1417:
become very drunk, had gone to sleep, a mercenary snuck into his room and stole the key. Under the cover of night, the city gate was opened and
Oldenbokum with the rest of his men rushed into the city. The Swedish part of the garrison, around 100 men, were all slaughtered. Only a single mercenary was killed, the knight Kuntz von Ende, who had previously been in Swedish service. Pernau's fortress, under the command of Håkan Olsson, capitulated on 9 June, despite the stores being full and its walls intact. Henrik Klasson Horn tried on many occasions to assist Pernau, but decided that his forces were too weak to engage in open battle with Oldenbokum. With the fall of Pernau, the land behind it would be open for Polish raids.
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1534:) was ransomed. Frederick II sent support to relieve the island which was prevented by the numerically superior Swedish navy. The Swedes would leave the island with a large amount of loot. When the Swedes were back in mainland Estonia, they were attacked by the Polish force that was originally going to relieve Pernau. A part of the loot from Ösel was taken and the Poles make raids in the nearby areas. In June, the Danes attempted a revenge attack against Dagö but the expedition ended in failure with heavy casualties for the Danes.
1387:, under whose command he brought around 200 horsemen. As a result of his conquest of Lode, Horn had effectively ousted the Danes from the Estonian mainland. He then turned to Ösel. However, the weakness of the ice hindered him from crossing over to the island. Simultaneously, a message from Ösel claimed that Sweden and Denmark had begun peace negotiations, which Horn believed and on 19 February a truce for 2 months between the Swedes and Danes was established. The truce was later extended to 1 October 1564, and again to May 1565.
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1644:, with the immediate consequence being that fighting between Sweden and Poland ceased. The new king, John III, saw a problem in Estonia; some of the more important people there had previously announced themselves as enemies of John in the conflict between him and Eric. John feared that they would defect to other countries with their castles, but this did not occur.
1235:
supposed to be. The remaining Danish ships in Rönne did not come to help
Admiral Jacob Brockenhuus, instead, they stayed at a safe distance and did not participate in the battle. As a result of their inferior numbers, the Danes suffered a crushing defeat, and when Brockenhuus, realizing that the remaining Danish ships would be destroyed, surrendered to the Swedes.
1190:
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1481:). While the neighbouring island of Ösel was well defended by troops and burghers, Ösel was badly defended in comparison. Without much fighting, the Swedes were able to occupy the island; parts of Horn's forces were to stay on the island and defend it on Eric's behalf. Moreover, the loss of Dagö would not be the only Danish loss in the year.
960:, its old territories were divided between Sweden, Denmark, Russia, and Poland. With these powers also fighting over the farmlands and commerce surrounding the Baltic sea. The Russians managed to conquer large areas of Estonia in 1558, including Narva, which allegedly began the power vacuum that lasted for more than thirty years.
1624:
merchant ships, before landing
Kursell and his men on Ösel on 25 July. The Danish commander of Sonnenburg, Reinhold Zöge, quickly surrendered to the Swedes. The Swedes continued the reconstruction of Sonnenburg which the Danes had previously been working on. Kursell also entered into a truce with the other commanders on Ösel.
1453:
of knights and a banner of
Finnish cavalry. To avoid fighting the Swedes in open battle, the mercenaries pulled back. Meanwhile, Oldenbokum received large reinforcements and marched off towards Reval with around 1,017 men, 27 knights, and 6 banners of cavalry. Oldenbokum arrived in front of Reval on
1352:
required all of the available recources in the country, and Horn's missions were therefore reduced. He was now assigned to march against Ösel or alternatively against the castles around Riga and then concentrate the
Swedish forces on a defence of the Swedish holdings. The troops that were not deemed
1623:
was sent to
Kursell, bringing with him 8,000 Riksdaler and instructions to attack Pernau or Arensburg on Ösel. To support the attacks, Eric sent a fleet of 18 ships to Estonia, under the command of Peder Larsson Sjöblad. Sjöblad repelled a Danish fleet that was threatening Reval while bringing away
1567:
More
Swedish attempts were also made to retake Pernau. The Swedes planned to retake the city by bribing its inhabitants to hand it over. The Swedes expected that 10,000 riksdaler given to the city's commanders would solve their problem. The Danes destroyed the fortresses of Sonnenburg and Arensburg
1298:
attacked the
Swedish besieging force, which consisted of around 2 banners and 3 companies of foot soldiers. After a while, the intevention force managed to chase the Swedes away on 30 September. Åke probably did not dare to meet Gotthard in open battle as the German cavalry in his forces refused to
1153:
and the harbor in Rönne. When they came in hearing distance, they fired two shots, which signalled that the ships were
Swedish. In Hammershus, the Lübeckian chief Schweder Kettingk and his men were stationed there, however, in Rönne's harbour, there were several Danish warships. The harbor had been
1137:
was a 60 year old veteran. Eric XIV ordered him to provoke the Danes near
Gotland or Bornholm and get them to attack the Swedish fleet, so that war on Denmark could be declared on the pretext of self-defense. For this reason, Bagge ordered the crew on the Swedish ships not to strike the top sail on
1602:
On 3 February, the Swedes, along with parts of the Estonian nobility, suffered a crushing defeat at Runafer. The input from the nobility in the battle was described as "mediocre" and as a result their casualties are reported as very high. The Swedish losses are likely to have reached 2,000. During
1542:
In the Summer, the Poles made further fruitless attempts to capture the Swedish fortress of Karkus. A surprise attack in June failed and on 25 July the Poles returned to Karkus with around 4,000 men. When Horn marched towards Karkus to relieve it from the Polish siege, they made a retreat to avoid
1416:
In the end of April, Kaspar von Oldenbokum and his mercenaries performed a coup in the Swedish fortress of Pernau. Oldenbokum and his men organized a party at one of Pernau's council members, Klas Zinte, who they knew had a key to the city gates hanging in his bedroom at night. When Zinte, who had
1302:
Before the Swedes managed to organize a resistance, Poles and Germans under Danish service managed to recapture Leal from the Swedes. The defense of Leal was handed over to a number of nobles from Wiek by Gotthard; they had previously fled to Ösel during the initial Swedish offensive but had been
1489:
According to the alliance treaty between Denmark and Poland, Pernau was to be given to Denmark if the Poles were able to recapture it from the Swedes; but its garrison of pro-Polish mercenaries refused to hand over neither the city or its castle to the Danes. This refusal increased the mistrust
1234:
The small group of three Danish ships that had sailed from Rönne were only intended to control the waters and make sure the Swedes respected their neighbours, and not for a large sea battle. It is likely that the Danes wanted to go onboard the Swedish ships to make sure everything was as it was
1230:
which fell down and landed in the middle of the firing line for the men onboard, while the Danes were removing the mast, the Swedes continued shooting at the ship, causing heavy casualties. The Danes, who were aware of the possibility that fighting would break out, were taken by surprise by the
1319:
was assigned as the new commander in Estonia. He received 500,000 marks in funds and was ordered to keep a force of 6,000 soldiers and 1,000 cavalry in Estonia, which he never managed to get. Luckily for the Swedes, neither the Danes or the Poles prioritized the Baltic theatre. The Polish king
1289:
As expected, the Swedes enjoyed success in the start of their campaign, mainly due to them being more numerous than the Danes. Åke managed to successfully besiege and capture both Leal and Hapsal with around 450 men in Western Estonia in August. The capture of the two cities granted the Swedes
1154:
created as a temporary base for the Danish navy. King Frederick had previously given out an order saying that the Danish navy was to patrol the Baltic Sea and visit all Swedish ships that were encountered. If they found cargo ships with food or war material the cargo was to be confiscated.
1454:
11 August and established camp outside the city in a forest in Obermühlenberg to begin a siege of the city. Two days later, when Oldenbokum was having a party in his camp, Horn decided to commit to a sortie with three Fähnleins and 800 knights; the engagement would be known as the
1290:
control over almost all of Wiek. However, the success of the Swedes was quickly reduced, as both the Polish–Lithuanian Union and the Duchy of Courland intervened. In September, while the Swedes were besieging Lode, Gotthard Kettler along with four banners of cavalry, two
1243:
After the battle, having lured the Danes into his trap, Jacob Bagges mission was completed. As a consequence, Frederick and the Danish fleet were seen as the aggressors, and when the war broke out, Eric hoped that the entire world would "pour sympathy" for him.
1551:
After the relief of Karkus, Horn went to Sweden in November and met with the king to prepare for future fighting. After deliberating with the king for several days, he was sent back to Estonia on 4 December with the task of retaking Pernau or to ravage the
1266:
held command of the Swedish troops there. However, Mornay was needed in Sweden and instead command was handed over to Åke Bengtsson Färla. Åke had previously received strict orders from Eric to conquer the Danish holdings in Estonia if war broke out.
1141:
Bagge hoped this would be insulting enough for the Danes to attack. If events would proceed like Eric had planned, all of Europe would hear how Danish ships attacked the "poor Swedish ships who were just on the way to transport a wife for their king"
1627:
Following Kursell's truce, people from Pernau began raiding Swedish territory. The Poles caught the Swedish force, which had been reinforced with nobility from Harrien, by surprise; Hans Boije was captured and the nobility suffered heavy casualties.
1407:
carried out in January. Other than the Poles, the Swedes were now faced with another dangerous enemy; Kaspar von Oldenbokum had assembled an army of mercenaries, who wanted to dislodge the Swedes from Estonia and create a new Order, under Poland.
1320:
dismissed all of his German cavalry in late 1563 and the Poles limited themselves to a careful offensive against the isolated Swedish fortress of Karkus. Eric had large ambitions for Horn, ordering him to capture numerous castles belonging to the
1448:
With Pernau being taken by Oldenbokum, a smaller force from the city marched towards Reval, and after a while established camp near Töwesbrücken, around four miles from Reval. At this time, Horn received reinforcements consisting of around one
1420:
Almost simultaneously as Pernau was attacked, a force under Alexander Polobentski went to attack Karkus. The city was assaulted on the 8 and 13 May, but the defenders under the leadership of Torsten Henriksson repelled all of the attacks.
1378:
Henrik Klasson Horn began the Swedish campaigning by moving against Lode in the beginning of the year and, despite lacking artillery and because no Poles or Tatars intervened, he succeeded in taking it. During the siege, the lieutenant of
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recalled by Gotthard. Due to the Swedish force being so numerous, it could quickly repair the damage it sustained and recapture Leal. As a consequence of the Swedes capturing Hapsal and Leal, the Danish Empire was reduced to the sea.
1179:
According to Danish sources, the Danes fired three blanks to warn the Swedes of their presence and to allow the crew onboard to show their good will. After which they fired a live round which penetrated the sail of the
1257:
On 9 August, Denmark and Lübeck declared war on Sweden, and on 5 October Denmark and Poland signed an alliance pact, although the Poles never sent an official declaration of war to the Swedes. When the war began,
1490:
between Denmark and its eastern allies. Three weeks before Christmas, Horn marched out of Reval and cleared the countryside from raiders, before attacking Pernau; due to the lack of artillery, he initiated a
1963:
I detta krig kan vi se en polsk ambition att erövra Sveriges besittningar i Baltikum. I och med att Sverige kommer att behålla dessa, bör det inte vara orimligt att utse Sverige till segrare i konflikten.
1045:
existence, the three Nordic nations of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had been ruled, at least in theory, by one monarch. The Union had been dissolved and reinstated numerous times from 1389 to 1523, when
695:
1157:
The Danes held deep mistrust for the Swedes, and when the Danes first heard the two shots from the Swedish ships, three Danish warships were dispatched to meet the Swedes, one of these being the
795:
1060:
into the Danish coat of arms and the Danish lions into the Swedish coat of arms was seen as the primary reason for the war by both rulers, Eric and Frederick, with everything else not counting.
914:, the Duchy of Courland, parts of the Livonian nobility, and Estonian rebels from 1563 to 1568. The war ultimately ended when John III became the King of Sweden, resulting in a Swedish victory.
1506:, forced Henrik Klasson Horn to lift his blockade of Pernau. A Polish army was sent to relieve the city and Horn decided not to meet it in battle and pulled back and instead marched to
982:, and Järven fell under Swedish rule in 1561. Dorpat, Wesenberg, and Fellin would also quickly fall into Russian rule with the rest of the Livonian Order's territory becoming Polish.
1868:
1611:
Horn was blamed for the defeat at Runafer, and was replaced as commander of the Swedish forces in Estonia by Clas Kursell. With this, the campaigning for the year was over.
688:
1556:, the latter being intended to prevent a Polish attack into Swedish territory. Subsequently, he began to fulfill his instructions; he sent Clas Kursell to pillage the
1053:
Denmark had a tough time stopping the Swedish defection, and the end of the Kalmar Union led to strong feelings of mistrust and hate between Swedes and Danes.
681:
1202:
According to Swedish sources, the Danes only fired 2 blank rounds, with the third one being a live round which gave Bagge a reason to fire back at the Danes.
1652:
Despite no formal peace treaty being signed, the fighting between Poland and Sweden would end when John III was crowned as King of Sweden, and the
1353:
necessary in Estonia were sent back to Sweden to fight against the Danes. The Swedish fortresses in Estonia had the following amount of defenders:
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1218:" was raised, which signalled the other ships that the sea battle was to begin. The Swedes did not spare any of their gunpowder, the hole in the
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With Oldenbokum's death, his forces collapsed, apart from the garrison in Pernau which would later hand the city over to the Polish troops.
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the battle, the knight Johann Maydell Goswinsson was captured. Talwos was not able to exploit his victory due to a lack of resources.
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sail was compensated for in the ensuing battle, which lasted several hours. Almost immediately, a Swedish cannonball hit the
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To exploit his victory, Horn decided to strike against the weakest point of Danish Estonia, the island of Dagö (modern day
2432:
1669:
1403:
At the beginning of the year, Swedish forces in Estonia consisted of around 2,467 soldiers and 907 cavalry according to a
719:
1584:, the Polish Colonel Talwos attacked Swedish territory with a force of Lithuanians in January. In response to this, both
1653:
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2010:
A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260 - 2000
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On 30 May, the Swedes set sail for Bornholm, they could have avoided the island entirely, as they were going to
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1514:, who was the lord on the island, had supported Oldenbokums attack against Reval, and Horn wanted revenge.
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2572:"Götiska Minnen – Från medeltida rike i Europas utkant till nationalstat, del 2 – Götiska förbundet"
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Grundläggningen af svenska väldet i Livland, 1558-1563: samt deraf alstrade strider inom Vasahuset
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In the ending months of the year, Henrik Klasson Horn commanded around 2,400 men and 900 cavalry.
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No official peace treaty was signed, however, fighting ends John III was crowned King of Sweden.
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When Horn landed, the Swedes raided and devastated the entire island and the city of Arensburg (
1424:
1458:. Oldenbokum was forced to pull back from the fighting, but was killed in the Swedish pursuit.
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2037:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture [3 volumes]
1437:
2283:"511-512 (Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 27. Stockholm-Nynäs järnväg - Syrsor)"
1111:
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In the beginning of the year, in retaliation for the Swedish raids into the
1130:
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940:
Map showing the territory held by the Teutonic & Livonian Order in 1422
173:
168:
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At the start of the year, Eric immediately drew up new plans for the war.
1507:
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1329:
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963:
374:
139:
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and disagreements, but they also shared similar experiences. During the
1478:
1433:
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1146:
971:
2282:
2177:"Dictionary of Vexillology: F (Flag of a Department - Flag on a Flag)"
1983:] (in Swedish). Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. p. 260.
1951:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 420.
1348:
In the start of 1564, it was clear to the Swedes that the war against
673:
1312:
1295:
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and Clas Kursell marched out to meet the Polish–Lithuanian advance.
1572:), likely believing they lacked enough forces to defend them both.
1516:
1463:
1423:
1334:
1269:
1188:
850:
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791:
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1916:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2013-10-28).
1315:
and attempted to organize a truce, which failed. In October,
1919:
Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
1311:
Eric XIV saw the conflict with the Poles at the time with
1138:
their ships which was a normal practice to show respect.
2619:] (in Swedish). Historiska Media. pp. 157–159.
2541:] (in Swedish). Historiska media. pp. 148–152.
2405:] (in Swedish). Historiska media. pp. 76–77.
2155:] (in Swedish). Historiska Media. pp. 54–56.
902:) was waged primarily in the Baltic during the larger
2866:(in Swedish). Göteborgs handelstidnings aktie-bolag.
2772:(in Swedish). Göteborgs handelstidnings aktie-bolag.
1698:
Combining the amount of men in the Swedish garrisons
1167:There was also a Hessian delegation on the Swedish
2663:(in Swedish). Svenska Historiska Media Förlag AB.
2101:] (in Swedish). Historiska Media. p. 34.
1383:, Henrik Dücker, defected to the Poles and joined
1274:Map of Wiek county, where the campaign took place.
1149:, but instead, they went as close as possible to
2749:Sveriges nydaningstid: från år 1521 till år 1611
2725:(in Swedish). Svenska Historiska Media Förlag.
2255:Elgán, Elisabeth; Scobbie, Irene (2015-09-17).
23:
2832:"Maydell, släkt - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon"
2784:"Claus Kurssell - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon"
47:, where the fighting during the war took place
855:
803:
689:
8:
1844:: Hjalmarson & Högberg. pp. 65–72.
1656:would comtinue for two more years until the
1636:During the autumn, Eric was deposed by both
1164:with the admiral Jacob Brockenhuus onboard.
860:
2719:Lindbergh, Katarina Harrison (2020-08-18).
1672: – Swedish invasion of Livonia in 1562
1412:Conquest of Pernau and the Attack on Karkus
1560:, where he won a small victory at Lemsal (
810:
796:
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696:
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20:
2467:"6 (Svenska väldet i Livland 1564-1570)"
2362:"6 (Svenska väldet i Livland 1564-1570)"
2309:"6 (Svenska väldet i Livland 1564-1570)"
1262:was the governor of Swedish Estonia and
986:Prelude to the Northern Seven Years' War
2863:Svenska väldet i Livland, 1564-1570 ...
2769:Svenska väldet i Livland, 1564-1570 ...
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2204:"Jacob Brockenhuus – admiral | lex.dk"
2142:
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1543:battle with the Swedes on 10 October.
2437:(in Swedish). Edquist & Berglund.
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1564:) after he surprised a Polish force.
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1332:along with the surrounding islands.
1294:of foot soldiers, and 800 Poles and
2689:Släkten Staël von Holsteins hemsida
1869:"1:a Polska kriget | historisajten"
1339:Lode (modern day Koluvere) fortress
1039:long and shared history of fighting
2808:"Maasi - Teutonic Castle Soneburg"
2657:Wolke, Lars Ericson (2015-02-03).
1129:In early 1563, 20 years after the
14:
2812:Ancient and medieval architecture
1324:, the remaining fortresses under
1033:Dano-Swedish coat of arms dispute
970:would fall into Danish rule, and
275:Johann Maydell Goswinsson (
2722:Nordiska sjuårskriget: 1563-1570
1893:"Swedish Military - Hans Högman"
1660:was signed on 13 December 1570.
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2258:Historical Dictionary of Sweden
2061:Roberts, Michael (2014-07-10).
2007:Christian, David (2018-03-12).
2878:"Träpinnat vrakfynd i Estland"
2034:Frucht, Richard (2004-12-22).
1081:The Battle of Bornholm in 1563
1037:Denmark and Sweden have had a
948:Division of the Livonian Order
888:Polish–Swedish War (1563–1568)
821:Polish–Swedish War (1563–1568)
1:
2040:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1670:Swedish expedition to Livonia
1521:Map of Ösel (Saaremaa) in red
1117:Admiral Jakob Bagge (1502-77)
16:War between Poland and Sweden
2611:Lindbergh, Katarine (2022).
2533:Lindbergh, Katarina (2022).
2397:Lindbergh, Katarina (2022).
2261:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2147:Lindbergh, Katarina (2022).
2093:Lindbergh, Katarina (2022).
1468:Map of Dagö (Hiiumaa) in red
320:Konrad von Oldenbokum
1502:In March, the Polish king,
772:War of the Fourth Coalition
2961:
2860:Annerstedt, Thure (1877).
2766:Annerstedt, Thure (1877).
2465:Annerstedt, Thure (1877).
2431:Annerstedt, Claes (1868).
2360:Annerstedt, Thure (1877).
2307:Annerstedt, Thure (1877).
1595:
1282:
1092:
777:War of the Sixth Coalition
494:2 companies and 3 banners
2945:Northern Seven Years' War
2208:Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
2013:. John Wiley & Sons.
1654:Northern Seven Years' War
1095:Battle of Bornholm (1563)
1067:Battle of Bornholm (1563)
956:from their defeat at the
904:Northern Seven Years' War
865:
829:
715:
591:
482:
410:
179:
101:
51:
36:
31:Northern Seven Years' War
28:
2752:(in Swedish). Linnström.
1456:Battle of Obermühlenberg
1444:Battle of Obermühlenberg
1299:obey the king's orders.
1285:Estonian campaign (1563)
856:Battle of Obermühlenberg
530:At least 2,000 soldiers
2617:Nordic Seven Years' War
2539:Nordic Seven Years' War
2495:"Henrik Klasson (Horn)"
2403:Nordic Seven Years' War
2210:(in Danish). 2011-07-17
2153:Nordic Seven Years' War
2099:Nordic Seven Years' War
1981:Sweden's wars 1448-1630
1977:Sveriges krig 1448-1630
1538:Second Attack on Karkus
1050:ended it definitively.
1048:Gustav Vasa's rebellion
912:Polish–Lithuanian union
559:200 soldiers at Pernau
391:Christoffer Valkendorff
130:Polish–Lithuanian union
2660:Johan III: En biografi
1975:Sundberg, Ulf (2010).
1949:Swedish wars 1521-1814
1945:Svenska krig 1521-1814
1943:Sundberg, Ulf (1998).
1838:Swedish wars 1521-1814
1834:Svenska krig 1521-1814
1832:Sundberg, Ulf (1999).
1632:Deposition of Eric XIV
1522:
1473:Offensive against Dagö
1469:
1440:
1432:and Reval (modern day
1340:
1275:
1194:
1133:, the Swedish admiral
522:Unknown amount of men
361:Alexander Polobentski
180:Commanders and leaders
91:Status quo ante bellum
43:Map of Old Livonia by
2910:Wars involving Poland
2905:Wars involving Sweden
2613:Nordiska sjuårskriget
2535:Nordiska sjuårskriget
2399:Nordiska sjuårskriget
2337:"Åke Bengtsson Färla"
2149:Nordiska sjuårskriget
2095:Nordiska sjuårskriget
1520:
1504:Sigismund II Augustus
1467:
1427:
1357:Weissenstein: 220 men
1338:
1273:
1192:
592:Casualties and losses
569:6 banners of cavalry
543:800 Poles and Tatars
345:Kuntz von Ende
310:Sigismund II Augustus
2746:Alin, Ostar (1878).
1840:] (in Swedish).
1621:Hans Boije of Gennäs
1494:to starve the city.
1210:On the stern of the
1056:The adoption of the
900:Första Polska Kriget
401:Reinhold Zöge
291:Hans Boije af Gennäs
1586:Henrik Klasson Horn
1430:St Nicholas' Church
1317:Henrik Klasson Horn
1151:Hammershus fortress
1024:Danish Coat of Arms
707:Polish–Swedish wars
257:Torsten Henriksson
243:Håkan Olsson
233:Henrik Klasson Horn
215:Åke Bengtsson Färla
2836:sok.riksarkivet.se
2788:sok.riksarkivet.se
2685:"Hildebrand Stahl"
2499:sok.riksarkivet.se
2341:sok.riksarkivet.se
2289:(in Swedish). 1918
2236:sok.riksarkivet.se
1523:
1470:
1441:
1341:
1276:
1195:
985:
890:, also called the
24:Polish–Swedish War
2940:Conflicts in 1568
2935:Conflicts in 1567
2930:Conflicts in 1566
2925:Conflicts in 1565
2920:Conflicts in 1564
2915:Conflicts in 1563
2885:marinarkeologi.nu
2732:978-91-7545-540-2
2670:978-91-87031-93-9
2268:978-1-4422-5071-0
2074:978-1-317-89575-6
2064:Gustavas Adolphus
2047:978-1-57607-801-3
2020:978-0-631-21038-2
1929:978-1-136-63944-9
1873:historiesajten.se
1658:Treaty of Stettin
1598:Battle of Runafer
1592:Battle of Runafer
1385:Kaspar Oldenbokum
1279:Estonian campaign
1264:Charles de Mornay
1089:Bornholm incident
881:
880:
785:
784:
672:
671:
145:Duchy of Courland
134:Livonian nobility
97:
96:
2952:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2716:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2654:
2631:
2630:
2608:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2530:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2462:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2394:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2181:www.crwflags.com
2173:
2167:
2166:
2144:
2113:
2112:
2090:
2079:
2078:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1829:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1114:
1078:
1020:
1003:
958:Battle of Ērģeme
937:
892:First Polish War
824:
822:
812:
805:
798:
789:
710:
708:
698:
691:
684:
675:
477:
476:
468:
467:
459:
458:
450:
449:
448:
440:
439:
438:
431:
430:
429:
423:Pernau garrison
422:
421:
420:
406:
400:
399:
389:
388:
380:Gotthard Kettler
378:
377:
369:
368:
367:
360:
359:
358:
351:
344:
343:
342:
335:
334:
333:
326:
319:
318:
317:
308:
307:
306:
297:
289:
288:
287:
279:
274:
273:
272:
265:
264:
263:
256:
255:
254:
248:
242:
241:
240:
231:
230:
229:
223:
213:
212:
211:
202:
201:
200:
191:
190:
189:
172:
171:
161:
160:
149:Estonian rebels
143:
142:
128:
127:
126:
113:
112:
111:
53:
52:
45:Abraham Ortelius
41:
21:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2718:
2717:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2656:
2655:
2634:
2627:
2610:
2609:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2549:
2532:
2531:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2420:
2413:
2396:
2395:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2146:
2145:
2116:
2109:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1831:
1830:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1666:
1650:
1634:
1617:
1609:
1607:End of the year
1600:
1594:
1582:Diocese of Riga
1578:
1558:Diocese of Riga
1554:Diocese of Riga
1549:
1547:End of the year
1540:
1528:
1500:
1487:
1485:End of the year
1475:
1446:
1414:
1401:
1393:
1391:End of the year
1376:
1369:Hapsal: 225 men
1363:Pernau: 275 men
1360:Karkus: 145 men
1346:
1322:Diocese of Riga
1309:
1307:End of the year
1287:
1281:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1208:
1200:
1198:Swedish version
1177:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1004:
995:
994:
988:
950:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
938:
929:
928:
920:
884:
883:
882:
877:
825:
820:
818:
816:
786:
781:
711:
706:
704:
702:
667:
663:
661:
657:
655:
651:
649:
645:
643:
639:
637:
630:
626:
624:
620:
618:
614:
612:
608:
606:
602:
600:
586:
582:
580:
576:
575:4,000 soldiers
574:
570:
568:
566:
565:1,017 soldiers
564:
560:
558:
554:
552:
548:
546:
544:
542:
535:
531:
529:
525:
524:Several ships
523:
521:
517:
515:
514:2,467 soldiers
513:
509:
507:
506:2,400 soldiers
505:
503:End of the year
501:
499:
495:
493:
491:
478:Hapsal garrison
471:
470:
462:
461:
453:
452:
451:Pernau garrison
446:
444:
441:Karkus garrison
436:
434:
433:
432:Reval garrison
427:
425:
424:
418:
416:
394:
393:
383:
382:
372:
371:
365:
363:
362:
356:
354:
353:
347:
340:
338:
337:
331:
329:
328:
322:
315:
313:
312:
304:
302:
285:
283:
282:
270:
268:
267:
261:
259:
258:
252:
250:
249:
238:
236:
235:
227:
225:
224:
217:
209:
207:
206:
198:
196:
195:
187:
185:
166:
165:
155:
154:
137:
124:
122:
109:
107:
85:
79:Swedish victory
71:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2869:
2847:
2823:
2799:
2775:
2755:
2738:
2731:
2700:
2676:
2669:
2632:
2625:
2584:
2554:
2547:
2510:
2483:
2440:
2418:
2411:
2378:
2352:
2325:
2299:
2274:
2267:
2247:
2220:
2192:
2168:
2161:
2114:
2107:
2080:
2073:
2053:
2046:
2026:
2019:
1996:
1989:
1967:
1957:
1935:
1928:
1908:
1897:www.hhogman.se
1884:
1857:
1850:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1649:
1646:
1633:
1630:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1596:Main article:
1593:
1590:
1577:
1574:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1499:
1496:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1445:
1442:
1413:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1350:Denmark–Norway
1345:
1342:
1308:
1305:
1283:Main article:
1280:
1277:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1176:
1175:Danish version
1173:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1043:Kalmar Union's
1034:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1005:
998:
997:
996:
993:Disputed icons
992:
991:
990:
989:
987:
984:
954:Livonian Order
949:
946:
939:
932:
931:
930:
926:Livonian Order
924:
923:
922:
921:
919:
916:
879:
878:
876:
875:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
846:Coup in Pernau
843:
842:
841:
830:
827:
826:
817:
815:
814:
807:
800:
792:
783:
782:
780:
779:
774:
769:
767:Great Northern
764:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
716:
713:
712:
703:
701:
700:
693:
686:
678:
670:
669:
632:
594:
593:
589:
588:
562:Reinforcements
537:
485:
484:
480:
479:
469:Lode garrison
460:Leal garrison
442:
413:
412:
411:Units involved
408:
407:
336:Henrik Dücker
300:
182:
181:
177:
176:
163:Denmark–Norway
153:
152:
151:
150:
147:
135:
119:
117:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2957:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:9789180500951
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:9789180500951
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:9789180500951
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2232:"Jakob Bagge"
2227:
2225:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2162:9789180500951
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:9789180500951
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2067:. Routledge.
2066:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:9789185789627
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:9789189080140
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1922:. Routledge.
1921:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:9789189080140
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
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623:
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607:200 defected
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2872:
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2839:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2791:. Retrieved
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2778:
2768:
2748:
2741:
2721:
2692:. Retrieved
2688:
2679:
2659:
2616:
2612:
2576:. Retrieved
2574:(in Swedish)
2538:
2534:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:
2475:. Retrieved
2473:(in Swedish)
2471:runeberg.org
2470:
2433:
2402:
2398:
2370:. Retrieved
2368:(in Swedish)
2366:runeberg.org
2365:
2355:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2317:. Retrieved
2315:(in Swedish)
2313:runeberg.org
2312:
2302:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:runeberg.org
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2180:
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1980:
1976:
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1938:
1918:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
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1872:
1837:
1833:
1694:
1685:
1651:
1638:Duke Charles
1635:
1626:
1618:
1610:
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1526:Raid on Ösel
1501:
1488:
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1402:
1394:
1377:
1366:Leal: 28 men
1347:
1313:indifference
1310:
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1260:Svante Sture
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1211:
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1058:Three Crowns
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583:
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545:2 companies
539:
532:
526:
518:
516:907 cavalry
510:
508:900 cavalry
502:
496:
488:
348:
323:
204:Svante Sture
102:Belligerents
89:
29:Part of the
1512:Duke Magnus
1374:Campaigning
1220:Elefanten's
1135:Jakob Bagge
1103:Jakob Bagge
851:1st Karkus
613:100 killed
567:27 knights
547:4 banners
218: [
84:Territorial
2899:Categories
2841:2024-06-02
2817:2024-06-02
2793:2024-06-03
2694:2024-05-31
2578:2024-05-31
2504:2024-05-30
2477:2024-05-30
2372:2024-05-30
2346:2024-05-28
2319:2024-05-28
2293:2024-05-28
2241:2024-05-28
2214:2024-05-28
2186:2024-05-28
1902:2024-05-30
1878:2024-05-30
1706:References
1570:Kuressaare
1532:Kuressaare
1216:blood flag
1193:Blood flag
1007:Tre Kronor
918:Background
861:2nd Karkus
1842:Stockholm
1648:Aftermath
1642:Duke John
1326:Duke John
1292:companies
1239:Aftermath
1228:Herkules,
1212:Elefanten
1183:Elefanten
1131:Dacke War
755:1655–1660
750:1626–1629
745:1621–1625
740:1617–1618
735:1600–1611
730:Sigismund
725:1563–1568
638:Neglible
601:Neglible
59:1563–1568
1664:See also
1492:blockade
1451:Fähnlein
1428:View of
1231:Swedes.
1224:mainmast
1169:flagship
1162:Herkules
1159:flagship
980:Wierland
910:and the
906:between
662:Unknown
656:Unknown
644:Unknown
619:Unknown
581:Unknown
553:Unknown
536:18 ships
483:Strength
193:Eric XIV
64:Location
1562:Limbaži
1479:Hiiumaa
1434:Tallinn
1226:of the
1214:, the "
1147:Rostock
1125:Prelude
976:Harrien
896:Swedish
871:Runafer
834:Estonia
668:Unknown
587:Unknown
370:Talwos
349:†
324:†
293: (
86:changes
69:Estonia
2729:
2667:
2623:
2545:
2409:
2265:
2159:
2105:
2071:
2044:
2017:
1987:
1955:
1926:
1848:
1405:muster
1328:, and
1296:Tatars
1206:Battle
1009:symbol
908:Sweden
866:Lemsal
761:Deluge
650:Heavy
174:Lübeck
115:Sweden
76:Result
2881:(PDF)
2615:[
2537:[
2401:[
2151:[
2097:[
1979:[
1947:[
1836:[
1677:Notes
1436:) by
972:Reval
631:Heavy
222:]
2727:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2621:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2015:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1640:and
1615:1568
1576:1567
1508:Ösel
1498:1566
1399:1565
1344:1564
1330:Ösel
1253:1563
968:Wiek
966:and
964:Ösel
886:The
839:Lode
720:1562
665:1568
659:1567
653:1566
647:1565
641:1564
635:1563
628:1568
622:1567
616:1566
610:1565
604:1564
598:1563
584:1568
578:1567
572:1566
556:1565
550:1564
540:1563
533:1568
527:1567
519:1566
511:1565
497:1564
489:1563
56:Date
1248:War
296:POW
278:POW
2901::
2883:.
2850:^
2834:.
2810:.
2786:.
2758:^
2703:^
2687:.
2635:^
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2195:^
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1999:^
1961:.
1895:.
1871:.
1860:^
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1510:.
978:,
974:,
898::
281:)
220:sv
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1993:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
