698:
for the RCMP, requesting a review of the police force in
Nunavut. A follow-up letter was sent on January 23, 2020, detailing two occurrences of strip searching performed on Inuit women by the Nunavut RCMP. The first involved a woman detained for assault and public intoxication in September 1019. According to the second letter sent to Michelaine Lahaie, the woman was overpowered by three male RCMP officers and stripped against her will while being pressed face-down onto the floor of her holding cell. The officers left her on the ground after the strip search was complete with a mere "suicide gown" draped over her body. The woman then crawled towards her cell door before losing consciousness. In the second incident, a woman was arrested in October 2019 for assault and mischief. The woman was informed that she was required to wear a "suicide gown" as per RCMP policy, but refused. As a result, the woman was forced to walk from the shower to her cell naked, and after a strip search was conducted, she was left in her cell naked. The letter cites video footage that allegedly shows the woman was not resisting police and maintained control of her body without showing visible signs of suicidal or violent ideation.
738:
involved at that point. The individual in question was identified as Levi, who confirmed to
Constable Scott Hait on the scene that he wished to harm himself. Levi informed Hait that he has found the knives on the side of the road. Hait, along with Contable Justin Napke, told Levi to drop the knives but he refused. Napke attempted to electroshock Levi by deploying a taser three times, none of which caused Levi to drop the knives. Hait told a coroner's inquest jury into Levi's death that Levi said, "You're going to have to put a bullet in me." Hait attested that Levi then began to advance towards him, causing him to fire two shots in a range between three and five feet .
714:
the video footage, but were required to do so after a court order and the video was published June 11, 2020. The officer who tackled Adam allegedly punched him in the head and applied a chokehold once he was on the ground. Adam was later charged with resisting arrest and unlawful assault of a police officer. These charges were later dropped. Adam's wife, Freda
Courtoreille, can be seen in the video being restrained briefly by an RCMP officer. Courtoreille was arrested for obstruction as a result of the incident, although charges were never successfully pressed.
552:
Metropolitan
University, police brutality in Canada is a result of structural racism and colonization. Data from the 2020 General Social Survey reveals that only 52% of Indigenous Canadians age 15 and older reported that they were confident in the police force. Comparatively, respondents to the same survey who were non-Indigenous and classified as non-visible minority group ranked confidence in police higher, with 70% of this population indicating that they were confident in the police and 11% ranking little or no confidence in the police.
35:
487:
613:
725:
Moore sleep. Moore had been drinking with friends earlier in the evening. Police officers at the scene alleged that Moore was wielding a knife and threatening the officers. The Public
Prosecutions Service of New Brunswick, in a news release, stated that criminal charges were not warranted against the officer who shot and killed Moore and that none would be pursued.
2388:
764:
Secretary-Treasurer of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs Judy Wilson informed The
Canadian Press that the victim is a mother of two and suffered gunshot wounds to her spine. Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation Chief Moses Martin revealed through a joint statement with the First Nations Leadership Council on May 11, 2021, that the woman was in critical condition.
670:, a Saulteaux First Nations teenage boy, was discovered in a field outside of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Stonechild's cause of death was determined to be hypothermia. Witness Jason Roy reported to have last seen Stonechild in the back seat of a Saskatoon Police cruiser, stating that Stonechild was visibly bloodied and yelling for help.
750:
Julian Jones, a Tla-o-qui-aht man, was shot and killed by Tofino RCMP on
February 27, 2021. On the evening of the shooting, two officers arrived at home in Opitsaht in search of a woman believed to be held against her will. Jones was shot and killed, another man was taken into police custody, and the
741:
On
October 5, 2021, forensic suicidologist Greg Zed testified at the coroner's inquest that the incident was a case of suicide by cop. Becky Levi, Levi's niece, informed reporters after Zed's testimony that she did not believe Zed's theory fit her uncle's experience. After hearing from 27 witnesses,
701:
R. v. Golden, a 2001 Canadian
Supreme Court case, set guidelines for constitutional strip search procedures in Canada that are in line with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This case decided that strip searches are inherently degrading and humiliating. The Legal Services Board of Nunavut
713:
On March 10, 2020, police vehicle camera footage was captured of Chief Allan Adam of Fort
Chipewyan First Nation being tackled to the ground by an RCMP officer. Police had originally approached Adam's vehicle due to an allegedly expired license plate. The RCMP initially declined to publicly release
542:
include, as designated by the Canadian government, Inuit, Metis, and First Nations individuals and are officially considered Aboriginal peoples. Indigenous Canadians have experienced strenuous relationships with police as a result of colonization and lasting tensions. Since the early 2000s, several
754:
An Indigenous civilian monitor was selected to review a report completed by British Columbia's police watchdog on the shooting death of Jones. Tla-o-qui-aht Chief Thomas George was granted full access to the report. This was the first decision of its kind to allow an Indigenous civilian monitor to
724:
Chantel Moore, a member of Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation, was shot and killed in her apartment during a wellness check on June 4, 2020, in New Brunswick. Edmundston police were contacted by Moore's ex-boyfriend following messages sent from Moore's Facebook account suggesting that someone was watching
697:
have come forward with allegations of police misconduct against the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). On June 13, 2019, Benson Cowan, Chief Executive Officer of the Legal Services Board of Nunavut, sent a letter to Michelaine Lahaie, Chairperson of the Civilian Review and Complaints Commission
673:
On the night of January 28, 2000, Darrell Night, a member of Cree Nation, was taken into a police vehicle by two white Saskatoon Police officers. The officers removed Night from the vehicle about five kilometers outside of Saskatoon, forced his head onto the hood of the car, removed his handcuffs,
585:
According to data from 2016, Indigenous Canadians were accused of homicide at a rate eleven times higher than that of white Canadians. The 2017-2018 Annual Report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator shows that the proportion of all federally incarcerated inmates who are Indigenous rose
561:
discrimination, 21% reported that the discrimination occurred while interacting with the police. For reference, among non-Indigenous, non-visible minority respondents who reported instances of discrimination in the same period, only 4% indicated this occurred during interactions with the police.
568:
between 1989 and 2006. During this time period, nine women either went missing or were found murdered along a 724-kilometer stretch of Highway 16 in British Columbia, Canada, eight of whom were Indigenous Canadians. Indigenous communities in the area have reported numbers that exceed 30 missing
737:
Rodney Levi, a member of Metepenagiag Mi'kmaq Nation on the Miramichi River, was shot and killed by the RCMP on June 12, 2020, in New Brunswick. Police received a complaint regarding a disturbance in a home involving an unwanted individual in possession of knives but with no injuries to anyone
650:
The Report of the Saskatchewan Indian Justice Review Committee, published in 1992, highlights that the committee received a significant quantity of complaints regarding Indigenous policing by the Saskatoon Police, including issues of excessive force, disrespect for accused persons, selective
560:
2019 General Social Survey data reveals that 33% of Indigenous Canadians experienced discrimination in the five year period before the survey was conducted. Common causes for this were ethnicity, culture, race, and skin color. Among Indigenous respondents who indicated they had experienced
551:
According to a CTV News analysis, an Indigenous Canadian has been over ten times more likely than a white Canadian to be shot and killed by a police officer since 2017. According to the Yellowhead Institute, an Indigenous-focused research organization within the Faculty of Arts at Toronto
763:
A Tla-o-qui-aht woman was shot multiple times by the RCMP on May 8, 2021. Police responded to a domestic disturbance at a home in Port Albion. The woman was reportedly holding a replica gun and was left badly injured from multiple gunshot wounds inflicted by officers on the scene. The
654:
The 1999 Report of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry of Manitoba reveals that Indigenous Canadians were more likely to be denied bail than non-Indigenous individuals and that Indigenous Canadians spent more time, on average, in pre-trial detention than non-Indigenous individuals.
576:
In a qualitative study of young Indigenous and Black Canadian men who had experienced police interactions between February 2019 and March 2020, Indigenous Canadian youth revealed their concern that negative stereotypes of First Nations peoples impact how the police treat them.
586:
from 20% in the 2008-2009 Annual Report to 28%. The proportion is even higher for Indigenous Canadian women, increasing from 32% to 40% of federally incarcerated women in the same time period. For comparison, Indigenous Canadians compose 4.1% of the total Canadian population.
755:
review a case report of this nature. Independent civilian oversight of British Columbia police is managed by the Independent Investigations Office (IIO). The IIO stated that this move was meant to aid in bettering trust between the office and Indigenous peoples in Canada.
728:
Inspector Steve Robinson was accused of smiling and laughing while speaking with a news reporter regarding Moore's death. Robinson was mandated to take an online course on Indigenous Canada, offered through the Faculty of Native Studies at the University of Alberta.
742:
the inquest resulted in Levi's death being ruled a homicide. The five-member jury released a set of recommendations under three categories: Recommendations for Aboriginal Policing, Recommendations for Mental Health Services, and Recommendations for RCMP.
1872:
674:
and drove away. Night was dressed in a tee shirt and denim jacket, with temperatures reaching as low as -22 °C. Night was able to walk to the Queen Elizabeth power station, at which a point a watchman let him inside the station.
2402:
593:, which is being used to approach new ideas of policing in Canada, is an emerging area of study that emphasizes maintaining a strong Indigenous identity such that western education systems do not usurp Indigenous practices.
677:
At least five bodies of Indigenous men have been found frozen in this area outside of Saskatoon. Two of these men, Rodney Niastus and Lawrence Wegner, died a decade after Stonechild, around when Night survived his dumping.
685:
that the incident with Darrell Night was isolated, Saskatoon Police Chief Russell Sabo admitted in June 2003 that a Saskatoon Police officer was disciplined in 1976 for dumping an Indigenous woman outside of Saskatoon.
2529:
2008:
1865:
423:
1074:"Overrepresentation: The Nature and Extent of the Problem - Research and Statistics Division - Overrepresentation of Indigenous People in the Canadian Criminal Justice System: Causes and Responses"
1858:
2372:
2081:
522:
666:
The Saskatoon freezing deaths, or Starlight Tours, are a series of mysterious deaths of Indigenous Canadians. One of the more publicized incidents occurred in November 1990, the body of
405:
428:
2592:
2672:
573:, found critical failures in the investigations pertaining to reporting, initial investigation, follow-up investigation, and communications with family members and reportees.
564:
Additionally, crimes against Indigenous Canadians may be poorly addressed by law enforcement. A notable instance of this is the investigations into murders of women along the
2076:
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1148:
786:
400:
1836:
1278:
2651:
834:
767:
Following the deaths of Chantel Moore and Julian Jones, this incident marked the third shooting of a Tla-o-qui-aht individual by the RCMP in the span of eleven months.
2677:
2355:
2071:
1053:
2360:
1947:
515:
1952:
2224:
1670:
983:"To Serve and Protect Whom? Using Composite Counter-Storytelling to Explore Black and Indigenous Youth Experiences and Perceptions of the Police in Canada"
395:
353:
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2438:
2365:
1942:
466:
1814:
1496:
508:
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1934:
2182:
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965:
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807:
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1968:
165:
2628:
2162:
2088:
1963:
1224:
2197:
2152:
702:
alleges that the RCMP officers who performed these two occurrences of strip searching were not in compliance with those guidelines.
376:
1727:
2426:
2248:
185:
34:
1376:
2443:
2563:
2013:
155:
1789:
2177:
2147:
1897:
1609:
602:
272:
225:
1635:
1882:
872:"Perceptions of and experiences with police and the justice system among the Black and Indigenous populations in Canada"
539:
195:
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170:
98:
1699:
590:
385:
282:
135:
130:
120:
113:
103:
93:
88:
83:
68:
63:
58:
852:
Stelkia, Krista (July 15, 2020). "Police Brutality in Canada: A Symptom of Structural Racism and Colonial Violence".
589:
Policing and other governmental structures may contribute to the continuous marginalization of Indigenous Canadians.
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1850:
358:
210:
205:
180:
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125:
108:
73:
2337:
2258:
776:
718:
659:
496:
287:
200:
160:
145:
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78:
538:
is an instance or pattern of excessive and unwarranted force used against an individual or group of people. The
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952:
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1985:
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623:
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2023:
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292:
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2305:
751:
woman for whom the officers were searching was transported to a hospital for a medical assessment.
569:
and/or murdered women in this area, however. Commissioner Wallace Taroo Oppal, known familiarly as
1405:
2488:
1149:"Violence Against Indigenous Males in Canada with a Focus on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Men"
1129:
1047:
1010:
330:
1815:"Indigenous leaders call for investigation into RCMP on Vancouver Island after recent shootings"
1610:"Edmundston officer who laughed talking about Chantel Moore's death must take Indigenous course"
2646:
2614:
2493:
2448:
2327:
2241:
1990:
1912:
1377:"Inuit women in Nunavut suffer 'unnecessary violence,' racism from RCMP, legal aid board says"
1286:
1220:
1121:
1033:
1002:
961:
813:
257:
1790:"First Nation chief will review police watchdog's report on fatal shooting near Tofino, B.C."
2470:
2236:
2140:
2135:
2000:
1113:
994:
781:
565:
535:
26:
982:
925:
923:
2570:
2310:
2263:
2028:
1978:
1837:"Mother of two shot by police in critical condition says Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation chief"
904:"Experiences of discrimination among the Black and Indigenous populations in Canada, 2019"
835:"Why are Indigenous people in Canada so much more likely to be shot and killed by police?"
667:
543:
instances of police brutality against Indigenous Canadians have prompted media attention.
1246:
Report of the Commission of Inquiry Into Matters Relating to the Death of Neil Stonechild
1073:
1956:
267:
2666:
2600:
2584:
2463:
2322:
2315:
1973:
1671:"Officer who killed Rodney Levi says N.B. Indigenous man refused to surrender knives"
1212:
1133:
1014:
2542:
2018:
1700:"Rodney Levi's death was result of 'suicide by cop,' N.B. coroner's inquest told"
2607:
2061:
1728:"Recommendations made regarding police interventions and mental health services"
694:
570:
486:
277:
262:
1581:"Statement regarding Crown review of investigation into death of Chantel Moore"
930:
2498:
1918:
1555:"New Brunswick police officer who fatally shot Chantel Moore won't be charged"
707:
491:
335:
1760:"Indigenous man shot dead by Tofino RCMP, B.C. police watchdog investigating"
1290:
1125:
1006:
998:
2453:
1497:"Charges dropped against First Nations Chief Allan Adam in violent arrest"
2577:
1117:
1030:
Toward Peace, Harmony, and Well-Being: Policing in Indigenous Communities
325:
2290:
1217:
Racial Profiling in Canada: Challenging the Myth of 'a Few Bad Apples'
1101:
2396:
1470:"First Nations chief shown being punched by Canadian police in video"
1186:
2403:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
1072:
Government of Canada, Department of Justice (February 12, 2020).
954:
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women in British Columbia, Canada
1924:
1854:
1399:
1397:
1102:""It Happened More Than Once": Freezing Deaths in Saskatchewan"
629:
Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
606:
1430:
Government of Canada Department of Justice (April 12, 2018).
1337:"Saskatoon police chief admits starlight cruises are not new"
902:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 16, 2022).
897:
895:
893:
891:
870:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 16, 2022).
1722:
1720:
1526:"Port Alberni woman fatally shot by police in New Brunswick"
1067:
1065:
1063:
2373:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
931:"Highway of Tears program | Carrier Sekani Family Services"
865:
863:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1172:
Review of the Saskatchewan Indian Justice Review Committee
603:
Royal Canadian Mounted Police § Role in colonization
630:
1187:"Report of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry of Manitoba"
1185:
Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission (1999).
1170:
Saskatchewan Indian Justice Review Committee (1992).
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
2593:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child
2522:
2462:
2425:
2416:
2381:
2346:
2283:
2206:
2122:
2050:
2041:
1999:
1933:
1896:
1889:
951:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2014).
787:List of excessive police force incidents in Canada
2652:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
1742:– via Justice and Public Safety Department.
1693:
1691:
651:enforcement practices, and witness intimidation.
1753:
1751:
1749:
1191:The Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission
759:Shooting of a Tla-o-qui-aht woman in Port Albion
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1370:
1830:
1828:
1636:"Rodney Levi's death a homicide, jury decides"
1432:"The rights and freedoms the Charter protects"
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
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1354:
1352:
1350:
1238:
1236:
1095:
1093:
1866:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1579:Public Prosecutions Services (June 7, 2021).
1548:
1546:
1519:
1517:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
516:
8:
2673:Violence against Indigenous people in Canada
1603:
1601:
1312:"New light on Saskatoon's 'starlight tours'"
981:Samuels-Wortley, Kanika (January 24, 2021).
2530:Portrayals of the residential school system
2422:
2343:
2047:
1893:
1873:
1859:
1851:
1052:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
523:
509:
449:
381:
354:International Day Against Police Brutality
313:
245:
47:
17:
2220:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters
1279:"Left for Dead in a Saskatchewan Winter"
690:Strip searches of Inuit women in Nunavut
2678:Law enforcement controversies in Canada
1153:Social Justice and Community Engagement
798:
452:
414:
384:
344:
316:
248:
50:
25:
1277:Brown, DeNeen L. (November 22, 2003).
1147:Mt. Pleasant, Jen (January 23, 2016).
1045:
1028:Council of Canadian Academies (2019).
1788:The Canadian Press (April 25, 2022).
1106:Canadian Journal of Women and the Law
7:
2301:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
1881:Violence and discrimination against
1495:The Canadian Press (June 24, 2020).
2361:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1969:First Nations nutrition experiments
960:. Organization of American States.
2629:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
1698:Bissett, Kevin (October 5, 2021).
1669:Bissett, Kevin (October 4, 2021).
1608:Cave, Rachel (November 26, 2020).
14:
2390:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
2249:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
1634:Magee, Shane (October 8, 2021).
1404:Supreme Court of Canada (2001).
833:Flanagan, Ryan (June 19, 2020).
806:Berry, Bonnie (April 11, 2019).
611:
485:
33:
2444:British Columbia Treaty Process
1835:Bailey, Andrew (May 11, 2021).
1375:Rohner, Thomas (June 8, 2020).
1310:Campbell, Meagan (2016-04-08).
1219:. University of Toronto Press.
719:Shooting death of Chantel Moore
1758:CBC News (February 28, 2021).
812:. Cambridge University Press.
746:Shooting death of Julian Jones
1:
1553:Magee, Shane (June 7, 2021).
1524:Brown, Scott (June 4, 2020).
1159:. Wilfrid Laurier University.
733:Shooting death of Rodney Levi
633:related to non-recent events.
624:slanted towards recent events
1883:Indigenous peoples in Canada
1813:Wells, Nick (May 12, 2021).
540:Indigenous peoples of Canada
2504:Old-growth logging protests
1841:Vancouver Island Free Daily
1585:Government of New Brunswick
1343:. Vol. 21, no. 4.
591:Tribal Critical Race Theory
386:Police brutality by country
283:High Speed Pursuit Syndrome
2694:
2271:Judge David William Ramsay
1335:Windspeaker Staff (2003).
681:In spite of claims by the
600:
597:History and specific cases
415:Police killings by country
359:Photography is Not a Crime
2642:
2392:for trafficking of minors
2259:Saskatoon freezing deaths
1943:Residential school system
1243:Wright, David H. (2004).
809:Appearance Bias and Crime
777:Saskatoon freezing deaths
660:Saskatoon freezing deaths
288:Authoritarian personality
2333:Walking With Our Sisters
2254:Killing of Chantel Moore
2148:Winnipeg serial killings
1907:Gradual Civilization Act
1100:Razack, Sherene (2014).
999:10.1177/0011128721989077
683:Saskatoon Police Service
2509:Trans Mountain pipeline
2232:Gustafsen Lake standoff
1530:Victoria Times Colonist
1410:Supreme Court of Canada
1341:Windspeaker Publication
987:Crime & Delinquency
2484:Caledonia land dispute
2338:Women's Memorial March
2098:Healthcare inequality
1986:High Arctic relocation
1032:. Ottawa, ON, Canada.
2183:Jean Virginia Sampare
2168:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
662:(aka Starlight Tours)
601:Further information:
2564:Missing and Murdered
2124:Missing and Murdered
1964:Forced sterilization
1732:New Brunswick Canada
1118:10.3138/cjwl.26.1.51
908:www150.statcan.gc.ca
876:www150.statcan.gc.ca
854:Yellowhead Institute
462:Indigenous Canadians
293:Blue wall of silence
2479:Burnt Church Crisis
2306:Moose Hide campaign
2178:Helen Betty Osborne
2077:Criminal sentencing
2051:Structural violence
1898:Settler colonialism
21:Part of a series on
2489:Clayoquot protests
2082:Mass incarceration
2055:and discrimination
331:Black Lives Matter
2660:
2659:
2647:Indigenous rights
2638:
2637:
2494:Keystone Pipeline
2449:Yukon Land Claims
2412:
2411:
2328:Sisters in Spirit
2279:
2278:
2163:Pamela Holopainen
2037:
2036:
1991:RCMP dog killings
1913:Numbered Treaties
1734:. October 8, 2021
1436:www.justice.gc.ca
1078:www.justice.gc.ca
1039:978-1-926522-58-6
967:978-0-8270-6324-2
819:978-1-108-39510-6
648:
647:
533:
532:
475:
474:
437:
436:
367:
366:
301:
300:
258:Police misconduct
233:
232:
2685:
2595:
2557:Highway of Tears
2514:Unistʼotʼen Camp
2471:Water protection
2469:
2430:
2423:
2344:
2237:Ipperwash Crisis
2211:
2208:Police brutality
2198:Lisa Marie Young
2188:Loretta Saunders
2153:Immaculate Basil
2136:Highway of Tears
2128:Indigenous Women
2127:
2054:
2048:
2029:Indian hospitals
1925:Role of the RCMP
1894:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1852:
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1832:
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1810:
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1069:
1058:
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1025:
1019:
1018:
993:(8): 1137–1164.
978:
972:
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959:
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937:
927:
918:
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882:
867:
858:
857:
849:
843:
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830:
824:
823:
803:
782:Highway of Tears
643:
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2311:REDress Project
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2141:list of victims
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1979:Kimelman Report
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2114:Long-term DWAs
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2107:Joyce Echaquan
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2102:Brian Sinclair
2096:
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2072:Climate change
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1406:"R. v. Golden"
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1225:
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1211:Tator, Carol;
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2349:and inquiries
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2323:Red handprint
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2193:Amber Tuccaro
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2024:Indian agents
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639:November 2022
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2550:Foster Child
2548:
2543:Finding Dawn
2541:
2401:
2389:
2296:History wars
2207:
2173:Serena McKay
2062:Birth alerts
2019:Potlatch ban
1955: /
1917:
1905:
1840:
1818:
1792:
1763:
1736:. Retrieved
1731:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:The Guardian
1473:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1340:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1282:
1253:. Retrieved
1245:
1216:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1112:(1): 51–80.
1109:
1105:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1029:
1023:
990:
986:
976:
953:
946:
934:. Retrieved
911:. Retrieved
907:
879:. Retrieved
875:
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828:
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801:
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723:
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636:
621:
588:
584:
575:
563:
559:
550:
534:
461:
186:South Africa
15:
2608:Secret Path
2431:land claims
2347:Commissions
2094:Foster care
2014:Pass system
2009:Stereotypes
1738:November 2,
1709:November 2,
1704:Global News
1680:November 2,
1645:November 2,
1619:October 24,
1590:October 24,
1564:October 24,
1535:October 24,
1506:October 24,
1480:October 24,
1441:October 24,
1415:October 24,
1386:October 24,
1316:Macleans.ca
1255:October 23,
1196:October 23,
936:October 23,
706:Assault of
695:Inuit women
571:Wally Oppal
278:Death squad
263:Police riot
166:Netherlands
112: [
2667:Categories
2615:This River
2499:Oka Crisis
2427:Indigenous
1948:gravesites
1919:Indian Act
1890:Background
1321:2022-10-24
1296:2022-10-24
1083:2022-10-23
913:2022-10-23
881:2022-10-23
793:References
708:Allan Adam
547:Prevalence
336:SayHerName
273:Rough ride
156:Luxembourg
51:by country
2454:Land Back
2284:Responses
1291:0190-8286
1134:144940408
1126:1911-0235
1048:cite book
1015:234344545
1007:0011-1287
226:Venezuela
2578:Pig Girl
2042:Specific
1935:Genocide
1819:CBC News
1793:CBC News
1764:CBC News
1675:CTV News
1640:CBC News
1614:CBC News
1559:CBC News
1501:CBC News
1381:CBC News
1215:(2006).
856:(72): 4.
771:See also
497:Category
326:Copwatch
310:Activism
242:Concepts
196:Slovenia
191:Slovakia
171:Pakistan
99:Ethiopia
2417:Related
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