353:
in order to formulate semi-synthetic-based lubricants. API Group III base oils are sometimes considered fully synthetic, but they are still classified as highest-top-level mineral-base stocks. A synthetic or synthesized material is one that is produced by combining or building individual units into a unified entity. Synthetic base stocks as described above are man-made and tailored to have a controlled molecular structure with predictable properties, unlike mineral base oils, which are complex mixtures of naturally occurring hydrocarbons and paraffins.
404:
390:
992:
temperatures near the top dead center of the piston, light volatile hydrocarbons vaporize and leave the system. Light carbon number species disappear at a faster rate due to their high volatility and vaporization rates. | Page 64 Figure 5-4: Viscosity curve for two different grades of oil using the
Walther's formula | Page 68 Figure 5-5: Oil species boiling point and molecular weight.
38:
63:, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. The base material, however, is still overwhelmingly crude oil that is distilled and then modified physically and chemically. The actual synthesis process and composition of additives is generally a commercial trade secret and will vary among producers.
352:
API Group II- and API Group III-type base stocks help to formulate more economic-type semi-synthetic lubricants. API Group I-, II-, II+-, and III-type mineral-base oil stocks are widely used in combination with additive packages, performance packages, and ester and/or API Group IV poly-alpha-olefins
232:
The mixing ratio between EO and PO, plus the oxygen bonded in the chemical structure, crucially affect the behavior of polyglycols. The gear industry predominantly uses polyglycols with an EO/PO ratio of 50:50 to 60:40, which exhibit very similar behavior. The polyglycols featuring this composition
323:
Natural rubber, Buna-N, and most regular seals are incompatible with PAG oils, especially seals coated in mineral grease. PAG oils can cause seals to shrink or swell, thus causing severe leakage or seizure of the seal. Pneumatic air cylinders and 4-ways valves commonly use Buna-N rubber seals that
369:
problems and provides extended drain intervals, with the environmental benefit of less used oil waste generated. It provides better lubrication in extreme cold conditions. The use of synthetic oils promises a longer engine life with superior protection against "ash" and other deposit formation in
343:
Lubricants that have synthetic base stocks even lower than 30% but with high-performance additives consisting of esters can also be considered synthetic lubricants. In general, the ratio of the synthetic base stock is used to define commodity codes among the customs declarations for tax purposes.
253:
PAGs are commonly used in quenching fluids, metalworking fluids, gear oils, chain oils, food-grade lubricants and as lubricants in HFC type hydraulics and gas compressor equipment. PAG lubricants are used by the two largest U.S. air compressor OEMs in rotary screw air compressors. PAG oils of
370:
engine hot spots (in particular in turbochargers and superchargers) for less oil burn-off and reduced chances of damaging oil passageway clogging. The performance of automobiles is improved as net increase in horsepower and torque due to less internal drag on engine. Moreover, it can improve
991:
Development and
Application of a Lubricant Composition Model to Study Effects of Oil Transport, Vaporization, Fuel Dilution, and Soot Contamination on Lubricant Rheology and Engine Friction by Grace Xiang Gu B.S., Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan, 2012 | Page 96 … due to high
738:
EPA | Data
Licensing Information for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | Unless otherwise specified, all data produced by the U.S EPA is by default in the public domain and is not subject to domestic copyright protection under 17 U.S.C. §
244:
PAGs offer properties that include: high lubricity, polarity, low traction properties, high viscosity index, controlled quenching speeds, good temperature stability and low wear. They are available in both water soluble and insoluble forms.
270:
PAGs are available in a wide range of viscosity grades and additive packages for a variety of uses. Some PAGs properties such as water solubility are not commonly provided by other synthetic lubricants, such as polyalphaolefins (PAO).
793:
979:
Synthetic verus
Mineral Fluids in Lubrication | A. Jackson | Mobil Research and Development Corporation | December 1987 | Page 7 Figure 5. Comparison of the volatility (ASTM D1160) of polydecene and mineral-based SAE 10W-30
377:
However, synthetic motor oils are substantially more expensive (per volume) than mineral oils and have potential decomposition problems in certain chemical environments (predominantly in industrial use).
229:(PO), from which the polyalkylene glycols are produced by means of polymerization. Polyalkylene glycols are usually made by combining ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with an alcohol or water.
332:
Semi-synthetic oils (also called "synthetic blends") are a mixture of mineral oil and synthetic oil, which are engineered to have many of the benefits of full synthetic oil without the cost.
715:
236:
Polyalkylene glycol base oils are formed by reacting an alcohol with one or more alkylene oxides: Propylene oxide provides water insolubility, Ethylene oxide provides water solubility.
78:
to provide environmental and other benefits when compared to conventional petroleum and animal-fat based products. These products are also referred to as "non-oil" or "oil free".
1107:
194:
Many chemically different "esters" due to their polarity and usually excellent lubricity are used for various reasons as either "additives" or "base stocks" for lubricants.
783:
United States
Environmental Protection Agency | Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants | 3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL-BASED EALS (page 8)
114:(API) has removed all references to synthetic in their documentation regarding standards. "Full synthetic" is a marketing term and is not a measurable quality.
361:
The advantages of using synthetic motor oils include better low-and high-temperature viscosity performance at service temperature extremes, better (higher)
562:
129:
polymer made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin. They are designated at API Group IV and are a 100% synthetic chemical compound. It is a specific type of
320:
PAG acts as a solvent and dissolves and removes the mineral grease which causes slower motions, air leaks, and can stop 4-way valves from operating.
1100:
944:
Markova, L. V.; Makarenko, V. M.; Kong, H.; Han, H. -G. (2014). "Influence of viscosity modifiers on the rheological properties of synthetic oils".
365:(VI), and chemical and shear stability. This also helps in decreasing the loss due to evaporation. It is resistant to oxidation, thermal breakdown,
55:
consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially modified or synthesised. Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified
1769:
886:
815:
1675:
508:
183:. Esters are usually derived from an inorganic acid or organic acid in which at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an -O-alkyl (
1093:
110:
and
Castrol prevailed in showing that their Group III base stock oil was changed enough that it qualified as full synthetic. Since then
1614:
503:
867:
704:
749:
690:
1292:
680:
Polyalkylene Glycol
Synthetic PAG Oil Explained | Daryl Beatty, Dow Chemical Company and Martin Greaves, Dow Chemical Company
274:
PAGs prevent sludge and varnish from developing at high temperatures. PAGs have viscosity indexes that are higher than PAOs.
133:(organic) that is used as a base stock in the production of most synthetic lubricants. An alpha-olefin (or α-olefin) is an
1589:
443:
727:
United States
Environmental Protection Agency | Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants | 2.3 POLYALKYLENE GLYCOLS (page 5)
1173:
111:
587:
448:
255:
280:
PAG oils are polar, which means that an oil film easily develops upon all moving metal parts, reducing startup wear.
1116:
418:
210:
Synthetic lubricants are about 4% of the lubricants market. PAGs are about 24% of the synthetic lubricants market.
1725:
1639:
1584:
1536:
1444:
804:
636:
66:
Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for petroleum-refined oils when operating in extreme temperature. Aircraft
782:
760:
726:
254:
different viscosity grades (usually either ISO VG 46 or ISO VG 100) are often used as compressor lubricants for
1720:
1561:
1270:
1066:
566:
259:
1495:
409:
75:
1317:
990:
1434:
1275:
159:
are the most famous synthetics in Group V, which are 100% synthetic chemical compounds consisting of a
1429:
1201:
141:
starts at the α-carbon atom, i.e. the double bond is between the #1 and #2 carbons in the molecule.
1764:
1579:
1477:
1207:
771:
176:
919:
826:
716:
Understanding
Polyalkylene glycol | Wil Escobar | Tribiology and Lubrication Technology | May 2008
679:
1774:
1500:
1297:
1041:
961:
1002:
213:
Ethylene is the basic raw material used to make the synthetic lubricant polyglycols oils. When
1302:
1242:
1193:
863:
473:
126:
122:
191:
acids and alcohols. That is to say, esters are formed by condensing an acid with an alcohol.
1594:
1551:
1510:
1459:
1424:
1345:
1332:
1017:
953:
1705:
1416:
1265:
1222:
483:
371:
362:
333:
314:
310:
226:
71:
805:
Mobil
Glygoyle Series | Polyalkylene Glycol (PAG) Gear, Bearing and Compressor Lubricant
1571:
1541:
1396:
1163:
523:
478:
453:
222:
82:
31:
1758:
1743:
1634:
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513:
423:
395:
978:
543:
1360:
1355:
1322:
1227:
1217:
1153:
1137:
837:
816:
New Equipment Digest | Benefits of Using PAG (Polyalkylene Glycol) Based Lubricants
518:
498:
493:
306:
17:
848:
ASTM Fuels & Lubricants Handbook, Hydrocarbon Chemistry, pg 169-184, section 7
1738:
1622:
1439:
1391:
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1307:
1237:
403:
150:
1710:
1670:
1649:
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1546:
1531:
1454:
1386:
1312:
1252:
1183:
957:
458:
438:
385:
366:
188:
67:
1085:
1018:"Why Use Premium Synthetic Motor Oil? Premium Synthetic Oil vs. Standard Oil"
1665:
1406:
1401:
1188:
1168:
737:
468:
389:
337:
218:
60:
56:
52:
102:, some from Group IV while other synthetic oils may be a blend of the two.
612:
294:
PAGs are not compatible with mineral oils, most seals, paints, varnishes.
1688:
1684:
1556:
1287:
1212:
1178:
488:
277:
In large gears, PAG lubricant yielded lower friction than PAO lubricant.
214:
172:
160:
149:
Group V base oils are defined by API as any other type of oil other than
99:
663:
1715:
1599:
463:
433:
283:
PAGs can be highly biodegradable, particularly the water-soluble PAGs.
207:
The terms polyalkylene glycol and polyglycol are used interchangeably.
168:
107:
37:
1526:
1505:
1282:
1232:
428:
184:
180:
138:
134:
130:
70:, for example, require the use of synthetic oils, whereas aircraft
827:
Modern Machinery | Polyalkylene Glycol Synthetic PAG Oil Explained
164:
156:
103:
1680:
1089:
1127:
233:
are also generally referred to as water soluble polyglycols.
27:
Lubricant consisting of artificially made chemical compounds
794:
Consumers Report Should You Use Synthetic Oil in Your Car?
675:
673:
671:
81:
A polyalcanoate synthetic oil is widely used to lubricate
920:"Synthetic Motor Oil - GM High Tech Performance Magazine"
887:"Synthetic oil vs. conventional oil | Mobil Motor Oils"
286:
PAGs perform better than in extreme weather condition.
700:
698:
374:- 1.8% to 5% as has been documented in fleet tests.
858:
Wills, J. George (of Mobil Oil Corporation) (1980).
1698:
1658:
1613:
1570:
1519:
1486:
1468:
1415:
1369:
1331:
1251:
1136:
297:Synthetic oil is more expensive than mineral oils.
1067:"The Disadvantages of Using Synthetic Motor Oil"
772:The Benefits of Switching to Synthetic Motor Oil
705:Croda Lubricants | Polyalkylene glycol base oils
348:Other base stocks help semi-synthetic lubricants
1101:
8:
637:"Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Lubricants Explained"
588:"Synthetic oil: Is it right for your plane?"
750:Klueber | White Paper Polyglycol-based Oils
691:Klueber | White Paper Polyglycol-based Oils
1108:
1094:
1086:
313:materials and vinyl methyl silicone (VMQ)
761:EPA Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants
658:
656:
167:linkage. They are derived by reacting an
1174:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
74:do not. Synthetic oils are also used in
36:
535:
198:Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) synthetic oil
30:For synthetic liquid hydrocarbons, see
1012:
1010:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
881:
879:
7:
336:introduced the first semi-synthetic
98:Some synthetic oils are made from
25:
1042:"Synthetic Vs. Mineral Motor Oil"
402:
388:
1276:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
563:"Conventional vs Synthetic Oil"
305:PAG is usually compatible with
1770:Non-petroleum based lubricants
324:are coated in mineral grease.
1:
59:components rather than whole
946:Journal of Friction and Wear
641:www.machinerylubrication.com
357:Performance of synthetic oil
221:react with oxygen we obtain
187:) group, most commonly from
112:American Petroleum Institute
544:"How Synthetic Oil is Made"
256:automotive air conditioning
1791:
1117:Internal combustion engine
419:PTT Public Company Limited
125:(poly-α-olefin, PAO) is a
29:
1734:
1585:Diesel particulate filter
1537:Idle air control actuator
1478:Engine control unit (ECU)
1123:
958:10.3103/S1068366614050092
145:Group V: Other synthetics
139:carbon-carbon double bond
1650:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1562:Throttle position sensor
1271:Overhead camshaft layout
860:Lubrication Fundamentals
260:global warming potential
1189:Core plug (freeze plug)
665:All About Synthetic Oil
561:Machinery Lubrication.
449:Fischer–Tropsch process
410:Renewable energy portal
662:SynLube Incorporated.
617:Keats Manufacturing Co
301:PAG seal compatibility
258:systems employing low
45:
613:"Metal Stamping FAQs"
592:General Aviation News
40:
1430:Compression ignition
175:compound such as an
100:Group III base stock
1580:Catalytic converter
153:or PAO lubricants.
43:synthetic motor oil
18:Polyalkylene glycol
1706:Knocking / pinging
1298:Combustion chamber
328:Semi-synthetic oil
46:
1752:
1751:
1721:Stratified charge
1488:Electrical system
1470:Engine management
1303:Compression ratio
1243:Starter ring gear
1142:rotating assembly
290:PAG disadvantages
123:Poly-alpha-olefin
16:(Redirected from
1782:
1595:Exhaust manifold
1460:Spark plug wires
1346:Boost controller
1333:Forced induction
1110:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1014:
1005:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
969:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
916:
901:
900:
898:
897:
883:
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873:
855:
849:
846:
840:
835:
829:
824:
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807:
802:
796:
791:
785:
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774:
769:
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747:
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724:
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627:
626:
624:
623:
609:
603:
602:
600:
599:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
565:. Archived from
558:
552:
551:
540:
412:
407:
406:
398:
393:
392:
21:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1730:
1726:Top dead centre
1694:
1654:
1609:
1566:
1515:
1489:
1482:
1471:
1464:
1411:
1365:
1327:
1283:Tappet / lifter
1266:Flathead layout
1256:
1247:
1141:
1132:
1119:
1114:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1046:Hot Rod Network
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
943:
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938:
929:
927:
918:
917:
904:
895:
893:
885:
884:
877:
870:
857:
856:
852:
847:
843:
836:
832:
825:
821:
814:
810:
803:
799:
792:
788:
781:
777:
770:
766:
759:
755:
748:
744:
736:
732:
725:
721:
714:
710:
703:
696:
689:
685:
678:
669:
661:
654:
645:
643:
635:
634:
630:
621:
619:
611:
610:
606:
597:
595:
586:
585:
581:
572:
570:
560:
559:
555:
542:
541:
537:
533:
528:
408:
401:
394:
387:
384:
372:fuel efficiency
363:Viscosity Index
359:
350:
330:
315:silicone rubber
311:fluoroelastomer
303:
292:
268:
251:
242:
227:propylene oxide
205:
200:
163:adjacent to an
147:
120:
96:
91:
83:pendulum clocks
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1615:Cooling system
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1572:Exhaust system
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Inlet manifold
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
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1487:
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1474:
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1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
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1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Fuel injection
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
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1329:
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1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
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1268:
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1248:
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1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Connecting rod
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1058:
1033:
1006:
995:
983:
971:
952:(5): 351–358.
936:
902:
875:
868:
850:
841:
838:DELPHI history
830:
819:
808:
797:
786:
775:
764:
753:
742:
730:
719:
708:
694:
683:
667:
652:
628:
604:
579:
553:
548:napaonline.com
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:
524:Synthetic fuel
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
479:Fuchs Petrolub
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
454:Idemitsu Kosan
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
415:
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413:
399:
383:
380:
358:
355:
349:
346:
329:
326:
302:
299:
291:
288:
267:
266:PAG advantages
264:
262:refrigerants.
250:
247:
241:
240:PAG properties
238:
223:ethylene oxide
204:
203:Industrial PAG
201:
199:
196:
146:
143:
119:
116:
95:
92:
90:
87:
76:metal stamping
72:piston engines
32:Synthetic fuel
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1787:
1776:
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1628:Water cooling
1626:
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1612:
1606:
1605:Oxygen sensor
1603:
1601:
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1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:Intake system
1518:
1512:
1511:Starter motor
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
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1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Ignition coil
1448:
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1433:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
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1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Petrol engine
1380:
1378:
1377:Diesel engine
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Blowoff valve
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
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1258:Cylinder head
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1149:Balance shaft
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1071:It Still Runs
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869:9780824769765
865:
862:. M. Dekker.
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569:on 2010-04-06
568:
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557:
554:
550:. 2016-11-28.
549:
545:
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536:
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514:Schaeffer Oil
512:
510:
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424:TotalEnergies
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396:Energy portal
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118:Group IV: PAO
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93:
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79:
77:
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69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:Synthetic oil
44:
39:
33:
19:
1635:Electric fan
1435:Coil-on-plug
1361:Turbocharger
1356:Supercharger
1228:Main bearing
1218:Firing order
1208:Displacement
1154:Block heater
1138:Engine block
1126:Part of the
1125:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1048:. 2002-08-01
1045:
1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1022:Royal Purple
1021:
998:
986:
974:
949:
945:
939:
928:. Retrieved
926:. 2002-01-01
923:
894:. Retrieved
891:mobiloil.com
890:
859:
853:
844:
833:
822:
811:
800:
789:
778:
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756:
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733:
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686:
644:. Retrieved
640:
631:
620:. Retrieved
616:
607:
596:. Retrieved
594:. 2005-03-11
591:
582:
571:. Retrieved
567:the original
556:
547:
538:
519:Silver State
509:Royal Purple
504:Red Line Oil
499:Quaker State
494:Petro-Canada
376:
360:
351:
342:
331:
322:
319:
307:fluorocarbon
304:
296:
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193:
155:
151:mineral oils
148:
121:
97:
80:
65:
48:
47:
42:
41:A sample of
1659:Lubrication
1623:Air cooling
1440:Distributor
1392:Fuel filter
1370:Fuel system
1351:Intercooler
1318:Timing belt
1308:Head gasket
1238:Piston ring
924:Super Chevy
68:jet engines
1765:Motor oils
1759:Categories
1711:Power band
1671:Oil filter
1645:Thermostat
1590:EGT sensor
1552:MAF sensor
1547:MAP sensor
1532:Air filter
1496:Alternator
1455:Spark plug
1387:Carburetor
1313:Rocker arm
1253:Valvetrain
1184:Crankshaft
1128:Automobile
1076:2019-07-02
1052:2017-03-24
1027:2017-03-24
930:2017-03-24
896:2017-03-24
646:2022-06-26
622:2017-03-24
598:2017-03-24
573:2017-03-24
531:References
459:Liqui Moly
367:oil sludge
189:carboxylic
137:where the
1775:Tribology
1445:Glow plug
1407:Fuel tank
1402:Fuel pump
1169:Crankcase
966:110320631
469:Valvoline
340:in 1966.
338:motor oil
225:(EO) and
219:propylene
127:non-polar
61:crude oil
57:petroleum
53:lubricant
1744:Category
1689:Dry sump
1685:Wet sump
1676:Oil pump
1640:Radiator
1557:Throttle
1417:Ignition
1288:Camshaft
1213:Flywheel
1194:Cylinder
1179:Crankpin
489:Pennzoil
382:See also
249:PAG uses
215:ethylene
173:hydroxyl
161:carbonyl
1716:Redline
1600:Muffler
1501:Battery
1425:Magneto
464:Mobil 1
434:Castrol
309:-based
177:alcohol
171:with a
169:oxoacid
108:Castrol
1739:Portal
1527:Airbox
1506:Dynamo
1233:Piston
1223:Stroke
1202:layout
1130:series
964:
866:
429:Amsoil
185:alkoxy
181:phenol
157:Esters
135:alkene
131:olefin
1699:Other
1323:Valve
1293:Chest
1003:Oilap
980:oils.
962:S2CID
484:Motul
474:Shell
439:ENEOS
334:Motul
165:ether
106:sued
104:Mobil
89:Types
51:is a
1681:Sump
1198:bank
1159:Bore
864:ISBN
739:105.
444:ENOC
217:and
94:Full
1666:Oil
1255:and
1140:and
954:doi
179:or
1761::
1687:,
1200:,
1069:.
1044:.
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1009:^
960:.
950:35
948:.
922:.
905:^
889:.
878:^
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1683:(
1204:)
1196:(
1109:e
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601:.
576:.
34:.
20:)
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