450:
are an association of RNA molecules consisting of a template RNA and several growing RNAs of varying length, are seen in both the replication complexes for (â)RNAs and (+)RNAs. For synthesis of each negative-strand and positive-strand RNAs, VPg protein in the poliovirus works as a primer. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the poliovirus adds two uracil nucleotides (UU) to VPg protein utilizing the poly(A) tail at the 3â˛-end of the +ssRNA genome as a pattern for synthesis of the negative-strand antigenomic RNA. To initiate this âssRNA synthesis, the tyrosine hydroxyl of VPg is needed. But for the initiation of positive strand RNA synthesis, CRE-dependent VPg uridylylation is needed. Which means that VPg is once more utilized as a primer however this time it adds the two uridine triphosphates using a cis-acting replication element (CRE) as a template.
399:(IRES). This region consists of many secondary structures and 3 or 4 domains. Domain 3 is a self folding RNA element that contains conserved structural motifs in various stable stem loops linked by two four-way junctions. As IRES consists of many domains, these domains themselves consist of many loops that contribute to modified translation without a 5â end cap by hijacking ribosomes. The interaction loop of domain 3 is known as GNRA tetraloop. The residues of adenosines A180 and A181 in the GUAA tetraloop form hydrogen bonds via non canonical base pairing interactions with the base pairs of the receptors C230/G242 and G231/C241, respectively. Genetic mutations in this region prevent viral protein production. The first IRES to be discovered was found in poliovirus RNA.
347:
cleaved, yielding mature viral proteins (4). The positive-sense RNA serves as template for complementary negative-strand synthesis, producing double-stranded replicative form (RF) RNA (5). Many positive strand RNA copies are produced from the single negative strand (6). The newly synthesized positive-sense RNA molecules can serve as templates for translation of more viral proteins (7) or can be enclosed in a capsid (8), which ultimately generates progeny virions. Lysis of the infected cell results in release of infectious progeny virions (9).
454:
region of the genome that have no coding activity, at least 3.7-kb distant from the initial location. This process can occurs without negatively influencing activity. CRE copies do not influence replication negatively. Uridylylation process of VPg that takes place at CRE needs the presence of 3CD that is an RNA binding protein. It is attached to the CRE directly and specifically. Because of its presence VPg can bind the CRE properly and primary production proceeds without problems.
1243:
589:. As of March 2020, wild PV-1 is highly localized to regions in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Certification of the eradication of indigenous transmission of wild PV-2 occurred in September 2015, after last being detected in 1999, and in October 2019 for wild PV-3 after last being detected in 2012. However, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (variant poliovirus, cVDPV) of all three serotypes continues to circulate and cause paralysis, having been detected in 32 countries in 2023.
1153:
genetically more stable and less likely to regain virulence than the original Sabin2 strain, with three key genetic modifications. The vaccine derived from this strain, novel oral polio virus type 2 (nOPV2), was granted emergency licencing in 2021, and subsequently full licensure in
December 2023. Genetically stabilsed vaccines targeting poliovirus types 1 and 3 are in development, with the intention that these will eventually completely replace the Sabin vaccines.
84:
669:
900:
66:
343:
410:
1033:" poliovirus (WPV), and the much more prevalent mutated oral vaccine strains, known as circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) or variant poliovirus. Vaccines against each of the three wild strains of polio have given rise to strains of cVDPV, with cVDPV2 being most prominent. cVDPV caused 524 confirmed paralytic polio cases worldwide in 2023, and was detected in 32 countries.
406:. This polypeptide is then autocleaved by internal proteases into about 10 individual viral proteins. Not all cleavages occur with the same efficiency. Therefore, the amounts of proteins produced by the polypeptide cleavage vary: for example, smaller amounts of 3D are produced than those of capsid proteins, VP1â4. These individual viral proteins are:
4661:
4647:
840:. Second, because it can replicate very quickly, the virus overwhelms the host's organs before an immune response can be mounted. If detail is given at the attachment phase; poliovirus with canyons on the virion surface have virus attachment sites located in pockets at the canyon bases. The canyons are too narrow for access by
1279:
were used to convert the DNA back into RNA, its natural state. Other enzymes were then used to translate the RNA into a polypeptide, producing functional viral particle. This whole painstaking process took two years. The newly minted synthetic virus was injected into PVR transgenic mice, to determine
464:
Five copies each of VP0, VP3, and VP1 whose N termini and VP4 form interior surface of capsid, assemble into a 'pentamer' and 12 pentamers form a procapsid. (The outer surface of capsid is consisting of VP1, VP2, VP3; C termini of VP1 and VP3 form the canyons which around each of the vertices; around
781:
infection. The mechanisms by which poliovirus enters the CNS are poorly understood. Three nonmutually exclusive hypotheses have been suggested to explain its entry. All theories require primary viremia. The first hypothesis predicts that virions pass directly from the blood into the central nervous
679:
The primary determinant of infection for any virus is its ability to enter a cell and produce additional infectious particles. The presence of CD155 is thought to define the animals and tissues that can be infected by poliovirus. CD155 is found (outside of laboratories) only on the cells of humans,
449:
After translation, transcription and genome replication which involve a single process, synthesis of (+) RNA) is realized. For the infecting (+)RNA to be replicated, multiple copies of (â)RNA must be transcribed and then used as templates for (+)RNA synthesis. Replicative intermediates (RIs), which
1254:
of an animal RNA virus, poliovirus. DNA encoding the RNA genome of poliovirus was introduced into cultured mammalian cells and infectious poliovirus was produced. Creation of the infectious clone propelled understanding of poliovirus biology, and has become a standard technology used to study many
1152:
million doses administered. In addition, the live virus can also circulate in under-vaccinated populations (circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, cVDPV) and over time can revert to a neurovirulent form causing paralytic polio. Researchers have developed a poliovirus type 2 vaccine strain that is
1094:
TgPVR21 mice have incorporated the human PVR at chromosome 13. These mice are less susceptible to poliovirus infection through the intracerebral route, possibly because they express decreased levels of hPVR. TgPVR21 mice have been shown to be susceptible to poliovirus infection through intranasal
453:
The CRE of poliovirus is identified as an unachieved base-paired stem and a final loop consisting of 61 nt. The CRE is found in enteroviruses. It is a highly preserved secondary RNA structural element and bedded in the genome's polyprotein-coding region. The complex can be translocated to the 5'
1266:
succeeded in synthesizing poliovirus from its chemical code, producing the world's first synthetic virus. Scientists first converted poliovirus's published RNA sequence, 7741 bases long, into a DNA sequence, as DNA was easier to synthesize. Short fragments of this DNA sequence were obtained by
346:
The replication cycle of poliovirus is initiated by binding to the cell surface receptor CD155 (1). The virion forms a pore in the cell membrane through which viral RNA is released into the cytoplasm (2). Translation of the viral RNA occurs by an IRES-mediated mechanism (3). The polyprotein is
483:
Drake demonstrated that poliovirus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation. That is, when polioviruses were irradiated with UV light and allowed to undergo multiple infections of host cells, viable progeny could be formed even at UV doses that inactivated the virus in single infections.
811:
response (specifically that of interferon alpha and beta) is an important factor that defines which types of cells support poliovirus replication. In mice expressing CD155 (through genetic engineering) but lacking the type I interferon receptor, poliovirus not only replicates in an expanded
879:
antibodies against poliovirus can prevent the spread of the virus to motor neurons of the central nervous system. Infection with one serotype of poliovirus does not provide immunity against the other serotypes; however, second attacks within the same individual are extremely rare.
1280:
if the synthetic version was able to cause disease. The synthetic virus was able to replicate, infect, and cause paralysis or death in mice. However, the synthetic version was between 1,000 and 10,000 times weaker than the original virus, probably due to one of the added markers.
42:
738:. The sustained viral replication causes secondary viremia and leads to the development of minor symptoms such as fever, headache, and sore throat. Paralytic poliomyelitis occurs in less than 1% of poliovirus infections. Paralytic disease occurs when the virus enters the
802:
Poliomyelitis is a disease of the central nervous system. However, CD155 is believed to be present on the surface of most or all human cells. Therefore, receptor expression does not explain why poliovirus preferentially infects certain tissues. This suggests that tissue
1090:
4. These mice express the highest levels of the transgene and the highest sensitivity to poliovirus. TgPVR1 mice are susceptible to poliovirus through the intraspinal, intracerebral, intramuscular, and intravenous pathways, but not through the oral
1047:
Although humans are the only known natural hosts of poliovirus, monkeys can be experimentally infected and they have long been used to study poliovirus. In 1990â91, a small animal model of poliomyelitis was developed by two laboratories. Mice were
359:(also known as the poliovirus receptor or PVR) on the cell surface. Interaction of poliovirus and CD155 facilitates an irreversible conformational change of the viral particle necessary for viral entry. Following attachment to the host
3904:
Koike S, Taya C, Aoki J, Matsuda Y, Ise I, Takeda H, et al. (1994). "Characterization of three different transgenic mouse lines that carry human poliovirus receptor gene--influence of the transgene expression on pathogenesis".
1132:
approved the use of the TgPVR mouse as an alternative method of assessing the effectiveness of the vaccine against poliovirus type-3. In 2000, the mouse model was approved for tests of vaccines against type-1 and type-2 poliovirus.
786:
independent of CD155. A second hypothesis suggests that the virions are transported from peripheral tissues that have been bathed in the viremic blood, for example muscle tissue, to the spinal cord through nerve pathways via
2770:
908:
375:. Recent experimental evidence supports the latter hypothesis and suggests that poliovirus binds to CD155 and is taken up by endocytosis. Immediately after internalization of the particle, the viral RNA is released.
2916:"Recruitment of nectin-3 to cell-cell junctions through trans-heterophilic interaction with CD155, a vitronectin and poliovirus receptor that localizes to alpha(v)beta3 integrin-containing membrane microdomains"
390:
by the host cell. On entry, the virus hijacks the cell's translation machinery, causing inhibition of cellular protein synthesis in favor of virus-specific protein production. Unlike the host cell's mRNAs, the
770:
and death. In cases of paralytic disease, muscle pain and spasms are frequently observed prior to onset of weakness and paralysis. Paralysis typically persists from days to weeks prior to recovery.
3951:
Nagata N, Iwasaki T, Ami Y, Sato Y, Hatano I, Harashima A, et al. (March 2004). "A poliomyelitis model through mucosal infection in transgenic mice bearing human poliovirus receptor, TgPVR21".
1459:
Mendelsohn CL, Wimmer E, Racaniello VR (March 1989). "Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily".
1148:
A drawback of the attenuated virus used in the Sabin oral polio vaccine is its potential to cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in approximately one individual per every 2.7
5343:
4265:
476:
4 to 6 hours following initiation of infection in cultured mammalian cells. The mechanism of viral release from the cell is unclear, but each dying cell can release up to 10,000 polio
4413:
Kitamura N, Semler BL, Rothberg PG, Larsen GR, Adler CJ, Dorner AJ, et al. (June 1981). "Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA".
1079:
similar to those of humans and monkeys. This mouse model of human poliovirus infection has proven to be an invaluable tool in understanding poliovirus biology and pathogenicity.
2762:
1102:
In TgPVR5 mice, the human transgene is located on chromosome 12. These mice exhibit the lowest levels of hPVR expression and are the least susceptible to poliovirus infection.
844:, so the virus attachment sites are protected from the host's immune surveillance, while the remainder of the virion surface can mutate to avoid the host's immune response.
821:
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608:
the virus strains in monkey kidney epithelial cells introduces mutations in the viral IRES, and hinders (or attenuates) the ability of the virus to infect nerve tissue.
6033:
6028:
3579:
2795:
1075:. Upon infection, TgPVR mice show signs of paralysis that resemble those of poliomyelitis in humans and monkeys, and the central nervous systems of paralyzed mice are
997:. IPV, being inactivated, does not carry these risks, but does not induce contact immunity. IPV is more costly and the logistics of its delivery are more challenging.
703:. The protein has several domains of which domain D1 contains the polio virus binding site. Within this domain, 37 amino acids are responsible for binding the virus.
457:
Some of the (+) RNA molecules are used as templates for further (â) RNA synthesis, some function as mRNA, and some are destined to be the genomes of progeny virions.
6085:
3327:"Establishment of a poliovirus oral infection system in human poliovirus receptor-expressing transgenic mice that are deficient in alpha/beta interferon receptor"
1652:
GĂłmez Yafal A, Kaplan G, Racaniello VR, Hogle JM (November 1993). "Characterization of poliovirus conformational alteration mediated by soluble cell receptors".
600:
inactivation of three wild, virulent reference strains: Mahoney or
Brunenders (PV-1), MEF-1/Lansing (PV-2), and Saukett/Leon (PV-3). Oral polio vaccine contains
460:
In the assembly of new virus particles (i.e. the packaging of progeny genome into a procapsid which can survive outside the host cell), including, respectively:
5357:
1128:(OPV) production. Previously, monitoring the safety of OPV had to be performed using monkeys, because only primates are susceptible to the virus. In 1999, the
1116:, and have proven susceptible to poliovirus through intracerebral, intramuscular, and intranasal routes. In addition, these mice are capable of developing the
2088:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
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5023:
939:
4854:
981:
polio vaccine (IPV), which is injected. OPV is less expensive and easier to administer, and can spread immunity beyond the person vaccinated, creating
6935:
6593:
6588:
4894:
6064:
6059:
6054:
7531:
5778:
1015:
3 (WPV3) is last known to have caused polio in 2012, and was declared eradicated in 2019. All wild-virus cases since that date have been due to type
497:
304:
3988:"Transgenic mice as an alternative to monkeys for neurovirulence testing of live oral poliovirus vaccine: validation by a WHO collaborative study"
1889:
Pelletier J, Sonenberg N (July 1988). "Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA".
3661:
1145:, was tested in early clinical trials as a possible treatment for cancer. As of September 2022, a number of clinical trials are under way.
7316:
4269:
985:. It has been the predominant vaccine used. However, under conditions of long-term vaccine virus circulation in under-vaccinated populations,
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4759:
4338:
3440:
3424:
3057:
2746:
2279:
2152:
2119:
2072:
2036:
2002:
1387:
1305:
1203:
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transmission of wild poliovirus, with its last reported case in 2016. Of the three strains of WPV, the last recorded wild case caused by type
3691:
1942:"A segment of the 5' nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation"
4987:
500:
templates during negative strand synthesis. Recombination in RNA viruses appears to be an adaptive mechanism for repairing genome damage.
2042:
1776:
Attardi G, Smith J (1962). "Virus specific protein and a ribo-nucleic acid associated with ribosomes in poliovirus infected HeLa cells".
5044:
3458:
2766:
947:
4682:
7526:
5891:
4017:
2955:
Suzuki Y (May 2006). "Ancient positive selection on CD155 as a possible cause for susceptibility to poliovirus infection in simians".
2528:"Evidence for emergence of diverse polioviruses from C-cluster coxsackie A viruses and implications for global poliovirus eradication"
1029:
are the only two countries where the disease is still classified as endemic. Recent polio cases arise from two sources, the original "
951:
3527:
7546:
7049:
6983:
6210:
5363:
4889:
4846:
4302:
4087:
3488:
2170:"Poliovirus CRE-dependent VPg uridylylation is required for positive-strand RNA synthesis but not for negative-strand RNA synthesis"
536:
5278:
989:
can reactivate the virus to produce a polio-inducing strain, while OPV can also, in rare circumstances, induce polio or persistent
6677:
6345:
5349:
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49:
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Poliovirus is one of the most well-characterized viruses, and has become a useful model system for understanding the biology of
3227:"Limited trafficking of a neurotropic virus through inefficient retrograde axonal transport and the type I interferon response"
820:
1846:
Chen CY, Sarnow P (April 1995). "Initiation of protein synthesis by the eukaryotic translational apparatus on circular RNAs".
4948:
4934:
4701:
3583:
2791:
1690:
Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J (August 2005). "Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event".
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of poliovirus RNA is extremely longâover 700 nucleotidesâand highly structured. This region of the viral genome is called an
392:
4308:
3558:
7196:
372:
6670:
6665:
5771:
5153:
5147:
5058:
5052:
4942:
3190:
Ren R, Racaniello VR (October 1992). "Poliovirus spreads from muscle to the central nervous system by neural pathways".
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are avoided. Codon use differs between the three genotypes, and appears to be driven by mutation rather than selection.
493:
419:
396:
4241:
1811:
Lozano G, Fernandez N, Martinez-Salas E (February 2016). "Modeling Three-Dimensional
Structural Motifs of Viral IRES".
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83:
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Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (November 1981). "Cloned poliovirus complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells".
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435:(3B), a small protein that binds viral RNA and is necessary for synthesis of viral positive and negative strand RNA
4733:
4721:
3822:"Transgenic mice carrying the human poliovirus receptor: new animal models for study of poliovirus neurovirulence"
6856:
6660:
5861:
5573:
5180:
3492:
3110:"Efficient delivery of circulating poliovirus to the central nervous system independently of poliovirus receptor"
1129:
927:
4356:"Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome"
546:
The mutation rate in the virus is relatively high even for an RNA virus, with a synonymous substitution rate of
7355:
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7169:
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Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ (September 1985). "Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution".
2331:
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conditions of the stomach, allowing ingested viruses to infect the host and spread throughout the body via the
688:. Poliovirus is, however, strictly a human pathogen, and does not naturally infect any other species (although
4214:
4140:
783:
5764:
5078:
718:. Virus is shed in the feces of infected individuals. In 95% of cases only a primary, transient presence of
524:
analysis of the RNA and protein sequences of poliovirus suggests that it may have evolved from a C-cluster
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5272:
4868:
7536:
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7139:
5979:
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5450:
5329:
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5321:
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4544:"Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template"
1263:
1215:
1004:
739:
715:
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CD155 molecules complexed with a poliovirus particle. Reconstructed image from cryo-electron microscopy.
485:
387:
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2867:"Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2008)"
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were incorporated into the synthesized DNA, so that it could be distinguished from natural poliovirus.
918:, the goal of permanent global cessation of circulation of the poliovirus and hence elimination of the
711:
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Brown MC, Dobrikova EY, Dobrikov MI, Walton RW, Gemberling SL, Nair SK, et al. (November 2014).
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316:
78:
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In 1981, Racaniello and
Baltimore used recombinant DNA technology to generate the first infectious
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978:
731:
672:
3608:
Geiger K, Stehling-Ariza T, Bigouette JP, Bennett SD, Burns CC, Quddus A, et al. (May 2024).
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Geiger K, Stehling-Ariza T, Bigouette JP, Bennett SD, Burns CC, Quddus A, et al. (May 2024).
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2741:. (Yale studies in the history of science and medicine). New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
1922:
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repertoire of tissue types, but these mice are also able to be infected orally with the virus.
363:, entry of the viral nucleic acid was thought to occur one of two ways: via the formation of a
6835:
6583:
6522:
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2267:
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1998:
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of poliovirus probably occurred as a result of a change in cellular receptor specificity from
525:
3005:
Sabin AB (June 1956). "Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis; reappraisal in the light of new data".
2587:"Calibration of multiple poliovirus molecular clocks covering an extended evolutionary range"
496:(RdRP) catalyzes recombination by a copy choice mechanism in which the RdRP switches between
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3725:
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3387:
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3278:"The alpha/beta interferon response controls tissue tropism and pathogenicity of poliovirus"
3276:
Ida-Hosonuma M, Iwasaki T, Yoshikawa T, Nagata N, Sato Y, Sata T, et al. (April 2005).
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2927:
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2878:
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1990:
1961:
1953:
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1179:
1167:
982:
837:
778:
758:, resulting in the selective destruction of motor neurons leading to temporary or permanent
685:
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2319:
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623:
ceased to be recognized as a species, and the three serotypes were assigned to the species
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5290:
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4686:
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3496:
3151:"Retrograde transport of intact poliovirus through the axon via the fast transport system"
1199:
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994:
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Each procapsid acquires a copy of the virus genome, with VPg still attached at the 5' end.
144:
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903:
A child receives oral polio vaccine during a 2002 campaign to immunize children in India.
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VP0, which is further cleaved into VP2 and VP4, VP1 and VP3, proteins of the viral capsid
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2219:"Structure and function analysis of the poliovirus cis-acting replication element (CRE)"
1902:
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Dragunsky E, Nomura T, Karpinski K, Furesz J, Wood DJ, Pervikov Y, et al. (2003).
3820:
Horie H, Koike S, Kurata T, Sato-Yoshida Y, Ise I, Ota Y, et al. (February 1994).
3714:"Transgenic mice expressing a human poliovirus receptor: a new model for poliomyelitis"
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3226:
2891:
2866:
2711:
2684:
2611:
2586:
2562:
2527:
2413:
2388:
2243:
2218:
2144:
1753:
1726:
1436:
1409:
1350:
1325:
1268:
1194:
In 1981, the poliovirus genome was published by two different teams of researchers: by
1076:
528:
509:
352:
320:
278:
168:
156:
4390:
4355:
3882:
3846:
3821:
2660:
2635:
2352:
Drake JW (August 1958). "Interference and multiplicity reactivation in polioviruses".
2194:
2169:
1966:
1941:
1629:
1604:
1580:
1556:"Entry and release of poliovirus as observed by electron microscopy of cultured cells"
1555:
1531:
1506:
581:
protein. Capsid proteins define cellular receptor specificity and virus antigenicity.
543:, leading to a change in pathogenicity and allowing the virus to infect nerve tissue.
342:
7515:
7350:
7001:
6462:
6099:
5816:
5791:
5787:
4836:
4831:
4779:
4680:
Home of
Picornaviruses (latest updates of species, serotypes, & proposed changes)
3797:
3762:
3730:
3713:
2404:
2365:
1620:
1472:
1259:
1211:
1060:
970:
923:
852:
829:
593:
492:
are present in the same host cell. Kirkegaard and
Baltimore presented evidence that
383:
360:
272:
194:
120:
4628:
4113:
3934:
3747:
3325:
Ohka S, Igarashi H, Nagata N, Sakai M, Koike S, Nochi T, et al. (August 2007).
3293:
3108:
Yang WX, Terasaki T, Shiroki K, Ohka S, Aoki J, Tanabe S, et al. (March 1997).
2304:"Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication"
2185:
1957:
1940:
Jang SK, Kräusslich HG, Nicklin MJ, Duke GM, Palmenberg AC, Wimmer E (August 1988).
1522:
1505:
He Y, Mueller S, Chipman PR, Bator CM, Peng X, Bowman VD, et al. (April 2003).
1488:
319:. Because of its short genome and its simple compositionâonly a strand of RNA and a
7070:
7022:
6974:
6926:
6847:
6632:
6468:
6145:
5954:
5821:
5795:
5697:
5547:
5225:
5086:
4585:
4450:
3610:"Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication - Worldwide, January 2022-December 2023"
2818:"Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication - Worldwide, January 2022-December 2023"
1926:
1703:
1171:
1117:
990:
848:
774:
755:
743:
723:
611:
Polioviruses were formerly classified as a distinct species belonging to the genus
597:
521:
520:), which also use immunoglobulin-like molecules to recognize and enter host cells.
367:
in the plasma membrane through which the RNA is then "injected" into the host cell
132:
5756:
4612:
3837:
3761:
Koike S, Taya C, Kurata T, Abe S, Ise I, Yonekawa H, et al. (February 1991).
3026:
7469:
4716:
3D macromolecular structures of the
Poliovirus archived in the EM Data Bank(EMDB)
4292:
4167:"Engineering the Live-Attenuated Polio Vaccine to Prevent Reversion to Virulence"
3869:
Ohka S, Nomoto A (October 2001). "Recent insights into poliovirus pathogenesis".
3550:
3243:
2636:"Mononucleotide and dinucleotide frequencies, and codon usage in poliovirion RNA"
2503:
2478:
1789:
1743:
1571:
1086:
In TgPVR1 mice, the transgene encoding the human PVR was incorporated into mouse
585:
is the most common form encountered in nature, but all three forms are extremely
7478:
7410:
6953:
6273:
6236:
5737:
5686:
5674:
5669:
5662:
5650:
5645:
5624:
5594:
5496:
5335:
5247:
5230:
5165:
4826:
3964:
3392:
3375:
1272:
1227:
1068:
1022:
966:
747:
726:. In about 5% of cases, the virus spreads and replicates in other sites such as
707:
562:
use is not random; codons ending in adenosine are favoured, and those ending in
409:
403:
331:
180:
4360:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4182:
3767:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3203:
2968:
2532:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1725:
Brandenburg B, Lee LY, Lakadamyali M, Rust MJ, Zhuang X, Hogle JM (July 2007).
7292:
7224:
6821:
6627:
6454:
5587:
5371:
4642:
4165:
Yeh MT, Bujaki E, Dolan PT, Smith M, Wahid R, Konz J, et al. (May 2020).
2882:
1824:
1507:"Complexes of poliovirus serotypes with their common cellular receptor, CD155"
1326:"Poliovirus cell entry: common structural themes in viral cell entry pathways"
1087:
1056:
959:
860:
796:
751:
532:
517:
308:
52:
3067:
1267:
mail-order, and assembled. The complete viral genome was then assembled by a
791:. A third hypothesis is that the virus is imported into the CNS via infected
766:
acquired from their mothers. In rare cases, paralytic poliomyelitis leads to
7338:
7333:
7274:
7268:
6512:
6389:
6379:
6367:
6140:
5804:
5632:
5613:
5580:
5568:
5562:
5541:
5487:
5415:
5386:
5309:
5301:
5263:
5032:
5011:
4917:
4795:
4787:
4775:
4568:
4543:
4520:
4477:
3419:. Liverpool John Moores University, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 162.
3096:
3086:
2701:
2683:
Zhang J, Wang M, Liu WQ, Zhou JH, Chen HT, Ma LN, et al. (March 2011).
2651:
2552:
1867:
1030:
759:
727:
605:
555:
554:
substitutions/site/year. Base distribution within the genome is not random;
513:
379:
368:
364:
312:
108:
65:
17:
4620:
4577:
4380:
4200:
4073:
4013:
3972:
3890:
3643:
3625:
3401:
3360:
3311:
3262:
3167:
3150:
3126:
3109:
3034:
2976:
2941:
2932:
2915:
2900:
2851:
2833:
2720:
2620:
2571:
2512:
2463:
2454:
2437:
2373:
2327:
2252:
2203:
1832:
1797:
1762:
1711:
1665:
1540:
1445:
1426:
1359:
807:
is determined after cellular infection. Recent work has suggested that the
4528:
4485:
4442:
4399:
3926:
3855:
3806:
3787:
3739:
3211:
3176:
3135:
2669:
2422:
1975:
1918:
1875:
1673:
1638:
1605:"Neutralization of poliovirus by cell receptors expressed in insect cells"
1589:
1480:
847:
Individuals who are exposed to poliovirus, either through infection or by
777:
phase of infection is thought to be an accidental diversion of the normal
7463:
5920:
5730:
5377:
5119:
4975:
3342:
3052:(1st ed.). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 158.
2685:"Analysis of codon usage and nucleotide composition bias in polioviruses"
2602:
2526:
Jiang P, Faase JA, Toyoda H, Paul A, Wimmer E, Gorbalenya AE (May 2007).
1026:
986:
955:
841:
792:
763:
714:, meaning that one ingests the virus and viral replication occurs in the
681:
574:
563:
442:
proteins which comprise the protein complex needed for virus replication.
426:
4599:
Couzin J (July 2002). "Virology. Active poliovirus baked from scratch".
3712:
Ren RB, Costantini F, Gorgacz EJ, Lee JJ, Racaniello VR (October 1990).
2234:
1226:
The three-dimensional structure of poliovirus was determined in 1985 by
1059:
poliovirus receptor (TgPVR) mice are susceptible to poliovirus injected
5483:
4055:
3918:
1142:
1000:
804:
719:
567:
477:
297:
4715:
4660:
762:. This is a very rare event in babies, who still have anti-poliovirus
7180:
7118:
6866:
6805:
6698:
6196:
5852:
5092:
4434:
1910:
1276:
1124:
The development of the TgPVR mouse has had a profound effect on oral
1096:
931:
864:
833:
735:
578:
558:
is less common than expected at the 5' end and higher at the 3' end.
489:
382:. Thus, the genome enclosed within the viral particle can be used as
324:
300:
293:
7440:
2303:
2302:
Kew OM, Sutter RW, de Gourville EM, Dowdle WR, Pallansch MA (2005).
1011:
2 (WPV2) was in 1999, and WPV2 was declared eradicated in 2015. Type
577:
of poliovirus, PV-1, PV-2, and PV-3, each have a slightly different
327:
itâpoliovirus is widely regarded as the simplest significant virus.
722:(virus in the bloodstream) occurs, and the poliovirus infection is
472:
Fully assembled poliovirus leaves the confines of its host cell by
6751:
6741:
6736:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6318:
6313:
6308:
5743:
5502:
5134:
1241:
1110:
1072:
919:
906:
898:
819:
667:
663:
559:
550:
substitutions/site/year and a non-synonymous substitution rate of
540:
473:
408:
356:
341:
267:
95:
56:
7498:
508:
Poliovirus is structurally similar to other human enteroviruses (
422:
whose function is to make multiple copies of the viral RNA genome
7303:
7134:
6746:
6731:
6160:
5896:
3603:
3601:
1174:. The structure of the virus was first elucidated in 1958 using
1106:
993:
infection in vaccinated individuals, particularly those who are
907:
41:
7444:
5760:
4748:
4219:
Global Polio Eradication Initiative - World Health Organization
3149:
Ohka S, Yang WX, Terada E, Iwasaki K, Nomoto A (October 1998).
1410:"Epidemics to eradication: the modern history of poliomyelitis"
7364:
7360:
7343:
6489:
6340:
4969:
876:
872:
868:
465:
this time, the 60 copies of VP0 are cleaved into VP4 and VP2.)
432:
290:
270:(also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species
4266:"Behind the picture: Rosalind Franklin and the polio model"
1082:
Three distinct types of TgPVR mice have been well studied:
4114:"UCSF Glioma Trial: PVSRIPO in Recurrent Malignant Glioma"
3580:"GPEI-Two out of three wild poliovirus strains eradicated"
3415:
Carter J, Saunders VA (2007). "Picornavirus replication".
2792:"GPEI-Two out of three wild poliovirus strains eradicated"
1105:
A fourth TgPVR mouse model - these "cPVR" mice carry hPVR
871:
antibodies) and are able to block poliovirus replication;
3225:
Lancaster KZ, Pfeiffer JK (March 2010). Gale Jr M (ed.).
1554:
Dunnebacke TH, Levinthal JD, Williams RC (October 1969).
604:(weakened) strains of the three serotypes of poliovirus.
73:
A type 3 poliovirus capsid, protein side chains coloured
1186:, showing the polio virus to have icosahedral symmetry.
4088:"Update on Recombinant Poliovirus Cancer Immunotherapy"
2763:"Global eradication of wild poliovirus type 2 declared"
692:
and Old World monkeys can be experimentally infected).
4333:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 359â61.
4268:. Medical Research Council. 2019-03-14. Archived from
1603:
Kaplan G, Freistadt MS, Racaniello VR (October 1990).
592:
Specific strains of each serotype are used to prepare
3520:"Rinderpest virus has been wiped out, scientists say"
4242:"Two New Vaccines Join the Fight to Eradicate Polio"
2477:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018).
2217:
Goodfellow IG, Kerrigan D, Evans DJ (January 2003).
539:(ICAM-1) (used by C-cluster Coxsackie A viruses) to
7453:
7409:
7400:
7377:
7314:
7241:
7232:
7223:
7179:
7167:
7158:
7117:
7105:
7096:
7069:
7057:
7048:
7021:
7009:
7000:
6973:
6961:
6952:
6925:
6913:
6904:
6879:
6846:
6804:
6792:
6783:
6768:
6686:
6641:
6626:
6571:
6536:
6521:
6506:
6477:
6453:
6403:
6388:
6375:
6366:
6328:
6297:
6286:
6235:
6223:
6195:
6183:
6154:
6136:
6107:
6098:
6073:
6042:
6016:
6007:
5996:
5962:
5953:
5928:
5919:
5879:
5851:
5839:
5830:
5812:
5803:
5720:
5696:
5604:
5527:
5482:
5471:
5300:
5262:
5241:
5209:
5164:
5118:
4997:
4986:
4959:
4786:
1778:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
1246:
Model of poliovirus-binding CD155 (shown in purple)
2994:. Philadelphia, Penn: Lippincott. pp. 430â73.
2389:"The mechanism of RNA recombination in poliovirus"
1052:to express a human receptor to poliovirus (hPVR).
2438:"How RNA viruses maintain their genome integrity"
2067:. The United States of America: Garland Science.
1003:is the latest country to have officially stopped
922:(polio) it causes, is the aim of a multinational
965:Prevention of disease spread is accomplished by
351:Poliovirus infects human cells by binding to an
3946:
3944:
2585:Jorba J, Campagnoli R, De L, Kew O (May 2008).
828:Poliovirus has two key mechanisms to evade the
531:through a mutation in the capsid. The distinct
3376:"One hundred years of poliovirus pathogenesis"
3048:Carter J, Saunders VA (2007). "Picornavirus".
2018:
2016:
2014:
5772:
4760:
8:
2732:
2730:
946:, have spearheaded the campaign through the
4135:
4133:
3763:"Transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus"
3614:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2822:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2387:Kirkegaard K, Baltimore D (November 1986).
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2065:Viruses: Biology, Applications, and Control
2031:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 161â169.
938:. These organizations, along with the U.S.
7441:
7406:
7397:
7238:
7229:
7176:
7164:
7114:
7102:
7066:
7054:
7018:
7006:
6970:
6958:
6922:
6910:
6801:
6789:
6780:
6638:
6533:
6518:
6474:
6400:
6385:
6372:
6294:
6232:
6192:
6180:
6151:
6104:
6013:
6004:
5959:
5925:
5848:
5836:
5827:
5809:
5779:
5765:
5757:
5479:
5259:
5024:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
4994:
4767:
4753:
4745:
4542:Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E (August 2002).
4354:Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (August 1981).
4246:The University of California San Francisco
4145:Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)
1685:
1683:
1373:
1371:
1369:
940:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
413:The genomic structure of poliovirus type 1
402:Poliovirus mRNA is translated as one long
64:
40:
31:
6936:Parainfluenza hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
4895:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
4567:
4389:
4379:
4190:
4063:
4003:
3992:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
3845:
3796:
3786:
3729:
3633:
3391:
3350:
3301:
3252:
3242:
3166:
3125:
2931:
2890:
2841:
2710:
2700:
2659:
2610:
2561:
2551:
2502:
2453:
2412:
2242:
2193:
1965:
1752:
1742:
1628:
1579:
1530:
1435:
1425:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1349:
1166:Poliovirus was first isolated in 1909 by
1141:A modification of the poliovirus, called
867:and gastrointestinal tract (specifically
283:
1727:"Imaging poliovirus entry in live cells"
596:. Inactive polio vaccine is prepared by
4297:. London: Harper Collins. p. 296.
4294:Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA
4040:"Oncolytic polio virotherapy of cancer"
2634:Rothberg PG, Wimmer E (December 1981).
1319:
1317:
1288:
2320:10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625
2274:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 166.
2114:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 164.
1342:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160757
1067:, and when injected directly into the
973:âoral polio vaccine (OPV), which uses
863:against poliovirus are present in the
7080:Respiratory syncytial virus G protein
3417:Virology: Principles and Applications
3050:Virology: Principles and Applications
2272:Virology: Principles and Applications
2112:Virology: Principles and Applications
2029:Virology: Principles and Applications
1995:Virology: Principles and Applications
954:has been achieved twice before, with
699:gene appears to have been subject to
311:long. The viral particle is about 30
7:
1997:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4.
1500:
1498:
1095:inoculation, and may be useful as a
5045:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
3561:from the original on 26 August 2020
2920:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2914:Mueller S, Wimmer E (August 2003).
2767:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
2168:Murray KE, Barton DJ (April 2003).
948:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
832:. First, it can survive the highly
307:(+ssRNA) genome that is about 7500
3192:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2865:Carstens EB, Ball LA (July 2009).
2145:10.1016/b978-0-12-800947-5.00014-4
2091:. Brown University. Archived from
952:eradication of infectious diseases
429:which cleave the viral polypeptide
378:Poliovirus is a positive-stranded
305:single-stranded positive-sense RNA
25:
6984:Mumps hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
5364:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
4890:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
4698:August 2001 Molecule of the Month
3694:from the original on 28 July 2020
3664:from the original on 22 July 2020
2483:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
926:effort begun in 1988, led by the
537:intercellular adhesion molecule-1
6346:Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase
5350:Middle East respiratory syndrome
4675:ICTVdb virus classification 2006
4659:
4645:
4331:J.D. Bernal: The Sage of Science
1621:10.1128/JVI.64.10.4697-4702.1990
889:This section is an excerpt from
639:. The type species of the genus
82:
59:. Scale bar (white): 50 nm
7532:Human viruses described in 1909
6177:(non-enveloped circular ds-DNA)
4311:from the original on 2023-01-14
4020:from the original on 2021-02-24
3551:"Africa declared free of polio"
3530:from the original on 3 May 2019
3489:"Smallpox [Fact Sheet]"
3294:10.1128/JVI.79.7.4460-4469.2005
2990:Bodian D, Horstmann DH (1969).
2798:from the original on 2019-11-07
2773:from the original on 2015-09-28
2442:The Journal of General Virology
2436:Barr JN, Fearns R (June 2010).
2334:from the original on 2020-07-09
2186:10.1128/JVI.77.8.4739-4750.2003
2135:Louten J (2016). "Poliovirus".
2045:from the original on 2023-01-14
1958:10.1128/JVI.62.8.2636-2643.1988
1523:10.1128/JVI.77.8.4827-4835.2003
4949:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
4935:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
3549:Scherbel-Ball N (2020-08-25).
3374:Racaniello VR (January 2006).
2266:Carter J, Saunders VA (2007).
2106:Carter J, Saunders VA (2007).
2023:Carter J, Saunders VA (2007).
1991:"Viruses and their importance"
1989:Carter J, Saunders VA (2007).
1704:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008
1296:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
932:United Nations Children's Fund
1:
7197:Vesiculovirus matrix proteins
4613:10.1126/science.297.5579.174b
4215:"GPEI-OPV Oral polio vaccine"
3883:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02200-4
3838:10.1128/JVI.68.2.681-688.1994
3027:10.1126/science.123.3209.1151
2308:Annual Review of Microbiology
2139:. Elsevier. pp. 257â71.
1330:Annual Review of Microbiology
1300:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1234:using X-ray crystallography.
1120:after intranasal inoculation.
373:receptor-mediated endocytosis
289:Poliovirus is composed of an
5154:Tropical spastic paraparesis
5059:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
3731:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90168-E
3244:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000791
2504:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024
2479:"Sex in microbial pathogens"
2405:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90600-8
2366:10.1016/0042-6822(58)90073-4
1813:Journal of Molecular Biology
1790:10.1101/SQB.1962.027.001.026
1744:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050183
1572:10.1128/JVI.4.4.505-513.1969
1473:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90690-9
1298:Sherris Medical Microbiology
494:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
420:RNA dependent RNA polymerase
397:internal ribosome entry site
7234:Structure and genome of HIV
6291:(circular partially ds-DNA)
5517:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
5437:Human parainfluenza viruses
5110:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
4694:"Poliovirus and Rhinovirus"
3965:10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.008
3518:Ghosh P (14 October 2010).
3393:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.015
789:retrograde axonal transport
710:. Infection occurs via the
7563:
5867:Herpesvirus glycoprotein B
4183:10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.003
4141:"OPV - Oral Polio Vaccine"
3658:"Endemic Countries - GPEI"
3441:"WHO | Poliomyelitis"
2969:10.1016/j.gene.2005.12.016
2739:A History of Poliomyelitis
2268:"Picornavirus replication"
2108:"Picornavirus replication"
2025:"Picornavirus replication"
1232:Scripps Research Institute
888:
661:
284:three poliovirus serotypes
7527:Viruses described in 1909
5862:HHV capsid portal protein
5181:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3493:World Health Organization
2883:10.1007/s00705-009-0400-2
1825:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.005
1408:De Jesus NH (July 2007).
1130:World Health Organization
969:. There are two kinds of
928:World Health Organization
859:. In immune individuals,
371:, or via virus uptake by
323:icosahedral protein coat
266:, the causative agent of
219:
214:
77:
72:
63:
48:
39:
34:
7547:Infraspecific virus taxa
5283:Infectious mononucleosis
5100:Chandipura vesiculovirus
4930:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4875:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4808:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4092:Tisch Brain Tumor Center
3463:Global Health Strategies
3204:10.1093/infdis/166.4.747
2137:Essential Human Virology
1382:. New York: Copernicus.
1021:As of August 2024,
742:(CNS) and replicates in
488:when at least two viral
286:, numbered 1, 2, and 3.
6857:Influenza hemagglutinin
5079:Encephalitis lethargica
4780:viral systemic diseases
4569:10.1126/science.1072266
4521:10.1126/science.6272391
4478:10.1126/science.2994218
4171:Cell Host & Microbe
4118:clinicaltrials.ucsf.edu
3684:"Poliomyelitis (polio)"
3092:Pediatric Poliomyelitis
2702:10.1186/1743-422X-8-146
2553:10.1073/pnas.0700451104
1868:10.1126/science.7536344
816:Immune system avoidance
782:system by crossing the
484:Poliovirus can undergo
438:2BC, 2B, 2C (an ATPase)
7419:Gag-onc fusion protein
5451:Human orthopneumovirus
5105:Herpesviral meningitis
5066:Arbovirus encephalitis
4381:10.1073/pnas.78.8.4887
4240:Gadye L (2023-06-14).
3871:Trends in Microbiology
3626:10.15585/mmwr.mm7319a4
3168:10.1006/viro.1998.9360
3127:10.1006/viro.1997.8450
2933:10.1074/jbc.M304166200
2834:10.15585/mmwr.mm7319a4
2640:Nucleic Acids Research
2455:10.1099/vir.0.020818-0
1666:10.1006/viro.1993.1621
1427:10.1186/1743-422X-4-70
1264:Stony Brook University
1247:
1216:Stony Brook University
912:
904:
825:
773:In many respects, the
740:central nervous system
716:gastrointestinal tract
676:
594:vaccines against polio
414:
348:
7389:murine leukemia virus
7280:Reverse transcriptase
7160:Indiana vesiculovirus
7032:Measles hemagglutinin
4909:Merkel-cell carcinoma
4738:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
4726:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
3788:10.1073/pnas.88.3.951
3495:(WHO). Archived from
2652:10.1093/nar/9.23.6221
2095:on February 22, 2007.
1380:The machinery of life
1245:
1238:Cloning and synthesis
910:
902:
823:
671:
486:genetic recombination
412:
345:
6120:Early 35 kDa protein
5554:Adenovirus infection
5018:Human polyomavirus 2
4847:Oropharyngeal cancer
4734:"Human poliovirus 3"
4722:"Human poliovirus 1"
3907:Archives of Virology
3343:10.1128/JVI.02675-06
2871:Archives of Virology
2603:10.1128/JVI.02354-07
1378:Goodsell DS (1998).
1137:Genetic modification
1118:bulbar form of polio
1055:Unlike normal mice,
944:The Gates Foundation
504:Origin and serotypes
317:icosahedral symmetry
79:Virus classification
5140:Post-polio syndrome
4776:Infectious diseases
4560:2002Sci...297.1016C
4554:(5583): 1016â1018.
4513:1981Sci...214..916R
4472:(4720): 1358â1365.
4427:1981Natur.291..547K
4372:1981PNAS...78.4887R
4112:UCSF (2017-06-01).
3826:Journal of Virology
3779:1991PNAS...88..951K
3459:"Polio Eradication"
3331:Journal of Virology
3282:Journal of Virology
3082:Acute Poliomyelitis
3019:1956Sci...123.1151S
3013:(3209): 1151â1157.
2926:(33): 31251â31260.
2591:Journal of Virology
2544:2007PNAS..104.9457J
2495:2018InfGE..57....8B
2448:(Pt 6): 1373â1387.
2235:10.1261/rna.2950603
2174:Journal of Virology
1946:Journal of Virology
1903:1988Natur.334..320P
1860:1995Sci...268..415C
1819:(5 Pt A): 767â776.
1609:Journal of Virology
1560:Journal of Virology
1511:Journal of Virology
1077:histocytochemically
975:weakened poliovirus
950:(GPEI). Successful
784:bloodâbrain barrier
732:reticuloendothelial
673:Electron micrograph
625:Human enterovirus C
276:, in the family of
7384:Rous sarcoma virus
5273:EpsteinâBarr virus
5243:Respiratory system
4880:Burkitt's lymphoma
4685:2010-11-04 at the
4056:10.1002/cncr.28862
3919:10.1007/BF01310797
3586:on 7 November 2019
3499:on 3 February 2011
2063:Harper DR (2012).
1271:company. Nineteen
1248:
1196:Vincent Racaniello
1126:poliovirus vaccine
913:
905:
826:
768:respiratory arrest
701:positive selection
677:
415:
349:
303:. The genome is a
7509:
7508:
7447:Taxon identifiers
7438:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7373:
7372:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7039:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6900:
6899:
6875:
6874:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6622:
6621:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6449:
6448:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6282:
6281:
6269:
6268:
6219:
6218:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6094:
6093:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5949:
5948:
5915:
5914:
5875:
5874:
5754:
5753:
5716:
5715:
5467:
5466:
5398:Influenza virus A
5315:Human coronavirus
5205:
5204:
5195:Herpes of the eye
4607:(5579): 174â175.
4507:(4523): 916â919.
4421:(5816): 547â553.
4340:978-0-19-920565-3
4291:Maddox B (2003).
4177:(5): 736â751.e8.
4050:(21): 3277â3286.
3426:978-0-470-02386-0
3337:(15): 7902â7912.
3059:978-0-470-02386-0
2748:978-0-300-01324-5
2646:(23): 6221â6229.
2538:(22): 9457â9462.
2281:978-0-470-02386-0
2154:978-0-12-800947-5
2121:978-0-470-02386-0
2074:978-0-8153-4150-5
2038:978-0-470-02386-0
2004:978-0-470-02386-0
1897:(6180): 320â325.
1854:(5209): 415â417.
1615:(10): 4697â4702.
1389:978-0-387-98273-1
1324:Hogle JM (2002).
1307:978-0-8385-8529-0
1184:Rosalind Franklin
1176:X-ray diffraction
936:Rotary Foundation
934:(UNICEF) and the
916:Polio eradication
891:Polio eradication
809:type I interferon
706:Poliovirus is an
686:Old World monkeys
643:was changed from
526:Coxsackie A virus
338:Replication cycle
315:in diameter with
261:
260:
16:(Redirected from
7554:
7502:
7501:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7442:
7407:
7398:
7239:
7230:
7177:
7165:
7115:
7103:
7098:Zaire ebolavirus
7067:
7055:
7019:
7007:
6971:
6959:
6923:
6911:
6802:
6790:
6781:
6704:3C-like protease
6639:
6534:
6519:
6475:
6401:
6395:Duplornaviricota
6386:
6373:
6295:
6233:
6193:
6181:
6152:
6105:
6014:
6005:
5960:
5926:
5849:
5837:
5828:
5810:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5758:
5480:
5475:digestive system
5392:Orthomyxoviridae
5358:SARS coronavirus
5344:MERS coronavirus
5260:
5072:Orthomyxoviridae
4995:
4961:Immune disorders
4885:Hodgkin lymphoma
4861:Kaposi's sarcoma
4769:
4762:
4755:
4746:
4741:
4729:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4700:. Archived from
4669:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4633:
4632:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4571:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4435:10.1038/291547a0
4410:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4366:(8): 4887â4891.
4351:
4345:
4344:
4329:Brown A (2007).
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4007:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3913:(3â4): 351â363.
3901:
3895:
3894:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3733:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3582:. Archived from
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3465:. Archived from
3455:
3449:
3448:
3447:on May 17, 2014.
3443:. Archived from
3437:
3431:
3430:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3288:(7): 4460â4469.
3273:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3246:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3105:
3099:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2877:(7): 1181â1188.
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2737:Paul JR (1971).
2734:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2689:Virology Journal
2680:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2597:(9): 4429â4440.
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2180:(8): 4739â4750.
2165:
2159:
2158:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2020:
2009:
2008:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1952:(8): 2636â2643.
1937:
1931:
1930:
1911:10.1038/334320a0
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1517:(8): 4827â4835.
1502:
1493:
1492:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1414:Virology Journal
1405:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1180:Birkbeck College
1168:Karl Landsteiner
1151:
1109:, driven by a β-
1099:infection model.
1018:
1014:
1010:
983:contact immunity
838:lymphatic system
779:gastrointestinal
712:fecalâoral route
653:
553:
549:
510:coxsackieviruses
386:and immediately
355:-like receptor,
87:
86:
68:
44:
32:
21:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7497:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7449:
7439:
7422:
7369:
7328:transactivators
7310:
7203:
7146:
7084:
7036:
6988:
6940:
6896:
6871:
6842:
6785:Influenza virus
6775:Negarnaviricota
6772:
6770:
6756:
6682:
6630:
6618:
6567:
6528:Kitrinoviricota
6525:
6510:
6508:
6494:
6466:
6445:
6392:
6377:
6350:
6324:
6290:
6278:
6265:
6215:
6176:
6158:
6144:
6138:
6124:
6090:
6069:
6038:
6000:
5999:(Duplodnaviria,
5998:
5997:circular ds-DNA
5984:
5945:
5911:
5871:
5820:
5814:
5799:
5785:
5755:
5750:
5712:
5692:
5600:
5574:Gastroenteritis
5532:
5529:Gastroenteritis
5523:
5511:Cytomegalovirus
5474:
5463:
5431:Paramyxoviridae
5420:Avian influenza
5296:
5291:Cytomegalovirus
5255:viral pneumonia
5253:
5250:nasopharyngitis
5249:
5246:
5237:
5201:
5175:Cytomegalovirus
5160:
5114:
5002:
4989:
4982:
4955:
4822:Cervical cancer
4782:
4773:
4732:
4720:
4707:
4705:
4691:
4687:Wayback Machine
4665:
4658:
4653:Medicine portal
4651:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4314:
4312:
4305:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4221:. 12 April 2024
4213:
4212:
4208:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4122:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4023:
4021:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3877:(10): 501â506.
3868:
3867:
3863:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3620:(19): 441â446.
3607:
3606:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3524:BBC News Online
3517:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3469:on 8 March 2016
3457:
3456:
3452:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3237:(3): e1000791.
3224:
3223:
3219:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2828:(19): 441â446.
2815:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2301:
2300:
2289:
2282:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2089:"Poliomyelitis"
2087:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1255:other viruses.
1240:
1224:
1200:David Baltimore
1192:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1065:intramuscularly
1045:
1043:Transgenic mice
1040:
1035:
1034:
1016:
1012:
1008:
995:immunodeficient
894:
886:
818:
666:
660:
648:
631:) in the genus
627:(later renamed
602:live attenuated
551:
547:
506:
425:2A and 3C/3CD,
340:
210:
198:
146:Pisoniviricetes
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7560:
7558:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7514:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7490:
7475:
7459:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7416:
7414:
7404:
7402:Fusion protein
7395:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7323:
7321:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7285:HIV-1 protease
7282:
7277:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7250:
7248:
7236:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7191:matrix protein
7186:
7184:
7174:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7129:matrix protein
7124:
7122:
7112:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7076:
7074:
7064:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7034:
7028:
7026:
7016:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6968:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6920:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6888:
6886:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6853:
6851:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6830:viral envelope
6826:
6825:
6824:
6816:matrix protein
6811:
6809:
6799:
6787:
6778:
6771:negative-sense
6766:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6695:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6655:viral envelope
6650:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6550:viral envelope
6545:
6543:
6531:
6516:
6509:positive-sense
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6472:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6398:
6383:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6311:
6306:
6304:
6292:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6230:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6190:
6178:
6156:Polyomaviridae
6149:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6011:
6002:
6001:Varidnaviria?)
5994:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5846:
5834:
5832:Herpes simplex
5825:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5788:Viral proteins
5786:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5734:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5702:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5678:
5666:
5654:
5642:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5492:
5490:
5477:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5268:
5266:
5257:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5215:
5213:
5211:Cardiovascular
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5014:
5008:
5006:
4992:
4990:nervous system
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4842:Vaginal cancer
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4713:
4689:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4667:Viruses portal
4656:
4640:
4639:External links
4637:
4635:
4634:
4591:
4534:
4491:
4456:
4405:
4346:
4339:
4321:
4303:
4283:
4257:
4232:
4206:
4157:
4129:
4104:
4079:
4030:
3998:(4): 251â260.
3978:
3940:
3896:
3861:
3832:(2): 681â688.
3812:
3773:(3): 951â955.
3753:
3724:(2): 353â362.
3704:
3675:
3649:
3597:
3571:
3541:
3510:
3480:
3450:
3432:
3425:
3407:
3366:
3317:
3268:
3231:PLOS Pathogens
3217:
3198:(4): 747â752.
3182:
3141:
3120:(2): 421â428.
3100:
3073:
3058:
3040:
2997:
2982:
2947:
2906:
2857:
2808:
2783:
2769:. 2015-09-20.
2754:
2747:
2726:
2675:
2626:
2577:
2518:
2469:
2428:
2399:(3): 433â443.
2379:
2360:(1): 244â264.
2344:
2287:
2280:
2258:
2229:(1): 124â137.
2209:
2160:
2153:
2127:
2120:
2098:
2080:
2073:
2055:
2037:
2010:
2003:
1981:
1932:
1881:
1838:
1803:
1768:
1717:
1698:(2): 175â193.
1692:Virus Research
1679:
1660:(1): 501â505.
1644:
1595:
1566:(4): 505â513.
1546:
1494:
1467:(5): 855â865.
1451:
1395:
1388:
1365:
1313:
1306:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1269:gene synthesis
1239:
1236:
1223:
1220:
1208:Naomi Kitamura
1191:
1188:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1138:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1103:
1100:
1092:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
962:in ruminants.
958:in humans and
895:
887:
885:
882:
817:
814:
662:Main article:
659:
656:
637:Picornaviridae
635:in the family
617:Picornaviridae
615:in the family
505:
502:
470:
469:
466:
447:
446:
443:
436:
430:
423:
353:immunoglobulin
339:
336:
279:Picornaviridae
259:
258:
257:
256:
244:
232:
217:
216:
212:
211:
206:
204:
200:
199:
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
170:Picornaviridae
166:
162:
161:
158:Picornavirales
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
106:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
70:
69:
61:
60:
55:of poliovirus
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7559:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7537:Enteroviruses
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7522:Human viruses
7520:
7519:
7517:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7396:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7313:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7008:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6906:Parainfluenza
6903:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6878:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Neuraminidase
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6767:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6570:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6505:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6327:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6182:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6135:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6100:Baculoviridae
6097:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5995:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5818:
5817:Duplodnaviria
5813:linear ds-DNA
5811:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5777:
5775:
5770:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5470:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5443:Parainfluenza
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5279:EBV infection
5277:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Poliomyelitis
5133:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
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5005:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
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4862:
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4858:
4857:
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4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4837:Vulvar cancer
4835:
4833:
4832:Penile cancer
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
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4813:
4809:
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4756:
4751:
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4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4704:on 2011-03-03
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4695:
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4304:0-00-655211-0
4300:
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4295:
4287:
4284:
4272:on 2018-10-30
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3993:
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3979:
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3966:
3962:
3959:(1): 87â100.
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2066:
2059:
2056:
2044:
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2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
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1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
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1968:
1963:
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1283:
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1278:
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1270:
1265:
1261:
1260:Eckard Wimmer
1256:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:Eckard Wimmer
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1178:by a team at
1177:
1173:
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1134:
1131:
1127:
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1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:intravenously
1058:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:polio vaccine
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:public health
921:
920:poliomyelitis
917:
909:
901:
897:
892:
883:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:polio vaccine
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:immune system
822:
815:
813:
810:
806:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:motor neurons
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
675:of poliovirus
674:
670:
665:
657:
655:
652:
651:Enterovirus C
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:Enterovirus C
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
467:
463:
462:
461:
458:
455:
451:
444:
441:
440:, 3AB, 3A, 3B
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
405:
400:
398:
394:
389:
385:
384:messenger RNA
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:cell membrane
358:
354:
344:
337:
335:
333:
328:
326:
325:encapsulating
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
287:
285:
282:. There are
281:
280:
275:
274:
273:Enterovirus C
269:
265:
254:
253:
248:
245:
242:
241:
236:
233:
230:
229:
224:
221:
220:
218:
213:
209:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
195:Enterovirus C
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
171:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:Orthornavirae
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7454:
7326:
7315:
7291:
7267:
7253:
7242:
7189:
7168:
7127:
7106:
7071:glycoprotein
7058:
7023:glycoprotein
7010:
6975:glycoprotein
6962:
6927:glycoprotein
6914:
6880:
6848:glycoprotein
6828:
6814:
6793:
6687:
6678:Nucleocapsid
6653:
6642:
6633:Pisuviricota
6572:
6548:
6537:
6478:
6469:Pisuviricota
6458:
6404:
6329:
6298:
6224:
6184:
6146:Monodnaviria
6108:
6074:
6043:
6017:
6009:EpsteinâBarr
5963:
5955:Adenoviridae
5929:
5880:
5840:
5822:Varidnaviria
5736:
5729:
5705:
5698:Pancreatitis
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5637:
5618:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5567:
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5495:
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5449:
5435:
5429:
5396:
5390:
5370:
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5313:
5289:
5271:
5226:Pericarditis
5218:
5187:
5173:
5146:
5128:
5127:
5085:
5070:
5051:
5037:
5016:
4999:Encephalitis
4968:
4941:
4922:
4901:
4867:
4853:
4814:
4800:
4737:
4725:
4706:. Retrieved
4702:the original
4697:
4692:Goodsell D.
4604:
4600:
4594:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4330:
4324:
4313:. Retrieved
4293:
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4270:the original
4260:
4249:. Retrieved
4245:
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4218:
4209:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4144:
4121:. Retrieved
4117:
4107:
4096:. Retrieved
4094:. 2022-09-01
4091:
4082:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4022:. Retrieved
3995:
3991:
3981:
3956:
3952:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3696:. Retrieved
3687:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3652:
3617:
3613:
3588:. Retrieved
3584:the original
3574:
3563:. Retrieved
3554:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3497:the original
3483:
3471:. Retrieved
3467:the original
3462:
3453:
3445:the original
3435:
3416:
3410:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3161:(1): 67â75.
3158:
3154:
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3113:
3103:
3090:
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3000:
2991:
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2960:
2956:
2950:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2800:. Retrieved
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2757:
2738:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2336:. Retrieved
2311:
2307:
2271:
2261:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2136:
2130:
2111:
2101:
2093:the original
2083:
2064:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2028:
1994:
1984:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1734:
1731:PLOS Biology
1730:
1720:
1695:
1691:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1514:
1510:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1417:
1413:
1379:
1333:
1329:
1297:
1291:
1262:'s group at
1257:
1249:
1225:
1193:
1172:Erwin Popper
1165:
1147:
1140:
1123:
1081:
1054:
1046:
999:
991:asymptomatic
964:
914:
896:
849:immunization
846:
827:
801:
775:neurological
772:
756:motor cortex
734:tissue, and
724:asymptomatic
705:
696:
694:
678:
658:Pathogenesis
650:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
591:
582:
572:
545:
522:Phylogenetic
518:rhinoviruses
507:
482:
471:
459:
456:
452:
448:
439:
401:
377:
350:
329:
321:nonenveloped
288:
277:
271:
263:
262:
252:Poliovirus-3
250:
246:
240:Poliovirus-2
238:
234:
228:Poliovirus-1
226:
222:
207:
193:
181:
169:
157:
145:
134:Pisuviricota
133:
121:
109:
102:
92:(unranked):
29:
18:Polioviruses
7479:Wikispecies
7411:oncoprotein
6523:Hepatitis C
6288:Hepatitis B
6274:Agnoprotein
6237:oncoprotein
6211:VP2 and VP3
5595:Coronavirus
5336:Common cold
5248:acute viral
5231:Myocarditis
5075:(probable)
4827:Anal cancer
4276:4 September
3688:www.who.int
3473:11 February
3386:(1): 9â16.
2992:Polioviruse
2314:: 587â635.
1784:: 271â292.
1737:(7): e183.
1336:: 677â702.
1228:James Hogle
1069:spinal cord
1023:Afghanistan
979:inactivated
967:vaccination
930:(WHO), the
884:Eradication
797:macrophages
748:spinal cord
746:within the
708:enterovirus
690:chimpanzees
641:Enterovirus
633:Enterovirus
619:. In 2008,
613:Enterovirus
514:echoviruses
404:polypeptide
393:5' end
332:RNA viruses
309:nucleotides
182:Enterovirus
35:Poliovirus
27:Enterovirus
7516:Categories
7485:Poliovirus
7455:Poliovirus
6836:M2 protein
6822:M1 protein
6628:SARS-CoV-2
5722:Urogenital
5588:Astrovirus
5548:Adenovirus
5372:SARS-CoV-2
5129:Poliovirus
5004:meningitis
4708:2010-01-07
4315:2020-05-15
4251:2024-08-10
4123:2024-08-10
4098:2024-08-10
4024:2022-04-01
3698:2020-08-28
3590:2 November
3565:2020-08-25
3534:14 October
3503:9 November
2802:2019-11-02
2777:2015-09-30
2338:2018-10-26
2049:2016-10-19
1284:References
1088:chromosome
1057:transgenic
1050:engineered
1019:1 (WPV1).
960:rinderpest
942:(CDC) and
911:Poliovirus
861:antibodies
855:, develop
842:antibodies
764:antibodies
752:brain stem
645:Poliovirus
621:Poliovirus
587:infectious
573:The three
533:speciation
388:translated
264:Poliovirus
215:Serotypes
208:Poliovirus
53:micrograph
7470:Q12438936
7378:Multiple
7275:Integrase
6513:Riboviria
6390:Rotavirus
6380:Riboviria
6141:Riboviria
5633:RNA virus
5614:DNA virus
5606:Hepatitis
5581:Norovirus
5569:Rotavirus
5563:RNA virus
5542:DNA virus
5488:Esophagus
5416:Influenza
5302:RNA virus
5264:DNA virus
5033:RNA virus
5012:DNA virus
4918:RNA virus
4796:DNA virus
4788:Oncovirus
3097:eMedicine
3087:eMedicine
3068:124160564
2963:: 16â22.
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1258:In 2002,
1222:Structure
1162:Discovery
987:mutations
793:monocytes
760:paralysis
728:brown fat
606:Passaging
575:serotypes
556:adenosine
427:proteases
380:RNA virus
369:cytoplasm
189:Species:
117:Kingdom:
110:Riboviria
7499:46698469
7464:Wikidata
6671:Membrane
6666:Envelope
6260:SV40 Tag
5921:Vaccinia
5731:BK virus
5534:diarrhea
5378:COVID-19
5120:Myelitis
4740:. 12086.
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4683:Archived
4629:83531627
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4578:12114528
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4150:9 August
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4018:Archived
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3891:11597452
3748:11946113
3692:Archived
3662:Archived
3644:38753550
3635:11115430
3559:Archived
3555:BBC News
3528:Archived
3402:16364730
3380:Virology
3361:17507470
3312:15767446
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3155:Virology
3114:Virology
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2977:16500041
2942:12759359
2901:19495937
2852:38753550
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1763:17622193
1712:15885840
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1360:12142481
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956:smallpox
857:immunity
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598:formalin
564:cytosine
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548:1.0 Ă 10
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4509:Bibcode
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4466:Science
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4368:Bibcode
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3807:1846972
3775:Bibcode
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3668:17 July
3352:1951287
3303:1061561
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1976:2839690
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1919:2839775
1899:Bibcode
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1856:Bibcode
1848:Science
1754:1914398
1674:8212594
1639:2168959
1590:4309884
1481:2538245
1437:1947962
1351:1500891
1277:Enzymes
1273:markers
1206:and by
1182:led by
1157:History
1143:PVSRIPO
1097:mucosal
1071:or the
1005:endemic
1001:Nigeria
865:tonsils
805:tropism
720:viremia
680:higher
568:guanine
490:genomes
478:virions
418:3D, an
298:protein
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177:Genus:
153:Order:
141:Class:
57:virions
7181:capsid
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6507:ss-RNA
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6197:capsid
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6060:EBNA-2
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6742:ORF7b
6737:ORF7a
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6722:ORF3c
6717:ORF3b
6712:ORF3a
6706:(NS5)
6661:Spike
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6459:Polio
6319:HBeAg
6314:HBcAg
6309:HBsAg
6173:HaPyV
6169:MCPyV
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7244:VSPs
7170:VSPs
7140:VP24
7135:VP40
7108:VSPs
7060:VSPs
7012:VSPs
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6882:VNPs
6795:VSPs
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6732:ORF6
6689:VNPs
6644:VSPs
6614:NS5B
6609:NS5A
6604:NS4B
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6331:VNPs
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5658:HCV
5646:HAV
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