3893:: "Es ist allerdings nicht so, dass Deutschland an Polen keinerlei Reparationen geleistet hätte. Das zwischen den Westalliierten und der Sowjetunion geschlossene Potsdamer Abkommen vom 2. August 1945 sah vor, dass sowjetische Reparationsforderungen aus der sowjetischen Besatzungszone bedient werden und die UdSSR hieraus wiederum unter anderem Ansprüche der Volksrepublik Polen befriedigt. Die Weiterleitung dieser nicht unerheblichen Reparationsleistungen war somit einerseits zwar von der sowjetischen Führung abhängig. Andererseits endeten die von der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und der DDR erfüllten Reparationsleistungen im Vergleich zu den westlichen Besatzungszonen vergleichsweise spät erst aufgrund einer Erklärung Moskaus vom 22. August 1953"
2415:
1518:
4007:: "Die DDR und Polen schlossen am 6. Juli 1950 ein Abkommen über die Markierung der festgelegten Staatsgrenze an Oder und Lausitzer Neiße. Die Görlitzer Grenzformel hatte nicht nur für die DDR, sondern auch für das gesamte deutsch-polnische Verhältnis Bedeutung. Prof. Jerzy Sulek, einer der Architekten der 2+4- Verhandlungen von 1989, sah für die polnische Seite mit dem Abschluss des Abkommens folgenden Vorteil: 'Es war ganz gewiss kein Zufall, sondern eine klare Absicht, dass die DDR nicht als einer der beiden deutschen Teilstaaten, sondern als ganz Deutschland, als der einzig legitimierte Vertreter der ganzen deutschen Nation für das damalige kommunistische Polen galt.' Diese Tatsache hatte Auswirkungen auf die Reparationsfrage"
1206:
2608:
2596:
1283:
1704:
2323:
2530:
2371:
2542:
1923:
2518:
906:
1953:
2584:
2506:
2109:
40:
2632:
4854:
2620:
3956:: "Der Artikel strebt eine plausible Berechnung der wirtschaftlichen Produktivität in den Kresy sowie in den ehemaligen deutschen Ostgebieten an. Im Artikel wird ermittelt, dass das Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP) der Kresy etwa 9,4 Milliarden 1990 Geary-Khamis-Dollar (oder 19 % des polnischen BIP; alle Zahlen für 1936) betrug, während das BIP der ehemaligen deutschen Ostprovinzen bei 25,4 Milliarden Geary-Khamis-Dollar lag"
1942:
989:
729:
408:
4665:
1107:
5715:
59:
5606:
70:
4604:
4023:: "Drei Jahre später, am 23. August 1953 verzichtete Polen auf die noch verbliebenen Reparationsleistungen aus der DDR. Stichtag war hierbei der 1. Januar 1954. Prof. Sulek ist hier der festen Überzeugung, dass die DDR auch in diesem Kontext sowohl von der UdSSR als auch von Polen als Alleinvertreter von ganz Deutschland betrachtet wurde"
544:
3777:"There is no document that would meet the formal requirements of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of 23 August 1953 on the renunciation of war reparations by the People's Republic of Poland – emphasized the PiS MP Arkadiusz Mularczyk, chairman of the council of the Jan Karski Institute of War Losses."
2143:, according to archived German Foreign Ministry files released in 2022. Germany, pursuing a pro-Russian policy, tried to discourage Poland from joining NATO during confidential discussions, and tried to convince other member countries against Poland's NATO membership. Poland eventually joined NATO in 1999.
2132:, and implied that the Federal Republic might wish to restore the frontier of 1937, by force if necessary. After the statement caused a major international backlash that threatened to halt German reunification, Kohl retracted his comments after knuckling under international rebuke, and assured both the
2042:
had torn apart a great many of families who pressured the German authorities to support their relatives for leaving Poland. During 1950-55, difficult negotiations for family reunions were conducted between Poland and the GDR. The GDR was very cautious not to cause Polish anger but anything that went
2046:
Family reunions were handled more liberally by the Polish from 1956 on but the more generous exit policy for
Germans from Poland was flanked by massive attempts by the Polish and GDR authorities to influence the Germans to stay in Poland or move to the GDR. In 1959/60, as was the case several times
2438:
in Berlin that would "honour their lives, their resistance and their courage". He also revealed plans to establish a forum for remembrance and exchange with Poland stating that "The future forum could become a milestone for German-Polish reconciliation. For addressing the past is not something we
1380:
and assassinations of local Polish leaders, activists and prominent individuals. There were numerous cases of attacks on Polish property, schools, printing houses, many Polish organizations were seized, Polish press and culture centers were closed down, Polish church services were banned. Germany
2054:
ushered in the next phase of family reunions and departures of
Germans, preferably the "autochthonous" population, from Poland, especially to West Germany. Eventually, the Polish had to realize that their assimilation policy towards the German minority - the German citizens and the so-called
1170:
for captured ethnic Poles from the
Russian Army, with the aim of subjecting them to propaganda and conscripting them into a planned German-controlled Polish army to fight against Russia. Faced with the mass reluctance and distrust from the Polish POWs, the plan failed and was abandoned.
2229:
to Poland. According to the German government, there is no legal basis for further compensation payments. The Polish government rejects this view, stating that the then Polish communist government was under the sway of the Soviet Union and that its 1954 refusal is non-binding.
2340:
German–Polish relations are sometimes strained when topics like World War II and the postwar forced expulsion of the German citizens from the territories assigned to Poland are brought up. Occasional xenophobic statements by politicians on both sides, most notably
1258:. Near the end of the war, the Germans offered to release them in exchange for Piłsudski's declaration of loyalty to Germany, but Piłsudski declined. Nevertheless, Piłsudski and Sosnkowski were eventually released on November 8, 1918, after the outbreak of the
2186:
between 1939 and 1945. The report, which covered both human and material loses, placed the value of wartime damages caused by the German occupation at $ 1.3 trillion. The report also addressed the issue of post-war reparations stating that apart from the 1953
1024:
Hit the Poles so hard that they despair of their life; I have full sympathy with their condition, but if we want to survive, we can only exterminate them; the wolf, too, cannot help having been created by God as he is, but people shoot him for it if they
2268:. On the one hand, the transfer of these considerable reparations payments was dependent on the Soviet leadership but on the other hand ended comparatively late compared to the western occupation zones due to a declaration by Moscow on August 22, 1953.
2465:
stressed the close relationship between the two countries and announced a joint action plan for a more intense cooperation between Poland and
Germany in key areas including security and defence, support for Ukraine in the context of the ongoing
1141:
and
Germany against Russia, in hope of defeating at least one of the partitioning powers and restoring independent Poland at least in the former Russian Partition. Moreover, just before the outbreak of the war, some 40,000 Poles served in the
1376:, discrimination and persecution of the Polish minority in Germany, including the indigenous Poles in the territories that remained within Germany in the interbellum, intensified. Germany carried out mass arrests, expulsions, deportations to
1888:
killed nearly 6 million Polish citizens, including Polish academics, doctors, lawyers, nobles, priests and others. Poland was subjected to the largest amount of destruction among all German-occupied countries during World War II.
2245:
2039:
301:
2390:
suggested the creation of a political union between the
Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany; his reason was that the borders in Europe don't matter anymore and in the future they will change anyway.
1018:, triggered both by the Poles' desire to regain their independence and the Germans' desire to incorporate the Prussian Partition of Poland into a planned German Reich. Prussian leader and founder of modern Germany,
1651:
and were subjected to strict segregation policies, with certain activities, such as sexual intercourse with German people, being punishable by deportation to concentration camps or death. Germany also extensively
1229:. It was formed in the western part of the former Russian Partition and did not include the more north-eastern German-occupied areas of the Russian Partition, which were instead administered by the Germans as the
2298:
is often forgotten, as they were originally Polish. The fixing of the Oder-Neisse border can only mark a renunciation of territory in favor of Poland in German-Polish relations. Authors have pointed out that the
1641:. Over 2.8 million Poles, including women and children, were deported to slave labour, and Poles accounted for 60% of all foreign slave workers in Germany. In March 1940, Germany issued the racist and repressive
201:). These German liberals however felt that their political ideals for Germany corresponded to the Polish hopes. Throughout the German lands a network of organizations devoted to supporting the Poles appeared.
2394:
Poland and
Germany have held intergovernmental consultations to discuss the political and economic cooperation between the two countries on a number of occasions in the past. In 2018, Polish Foreign Minister
3619:
1332:
Poland's existence is intolerable and incompatible with the essential conditions of
Germany's life. Poland must go and will go - as a result of her internal weakness and of action by Russia - with our aid.
2403:
agreed a to pass a declaration specifying the strategic priorities for German-Polish cooperation which stated that "both countries support a multilateral, rules-based order and champion a united Europe".
1839:
The city must completely disappear from the surface of the earth and serve only as a transport station for the
Wehrmacht. No stone can remain standing. Every building must be razed to its foundation.
3526:
According to current estimates, roughly 2,770,000 Poles were killed during the German occupation of Poland. This number represented 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles who lived in prewar Poland.
1184:
proposed the creation of a
Central European Economic Union, comprising a number of European countries, including Germany and Poland, in which, as the Chancellor secretly stressed, there was to be
2276:
1002:
Under Prussian rule in areas where the Polish population lived alongside Germans a virtual apartheid existed, with bans on the Polish language and religious discrimination, besides attempts to
5043:
2756:
When the Germans shot tens of thousands of Poles in 1944, with the intention of making sure that Warsaw would never rise again, that was also genocide. Far less dramatic measures, such as the
637:
would gain the upper hand and in turn sparked a long-term conflict with the Bohemian dukes over Silesia and Lesser Poland. Mieszko backed the German forces several times against the revolting
1896:
was widespread among the oppressed Poles, a sentiment which was triggered by the policy which the Germans implemented during their occupation of Poland, this sentiment was reflected in the
3759:
2607:
1922:
4586:
The British War Blue Book: Miscellaneous No. 9 (1939) Documents concerning German-polish Relations and the Outbreak of Hostilities between Great Britain and Germany on September 3, 1939
1326:
in 1922. Germany remained hostile to Poland and refused to regard the German-Polish border as permanent nor even Poland's independence itself. Already in 1922, Chief of the German Army
4703:
2214:
signed a formal diplomatic note asking Germany to start an official negotiations process, and on 3 October 2022 presented the diplomatic note to the visiting German Foreign Minister
4653:
1040:
Between 1870 and 1914, some 3.5 million Poles have emigrated to Germany, including 1.2 million in internal migration from Polish territories under German rule, 1.2 million from the
355:
5594:
2595:
1680:, attacking the Soviet Union, after which Germany also occupied the eastern half of Poland, in which it continued the extermination of Poles, with a prime examples including the
1707:
1590:
1665:
1606:
1504:
1421:, including Poland, between the two invaders. In the following days, there were several German provocations at the Polish-German border, and on August 25–26, 1939 the German
780:
coast. The Teutonic Knights continued to occupy the region despite papal verdicts. They remained powerful until 1410, when a combined Polish-Lithuanian army was able to win
5487:
2124:, Poland and the reunited Germany have had a somewhat positive, but occasionally strained relationship due to sensitive political issues. In March 1990, German chancellor
2541:
2529:
496:. During the fight with Germanic duchies Mieszko I in 963 recognized Otto I as Emperor In return for tribute to the newly crowned Emperor, Otto I recognized Mieszko I as
6252:
5467:
4196:
1661:
293:
4077:
1875:
2669:
1345:
1155:
2314:
seen as in the name of whole Germany, Poland renounced further reparations, which, according to scholars, must be seen as likewise applying to the whole of Germany.
4105:
2675:
4698:
3983:
3884:
2680:
1598:
1500:
2244:, Poland obtained a quarter of originally Polish but Germanized territory in the borders of 1937 whose largely German-speaking population which was subjected to
3790:
5240:
2303:
is hence of utmost relevance in the context of reparations. Communist Poland acknowledged the GDR to act on behalf of Germany as a whole when recognizing the
1693:
1669:
1007:
812:, Poland regained the territories previously annexed by the Teutonic Knights, and the remainder of the State of the Teutonic Order also became a part of the
168:
2950:
Osses, Dietmar (2024). "Ruhrpolen. Historie und Gegenwart einer "Minderheit" / Ruhrpolen. Polacy w Zagłębiu Ruhry. Historia i współczesność "mniejszości"".
504:("Duke of Poland"). As he could not prevail against Gero, Mieszko I resorted to consolidate his realm: he strengthened the relations with the Bohemian duke
98:
have been marked by an extensive and complicated history. Currently, the relations between the two countries are friendly, with the two being allies within
2414:
2158:
1167:
717:. The phenomenon, known as "Ostsiedlung" ("east settlement", "settlement in the east") followed the territorial expansion of the Holy Roman Empire and the
5179:
4178:
4063:
3865:
1847:, the Germans and German-held Polish forced laborers discovered the mass graves of over 4,000 Polish officers and intelligentsia who were murdered in the
4646:
4280:
3728:
1770:
1632:
265:
114:
5937:
2517:
5587:
852:
840:
5497:
2047:
in the 1950s, family reunifications were declared complete by the Polish and in the 1960s family reunions were handled restrictively by the Polish.
1594:
1517:
1205:
4631:
4608:
3503:
The number of Jewish victims is estimated to be 2,9 million. This number represented about 90% of the 3.3 million Jews who lived in prewar Poland.
1627:, which was launched instantly during the invasion of Poland, was the first genocidal campaign carried out by Nazi Germany. It targeted the Polish
6257:
5033:
1239:" and expulsion of up to 3 million of its Polish inhabitants (including Polish Jews) to make room for German colonization in accordance with the
765:
645:) tribes (though to no avail) and until his death in 992 remained a loyal supporter of the Emperor. Nevertheless, Mieszko precautionally had the
5572:
4238:
809:
663:
6262:
5552:
5548:
5543:
2757:
1496:
6247:
6164:
5850:
5365:
1303:
1295:
39:
6226:
6222:
4639:
4418:
4259:
3791:"New Chancellor Meets Old Resentments. Polish PM Receives Olaf Scholz in Warsaw, Talks of War Reparations and a "Europe of Sovereign States""
3398:
3276:
3002:
2842:
2295:
2028:
2024:
1578:
1484:
1095:
297:
257:
5425:
5260:
2322:
2183:
1555:
1480:
5580:
4127:
2583:
2237:, Poland lost about a fifth of its population and much of Poland was subjected to enormous destruction of its industry and infrastructure.
1323:
832:
533:
6180:
6138:
5998:
5330:
4948:
3700:
3357:
2714:
1282:
4306:
4153:
3905:"Ein guter Deal? - A Good Deal?: Vorschlag für eine makroökonomische Berechnung der wirtschaftlichen Folgen der Westverschiebung Polens"
2370:
2154:
1986:
1703:
216:, Poland regained most of the territories lost to Prussia in the Partitions of Poland and parts of territories lost even earlier, while
5774:
5134:
4813:
1259:
930:
3828:
2008:, and both countries had Soviet-installed communist regimes, and therefore enjoyed good relations. In 1950, both countries signed the
1982:
1763:
1582:
1492:
5932:
5907:
5674:
5446:
5415:
5355:
5144:
5124:
5104:
4974:
4818:
4733:
4217:
3968:
Die Geschichte der Oder-Neiße-Linie."Westverschiebung" und "Umsiedlung" - Kriegsziel der Alliierten oder Postulat polnischer Politik?
1470:
1222:
5517:
4410:
3557:
3499:
Liczba Żydów i Polaków żydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców sięga 2,7- 2,9 mln osób.
3464:
3237:
2505:
2257:
1990:
1978:
1558:
its western half. The western and northern portions of this territory were directly annexed to Germany, while in the remainder, the
594:
261:
6159:
6083:
5912:
5902:
5887:
5800:
5679:
5507:
5482:
5350:
5335:
5220:
5184:
5164:
5059:
4984:
4808:
4773:
4763:
4753:
2866:"The Rights of Nations: Reflections on the Address of Pope John Paul II to the 50th Session of the United Nations General Assembly"
2096:
From 1972 to 1980, Poland and East Germany enjoyed visa-free travel. Due to large anti-communist protests and the emergence of the
2619:
4525:
2467:
1897:
383:
6185:
6073:
5942:
5922:
5872:
5867:
5815:
5810:
5441:
5325:
5149:
5139:
5119:
5019:
5008:
4958:
4933:
4868:
2663:
2631:
2136:
and the Soviet Union that a reunified Germany would accept the Oder–Neisse line as the final border between Poland and Germany.
808:
in 1424. He is considered the first writer to formulate the argument in justification of genocide of another nation. During the
5556:
3141:
2097:
1751:
1432:
6154:
6068:
5897:
5835:
5784:
5729:
5400:
5395:
5375:
5295:
5245:
5169:
5114:
5089:
5084:
5079:
4999:
4938:
4898:
4873:
4828:
4718:
4693:
3846:
3217:
Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945".
2113:
1010:
policies were pursued by Prussia and, since 1871, Germany. Several Polish uprisings broke out, with the largest one being the
443:
5561:
5522:
4589:
1797:
was even murdered by the Germans for refusing to form one. Several Polish uprisings against Germany broke out, including the
1782:
1653:
1011:
970:
813:
741:
176:
6113:
6093:
6033:
5983:
5892:
5882:
5877:
5749:
5704:
5684:
5634:
5420:
5380:
5345:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5285:
5275:
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5235:
5230:
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5215:
5210:
5189:
5094:
5074:
4979:
4953:
4923:
4908:
4878:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4743:
4713:
4683:
4499:
4091:
3972:„Polen hat mit der Oder -Neiße-Grenze somit wesentlich mehr als nur eine Kompensation für seine Verluste im Osten erhalten“
2745:
1681:
1337:
5472:
4489:
3025:
Stanek, Piotr (2017). "Niemieckie obozy jenieckie dla Polaków z armii rosyjskiej w latach I wojny światowej (1916–1918)".
2790:
Charles W. Ingrao, Franz A. J. Szabo, Jan Piskorski Medieval Colonization in Europe, page 31, Purdue University Press,2007
2334:
2090:
2043:
beyond the reunification of separated spouses, minor children with their parents was rejected by the Polish authorities.
1263:
1181:
1130:
992:
918:
622:
6133:
6098:
6078:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5988:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5947:
5825:
5805:
5779:
5689:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5624:
5410:
5390:
5385:
5360:
5320:
5290:
5280:
5255:
5174:
5159:
5064:
5054:
5039:
4994:
4989:
4928:
4913:
4888:
4883:
4838:
4793:
4728:
4688:
3645:
2271:
There is a consensus that the German eastern provinces gained by Poland were economically better developed than the lost
6201:
4669:
4400:
3684:
3340:
2685:
1715:
1610:
626:
505:
6123:
6108:
6103:
6088:
6063:
6058:
6028:
6018:
5993:
5927:
5917:
5857:
5764:
5739:
5734:
5699:
5694:
5451:
5405:
5340:
5315:
5194:
5154:
5129:
5099:
5049:
5014:
5004:
4918:
4893:
4823:
4783:
4748:
4738:
4723:
4708:
1647:, which regulated the working and living conditions of Polish slave workers. Polish slave workers were obliged to wear
1406:
589:
superior to all secular and ecclesiastical rulers. Mieszko sought to improve the relations with Otto I: he appeared as
304:
occurred, in which up to 11 million ethnic Germans were forced to leave their homes in Poland and resettle in post-war
5610:
5512:
4853:
1618:
1151:
1147:
1083:
856:
823:
Poland and Bavaria enjoyed good relations since the late Middle Ages, and several Bavarian dukes and electors married
718:
560:
138:
6118:
6053:
5862:
5830:
5820:
5759:
5744:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5109:
5069:
5029:
5024:
4943:
4903:
4833:
4758:
3431:
2265:
1957:
1759:
1532:
324:
2865:
1090:, which viewed the German-Polish borderlands as the cradle of the Polish state. Its founder and principal ideologue
1066:, who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1900 to 1909, called the Polish victory over the Teutonic Knights at the
905:
190:
of 1831 triggered enthusiasm for the Polish cause among German liberals, mocked by conservatives as Polish gushing (
4843:
3390:
3199:
1637:
1386:
1382:
982:
978:
954:
844:
493:
130:
5845:
5840:
5769:
5754:
5649:
3676:
2690:
1635:, which was formed and was active throughout the war regardless. The campaign was then continued from 1940 as the
796:
of Poles. After the Battle of Grunwald, he suggested that the Polish nation, including the King, should either be
677:, the Germans expanded eastwards from modern western and central Germany into the less populated regions, east of
6128:
3810:
2658:
2200:
1657:
1614:
1150:
and were killed in battles there, as Germany feared potential desertions by Poles fighting on Polish soil on the
958:
950:
910:
630:
2407:
In 2020, Poland surpassed Italy to become Germany's fifth biggest trading partner as well as the biggest one in
4432:
2226:
2173:
2100:
movement in Poland, East Germany unilaterally terminated the visa-free travel agreement and closed the border.
1778:
1377:
606:
391:
347:
253:
3760:"Mularczyk: Nie ma dokumentu spełniającego formalne wymogi uchwały rządu z 1953 r. o zrzeczeniu się reparacji"
2346:
1428:
134:
1146:, and during the war the number of such conscripts rose to 850,000. Conscripted Poles were often sent to the
863:). The wedding of George and Hedwig is commemorated by a historic pageant held every four years known as the
3588:
Merkl, Peter H. German Unification in the European Context University Park: Penn State Press, 2010 page 132.
2379:
2078:
2051:
1974:
1856:
1755:
1488:
828:
614:
1427:
attacked a Polish train station near the Polish-Slovak border, but it was repelled by the Polish Army (see
1302:
After Poland regained independence in 1918, it sought to regain its former western regions, and the Polish
5538:
5492:
2188:
1848:
1786:
1743:
1727:
1697:
860:
367:
289:
209:
3167:
2803:
2439:
only owe to the dead. For Germans and Poles it remains the basis of our common path towards the future".
4307:"https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/german-polish-intergovernmental-consultations-2024-2295552"
3598:
3522:Łączne straty śmiertelne ludności polskiej pod okupacją niemiecką oblicza się obecnie na ok. 2 770 000.
1901:
1893:
1834:
1806:
1696:
were both punishable by death, not only for the rescuers, but also for their entire families. In all of
1287:
1267:
1126:
1028:
725:
to settle in Poland. Ethnic conflicts erupted between the newly arrived settlers and local populations.
690:
336:
172:
158:
3137:
2973:
2129:
2108:
1798:
1134:
1063:
667:
559:
Meanwhile, Poland had to face the claims to universal power raised by Otto I when he had conquered the
552:
4092:"Law and Justice party leader strong on Germans. 'They have humiliated our nation. They have to pay.'"
3456:
The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis
800:
or exterminated, either in its entirety, or in its majority. After Poland challenged his works at the
191:
4402:
Poland 1939–1945. Casualties and the victims of repressions under the Nazi and the Soviet occupations
3572:
2357:
2353:
2284:
2280:
2031:. The FRG of the time did not yet accept the Oder-Neisse boundary. During the early Cold War, Poland–
1844:
1677:
1508:
1439:
in southern Poland, killing 20 people and wounding 35 others. On August 31, 1939, Germany staged the
1319:
1251:
1143:
934:
836:
801:
517:
213:
154:
4045:
1274:, he declared that the Polish nation did not want revenge against the Germans for past wrongdoings.
4614:
4183:
3646:"The Weimar Triangle: Over 30 years of cross-border cooperation between Germany, France and Poland"
2408:
2311:
2300:
2288:
2199:, no official diplomatic steps were made to settle the issue of wartime reparations, and no formal
2121:
2082:
2050:
The European policy of détente at the beginning of the 1970s, and in particular the signing of the
2019:
had created favorable and just borders encompassing the entire historical territory of Poland, the
2009:
1236:
1218:
1110:
1015:
996:
966:
922:
914:
876:
769:
753:
602:
439:
313:
225:
180:
118:
2093:
in 1970, was regarded as a major step in the process of reconciliation between the two countries.
1037:
concept was proliferated in Germany, and it also pertained to annexed ancient Polish territories.
4444:
3940:
3932:
2419:
2179:
1731:
1559:
1547:
1525:
1476:
1458:
1454:
1369:
1307:
1163:
1067:
1045:
942:
789:
781:
733:
652:
582:
573:
564:
509:
241:
150:
145:
of the Kingdom of Poland, later transformed with the consent of the Polish King into the secular
2192:
1631:
and Poles engaged in various activities, who were considered capable of organising or leading a
1609:
and concentration camps, some of which were established in occupied Polish territory (including
1351:
Two conferences addressed the matter of the school history-books used in Poland and in Germany:
394:. The once poor relationship between Poland and Germany has now become a strategic partnership.
2831:"The Battle of Tannenberg-Grunwald-Žalgiris (1410) as reflected in Twentieth-Century monuments"
300:, which it had previously lost, either in the Partitions of Poland or earlier. From 1945–1950,
175:. That period was also marked by several Polish uprisings against Prussian rule, including the
4414:
4326:
3924:
3553:
3460:
3454:
3394:
3272:
3266:
3241:
3091:
3034:
2998:
2955:
2838:
2830:
2648:
2443:
2396:
2387:
2253:
2241:
2215:
2128:
caused a diplomatic firestorm when he suggested that a reunified Germany would not accept the
2086:
2016:
2015:
However, while the Poles were still insisting 20 years after the end of the war that the 1945
1970:
1871:
1747:
1739:
1623:
1586:
1440:
1176:
1122:
1041:
1019:
946:
891:
848:
537:
423:
379:
196:
187:
122:
3384:
516:
in 966. The next year however, he once again entangled with the troops of the Saxon renegade
5714:
5477:
4626:
4428:
3916:
3195:
2653:
2447:
2304:
2074:
1864:
1860:
1822:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1735:
1003:
895:
880:
864:
761:
737:
431:
351:
146:
126:
4620:
4529:
4456:
4341:
3811:"Leaders of Poland, Germany call for 'swift' solution to Warsaw's rule of law row with EU"
3795:
3680:
3620:"Bonn-Moscow Ties: Newly Released Documents Shed Fresh Light on NATO's Eastward Expansion"
3232:
Wardzyńska, Maria (2003). ""Intelligenzaktion" na Warmii, Mazurach i północnym Mazowszu".
2695:
2375:
2342:
2287:. Therefore, German authors point out that Poland was overcompensated for the loss of the
2147:
1814:
1685:
1648:
1327:
1196:
admitting that the union would be a veiled form of German domination in Europe (see also:
1138:
974:
962:
586:
471:
237:
233:
666:
was fought between 1003 and 1018. In 1109, Poland defeated the invading German forces at
3548:
Heike Amos (2009). "Deutsche in Polen: Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis DDR – VR Polen".
2275:. A recent proposal for a macroeconomic calculation of the economic consequences of the
1851:
by the Soviet Union in 1940. In April 1943, Germany exposed the crime, now known as the
764:, the Order fell into a series of conflicts with the Polish state. The Teutonic Knights
4424:
4396:
2775:
2741:
1852:
1723:
1643:
1628:
1512:
1418:
1414:
1311:
938:
899:
888:
884:
785:
757:
610:
455:
363:
103:
17:
4522:
4281:"Polska sprzeda Niemcom jeszcze prawie 3,5 miliona dawek szczepionki przeciw Covid-19"
3109:
2367:, and passport-free and visa-free travel between Germany and Poland is allowed since.
1270:, and Piłsudski proclaimed the independence of Poland. That day, during his speech in
988:
6241:
3944:
2761:
2434:
announced a project to build a monument commemorating the Polish civilian victims of
2364:
2133:
1818:
1572:
1315:
1091:
1087:
805:
784:
over the Teutonic Order at Grunwald. As a result, Poland emerged as a major power in
749:
722:
698:
568:
480:
435:
281:
273:
229:
110:
4464:
Nowosielski, Michał (2011). "Profil działalności polskich organizacji w Niemczech".
4078:"War reparations. Jaroslaw Kaczynski: Germany must suffer heavy reputational damage"
3746:"there is no diplomatic note to the government of the GDR, there is no return note"
2901:
A history of modern Germany, 1800-2000 Martin Kitchen Wiley-Blackwel 2006, page 130)
728:
4033:
3705:
3358:"Dobrzy Niemcy, źli Niemcy. Robotnicy przymusowi z Polski i ich relacje z Niemcami"
2750:
2435:
2249:
2234:
2211:
2196:
2070:
2032:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1946:
1885:
1874:
which was held in 1943, Stalin demanded that the post-war territory of Germany and
1673:
1551:
1544:
1410:
1373:
1341:
1226:
1198:
1193:
714:
647:
578:
513:
419:
339:
332:
328:
309:
305:
285:
245:
87:
4537:
Poland Between East and West: Soviet and German Diplomacy Toward Poland, 1919-1933
2787:
2207:
government informing it of Poland's intentions to renounce its reparation rights.
2182:
presented to the public a three volume report detailing war damages caused by the
2150:
which was created in 1991 to strengthen cooperation between the three countries.
824:
548:
3866:"Zweiter Weltkrieg: Polens Regierung prüft Reparationsforderungen an Deutschland"
3386:
Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany Under the Third Reich
2992:
3576:
2462:
2458:
2453:
On 2 July 2024, the Polish-German intergovernmental consultations took place in
2423:
2222:
2204:
2125:
1568:
1449:
1398:
1247:
1210:
1118:
702:
674:
598:
249:
205:
163:
2980:. Translated by Lewenz, Marie A. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 300.
2764:
of Polish children, were also genocide, according to the legal definition of it
1318:. Eventually, Poland regained the majority of the lands lost to Prussia in the
1106:
407:
5502:
3262:
3082:
Kosiarski, Jacek (2018). "Cesarstwo Niemieckie a odbudowa państwa polskiego".
2994:
Recovered Territory: A German-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919-1989
2570:
2431:
2400:
2064:
1521:
1444:
1052:
region in western Germany and forming a vibrant Polish community known as the
1033:
777:
525:
343:
4436:
3928:
3245:
3095:
3038:
2959:
2470:, business relations, enlargement of the EU and questions regarding history.
1833:. Following the Polish loss in the uprising, Germany carried out the planned
1250:, in July 1917, the Germans arrested Józef Piłsudski and his close associate
149:. Prussia retained a certain level of autonomy under Polish rule. Later, the
4486:
The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War
2307:
amounting to a loss of territory equal in size to the territory of the GDR.
2012:, which officially confirmed and recognized the Polish-East German border.
1774:
1689:
1602:
1255:
1054:
634:
415:
4382:
Matelski, Dariusz (2004). "Polacy w Niemczech między wojnami (1919–1939)".
3920:
2888:
2566:
2562:
1711:
1656:
of its cultural and industrial possession and vandalized its heritage. The
1536:
1436:
1291:
1048:
of Poland, including 500,000 Poles migrating to work in the industrialized
773:
447:
217:
4627:
Article from Der Spiegel 31/10.2006 on Polish–German Relations, in English
4603:
1014:. The antagonism between the Polish and German populations dates from the
335:
relations, on the other hand, were strained, although they improved after
3729:"Członek Rady ISW: zrzeczenie się reparacji w 1953 r. — wątpliwe prawnie"
2869:
2327:
1997:
1231:
977:
was a part of a larger French-led alliance with the German states of the
898:
and along with the Holy Roman Empire, ended the growing expansion of the
793:
721:. At various times, Germans were also encouraged by Polish rulers of the
706:
656:
320:
269:
4572:
Germany, Poland, and Europe: Conflict, Co-operation, and Europeanization
4407:
Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami
4064:"Jarostaw Kaczynski: German domination is the road to crisis and misery"
3936:
3904:
3701:"Poland demands $ 1.3 trillion in World War II reparations from Germany"
1837:
in late 1944, and in October 1944, Himmler stated in regards to Warsaw:
985:
the Duchy of Warsaw was dissolved, and partially re-annexed by Prussia.
4664:
3673:
3336:
2492:
2488:
1879:
1688:. Polish Jews were among the primary victims of the German-perpetrated
797:
710:
489:
467:
463:
459:
451:
95:
63:
4496:
A Cold War in the Soviet Bloc: Polish-East German Relations: 1945-1962
1793:
government under German occupation, and pre-war Polish Prime Minister
5605:
4516:
God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present
4239:"Poland is Germany's biggest trade partner in Central-Eastern Europe"
2558:
2496:
2484:
2454:
2279:
concluded that the German eastern provinces were valued 25,8 billion
1672:
were established and operated by Germany in occupied Poland. In 1941
1423:
1361:
1355:
1271:
1159:
642:
638:
618:
411:
387:
91:
74:
4509:
2868:. Center for Global Education, St. John's University. Archived from
366:
allies and partners, having an open border and being members of the
3333:
Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944
3301:
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939-1941
2885:
Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych
2352:
Polish firefighters helped in flood recovery in Germany during the
2155:
reparations from World War II were continued to be repaid to Poland
2055:"autochthons" who insisted on their German ethnicity - had failed.
1235:. Moreover, Germany still planned the annexation of the so-called "
776:, and therefore took the control of the nearly entire southeastern
4260:"Monument to Polish WWII victims to be erected in Berlin – dep FM"
4034:"The German-Polish Border Region. A Case of Regional Integration?"
3268:
Strategic Denial and Deception: The Twenty-First Century Challenge
2574:
2413:
2369:
2321:
2272:
2178:
On 1 September 2022, Poland's government headed by Prime Minister
2107:
1969:
After the end of World War II, there were over 1.7 million Polish
1702:
1516:
1281:
1204:
1105:
987:
904:
727:
694:
686:
682:
542:
521:
485:
406:
1878:
be redrawn further west as a buffer between the Soviet Union and
621:. However, in the same year the Polish ruler, instigated by Duke
6206:
4106:"Polscy strażacy pomogą w walce ze skutkami powodzi w Niemczech"
2331:
2261:
2140:
1393:
1129:, one of Poland's oldest historical cities. During the war, the
1049:
817:
678:
633:. He timely switched sides, when he realized that Otto's mother
529:
475:
375:
371:
359:
277:
142:
99:
5576:
4635:
4354:
4017:
Daniela Fuchs (13 September 2004). "Reparationen aus der DDR".
4001:
Daniela Fuchs (13 September 2004). "Reparationen aus der DDR".
2256:
stipulated that Soviet reparations would be satisfied from the
2069:
The relations between West Germany and Poland improved through
1125:
of Poland, and in August 1914, the German Army carried out the
1082:
Around 1900, the Polish national movement was organized in the
1062:
were also subjected to anti-Polish and Germanisation policies.
543:
4032:
Jorunn Sem Fure, Department of History, University of Bergen,
2954:(in German and Polish). No. 9. Ostritz. pp. 47, 49.
1825:
anticipated a total destruction of Warsaw, the capital of the
925:
of Prussia (right) quarrelling over their territorial seizures
748:
In the 13th century, Poland was suffering from the attacks of
4565:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. III: c. 900-c. 1024
4154:"Pożar lasów przy polskiej granicy. Niemcy poprosili o pomoc"
4128:"Polscy strażacy w Niemczech. "Chcemy pomóc naszym sąsiadom""
2891:: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 88–92, 96–97, 206–210, 214–215.
1098:
as the bedrock of the Polish nation to regain independence.
296:, and as compensation for this loss, it received most of the
4365:
1322:, and parts of the territories lost even earlier, including
788:. Already in the 15th century, German theologian and writer
528:
coast. He also had to defend the Polish border on the lower
4556:
Harold von Riekhoff, "German-Polish Relations, 1918-1933",
3552:. Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte.
1726:
fought against Germany on various war fronts as one of the
1190:
stabilize Germany's economic predominance in Central Europe
292:, Poland lost the eastern half of its territory, which was
3829:"Poland upholds WWII reparation claims from Germany - DPA"
212:
regained independence and its place on the map. Under the
4218:"Poland overtakes Italy in trade with Germany - ministry"
3142:"Józef Piłsudski w Magdeburgu, czyli więzień stanu nr 1"
2318:
Following accession to the European Union (2004–present)
4427:(IPN); and expert contributions by Waldemar Grabowski,
1595:
kidnapping of Polish girls and women for sexual slavery
1431:). On August 28, 1939, a German saboteur carried out a
2837:, vol. 3, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 175,
2283:, while the whole of the Kresy was valued 9,4 billion
3432:"The Polish Pilots Who Flew In The Battle Of Britain"
2330:, Poland in 2009 marking the 10th anniversary of the
2112:
Helmut Kohl and Tadeusz Mazowiecki during meeting in
1700:, such extreme measures were only imposed in Poland.
1392:
In October 1938 Germany expelled about 17,000 Polish
1310:
against Germany broke out in the disputed regions of
1086:. The geopolitical ideology of this movement was the
232:
with Poland. It was seen as a great injustice in the
4197:"Working with Poland for a strong and united Europe"
3331:
Wituska, Krystyna (2006). Tomaszewski, Irene (ed.).
1413:, which included the Secret Protocol, which divided
1389:
and confiscations of Polish press and publications.
1188:
but in fact it was to be under German leadership to
1154:. Polish military units were also formed in Russia (
125:. However, these relations were overshadowed in the
6215:
6194:
6173:
6147:
5956:
5793:
5722:
5617:
5531:
5460:
5434:
5203:
4967:
4861:
4676:
4355:
Embassy of Poland in Germany (in German and Polish)
2104:
From the fall of Communism to accession (1989–2004)
1929:
1831:
blocked the Germans' road to the east for 700 years
1505:
German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
651:document drawn up, whereby he put his realm called
323:saw good relations between the communist states of
46:
4621:Timeline: War and Peace in German-Polish Relations
4544:Germany and Poland: From War to Peaceful Relations
3847:"Poland's ruling party picks a fight with Germany"
2730:. Oxford, GB: Oxford UNiversity Press. p. 73.
2430:On 15 September 2021, the German Foreign Minister
2291:, yielding a net gain at the expense of Germany.
1209:German internment camp for Polish legionnaires in
887:stronghold. In 1683, the Polish army commanded by
577:, the Emperor would continue the tradition of the
256:in German-occupied Poland, the biggest located in
4179:Poland and Germany should unite, says Lech Wałęsa
3084:Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations
2927:. Vol. 3. Taylor & Francis. p. 165.
2360:floods, and helped extinguish wildfires in 2019.
1121:, Germany invaded and occupied vast areas of the
350:and it confirmed the Polish-German border on the
2728:The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present
2349:, have slowed the improvement of the relations.
1186:a semblance of equality among the member states,
625:, interfered in the conflict between minor King
500:("Friend of the Emperor") and stated that he is
4615:German-Polish relations: A History Of Betrayals
4560:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), pp. 917–918
4504:Ciechanowski, Jean. "German-Polish Relations."
3599:"Kohl Retreats, Says He Accepts Polish Borders"
3516:
3493:
2715:German-Polish Relations: A History Of Betrayals
2676:List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany
2210:On 2 October 2022, the Polish Foreign Minister
2089:laureate Willy Brandt, which took place at the
2004:shared the fate of Poland, which fell into the
883:broke out in the German lands, Poland became a
157:in 1772–1795. Following the partitions various
3573:The Nobel Peace Prize 1971 Presentation Speech
3110:"The September Memorandum (September 9, 1914)"
2681:List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland
2164:The Polish-German border is 467 km long.
2161:, a foundation supported by both governments.
1565:Nazi Germany's Directive No. 1306 stated that
1550:and partitioned the country together with the
1501:Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland
5588:
4647:
4508:Vol. 12, No. 3 (May 1933), pp. 344–366,
3550:Die Vertriebenenpolitik der SED 1949 bis 1990
2191:made by the then communist government led by
2139:In the 1990s, Germany opposed Poland joining
2091:Monument to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Heroes
1221:, Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaimed the
969:against Prussia, including in the victorious
740:, and resulted in a decisive victory for the
133:into Polish territory and the centuries-long
8:
2221:Earlier in December 2021, German Chancellor
1915:
1457:, which started the next morning, without a
1368:In the late 1930s, before the German-Soviet
929:In the second half of the 18th century, the
762:converting the Old Prussians to Christianity
756:hired an army of unemployed crusaders - the
153:rose and eventually became one of the three
32:
3535:
3299:Dick, Sheldon (1997). Wegner, Bernd (ed.).
2937:
2670:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
2159:Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation
2157:and that money was distributed through the
2146:Poland, Germany and France are part of the
2073:'s Ostpolitik. West Germany recognized the
1577:and the Polish population was subjected to
1346:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
1166:), enemies of Germany. Germany ran special
121:had close and chequered relations with the
5595:
5581:
5573:
4654:
4640:
4632:
3695:
3693:
4551:The partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795
3480:
3478:
3476:
2835:The Military Orders: History and Heritage
2426:during welcoming ceremony in Warsaw, 2022
1892:Following the defeat of Germany in 1945,
426:marked the beginning of statehood in 966.
370:. Both countries are also members of the
240:in 1933. On 1 September 1939, Poland was
6253:Relations of colonizer and former colony
3326:
3324:
3322:
3051:
2910:
2746:"The fatal fact of the Nazi-Soviet pact"
2326:German soldiers at a military parade in
2264:would in turn satisfy the claims of the
1855:, to the world. The Germans allowed the
1324:the industrialized part of Upper Silesia
1294:on December 27, 1918, which sparked the
260:. During the war, Poland suffered circa
3674:Informacje o Polsce - informacje ogólne
3352:
3350:
3271:. Transaction Publishers. p. 100.
3257:
3255:
2707:
2625:Consulate-General of Germany in Wrocław
2579:
2501:
2310:Corresponding to the conclusion of the
1262:. Three days later, Germany signed the
1031:, and since the late 19th century, the
4452:
4442:
4336:
4335:
4324:
2925:A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945
2613:Consulate-General of Germany in Kraków
2601:Consulate-General of Germany in Gdańsk
2535:Consulate-General of Poland in Hamburg
2523:Consulate-General of Poland in Cologne
2174:World War II reparations § Poland
1914:
1497:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
617:was married to a daughter of Margrave
551:, commemorating the successful Polish
298:pre-war eastern territories of Germany
31:
3614:
3612:
3312:
3310:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
2798:
2796:
2547:Consulate-General of Poland in Munich
2479:Polish diplomatic missions in Germany
2029:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
1485:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
772:with the country's main port city of
571:in 962. According to the idea of the
532:river against the forces of Margrave
430:In the 10th century, the West Slavic
266:it also suffered huge material losses
161:policies were pursued, including the
7:
5498:East Germany–United States relations
3909:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
3236:(in Polish). No. 12-1 (35-36).
3234:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2553:German diplomatic missions in Poland
2294:In today's Germany, the loss of the
2225:rejected the idea of paying further
1603:extermination of mentally ill people
470:and in 962/63 he first met with the
2726:Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel (2010).
2035:relations were generally strained.
1044:of Poland and 1.1 million from the
995:in 1885–1890 on a 1915 painting by
601:in 973 and in 978 secondly married
442:about 960 were able to establish a
4567:, Cambridge University Press, 2000
3915:(1). Franz Steiner Verlag: 27–42.
2833:, in Victor Mallia-Milanes (ed.),
2233:As a consequence of aggression by
2077:as Poland's western border in the
2040:expulsion from west-shifted Poland
1764:Western Allied invasion of Germany
1710:of 728 Poles from German-occupied
1694:rescuing and helping Jews by Poles
1581:, including large massacres, mass
1493:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
1381:carried out extensive anti-Polish
1304:Greater Poland uprising of 1918–19
555:during the German invasion of 1109
492:rivers established in 937 by King
302:a series of flights and expulsions
129:both by the push eastwards of the
109:From the 10th century onward, the
25:
5523:Foreign relations of East Germany
5518:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
4411:Institute of National Remembrance
3984:"Es geht um Politik, nicht Recht"
3885:"Es geht um Politik, nicht Recht"
3389:. Translated by William Templer.
2258:Soviet occupation zone in Germany
2240:However, as a consequence of the
2085:gesture by Chancellor and future
1072:most portentous national disaster
268:because Germany sought to commit
5713:
5604:
4852:
4663:
4623:, Deutsche Welle, 23 August 2006
4602:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
1951:
1940:
1921:
1900:from the territories which were
1481:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
1180:authorized by German Chancellor
1137:initially fought on the side of
1094:even claimed the industrialized
738:German Order of Teutonic Knights
685:rivers, which were inhabited by
384:Council of the Baltic Sea States
68:
57:
38:
4609:Relations of Germany and Poland
4584:Great Britain. Foreign Office.
4518:(Oxford University Press. 2005)
3966:Hartenstein, Michael A (2006).
2446:, Poland sold some 6.5 million
1783:underground resistance movement
1575:are on the same inferior level,
1447:attack which was to serve as a
1348:. A trade agreement followed.
1156:Polish Armed Forces in the East
1012:Greater Poland uprising of 1848
971:Greater Poland uprising of 1806
949:. The partitions took place in
875:In the 16th century, after the
810:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)
547:Children of Głogów Monument in
458:. Mieszko's territory included
177:Greater Poland uprising of 1848
6258:Bilateral relations of Germany
5562:Germany and the United Nations
4617:, Spiegel Online, 18 June 2007
3970:. München: Olzog. p. 129.
3459:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3453:Allen, Arthur (21 July 2014).
2997:. Berghahn Books. p. 27.
1865:International Katyn Commission
1409:was signed by Germany and the
1260:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1022:, in regards to Poles, wrote:
931:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
804:, his views were condemned by
629:and the deposed Bavarian duke
520:, fighting over the island of
1:
6263:Bilateral relations of Poland
6223:Diplomatic missions of Poland
5473:German entry into World War I
4413:(IPN). Hardcover, 353 pages.
4287:(in Polish). 20 December 2021
3517:Materski & Szarota (2009)
3494:Materski & Szarota (2009)
3027:Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny
2637:Consulate of Germany in Opole
2335:Multinational Corps Northeast
1867:to investigate the massacre.
1789:. Poland did not establish a
1591:kidnapping of Polish children
1471:History of Poland (1939–1945)
1264:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1182:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
993:Expulsion of Poles by Germany
973:, and the short-lived Polish
965:, the Poles fought alongside
768:the Polish coastal region of
5544:Foreign ministers of Germany
4670:Foreign relations of Germany
4366:Embassy of Germany in Poland
4021:. Berlin: nd.Genossenschaft.
4005:. Berlin: nd.Genossenschaft.
3364:(in Polish). 21 January 2015
3341:Wayne State University Press
2686:Poland in the European Union
2589:Embassy of Germany in Warsaw
2474:Resident diplomatic missions
1916:East German–Polish relations
1863:to the site, and formed the
1716:Auschwitz concentration camp
1579:extensive genocidal policies
1465:Second World War (1939–1945)
1254:and then imprisoned them in
316:of a population in history.
284:populations. As a result of
5611:Foreign relations of Poland
5513:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
4384:Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
4108:(in Polish). 16 August 2002
3864:WELT, DIE (2 August 2017).
2991:Polak-Springer, P. (2015).
2664:German–Polish Border Treaty
2511:Embassy of Poland in Berlin
2399:and his German counterpart
2363:In 2007, Poland joined the
2184:German occupation of Poland
1977:, including 700,000 in the
1682:massacre of Lwów professors
1340:began in 1925, but in 1934
1102:First World War (1914–1918)
896:relieve the siege of Vienna
792:proposed and advocated the
325:People's Republic of Poland
294:annexed by the Soviet Union
139:State of the Teutonic Order
137:, as a result of which the
6279:
5044:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
3391:Cambridge University Press
3200:Cambridge University Press
2561:and consulates-general in
2557:Germany has an embassy in
2487:and consulates-general in
2296:former eastern territories
2277:"westward shift" of Poland
2203:was ever presented to the
2171:
2062:
2006:Soviet sphere of influence
1771:Polish resistance movement
1754:(including the victorious
1633:Polish resistance movement
1589:, arrests, incarceration,
1474:
1468:
983:War of the Sixth Coalition
979:Confederation of the Rhine
845:Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska
655:under the auspices of the
329:German Democratic Republic
131:Margraviate of Brandenburg
5711:
4850:
4160:(in Polish). 27 June 2019
4134:(in Polish). 27 July 2021
3265:; James J. Wirtz (2011).
2804:"wojny polsko-krzyżackie"
2659:German minority in Poland
2483:Poland has an embassy in
1963:
1950:
1939:
1920:
1658:Catholic Church in Poland
1535:(standing behind Frank),
1338:German–Polish customs war
1286:Visit of Polish composer
1223:Regency Kingdom of Poland
1027:Germany also carried out
981:, however, following the
508:by marrying his daughter
414:in 996 under the rule of
236:, in part leading to the
80:
67:
56:
37:
6248:Germany–Poland relations
5488:Soviet Union before 1941
4699:Central African Republic
4433:Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert
2788:The Germans and the East
2266:Polish People's Republic
2227:World War II reparations
2195:under pressure from the
2168:World War II reparations
2027:as a reparation for the
2023:saw the loss of the old
1987:American occupation zone
1779:Polish Underground State
1668:camps and several major
1664:. Countless prisons and
1533:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1405:On August 23, 1939, the
607:Dietrich of Haldensleben
454:in an area later called
392:World Trade Organization
288:and the decision of the
4523:German-Polish Relations
4046:"Return of xenophobia?"
3383:Ulrich Herbert (1997).
2887:(in Polish and Latin).
1983:British occupation zone
1975:Allied-occupied Germany
1857:International Red Cross
1829:, which has supposedly
1756:Battle of Monte Cassino
1489:The Holocaust in Poland
1407:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1296:Greater Poland uprising
1278:Interbellum (1918–1939)
935:partitioned three times
760:. After the failure of
736:was fought against the
705:roughly stretched from
623:Boleslaus II of Bohemia
613:. In 984 Mieszko's son
117:established under Duke
33:German–Polish relations
18:Polish-German relations
6195:Multilateral relations
5557:Ambassadors of Germany
5549:Diplomatic missions of
5539:Federal Foreign Office
5493:Inner German relations
5241:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4574:(Manchester UP, 2004).
4368:(in German and Polish)
4285:Polska Agencja Prasowa
3921:10.25162/jgo-2020-0002
3733:Polska Agencia Prasowa
3362:zwangsarbeit-archiv.de
3192:Germany Turns Eastward
2883:Górski, Karol (1949).
2427:
2383:
2337:
2189:non-binding resolution
2117:
2059:Ostpolitik (1970–1989)
1991:French occupation zone
1979:Soviet occupation zone
1787:German-occupied Europe
1760:Vistula–Oder Offensive
1744:North African campaign
1728:Allies of World War II
1719:
1698:German-occupied Europe
1540:
1344:and Poland signed the
1299:
1225:, a German-controlled
1214:
1114:
999:
926:
861:Augustus III of Poland
745:
713:, and southwards into
556:
427:
418:, whose acceptance of
368:European Single Market
358:. Both states are now
238:Nazi takeover of power
155:partitioners of Poland
4539:(Princeton UP, 2015).
4528:16 April 2012 at the
4506:International Affairs
4423:. With a Foreword by
3903:Kouli, Yaman (2020).
3624:Spiegel International
3434:. Imperial War Museum
2864:Cassar, John (1997).
2829:Ekdahl, Sven (2008),
2691:Germany–Poland border
2666:, 1990; now in effect
2417:
2386:On 24 September 2013
2378:and Polish President
2373:
2325:
2285:International Dollars
2281:International Dollars
2111:
1894:anti-German sentiment
1835:destruction of Warsaw
1817:. During the latter,
1807:Operation Ostra Brama
1706:
1670:prisoner-of-war camps
1520:
1433:train station bombing
1288:Ignacy Jan Paderewski
1285:
1208:
1168:prisoner-of-war camps
1127:destruction of Kalisz
1109:
1078:20th and 21st century
1070:in 1410 the Germans'
991:
908:
879:was launched and the
853:Maximilian III Joseph
841:Maximilian II Emanuel
731:
546:
410:
312:. It was the largest
5938:United Arab Emirates
5180:United Arab Emirates
4611:at Wikimedia Commons
4570:Zaborowski, Marcin.
4395:Materski, Wojciech;
4052:. 28 September 2010.
3683:. Page gives Polish
3679:25 June 2009 at the
3221:(in Polish) (4): 23.
3168:"Poland and Germany"
2778:, 164. Howorth, 226.
2702:Notes and references
2380:Bronisław Komorowski
1908:Cold War (1945–1969)
1898:expulsion of Germans
1845:Operation Barbarossa
1827:former Polish nation
1708:First mass transport
1678:Operation Barbarossa
1605:and deportations to
1599:pacification actions
1509:Operation Tannenberg
1320:Partitions of Poland
1252:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
1144:Imperial German Army
919:Joseph II of Austria
837:Casimir IV Jagiellon
802:Council of Constance
615:Bolesław I the Brave
518:Wichmann the Younger
262:6 million casualties
214:Treaty of Versailles
179:during the European
135:Polish–Teutonic Wars
6216:Diplomatic missions
4521:Harris, Kimberly.
4494:Anderson, Sheldon.
4184:The Daily Telegraph
3988:Legal Triune Online
3982:Patrick Heinemann.
3889:Legal Triune Online
3883:Patrick Heinemann.
3835:. 26 November 2021.
3817:. 13 December 2021.
3799:. 13 December 2021.
3650:auswaertiges-amt.de
2974:von Bülow, Bernhard
2573:and a consulate in
2442:To help combat the
2409:East-Central Europe
2312:Treaty of Zgorzelec
2301:Treaty of Zgorzelec
2289:Eastern Borderlands
2153:In the 1990s, some
2083:Warschauer Kniefall
2010:Treaty of Zgorzelec
1917:
1912:Bilateral relations
1662:brutally persecuted
1378:concentration camps
1237:Polish Border Strip
1219:Act of 5th November
1111:Act of 5th November
1084:Narodowa Demokracja
1029:expulsions of Poles
1016:Revolutions of 1848
923:Frederick the Great
915:Catherine the Great
913:of Poland, showing
877:Counter-Reformation
754:Konrad I of Masovia
697:peoples, including
627:Otto III of Germany
585:as guardian of the
474:forces of Margrave
314:forced displacement
254:concentration camps
181:Revolutions of 1848
173:expulsions of Poles
88:bilateral relations
34:
29:Bilateral relations
4553:(Routledge, 2014).
4466:Przegląd Polonijny
4311:bundesregierung.de
4094:. 4 December 2022.
3766:. 3 September 2022
3735:. 2 September 2022
3138:Kowalski, Waldemar
2872:on 22 August 2006.
2744:(5 October 2010).
2428:
2420:Mateusz Morawiecki
2384:
2347:Jarosław Kaczyński
2338:
2180:Mateusz Morawiecki
2118:
1989:and 68,000 in the
1902:assigned to Poland
1781:, was the largest
1732:Norwegian campaign
1720:
1571:. Poles, Jews and
1567:Polishness equals
1560:General Government
1543:In September 1939
1541:
1477:Invasion of Poland
1459:declaration of war
1455:invasion of Poland
1429:Jabłonków incident
1370:invasion of Poland
1358:, 28–9 August 1937
1308:Silesian Uprisings
1300:
1215:
1115:
1068:Battle of Grunwald
1064:Bernhard von Bülow
1046:Austrian Partition
1004:colonize the areas
1000:
943:Kingdom of Prussia
927:
917:of Russia (left),
859:(daughter of King
847:(daughter of King
835:(daughter of King
790:John of Falkenberg
782:a decisive victory
746:
734:Battle of Grunwald
653:Civitas Schinesghe
631:Henry the Wrangler
609:, margrave of the
605:, the daughter of
591:amicus imperatoris
583:Carolingian Empire
574:translatio imperii
565:Holy Roman Emperor
557:
498:amicus imperatoris
428:
244:, thus initiating
242:invaded by Germany
186:Particularly, the
151:Kingdom of Prussia
141:became a part and
6235:
6234:
5854:
5570:
5569:
5483:China before 1941
4607:Media related to
4563:Reuter, Timothy,
4549:Lukowski, Jerzy.
4439:on 31 March 2012.
4420:978-83-7629-067-6
4334:External link in
4019:Neues Deutschland
4003:Neues Deutschland
3853:. 17 August 2021.
3603:Los Angeles Times
3430:Gasior, Mariusz.
3400:978-0-521-47000-1
3316:Wardzyńska, p. 38
3278:978-1-4128-3520-6
3219:Przegląd Zachodni
3004:978-1-78238-888-3
2844:978-0-7546-6290-7
2649:History of Poland
2457:. Prime Minister
2448:COVID-19 vaccines
2444:COVID-19 pandemic
2397:Jacek Czaputowicz
2374:German President
2254:Potsdam Agreement
2242:Potsdam Agreement
2216:Annalena Baerbock
2122:fall of communism
2087:Nobel Peace Prize
2038:War, flight, and
2017:Potsdam Agreement
1985:, 400,000 in the
1981:, 540,000 in the
1971:displaced persons
1967:
1966:
1872:Tehran Conference
1803:Iwieniec Uprising
1748:Operation Jubilee
1740:Battle of Britain
1624:Intelligenzaktion
1530:Obergruppenführer
1441:Gleiwitz incident
1396:to Poland in the
1192:, with co-author
1177:Septemberprogramm
1123:Russian Partition
1042:Russian Partition
1020:Otto von Bismarck
947:Habsburg monarchy
892:John III Sobieski
857:Maria Anna Sophia
849:John III Sobieski
825:Polish princesses
814:Kingdom of Poland
742:Kingdom of Poland
703:German settlement
664:German–Polish War
619:Rikdag of Meissen
553:Defense of Głogów
538:Battle of Cedynia
512:and converted to
494:Otto I of Germany
434:tribes under the
424:Baptism of Poland
380:Council of Europe
348:Germany reunified
188:November Uprising
123:Holy Roman Empire
115:Kingdom of Poland
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
6270:
6165:Papua New Guinea
5851:Kurdistan Region
5848:
5717:
5609:
5608:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5574:
5478:Munich Agreement
5034:Kurdistan Region
4856:
4668:
4667:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4606:
4514:Davies, Norman.
4484:Allen, Debra J.
4473:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4440:
4435:. Archived from
4429:Franciszek Piper
4391:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4330:
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4074:
4068:
4067:
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4054:
4053:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4014:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3880:
3874:
3873:
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3855:
3854:
3843:
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3836:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3709:. 3 October 2022
3697:
3688:
3685:PWN Encyklopedia
3672:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3545:
3539:
3536:Nowosielski 2011
3533:
3527:
3514:
3508:
3491:
3485:
3484:Wituska, p. xxii
3482:
3471:
3470:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3203:
3196:Michael Burleigh
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2978:Imperial Germany
2970:
2964:
2963:
2947:
2941:
2938:Nowosielski 2011
2935:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2808:Encyklopedia PWN
2800:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2712:
2654:Poles in Germany
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2468:Russian invasion
2305:Oder-Neisse Line
2130:Oder–Neisse line
2079:Treaty of Warsaw
2075:Oder-Neisse line
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1925:
1918:
1861:Polish Red Cross
1823:Heinrich Himmler
1795:Kazimierz Bartel
1791:collaborationist
1773:, including the
1752:Italian campaign
1736:Battle of France
1730:, including the
1722:During the war,
1526:Governor General
1385:, and increased
1372:, which started
1364:, 27–9 June 1938
997:Konstanty Górski
909:Allegory of the
881:Thirty Years War
865:Landshut Wedding
833:Hedwig Jagiellon
770:Gdańsk Pomerania
563:and was crowned
561:Kingdom of Italy
534:Odo I of Lusatia
352:Oder-Neisse line
200:
192:Polenschwärmerei
147:Duchy of Prussia
127:Late Middle Ages
72:
71:
61:
60:
42:
35:
21:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6269:
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6211:
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6143:
5952:
5789:
5718:
5709:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5571:
5566:
5527:
5456:
5430:
5366:North Macedonia
5199:
4963:
4857:
4848:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4599:
4594:
4581:
4579:Primary sources
4535:Korbel, Josef.
4530:Wayback Machine
4481:
4479:Further reading
4463:
4451:
4441:
4421:
4397:Szarota, Tomasz
4394:
4381:
4378:
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4372:
4364:
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3882:
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3827:
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3809:
3808:
3804:
3796:Gazeta Wyborcza
3789:
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3758:
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3753:
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3727:
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3699:
3698:
3691:
3681:Wayback Machine
3670:
3669:
3665:
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3643:
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3617:
3610:
3605:. 7 March 1990.
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3172:The Irish Times
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2949:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2923:Holborn, Hajo.
2922:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2863:
2862:
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2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2742:Snyder, Timothy
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2696:Weimar Triangle
2645:
2638:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2614:
2611:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2524:
2521:
2512:
2509:
2481:
2476:
2461:and Chancellor
2422:and Chancellor
2418:Prime Minister
2376:Christian Wulff
2343:Erika Steinbach
2320:
2201:diplomatic note
2193:Bolesław Bierut
2176:
2170:
2148:Weimar Triangle
2106:
2067:
2061:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1913:
1910:
1815:Warsaw Uprising
1799:Zamość uprising
1686:Ponary massacre
1515:
1473:
1467:
1453:to justify the
1328:Hans von Seeckt
1298:against Germany
1280:
1139:Austria-Hungary
1135:Józef Piłsudski
1104:
1080:
975:Duchy of Warsaw
963:Napoleonic Wars
873:
752:. In response,
744:, 15 July 1410.
673:Throughout the
587:Catholic Church
478:, ruler of the
444:sovereign state
405:
400:
234:Weimar Republic
194:
73:
69:
62:
58:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6276:
6274:
6266:
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6260:
6255:
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6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6202:European Union
6198:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6181:Czechoslovakia
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6139:United Kingdom
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
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6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5999:Czech Republic
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
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5426:United Kingdom
5423:
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5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
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5333:
5328:
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5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Czech Republic
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5201:
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4711:
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4659:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4598:
4597:External links
4595:
4593:
4592:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
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4492:
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4475:
4474:
4461:
4425:Janusz Kurtyka
4419:
4392:
4377:
4374:
4371:
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4358:
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4230:
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4055:
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4025:
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3993:
3974:
3958:
3895:
3875:
3856:
3838:
3833:The First News
3820:
3802:
3782:
3751:
3720:
3689:
3663:
3652:. 4 March 2022
3637:
3608:
3590:
3581:
3565:
3558:
3540:
3528:
3509:
3486:
3472:
3465:
3445:
3422:
3420:Herbert, p. 70
3413:
3399:
3393:. p. 71.
3375:
3346:
3343:. p. xxi.
3318:
3306:
3291:
3277:
3251:
3240:. p. 39.
3224:
3204:
3184:
3159:
3122:
3101:
3090:(1): 178–179.
3074:
3065:
3056:
3044:
3017:
3003:
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2522:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2503:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2319:
2316:
2172:Main article:
2169:
2166:
2105:
2102:
2063:Main article:
2060:
2057:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1853:Katyn massacre
1644:Polish decrees
1629:intelligentsia
1548:invaded Poland
1513:Polish decrees
1469:Main article:
1466:
1463:
1419:Eastern Europe
1366:
1365:
1359:
1312:Greater Poland
1279:
1276:
1246:Following the
1131:Polish Legions
1103:
1100:
1079:
1076:
1006:with Germans.
939:Russian Empire
900:Ottoman Empire
885:Roman Catholic
872:
869:
786:Central Europe
758:Teutonic Order
719:Teutonic Order
701:. The area of
611:Northern March
456:Greater Poland
404:
401:
399:
396:
364:European Union
104:European Union
82:
81:
78:
77:
66:
54:
53:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
28:
24:
14:
13:
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5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5775:United States
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
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5342:
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5332:
5331:Liechtenstein
5329:
5327:
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5319:
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5314:
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5307:
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5018:
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5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
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4991:
4988:
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4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:United States
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
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4897:
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4887:
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4777:
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4707:
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4657:
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4650:
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4638:
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4628:
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4616:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:Slavic Review
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4542:Kulski, W.W.
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:(in Polish).
4467:
4462:
4458:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4386:(in Polish).
4385:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4328:
4313:. 2 July 2024
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4286:
4282:
4276:
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4255:
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4101:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4050:Deccan Herald
4047:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4004:
3997:
3994:
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3899:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3851:The Economist
3848:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3797:
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3765:
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3755:
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3748:
3747:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3687:as reference.
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3667:
3664:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3559:9783486591392
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3538:, p. 32.
3537:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:9780393244014
3462:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3446:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3303:. p. 50.
3302:
3295:
3292:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3086:(in Polish).
3085:
3078:
3075:
3072:Stanek, p. 66
3069:
3066:
3063:Stanek, p. 45
3060:
3057:
3054:, p. 72.
3053:
3052:Matelski 2004
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3033:. Opole: 43.
3032:
3029:(in Polish).
3028:
3021:
3018:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2940:, p. 29.
2939:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2913:, p. 65.
2912:
2911:Matelski 2004
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:Germanisation
2759:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:Schengen Area
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:and that the
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2134:United States
2131:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:Warsaw Treaty
2048:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:Lwów uprising
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:forced labour
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:looted Poland
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:forced labour
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:(right), the
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:Upper Silesia
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:Eastern Front
1149:
1148:Western Front
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1096:Prussian east
1093:
1092:Roman Dmowski
1089:
1088:Piast Concept
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Germanisation
1005:
998:
994:
990:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:. During the
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:1st partition
907:
903:
902:into Europe.
901:
897:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:Pope Martin V
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
724:
723:Piast dynasty
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Imperial Diet
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
569:Pope John XII
566:
562:
554:
550:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
481:Marca Geronis
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:launched the
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:customs union
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Germanization
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
76:
65:
55:
52:
50:
49:
45:
41:
36:
27:
19:
6023:
5933:Turkmenistan
5908:Saudi Arabia
5675:South Africa
5370:
5135:Saudi Arabia
4814:South Africa
4585:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4515:
4505:
4495:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4437:the original
4406:
4401:
4387:
4383:
4361:
4350:
4337:|title=
4315:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4284:
4275:
4265:15 September
4263:. Retrieved
4254:
4244:15 September
4242:. Retrieved
4233:
4223:15 September
4221:. Retrieved
4212:
4202:15 September
4200:. Retrieved
4191:
4182:
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4157:
4148:
4136:. Retrieved
4131:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4100:
4086:
4072:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4028:
4018:
4012:
4002:
3996:
3987:
3977:
3967:
3961:
3948:. Retrieved
3912:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3768:. Retrieved
3763:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3737:. Retrieved
3732:
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3706:PBS NewsHour
3704:
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3649:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3626:. 3 May 2022
3623:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3568:
3549:
3543:
3531:
3524:Translation:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3501:Translation:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3455:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3425:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3385:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3361:
3332:
3300:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3267:
3233:
3227:
3218:
3191:
3187:
3175:. Retrieved
3171:
3162:
3150:. Retrieved
3145:
3113:. Retrieved
3104:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3047:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2993:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2951:
2945:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2906:
2897:
2884:
2878:
2870:the original
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2807:
2783:
2771:
2755:
2751:The Guardian
2749:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2710:
2556:
2482:
2452:
2450:to Germany.
2441:
2436:World War II
2429:
2406:
2393:
2385:
2362:
2351:
2339:
2309:
2293:
2270:
2250:Polonization
2239:
2235:Nazi Germany
2232:
2220:
2212:Zbigniew Rau
2209:
2197:Soviet Union
2177:
2163:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2119:
2095:
2071:Willy Brandt
2068:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:West Germany
2014:
2002:East Germany
1995:
1968:
1947:East Germany
1891:
1886:Nazi Germany
1884:
1869:
1849:Katyn Forest
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1768:
1721:
1674:Adolf Hitler
1642:
1636:
1622:
1566:
1564:
1562:was formed.
1552:Soviet Union
1545:Nazi Germany
1542:
1529:
1448:
1422:
1411:Soviet Union
1404:
1397:
1391:
1374:World War II
1367:
1350:
1342:Nazi Germany
1335:
1331:
1301:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1227:puppet state
1216:
1199:Mitteleuropa
1197:
1194:Kurt Riezler
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1116:
1081:
1071:
1059:
1053:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1001:
928:
874:
827:, including
822:
750:Pagan tribes
747:
715:Transylvania
672:
661:
648:Dagome iudex
646:
590:
572:
558:
514:Christianity
502:dux Poloniae
501:
497:
484:between the
479:
429:
420:Christianity
340:Willy Brandt
318:
310:East Germany
286:World War II
272:against its
252:established
246:World War II
221:
203:
185:
162:
108:
85:
26:
6160:New Zealand
6129:Switzerland
6084:Netherlands
5913:South Korea
5903:Philippines
5888:North Korea
5801:Afghanistan
5680:South Sudan
5447:New Zealand
5416:Switzerland
5356:Netherlands
5145:South Korea
5125:Philippines
5105:North Korea
4975:Afghanistan
4819:South Sudan
4734:Ivory Coast
4453:|work=
4376:Works cited
4164:3 September
4138:3 September
4132:Polsat News
4112:3 September
3671:(in Polish)
3630:3 September
3577:Nobel Prize
3438:14 February
3148:(in Polish)
2810:(in Polish)
2463:Olaf Scholz
2459:Donald Tusk
2424:Olaf Scholz
2388:Lech Wałęsa
2223:Olaf Scholz
2205:East German
2126:Helmut Kohl
2025:German East
1996:During the
1569:subhumanity
1554:, and then
1450:casus belli
1399:Polenaktion
1248:Oath crisis
1119:World War I
889:Polish king
675:Middle Ages
599:Quedlinburg
536:at the 972
506:Boleslaus I
462:beyond the
403:Middle Ages
346:. In 1990,
333:West German
250:Third Reich
224:) became a
208:, in 1918,
206:World War I
195: [
164:Kulturkampf
159:anti-Polish
6242:Categories
6186:Yugoslavia
6074:Luxembourg
5943:Uzbekistan
5923:Tajikistan
5873:Kyrgyzstan
5868:Kazakhstan
5816:Bangladesh
5811:Azerbaijan
5553:in Germany
5508:Yugoslavia
5503:Ostpolitik
5468:Arab world
5461:Historical
5351:Montenegro
5336:Luxembourg
5221:Azerbaijan
5185:Uzbekistan
5165:Tajikistan
5060:Kazakhstan
4985:Bangladesh
4809:Somaliland
4774:Mozambique
4764:Mauritania
4754:Madagascar
4472:(3 (141)).
3770:20 October
3764:Bankier.pl
3739:20 October
3713:17 October
3575:(from the
3263:Roy Godson
3010:4 November
2758:kidnapping
2432:Heiko Maas
2401:Heiko Maas
2120:After the
2098:Solidarity
2065:Ostpolitik
1843:Following
1785:in all of
1649:"P" badges
1583:expulsions
1522:Hans Frank
1475:See also:
1445:false flag
1387:censorship
1383:propaganda
1241:Lebensraum
1034:Lebensraum
894:helped to
871:Modern Age
778:Baltic Sea
344:Ostpolitik
337:Chancellor
6227:in Poland
6155:Australia
6069:Lithuania
5898:Palestine
5836:Indonesia
5785:Venezuela
5730:Argentina
5442:Australia
5326:Lithuania
5150:Sri Lanka
5140:Singapore
5120:Palestine
5020:Indonesia
5009:Hong Kong
4959:Venezuela
4934:Nicaragua
4869:Argentina
4455:ignored (
4445:cite book
3950:22 August
3945:234995887
3929:0021-4019
3246:1641-9561
3146:dzieje.pl
3115:22 August
3096:0209-0961
3039:0137-5199
2960:2701-6285
2814:1 January
2246:expulsion
1775:Home Army
1690:Holocaust
1676:launched
1638:AB-Aktion
1611:Auschwitz
1528:, and SS-
1266:with the
1256:Magdeburg
1174:The 1914
1164:Blue Army
1060:Ruhrpolen
1055:Ruhrpolen
855:marrying
843:marrying
831:marrying
635:Theophanu
440:Mieszko I
416:Mieszko I
331:. Polish-
290:Big Three
258:Auschwitz
226:free city
119:Mieszko I
6114:Slovakia
6094:Portugal
6034:Holy See
5984:Bulgaria
5893:Pakistan
5883:Mongolia
5878:Malaysia
5750:Colombia
5723:Americas
5705:Zimbabwe
5685:Tanzania
5635:Ethiopia
5401:Slovenia
5396:Slovakia
5376:Portugal
5296:Holy See
5246:Bulgaria
5170:Thailand
5115:Pakistan
5090:Mongolia
5085:Maldives
5080:Malaysia
5000:Cambodia
4939:Paraguay
4899:Colombia
4874:Barbados
4862:Americas
4844:Zimbabwe
4829:Tanzania
4719:Ethiopia
4704:DR Congo
4694:Cameroon
4526:Archived
4399:(2009).
4390:(2 (6)).
4327:cite web
4291:11 March
4158:TVP Info
3937:27011544
3870:DIE WELT
3815:Politico
3677:Archived
3579:website)
3406:20 March
3368:20 March
3284:20 March
3177:11 March
3152:13 March
2976:(1914).
2643:See also
2328:Szczecin
2114:Krzyżowa
1998:Cold War
1813:and the
1777:and the
1762:and the
1619:Majdanek
1587:roundups
1556:occupied
1330:stated:
1243:policy.
1232:Ober Ost
1217:Per the
945:and the
937:between
798:enslaved
794:genocide
707:Slovenia
662:A major
657:Holy See
422:and the
398:Overview
390:and the
362:and the
327:and the
321:Cold War
270:genocide
102:and the
90:between
6148:Oceania
6134:Ukraine
6099:Romania
6079:Moldova
6049:Ireland
6044:Iceland
6039:Hungary
6024:Germany
6014:Finland
6009:Estonia
6004:Denmark
5989:Croatia
5979:Belgium
5974:Belarus
5969:Austria
5964:Albania
5948:Vietnam
5826:Georgia
5806:Armenia
5780:Uruguay
5690:Tunisia
5670:Senegal
5665:Nigeria
5660:Namibia
5655:Morocco
5625:Algeria
5435:Oceania
5421:Ukraine
5381:Romania
5346:Moldova
5311:Ireland
5306:Iceland
5301:Hungary
5286:Georgia
5276:Finland
5271:Estonia
5266:Denmark
5251:Croatia
5236:Belgium
5231:Belarus
5226:Austria
5216:Armenia
5211:Albania
5190:Vietnam
5095:Myanmar
5075:Lebanon
4980:Bahrain
4954:Uruguay
4924:Jamaica
4909:Ecuador
4879:Bolivia
4804:Somalia
4799:Senegal
4789:Nigeria
4779:Namibia
4769:Morocco
4744:Liberia
4714:Eritrea
4684:Algeria
4588:(1939)
4498:(2000)
4488:(2003)
4409:].
3656:14 June
3505:Source:
3337:Detroit
3202:, 1988.
2952:Polonus
2571:Wrocław
2493:Hamburg
2489:Cologne
1880:Germany
1870:At the
1758:), the
1718:in 1940
1621:). The
1573:gypsies
1415:Central
1213:in 1918
1133:led by
1117:During
1113:of 1916
851:), and
766:invaded
711:Estonia
593:at the
524:on the
510:Dobrawa
468:Silesia
466:river,
464:Vistula
460:Masovia
452:Gniezno
446:around
438:prince
113:-ruled
96:Germany
64:Germany
6174:Former
6124:Sweden
6109:Serbia
6104:Russia
6089:Norway
6064:Latvia
6059:Kosovo
6029:Greece
6019:France
5994:Cyprus
5957:Europe
5928:Turkey
5918:Taiwan
5858:Israel
5765:Mexico
5740:Canada
5735:Brazil
5700:Zambia
5695:Uganda
5618:Africa
5411:Sweden
5391:Serbia
5386:Russia
5371:Poland
5361:Norway
5321:Kosovo
5291:Greece
5281:France
5256:Cyprus
5204:Europe
5175:Turkey
5160:Taiwan
5065:Kuwait
5055:Jordan
5040:Israel
4995:Brunei
4990:Bhutan
4929:Mexico
4914:Guyana
4889:Canada
4884:Brazil
4839:Uganda
4794:Rwanda
4729:Guinea
4689:Angola
4677:Africa
4590:online
4546:(1976)
4532:, IHJR
4500:online
4490:online
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4417:
4317:4 July
3943:
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2841:
2776:Reuter
2672:, 1934
2567:Kraków
2563:Gdańsk
2559:Warsaw
2497:Munich
2485:Berlin
2455:Warsaw
2382:, 2010
2252:. The
2116:, 1989
2081:. The
1958:Poland
1876:Poland
1821:chief
1750:, the
1742:, the
1738:, the
1734:, the
1712:Tarnów
1692:, and
1615:Soldau
1539:, 1939
1537:Kraków
1511:, and
1437:Tarnów
1424:Abwehr
1362:Berlin
1356:Warsaw
1292:Poznań
1272:Warsaw
1268:Allies
1160:France
1158:) and
1058:. The
967:France
829:George
774:Gdańsk
695:Slavic
691:Finnic
687:Baltic
668:Głogów
643:Veleti
639:Lutici
549:Głogów
526:Baltic
448:Poznań
412:Poland
388:HELCOM
382:, the
378:, the
356:treaty
278:Jewish
274:Polish
248:. The
222:Danzig
218:Gdańsk
210:Poland
204:After
92:Poland
75:Poland
6119:Spain
6054:Italy
5863:Japan
5831:India
5821:China
5760:Haiti
5745:Chile
5645:Libya
5640:Kenya
5630:Egypt
5532:Other
5452:Tonga
5406:Spain
5341:Malta
5316:Italy
5195:Yemen
5155:Syria
5130:Qatar
5100:Nepal
5050:Japan
5015:India
5005:China
4919:Haiti
4894:Chile
4824:Sudan
4784:Niger
4749:Libya
4739:Kenya
4724:Ghana
4709:Egypt
4510:JSTOR
4405:[
3941:S2CID
3933:JSTOR
2575:Opole
2273:Kresy
1724:Poles
1211:Łomża
816:as a
699:Poles
683:Saale
579:Roman
522:Wolin
486:Saale
472:Saxon
436:Piast
432:Polan
354:in a
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111:Piast
6207:NATO
5846:Iraq
5841:Iran
5794:Asia
5770:Peru
5755:Cuba
5650:Mali
5110:Oman
5070:Laos
5030:Iraq
5025:Iran
4968:Asia
4944:Peru
4904:Cuba
4834:Togo
4759:Mali
4457:help
4415:ISBN
4342:help
4319:2024
4293:2023
4267:2021
4246:2021
4225:2021
4204:2021
4166:2022
4140:2022
4114:2022
3952:2023
3925:ISSN
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3715:2022
3658:2023
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3507:IPN.
3461:ISBN
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3395:ISBN
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2999:ISBN
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2760:and
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959:1795
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951:1772
933:was
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818:fief
732:The
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681:and
679:Elbe
581:and
530:Oder
490:Bóbr
488:and
476:Gero
450:and
376:OSCE
372:OECD
360:NATO
319:The
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306:West
282:Roma
280:and
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