wing parties 1593:Farooq Feroze Khan 1587:of the air force; 1569: 1567:Nawaz Sharif, 1998 1518:economic sanctions 1505: 1469: 1451:Operation Blue Fox 1309: 1206:Pressler amendment 1202:economic sanctions 1061:funding of science 942: 882:Lieutenant-General 816: 696: 671: 536:Khawaja Nazimuddin 454: 433:Liaquat-Nehru Pact 379: 324: 300: 241:Muslim nationalism 188:. Pakistan gained 5340: 5339: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5226:Botanical gardens 5175:Marathon (Lahore) 4749: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4712:Industrialisation 4695:Policy programmes 4509:Tallest buildings 4418: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4267:Political parties 4257:Foreign relations 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 3970:Natural disasters 3863:Botanical gardens 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3534:Direct Action Day 3529:Lahore Resolution 3519:Two nation theory 3509:Pakistan Movement 3262:Hellenic Pakistan 3161: 3160: 3045:National Assembly 3038:Electoral College 2926: 2925: 2729:Zia (Martial Law) 2704:Ayub (Presidency) 1848:978-1-107-03296-5 1749: 1676:exclusive mandate 1591:of the army; and 1534:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 1057:nuclear programme 1004:1973 Constitution 922:Operation Trident 898:Operation Barisal 857:Brigadier-General 848:National Assembly 659: 658: 651: 633: 474:Syed Shahid Hamid 418:Karachi Agreement 407:Richard Atcherley 342:became the first 334:became the first 226:two-nation theory 222:Pakistan Movement 168: 167: 160: 142: 66: 65: 61: 16:(Redirected from 5360: 5330: 5320: 5319: 4785:British heritage 4768: 4755: 4671: 4663:Investment board 4531:Water management 4437: 4424: 4175: 4160: 4152: 4122:Local government 4040: 4027: 3794:Pothohar Plateau 3698: 3685: 3572:Governor-General 3499:Aligarh Movement 3438:Sikh Confederacy 3413: 3330:Indo-Hephthalite 3270: 3217: 3204: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3165: 3143:Gilgit–Baltistan 3015: 2974:Executive branch 2968: 2967: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2930: 2806: 2734:Zia (Presidency) 2648: 2647: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2613: 2590: 2589: 2584:. Archived from 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2330: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2166:. Archived from 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2034: 2025: 2024: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1956: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1856: 1850: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1812: 1784:Pervez Musharraf 1781: 1751: 1744: 1740: 1715:Operation Shakti 1693:Jehangir Karamat 1513:troop evacuation 1406: 1387:This section is 1253:Munir Ahmad Khan 1190:Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad 1169:Munir Ahmad Khan 1133:New Laboratories 1128:technical father 1120:Munir Ahmad Khan 1108:Munir Ahmad Khan 1106:by its Chairman 984:Shimla Agreement 971:Abdul Rahim Khan 916:Operation Python 870:Mohammad Shariff 750:nuclear engineer 746:Munir Ahmad Khan 654: 647: 643: 640: 634: 632: 591: 559: 551: 526:Governor-General 494:Defense minister 429:Jawaharlal Nehru 367:Liaquat Ali Khan 344:Governor-General 332:Liaquat Ali Khan 308:Governor-General 183: 182: 163: 156: 152: 149: 143: 141: 100: 76: 68: 57: 37: 36: 29: 21: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5295: 5214: 5106: 5090:Public holidays 5032: 4955: 4910: 4762: 4741: 4722:Nationalisation 4702:Corporatisation 4690: 4669: 4634: 4613:Pharmaceuticals 4542: 4484:Fuel extraction 4431: 4410: 4365: 4334:Law enforcement 4276: 4238: 4234:District Courts 4207:Supreme Council 4193: 4173: 4158: 4149:Majlis-e-Shoora 4146: 4133: 4115:Chief Ministers 4071: 4034: 4013: 3958:weather records 3931: 3888:Protected areas 3851: 3808: 3767: 3692: 3667: 3596: 3577:Princely states 3550: 3467: 3404: 3318: 3274:Seleucid Empire 3264: 3211: 3198: 3192: 3162: 3157: 3129: 3096: 3092:District Courts 3068:Judicial branch 3063: 3016: 3007: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2905: 2807: 2798: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2598: 2593: 2582: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2489:. 26 May 1999. 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2457:DawnWireService 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2328: 2326: 2319: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2282: 2280: 2273: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2049: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2021: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1958: 1957: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1901: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1861:Islamic Studies 1858: 1857: 1853: 1841: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1779: 1752: 1742: 1734: 1708:Sajjad Ali Shah 1678:in the country. 1611:to the Bosnian 1453: 1431: 1417: 1409:Main articles: 1407: 1396: 1385: 1361:Rahimuddin Khan 1342:Mushtaq Hussain 1321:Maulana Maududi 1298: 1265: 1175:under codename 1101: 1080:Science adviser 1072:Dr. Abdus Salam 1036: 1028:Main articles: 1026: 975:Muzaffar Hassan 967:Gul Hassan Khan 963:Hamoodur Rahman 931: 872:, Commander of 860:Rahimuddin Khan 738: 700:Sino-Indian War 684: 655: 644: 638: 635: 592: 590: 576: 560: 549: 529:Ghulam Mohammad 522: 516: 511: 506: 486:Faiz Ahmad Faiz 463: 457: 288: 282: 277: 265:princely states 218: 164: 153: 147: 144: 101: 99: 89: 77: 62: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5355: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5053: 5050:Shalwar kameez 5040: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4519:Transportation 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4443: 4441: 4440:Infrastructure 4433: 4432: 4427: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4286: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4127:Union councils 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4098:Prime Minister 4095: 4090: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3893:national parks 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873:Climate change 3870: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3663:Liberalization 3660: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3651:KPK insurgency 3648: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3299:Indo-Scythians 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3279:Greco-Bactrian 3276: 3271: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2981:Prime Minister 2977: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2596:External links 2594: 2592: 2591: 2581:978-0195477184 2580: 2560: 2534: 2504: 2474: 2443: 2413: 2383: 2361:978-1616739645 2360: 2340: 2318:978-1317463283 2317: 2294: 2272:978-3825863470 2271: 2251: 2227: 2220: 2202: 2181: 2155: 2129: 2108: 2101: 2083: 2076: 2058: 2026: 2019: 2001: 1994: 1976: 1969: 1946: 1934: 1910: 1886: 1851: 1832: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1737:Prime minister 1732: 1701:Fasih Bokharie 1685:Farooq Leghari 1668:1997 elections 1657:Murtaza Bhutto 1557:liberal forces 1384: 1381: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1353: 1350: 1297: 1294: 1264: 1261: 1230:gas-centrifuge 1099: 1084:prime minister 1076:Nobel laureate 1065:Prime minister 1025: 1022: 946:Mujibur Rehman 930: 927: 824:People's Party 785:Lyndon Johnson 758:The Dorchester 737: 734: 683: 680: 657: 656: 563: 561: 554: 548: 545: 518:Main article: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 497:Iskandar Mirza 459:Main article: 456: 453: 399:Douglas Gracey 336:prime minister 281: 278: 276: 273: 217: 214: 194:United Kingdom 166: 165: 80: 78: 71: 64: 63: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5365: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Hindu temples 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4727:Privatisation 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681:Stock markets 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4217:Chief Justice 4215: 4214: 4213: 4212:Supreme Court 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4174:(lower house) 4170: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4159:(upper house) 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3898:game reserves 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642:Insurgencies 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3623:1971 Movement 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514:Muslim League 3512: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3314:Indo-Sassanid 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3304:Indo-Parthian 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3080:Chief Justice 3078: 3077: 3076: 3075:Supreme Court 3073: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2561: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2444: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2351:Unholy Terror 2344: 2341: 2337: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2255: 2252: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2221:969-8500-00-6 2217: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2102:9781586421373 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2077:969-8500-00-6 2073: 2069: 2062: 2059: 2048:on 2012-03-14 2047: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020:969-8500-00-6 2016: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1995:969-8500-00-6 1991: 1987: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1970:969-8500-00-6 1966: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1788:Ziauddin Butt 1785: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1748: 1738: 1735:Nawaz Sharif— 1731: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705:Chief Justice 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637:Mohammed Omar 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1585:Abbas Khattak 1583:of the navy; 1582: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1461:1988 election 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:United States 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1031: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1000: 997: 993: 988: 986: 985: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 961: 960:Chief Justice 957: 956: 951: 947: 939: 935: 928: 926: 924: 923: 918: 917: 910: 909:Bangladesh. 906: 904: 899: 895: 890: 886: 883: 879: 878:Pakistan Navy 875: 871: 868: 863: 861: 858: 854: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:East-Pakistan 829: 828:West-Pakistan 825: 821: 813: 812:Richard Nixon 809: 805: 801: 799: 795: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 735: 733: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 693: 688: 681: 679: 675: 668: 663: 653: 650: 642: 639:December 2021 631: 628: 624: 621: 617: 614: 610: 607: 603: 600: – 599: 595: 594:Find sources: 588: 584: 580: 574: 573: 569: 564:This section 562: 558: 553: 552: 546: 544: 541: 537: 534: 530: 527: 521: 513: 508: 503: 501: 498: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 472: 471:Major-General 468: 465:In 1951, the 462: 452: 449: 445: 441: 440:East Pakistan 436: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:East Pakistan 384: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 358: 354: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 321: 317: 313: 312:Pir Ilahi Bux 309: 304: 297: 292: 287: 279: 274: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245:secular state 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 215: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 177: 173: 162: 159: 151: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109: – 108: 104: 103:Find sources: 97: 93: 87: 86: 81:This article 79: 75: 70: 69: 60: 55: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5312:Basic topics 5145:Field hockey 5055: 5048: 5003: 4967:Architecture 4916:Demographics 4901:Urbanisation 4886:Prostitution 4844:Human rights 4810:Institutions 4317:Human rights 4290:Constitution 4148: 3987:Subdivisions 3936:Other topics 3804:Sistan Basin 3638:Islamisation 3613:Indus Treaty 3608:1947–present 3592:Baghdad Pact 3546:Independence 3416:Pre-colonial 3247:Indo-Iranics 3242:Indus Valley 2916: 2911: 2898: 2891: 2874: 2857: 2840: 2812:21st century 2781: 2769: 2762: 2750: 2679:Muhammad Ali 2657:20th century 2586:the original 2570: 2563: 2551:. Retrieved 2547:the original 2537: 2525:. Retrieved 2516: 2507: 2495:. Retrieved 2486: 2477: 2465:. Retrieved 2456: 2446: 2434:. Retrieved 2425: 2416: 2404:. Retrieved 2395: 2386: 2377: 2370:. Retrieved 2350: 2343: 2334: 2327:. Retrieved 2307: 2288: 2281:. Retrieved 2261: 2254: 2243:. Retrieved 2239: 2230: 2211: 2205: 2194:. Retrieved 2192:. 2004-02-12 2184: 2172:. Retrieved 2168:the original 2158: 2146:. Retrieved 2142: 2132: 2122:, retrieved 2117: 2111: 2092: 2086: 2067: 2061: 2050:. Retrieved 2046:the original 2010: 2004: 1985: 1979: 1960: 1937: 1926:. Retrieved 1922: 1913: 1902:. Retrieved 1898: 1889: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1824:. Retrieved 1820: 1793:counter coup 1777: 1766: 1762:Indian media 1754: 1728: 1723: 1712: 1681: 1653: 1651:technology. 1629:Central Asia 1612: 1598: 1589:Abdul Waheed 1581:Mansurul Haq 1570: 1555:against the 1538: 1506: 1478:Nawaz Sharif 1470: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1339: 1310: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1238: 1194:Soviet Union 1177: 1173:Kirana Hills 1138: 1132: 1127: 1092: 1087: 1037: 1017:chairmanship 1001: 989: 983: 979: 953: 943: 921: 914: 911: 907: 867:Vice-Admiral 864: 817: 778: 769: 739: 723: 708: 697: 676: 672: 645: 636: 626: 619: 612: 605: 593: 577:Please help 565: 523: 464: 437: 431:to sign the 422: 415: 380: 375:Harry Truman 328:independence 325: 318:leader from 234: 219: 190:independence 171: 169: 154: 145: 135: 128: 121: 114: 102: 90:Please help 85:verification 82: 58: 47: 26: 5185:Paralympics 5080:Nationalism 5075:Gun culture 4934:Immigration 4780:Aurat March 4561:Agriculture 4479:Foreign aid 4447:Electricity 4272:Martial law 4229:High Courts 4145:Parliament 4138:Legislative 3975:earthquakes 3903:sanctuaries 3856:Environment 3822:Coal fields 3789:Indus Plain 3779:Arabian Sea 3633:Project-706 3489:Durand Line 3479:British Raj 3443:Sikh Empire 3340:Rai dynasty 3265: [ 3110:Balochistan 3087:High Courts 2724:Zulfikar II 2553:21 November 2497:21 November 2467:16 November 2436:21 November 2406:21 November 2139:"A.Q. Khan" 2137:John Pike. 1641:Afghanistan 1625:Philippines 1605:Javed Nasir 1389:transcluded 1357:Balochistan 1311:During the 1269:Balochistan 1198:Afghanistan 1063:under then- 1045:Multan city 1030:Project-706 728:signed the 478:coup d'état 391:East Bengal 316:regionalist 269:British Raj 257:regionalism 247:, in which 210:martial law 5231:Cemeteries 5170:Motorsport 5155:Gillidanda 5018:Philosophy 4999:Literature 4876:Pakistanis 4832:Healthcare 4670:(currency) 4571:Automotive 4093:Ministries 4076:Government 4032:Governance 3868:Ecoregions 3837:Oil fields 3827:Gas fields 3799:Salt Range 3784:Gwadar Bay 3758:Waterfalls 3748:Topography 3658:Kargil War 3289:Indo-Greek 3257:Achaemenid 3252:Indo-Aryan 3028:Parliament 2900:Shehbaz II 2777:Benazir II 2719:Zulfikar I 2689:Chundrigar 2684:Suhrawardy 2669:Nazimuddin 2372:18 October 2329:18 October 2245:2018-08-02 2196:2022-04-25 2124:2022-04-25 2052:2022-04-25 1928:2019-09-10 1904:2019-09-10 1826:2022-04-25 1800:References 1769:Kargil war 1613:mujahideen 1433:See also: 1331:Zia-ul-Haq 1153:Zia-ul-Haq 1015:, and the 992:capitalist 836:Yahya Khan 808:Yahya Khan 794:Yahya Khan 609:newspapers 531:dismissed 482:Akbar Khan 389:(formerly 326:After the 310:alongside 284:See also: 261:federalism 118:newspapers 5256:Libraries 5246:Gurdwaras 5120:Athletics 5070:Etiquette 5037:Lifestyle 4989:Festivals 4939:Languages 4929:Ethnicity 4837:Hospitals 4817:Feudalism 4805:Education 4658:Companies 4586:Husbandry 4556:Aerospace 4401:Air force 4359:Terrorism 4262:Feudalism 4252:Elections 4110:Governors 4050:President 3997:districts 3992:provinces 3842:Volcanoes 3733:Mountains 3690:Geography 3541:Partition 3463:Rebellion 3365:Ghaznavid 3227:Stone age 3153:Islamabad 3050:President 2996:Caretaker 2887:Shehbaz I 2865:Nawaz III 2746:Benazir I 2527:8 January 2379:missiles. 2174:March 11, 1873:0578-8072 1553:operation 1490:far-right 1465:left-wing 1439:Chagai-II 1251:Chairman 1236:in 1974. 1187:physicist 1145:president 781:Ayub Khan 779:In 1966, 667:Ayub Khan 566:does not 524:In 1953, 393:), where 267:from the 192:from the 148:July 2015 5347:Category 5322:Category 5281:Stadiums 5236:Churches 5205:Swimming 5180:Olympics 5150:Football 5125:Baseball 5044:Clothing 5023:Textiles 5005:Mushaira 4994:Folklore 4924:Diaspora 4891:Religion 4856:Marriage 4822:Feminism 4639:Commerce 4618:Textiles 4581:Forestry 4548:Industry 4371:Military 4244:Politics 4199:Judicial 4165:Chairman 3910:Wildlife 3832:Minerals 3763:Wetlands 3718:Glaciers 3701:Features 3628:1971 War 3618:1965 War 3601:Republic 3582:1947 War 3555:Dominion 3472:Colonial 3335:Kambojas 3323:Medieval 3294:Gandhara 3237:Mehrgarh 3197:articles 3195:Pakistan 2789:Nawaz II 2521:Archived 2517:BBC News 2491:Archived 2487:BBC News 2461:Archived 2430:Archived 2426:BBC News 2400:Archived 2396:BBC News 2366:Archived 2323:Archived 2283:23 March 2277:Archived 1881:20839154 1821:DAWN.COM 1733:— 1699:Admiral 1691:General 1670:showing 1621:Xinjiang 1509:Cold war 1488:and the 1486:far-left 1435:Chagai-I 1178:Kirana-I 1155:came to 1151:General 1020:forces. 774:KANUPP-I 715:SS Group 682:1965 War 665:General 369:, first 357:Cold War 249:minority 186:Pakistan 5271:Museums 5266:Mosques 5165:Kabaddi 5140:Cycling 5135:Cricket 5100:Symbols 5065:Cuisine 5028:Theatre 4800:Divorce 4795:Culture 4772:Society 4646:Banking 4630:Tourism 4576:Fishery 4566:Defence 4524:Bridges 4504:Poverty 4489:Housing 4462:Nuclear 4452:Thermal 4429:Economy 4394:Marines 4379:History 4180:Speaker 4157:Senate 4088:Cabinet 3965:Borders 3953:Climate 3948:Borders 3883:Forests 3814:Geology 3753:Valleys 3723:Islands 3713:Deserts 3708:Beaches 3433:Durrani 3400:Timurid 3385:Tughlaq 3355:Solanki 3232:Soanian 3220:Ancient 3209:History 3003:Cabinet 2912:Italics 2848:Gillani 2830:Hussain 2771:Qureshi 2758:Nawaz I 2664:Liaquat 2148:19 June 1633:Taliban 1476:led by 1403:history 1401:| 1167:led by 1143:(later 1082:to the 876:of the 742:Kashmir 702:, with 623:scholar 587:removed 572:sources 403:Kashmir 395:Bengali 253:women's 202:divided 132:scholar 54:Discuss 5332:Portal 5219:Places 5210:Tennis 5200:Squash 5130:Boxing 5112:Sports 5057:Mehndi 4972:Cinema 4871:Naming 4866:Me Too 4668:Rupee 4608:Mining 4591:Labour 4339:Police 4002:cities 3980:floods 3847:Floods 3743:Rivers 3738:Passes 3423:Mughal 3409:Modern 3390:Sayyid 3380:Khalji 3375:Mamluk 3370:Ghurid 3309:Kushan 3284:Maurya 3267:simple 3120:Punjab 3055:Acting 3033:Senate 2991:Deputy 2986:Acting 2870:Abbasi 2853:Ashraf 2842:Soomro 2825:Jamali 2783:Khalid 2764:Mazari 2740:Junejo 2578: 2358: 2315: 2290:Serbs. 2269: 2218: 2099: 2074: 2017: 1992: 1967: 1879: 1871: 1846: 1780: 1743: 1730:States 1725:Japan: 1703:, and 1528:, and 1449:, and 1427:, and 1349:youth. 1315:, the 1228:based 1147:) and 1139:After 938:Bhutto 762:London 625: 618: 611: 604: 596: 442:, the 340:Jinnah 134: 127: 120: 113: 105: 44:merged 5276:Parks 5241:Forts 5195:Rugby 5095:Songs 5085:Flags 5013:Music 4984:Dance 4977:Films 4951:Youth 4906:Women 4861:Media 4790:Crime 4651:Banks 4603:Media 4596:Child 4467:Solar 4457:Hydro 4043:State 3920:fauna 3915:flora 3772:Areas 3728:Lakes 3345:Shahi 3269:] 3125:Sindh 2893:Kakar 2882:Imran 2859:Khoso 2752:Jatoi 2709:Yahya 1877:JSTOR 1778:On 12 1741:on 30 1391:from 1204:(see 1159:(see 1157:power 1053:India 704:China 630:JSTOR 616:books 320:Sindh 200:were 139:JSTOR 125:books 46:into 5291:Zoos 5190:Polo 5160:Golf 4960:Arts 4944:Urdu 4896:Time 4880:list 4849:LGBT 4623:Silk 4499:Post 4472:Wind 4389:Navy 4384:Army 4327:LGBT 3927:Zoos 3395:Lodi 3350:Pala 2917:bold 2876:Mulk 2835:Aziz 2694:Noon 2576:ISBN 2555:2007 2529:2008 2499:2007 2469:2011 2438:2007 2408:2007 2374:2020 2356:ISBN 2331:2020 2313:ISBN 2285:2017 2267:ISBN 2216:ISBN 2176:2011 2150:2015 2097:ISBN 2072:ISBN 2015:ISBN 1990:ISBN 1965:ISBN 1869:ISSN 1844:ISBN 1666:The 1539:The 1480:and 1459:The 1413:and 1399:edit 1249:PAEC 1245:PAEC 1241:PAEC 1239:The 1234:PAEC 1216:, a 1183:CERN 1165:PAEC 1124:IAEA 1116:PAEC 1104:PAEC 1074:, a 1032:and 919:and 896:and 880:and 842:and 818:The 748:, a 709:The 602:news 570:any 568:cite 383:Urdu 338:and 314:, a 259:and 251:and 220:The 176:Urdu 170:The 111:news 4310:PCO 4305:WPB 4300:PPC 4295:LFO 4282:Law 4067:NCA 4060:CNS 1747:PTV 1617:ISI 1226:HEU 1098:(UF 1049:ISI 950:PTV 925:). 855:'s 760:in 581:by 438:In 94:by 52:. ( 5349:: 2515:. 2485:. 2459:. 2455:. 2424:. 2394:. 2376:. 2364:. 2333:. 2321:. 2297:^ 2287:. 2275:. 2238:. 2141:. 2040:. 2029:^ 1949:^ 1921:. 1897:. 1875:. 1865:48 1863:. 1835:^ 1819:. 1807:^ 1764:. 1750:, 1739:, 1695:, 1687:, 1536:. 1445:, 1441:, 1437:, 1423:, 1395:. 862:. 834:. 787:, 732:. 330:, 178:: 4882:) 4878:( 4151:) 4147:( 3187:e 3180:t 3173:v 2952:e 2945:t 2938:v 2837:) 2823:( 2742:) 2738:( 2635:e 2628:t 2621:v 2557:. 2531:. 2501:. 2471:. 2440:. 2410:. 2248:. 2224:. 2199:. 2178:. 2152:. 2105:. 2080:. 2055:. 2023:. 1998:. 1973:. 1931:. 1907:. 1883:. 1829:. 1405:) 1397:( 1185:- 1114:( 1100:6 901:( 814:. 694:. 652:) 646:( 641:) 637:( 627:· 620:· 613:· 606:· 589:. 575:. 377:. 322:. 174:( 161:) 155:( 150:) 146:( 136:· 129:· 122:· 115:· 88:. 56:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Political history of Pakistan

Index