220:
sites of viral replication in the host and how the virus moves from the bloodstream into the central nervous system. Research into the host range of the virus has also been of interest. The host range of a virus is determined by the interaction of the virus with host cellular receptors such as CD155. Comparison of the amino acid sequence in the binding domain of the host cell receptor is highly variable among mammalian species. Rapid changes in the sequence of the binding domain have restricted the host range of the poliovirus. Targeting of the brain and spinal cord have also come under investigation. The restricted tropism maybe due to organ specific differences in the initiation of
219:
Research into the mechanism of this disease stalled with the development of the vaccines in the mid-twentieth century. However, with the recent identification of the cell surface receptor CD155 new interest has resurfaced in this disease. Experiments on transgenic mice are investigating the initial
198:
There is no cure for polioencephalitis so prevention is essential. Many people that become infected will not develop symptoms and their prognosis is excellent. However, the prognosis is dependent on the amount of cellular damage done by the virus and the area of the brain affected. Many people that
89:
Signs and symptoms may vary and some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all. The most common reported symptom of polioencephalitis is fatigue. Fatigue is associated with difficulty in attention, cognition, and maintaining wakefulness Some individuals experience psychiatric symptoms that
143:
will occur. During inflammation, the brain’s tissues become swollen due to the body’s immune system response to the infection. Fluid, white blood cells, dead cellular debris and inactivated viruses resulting from the actions of the immune response can significantly alter the fluid surrounding
139:. Many cells contain the surface receptor CD155; however, manifestation of this disease does not occur in all cells. The reason for incidence of the disease in only certain areas of the brain such as the brainstem is unknown. Once areas of the brain have been invaded by the virus,
130:
of the gastrointestinal tract. It will then move to the bloodstream and is carried to the central nervous system. Once in the CNS, the virus will attach to a host cell by binding with a cell surface receptor. The host cell surface receptor is a
199:
develop more severe symptoms can have lifelong disabilities or it can lead to death. Supportive treatments include bed rest, pain relievers, and a nutritious diet. Many drugs have been used to treat psychiatric symptoms such as
184:
have been developed to prevent the occurrence and spread of the poliomyelitis virus. The first is an inactivated, or killed, form of the virus and the second is an attenuated, or weakened, form of the virus. The development of
189:
has successfully eliminated the disease from the United States. There are continued vaccination efforts in the U.S. to maintain this success rate as this disease still occurs in some areas of the world.
81:. Humans are the only known natural hosts of this virus. The disease has been eliminated from the U.S. since the mid-twentieth century, but is still found in certain areas of the world such as Africa.
144:
healthy neurons. The function of these healthy neurons can decline due to disruptions in the cell membrane affecting electrical properties of the neuron or by interfering with the blood supply causing
98:, and depressed mood. Confusion and disorientation of time and space have also been reported. Motor symptoms vary more from patient to patient, but can include incoordination and tremors,
41:
is a viral infection of the brain, causing inflammation within the grey matter of the brain stem. The virus has an affinity for neuronal cell bodies and has been found to affect mostly the
433:
135:
that has been recently identified as CD155. Once the virus has bound to the host cell, it will penetrate the host cell membrane and begin the replication of its
344:
Bruno, R.; Frick, N.; Creange, S.; Zimmerman, J.; Lewis, T. (1996). "Polioencephalitis and the brain
Fatigue Generator Model of Post-Viral Fatigue Syndromes".
168:
and foreign proteins. Virus isolation is the most sensitive method and it is most likely to be isolated from stool samples. Once isolated,
437:
552:
Ida-Hosonuma M, Iwasaki T, Yoshikawa T, Nagata N, Sato Y, Sata T, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Koike S (2005).
180:
The virus is most often spread by person to person contact with the stool or saliva of the infected person. Two types of
530:
148:
cellular damage. Depending on which neurons are damaged will result in a variety of different symptoms.
657:
415:
66:
157:
632:
583:
397:
300:
244:
145:
50:
27:
622:
614:
573:
565:
554:"The alpha/beta interferon response controls tissue tropism and pathogenicity of poliovirus"
387:
353:
290:
282:
156:
If someone is suspected of having polioencephalitis a sample of throat secretions, stool or
127:
459:
578:
553:
295:
270:
204:
627:
602:
651:
318:
119:
103:
70:
569:
508:
140:
132:
62:
603:"Poliovirus tropism and attenuation are determined after internal ribosome entry"
392:
375:
221:
172:
is used to differentiate naturally occurring strains from vaccine-like strains.
123:
107:
208:
200:
161:
54:
99:
74:
636:
587:
401:
304:
286:
357:
225:
186:
181:
165:
95:
58:
42:
509:"Polio Symptoms, Causes, Treatment — How do physicians diagnose polio?"
618:
169:
136:
78:
57:
of most infected patients. The infection can reach up through the
91:
46:
126:
that enters through the mouth and multiplies in the throat and
481:
160:
is checked for the virus. Blood tests can be done to detect
271:"Polioencephalitis: A Clinical and Laboratory Study"
26:
21:
73:virus which is a single-stranded, positive sense
376:"One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis"
369:
367:
8:
436:. The Encephalitis Society. Archived from
434:"The Effects of Encephalitis on the Brain"
18:
626:
577:
391:
294:
319:"NMAH — Polio: How the Poliovirus Works"
264:
262:
236:
7:
346:Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
69:. The infection is caused by the
14:
607:Journal of Clinical Investigation
601:Kauder SE, Racaniello VR (2004).
460:"Polio: Lab: Diagnostic Methods"
570:10.1128/JVI.79.7.4460-4469.2005
77:surrounded by a non-enveloped
1:
533:. Mayo Clinic. 11 March 2014
488:. Center for Disease Control
462:. Center for Disease Control
32:Neurology/infectious disease
393:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.015
674:
507:Charles Patrick Davis.
65:and possibly reach the
374:Racaniello VR (2006).
287:10.1136/bmj.2.5037.126
224:by the virus internal
90:include anxious mood,
420:TheFreeDictionary.com
358:10.1300/J092v02n02_02
416:"Brain inflammation"
211:for depressed mood.
102:, loss of conjugate
67:cerebral hemispheres
558:Journal of Virology
245:"polioencephalitis"
158:cerebrospinal fluid
269:Snell, B. (1957).
247:. Encyclopedia.com
85:Signs and symptoms
486:CDC Global Health
325:. 1 February 2005
203:for insomnia and
39:Polioencephalitis
36:
35:
22:Polioencephalitis
16:Medical condition
665:
641:
640:
630:
619:10.1172/JCI21323
598:
592:
591:
581:
549:
543:
542:
540:
538:
527:
521:
520:
518:
516:
504:
498:
497:
495:
493:
478:
472:
471:
469:
467:
456:
450:
449:
447:
445:
440:on 3 August 2015
430:
424:
423:
412:
406:
405:
395:
371:
362:
361:
341:
335:
334:
332:
330:
315:
309:
308:
298:
266:
257:
256:
254:
252:
241:
128:epithelial cells
19:
673:
672:
668:
667:
666:
664:
663:
662:
648:
647:
644:
613:(12): 1743–53.
600:
599:
595:
551:
550:
546:
536:
534:
529:
528:
524:
514:
512:
506:
505:
501:
491:
489:
480:
479:
475:
465:
463:
458:
457:
453:
443:
441:
432:
431:
427:
414:
413:
409:
373:
372:
365:
343:
342:
338:
328:
326:
317:
316:
312:
281:(5037): 126–8.
268:
267:
260:
250:
248:
243:
242:
238:
234:
217:
215:Recent research
196:
178:
154:
116:
106:, rigidity and
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
671:
669:
661:
660:
650:
649:
643:
642:
593:
544:
522:
499:
473:
451:
425:
407:
363:
336:
310:
258:
235:
233:
230:
216:
213:
205:Desvenlafaxine
195:
192:
177:
174:
164:against viral
153:
150:
115:
112:
86:
83:
34:
33:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
670:
659:
656:
655:
653:
646:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
594:
589:
585:
580:
575:
571:
567:
564:(7): 4460–9.
563:
559:
555:
548:
545:
532:
526:
523:
511:. MedicineNet
510:
503:
500:
487:
483:
477:
474:
461:
455:
452:
439:
435:
429:
426:
421:
417:
411:
408:
403:
399:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:
368:
364:
359:
355:
352:(2–3): 5–27.
351:
347:
340:
337:
324:
320:
314:
311:
306:
302:
297:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
263:
259:
246:
240:
237:
231:
229:
227:
223:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
193:
191:
188:
183:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
120:poliomyelitis
113:
111:
109:
105:
104:eye movements
101:
97:
93:
84:
82:
80:
76:
72:
71:poliomyelitis
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
31:
29:
25:
20:
658:Encephalitis
645:
610:
606:
596:
561:
557:
547:
535:. Retrieved
525:
513:. Retrieved
502:
490:. Retrieved
485:
476:
464:. Retrieved
454:
442:. Retrieved
438:the original
428:
419:
410:
383:
379:
349:
345:
339:
327:. Retrieved
322:
313:
278:
274:
249:. Retrieved
239:
228:entry site.
218:
197:
179:
155:
141:inflammation
133:glycoprotein
122:virus is an
117:
88:
63:hypothalamus
38:
37:
386:(1): 9–16.
222:translation
124:enterovirus
108:hemiparesis
232:References
209:Citalopram
201:Clonazepam
176:Prevention
162:antibodies
55:cerebellum
194:Treatment
152:Diagnosis
114:Mechanism
100:nystagmus
75:RNA virus
28:Specialty
652:Category
637:15199409
588:15767446
402:16364730
380:Virology
305:13436875
226:ribosome
187:vaccines
182:vaccines
166:antigens
96:insomnia
59:thalamus
43:midbrain
579:1061561
537:28 July
531:"Polio"
515:28 July
492:28 July
482:"Polio"
466:28 July
444:28 July
329:28 July
296:1961859
251:28 July
51:medulla
635:
628:420511
625:
586:
576:
400:
323:Si.edu
303:
293:
170:RT-PCR
146:anoxic
137:genome
79:capsid
633:PMID
584:PMID
539:2015
517:2015
494:2015
468:2015
446:2015
398:PMID
331:2015
301:PMID
253:2015
118:The
92:pain
61:and
53:and
47:pons
623:PMC
615:doi
611:113
574:PMC
566:doi
388:doi
384:344
354:doi
291:PMC
283:doi
275:BMJ
207:or
654::
631:.
621:.
609:.
605:.
582:.
572:.
562:79
560:.
556:.
484:.
418:.
396:.
382:.
378:.
366:^
348:.
321:.
299:.
289:.
277:.
273:.
261:^
110:.
94:,
49:,
45:,
639:.
617::
590:.
568::
541:.
519:.
496:.
470:.
448:.
422:.
404:.
390::
360:.
356::
350:2
333:.
307:.
285::
279:2
255:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.