37:, describing a process where policymakers monitor the actions of their bureaucratic agents who implement and enforce policies. This monitoring allows policymakers to compensate for their agents’ greater knowledge of the policy process, and enables them to be well-informed decision makers. Thus policy monitoring allows policymakers and interested actors to systematically examine the process of creating a policy, implementing it, and evaluating its effects. Policy monitoring activities can be used to collect and analyze data related to the development and implementation of specific policies. It can also help link policies to specific outcomes and help identify and evaluate policy impacts. Policy impacts can include specific changes in behavior (e.g., increased number of people wearing seatbelts), finances (e.g., increased tax revenue), health status or epidemiology (e.g., reduced number of new HIV infections) or other social indicators (e.g., reduced crime rates, reduced levels of pollution). Data from policy monitoring can be used to support advocacy efforts and guide the development of new, timely, and relevant policies. Policy monitoring should also include the identification of operational policy barriers that can be addressed through policy and program reform, and findings can support improved implementation of existing policies.
46:
to address different ideologies, capacities, or interests of key actors. Limiting stakeholder analysis only to government and official policymakers may ignore major groups that can support policy development. Policy monitoring coalitions should agree on what they are monitoring and be succinct in their recommendations to policymakers. Policy initiatives themselves are often controversial, and policy monitoring can be contentious because it shows how well policy implementers and enforcers are doing their jobs. Those conducting policy monitoring should be thorough in their data collection and unbiased in their presentation of facts. Robust trainings on policy monitoring work can help organizations be systematic and effective in their policy monitoring efforts.
163:
gender relations. For example, a policy that is shown to have improved the welfare of a household may not necessarily affect all household members positively or equally, and may have even exacerbated gender inequity. Gender-sensitive policy monitoring can help advance gender equity and improve policy implementation. Civil society and other stakeholders can use policy monitoring techniques to systematically gather data on the gender aspects of policies and use these data to influence policymakers to favor gender-equitable health policies¬¬¬—these processes are essential to facilitating
45:
Numerous actors and stakeholders can influence the movement of policy from inception to implementation. Well-maintained documentation and review of all key stakeholders involved in a policy can help advocates for a given policy—such as military reform, water rights, or disability legislation—prepare
162:
Policy monitoring can be performed through different issue-driven lenses, such as gender sensitivity or gender equality. Gender-sensitive policy monitoring analyzes any gender aspects of a policy or policy issue, and considers the impact of the policy on both men and women, as well as its impact on
140:
The FAO's Food and
Agriculture Policy Decision Analysis (FAPDA) is a policy monitoring tool that provides a working cycle technique to identify policy problems and improve analysis of policy issues. By incorporating FAPDA outputs, such as a web-based tool, country policy review, and policy analysis
175:
A 2012 study analyzed planned policy interventions across the 22 publicly accessible PEPFAR Partnership
Frameworks to understand how the interventions are related to PEPFAR and country or regional priorities. The study found that “policy monitoring by donors, partner country governments, and civil
32:
and can be applied in sectors including agriculture, health, education, and finance. Policy monitoring can improve policy information among stakeholders, and the use of evaluation techniques to provide feedback to reframe and revise policies. Waterman and Wood derived policy monitoring from
144:
The cycle includes: Phase 1: Preparatory Phase Phase 2: Focal Point
Training Phase 3: Policy Identification Phase 4: Quality Control and Validation Phase 5: 1st Discussion Focus of Analysis Phase 6: Analysis Phase 7: 2nd Discussion on Findings (FAO)
19:
comes a range of activities describing and analyzing the development and implementation of policies, identifying potential gaps in the process, outlining areas for improvement, and holding policy implementers accountable for their activities.
153:
The World Health
Organization has started to develop dedicated monitoring systems for policy interventions on the social determinants of health that improve health equity, such as social protection and gender equity policies.
176:
society stakeholders can help measure whether policy interventions are occurring as planned in order to further HIV prevention, care, and treatment and health system goals and, if not, can point to needed changes."
67:. The tool supports a relatively simple and uniform monitoring process which can be applied to any policy area. This tool can guide policy monitoring efforts throughout the policy reform process.
892:
603:
327:"The Policy Circle: A Framework For Analyzing the Components of Family Planning, Reproductive Health, Maternal Health, and HIV/AIDS Policies"
63:(PEPFAR)’s Monitoring Policy Reform tool outlines the progression of policy development related to HIV from problem identification to
470:
122:
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64:
734:
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589:
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763:
727:
141:
report, policy dialogue can be more systematic and encompass different actors interested in FAPDA data.
522:
Smith, Mohga Kamal (2001). "Enhancing Gender Equity in Health
Programmes: Monitoring and Evaluation".
867:
742:
164:
626:
469:
Pega, Frank; Valentine, Nicole; Rasanathan, Kumanan; Hosseinpoor, Ahmad Reza; Neira, Maria (2017).
783:
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918:
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349:"Conceptualizing Spatial Planning Outcomes: Towards an Integrative Measurement Framework"
217:"Conceptualizing Spatial Planning Outcomes: Towards an Integrative Measurement Framework"
887:
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778:
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673:
495:
907:
831:
757:
721:
666:
612:
407:
34:
574:. Presented at Second Global Symposium on Health Systems Research in Beijing, China.
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816:
29:
28:
Monitoring policy development and implementation is an integral component of the
747:
646:
325:
Hardee, Karen; Imelda
Feranil; Jill Boezwinkle; Benjamin Clark Benjamin (2004).
882:
701:
246:
Waterman, Richard; Dan Wood (1993). "Policy
Monitoring and Policy Analysis".
535:
504:
486:
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Wood, Dan (1991). "The
Dynamics of Political Control of the Bureaucracy".
443:
543:
399:
364:
267:
232:
60:
568:
Monitoring HIV Policy
Interventions in PEPFAR Partnership Frameworks
391:
259:
77:: Identify baseline policy issues by conducting situation assessment
281:
Hardee, Karen; Laili Irani; Ron MacInnis; Matthew
Hamilton (2012).
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Hardee, Karen; Laili Irani; Ron MacInnis; Matthew Hamilton (2012).
471:"The need to monitor actions on the social determinants of health"
50:
Existing Models and Frameworks for Policy and Advocacy Monitoring
581:
585:
283:"Linking Health Policy With Health Systems And Health Outcomes"
195:"Linking Health Policy With Health Systems And Health Outcomes"
85:: Engagement of stakeholders in developing common policy agenda
61:
United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
423:"A Guide to Monitoring and Evaluating Policy Influence"
305:"A Guide to Monitoring and Evaluating Policy Influence"
840:
619:
290:
Washington DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project
202:
Washington DC: Futures Group, Health Policy Project
70:PEPFAR's six stages of the policy reform process:
117:: Evaluation of policy implementation (PEPFAR)
597:
8:
334:Washington DC: Futures Group, Policy Project
101:: Official government endorsement of policy
604:
590:
582:
494:
475:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
248:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
129:Working Cycle for Country Approach": -->
185:
380:The American Political Science Review
347:Wong, Cecilia; Craig Watkins (2009).
215:Wong, Cecilia; Craig Watkins (2009).
7:
125:Working Cycle for Country Approach
14:
448:Food and Agriculture Organization
123:Food and Agriculture Organization
430:Overseas Development Institute
421:Jones, Harry (February 2011).
312:Overseas Development Institute
303:Jones, Harry (February 2011).
1:
950:
109:: Implementation of policy
149:World Health Organization
65:monitoring and evaluation
893:Public policy by country
353:The Town Planning Review
221:The Town Planning Review
565:Judice, Nicole (2012).
924:Public policy research
863:Public policy doctrine
536:10.1080/13552070127749
524:Gender and Development
934:Public administration
853:Public administration
848:Evidence-based policy
487:10.2471/BLT.16.184622
868:Public policy school
511:on November 2, 2017.
165:gender mainstreaming
914:Evaluation methods
365:10.3828/tpr.2009.8
233:10.3828/tpr.2009.8
929:Political science
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900:
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819:
812:
773:
766:
737:
730:
711:
704:
697:
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655:
17:Policy monitoring
941:
858:Public budgeting
822:
815:
808:
769:
762:
735:Renewable energy
733:
726:
707:
700:
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672:
665:
651:
606:
599:
592:
583:
576:
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573:
562:
556:
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519:
513:
512:
507:. Archived from
498:
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368:
359:(4/5): 481–516.
344:
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300:
294:
293:
287:
278:
272:
271:
243:
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227:(4/5): 481–516.
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206:
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93:: Develop policy
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904:
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873:Policy analysis
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579:
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564:
563:
559:
521:
520:
516:
481:(11): 784–787.
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392:10.2307/1963851
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888:Youth services
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764:Pharmaceutical
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739:
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728:Nuclear energy
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714:
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639:
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632:Climate change
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611:
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586:
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577:
557:
514:
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435:
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386:(3): 801–828.
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317:
295:
273:
254:(4): 685–699.
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207:
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126:
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772:
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743:Environmental
741:
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724:
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664:
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635:
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613:Public policy
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588:
587:
584:
570:
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541:
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533:
530:(2): 95–105.
529:
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35:agency theory
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841:Other topics
627:Agricultural
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30:policy cycle
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784:Immigration
771:Vaccination
454:9 September
171:Application
908:Categories
883:Regulation
824:Technology
688:Investment
681:Industrial
180:References
41:Challenges
24:Definition
810:Stem cell
789:Knowledge
717:Education
408:154833500
799:Military
794:Language
695:Monetary
661:Economic
642:Domestic
637:Cultural
552:70517291
505:29147060
804:Science
779:Housing
753:Foreign
674:Incomes
544:4030592
496:5677605
444:"FAPDA"
400:1963851
268:3325346
115:Stage 6
107:Stage 5
99:Stage 4
91:Stage 3
83:Stage 2
75:Stage 1
919:Policy
832:Social
758:Health
722:Energy
667:Fiscal
653:reform
620:Fields
550:
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450:. 2013
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158:Gender
55:PEPFAR
817:Space
709:Trade
572:(PDF)
548:S2CID
540:JSTOR
426:(PDF)
404:S2CID
396:JSTOR
330:(PDF)
308:(PDF)
286:(PDF)
264:JSTOR
198:(PDF)
748:Food
647:Drug
501:PMID
456:2013
131:edit
59:The
702:Tax
532:doi
491:PMC
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