1922:
2351:
very different polymers where the backbone consists solely of C-C bonds. These polymers include polyethylene, but also polypropylene, polystyrene and acrylates. At best, these polymers degrade very slowly, but these experiments are difficult because yields and rates are very slow. Further confusing the situation, even preliminary successes are greeted with enthusiasm by the popular press. Some technical challenges in this area include the failure to identify enzymes responsible for the proposed degradation. Another issue is that organisms are incapable of importing hydrocarbons of molecular weight greater than 500.
2621:(1.17 g/cm). Due to decreasing crystallinity ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers are getting softer with increasing comonomer content. The polar side groups change the chemical properties significantly (compared to polyethylene): weather resistance, adhesiveness and weldability rise with comonomer content, while the chemical resistance decreases. Also mechanical properties are changed: stress cracking resistance and toughness in the cold rise, whereas yield stress and heat resistance decrease. With a very high proportion of comonomers (about 50%) rubbery thermoplastics are produced (
2300:
2647:
4756:
323:
214:
2277:
1360:
than HDPE. For medium- and high-density polyethylene the melting point is typically in the range 120 to 130 °C (248 to 266 °F). The melting point for average commercial low-density polyethylene is typically 105 to 115 °C (221 to 239 °F). These temperatures vary strongly with the type of polyethylene, but the theoretical upper limit of melting of polyethylene is reported to be 144 to 146 °C (291 to 295 °F). Combustion typically occurs above 349 °C (660 °F).
101:
2443:(LDPE). Due to its low density it breaks down more easily over time, leading to higher surface areas. The production of these trace gases from virgin LDPE increase over time. When incubated in air, LDPE emits gases at rates ~2 times and ~76 times higher in comparison to incubation in water for methane and ethylene, respectively. However, based on the rates measured in the study methane production by plastics is presently an insignificant component of the global methane budget.
2226:
4792:
2239:
2213:
2529:
proportions higher and lower molecular polymer fractions. The lower molecular weight units crystallize easier and relax faster. The higher molecular weight fractions form linking molecules between crystallites, thereby increasing toughness and stress crack resistance. Polyethylene with multimodal molecular weight distribution can be prepared either in two-stage reactors, by catalysts with two active centers on a carrier or by blending in extruders.
520:
119:
110:
996:
1008:
5000:
1985:
1208:
4744:
1597:
493:
7867:
6230:
1019:
2520:, exceptionally high toughness, excellent optical properties and a uniform comonomer content. Because of the narrow molecular weight distribution it behaves less pseudoplastic (especially under larger shear rates). Metallocene polyethylene has a low proportion of low molecular weight (extractable) components and a low welding and sealing temperature. Thus, it is particularly suitable for the food industry.
4780:
1523:
4768:
2138:(in the middle of a chain) are more stable than primary radicals (at the end of the chain), and tertiary radicals (at a branch point) are more stable yet. Each time an ethylene monomer is added, it creates a primary radical, but often these will rearrange to form more stable secondary or tertiary radicals. Addition of ethylene monomers to the secondary or tertiary sites creates branching.
5006:
1512:
2289:
6240:
50:
2793:. It also increases the weather resistance. Furthermore, it is used for softening PVC foils, without risking the migrate of plasticizers. Chlorinated polyethylene can be crosslinked peroxidically to form an elastomer which is used in cable and rubber industry. When chlorinated polyethylene is added to other polyolefins, it reduces the flammability.
2038:. The high-temperature properties of the polymer are improved, its flow is reduced, and its chemical resistance is enhanced. PEX is used in some potable-water plumbing systems because tubes made of the material can be expanded to fit over a metal nipple and it will slowly return to its original shape, forming a permanent, water-tight connection.
4718:
1252:) production beginning in 1939. Because polyethylene was found to have very low-loss properties at very high frequency radio waves, commercial distribution in Britain was suspended on the outbreak of World War II, secrecy imposed, and the new process was used to produce insulation for UHF and SHF
2198:
The particular material properties of "polyethylene" depend on its molecular structure. Molecular weight and crystallinity are the most significant factors; crystallinity in turn depends on molecular weight and degree of branching. The less the polymer chains are branched, and the lower the molecular
1375:
grades have excellent chemical resistance, meaning that they are not attacked by strong acids or strong bases and are resistant to gentle oxidants and reducing agents. Crystalline samples do not dissolve at room temperature. Polyethylene (other than cross-linked polyethylene) usually can be dissolved
2350:
or organisms that will degrade polyethylene. The results are mixed. It is clear that several plastics - polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides - biodegrade either by hydrolysis or air oxidation. In some cases the degradation is affected by bacteria or various enzyme cocktails. The situation is
2146:
VLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.880–0.915 g/cm. VLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with high levels of short-chain branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). VLDPE is most commonly produced
2754:
100 mm. Thereby the interior or specific areas can be excluded from the crosslinking. However, due to high capital and operating costs radiation crosslinking plays only a minor role compared with the peroxide crosslinking. In contrast to peroxide crosslinking, the process is carried out in the
2653:
Shown are the peroxide, the silane and irradiation crosslinking. In each method, a radical is generated in the polyethylene chain (top center), either by radiation (h·ν) or by peroxides (R-O-O-R). Then, two radical chains can either directly crosslink (bottom left) or indirectly by silane compounds
2255:
The properties of polyethylene are highly dependent on type and number of chain branches. The chain branches in turn depend on the process used: either the high-pressure process (only PE-LD) or the low-pressure process (all other PE grades). Low-density polyethylene is produced by the high-pressure
2052:
MDPE is defined by a density range of 0.926–0.940 g/cm. MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler–Natta catalysts, or metallocene catalysts. MDPE has good shock and drop resistance properties. It also is less notch-sensitive than HDPE; stress-cracking resistance is better than
1941:
as evidenced by densities of less than high-density polyethylene (for example, 0.930–0.935 g/cm). UHMWPE can be made through any catalyst technology, although
Ziegler catalysts are most common. Because of its outstanding toughness and its cut, wear, and excellent chemical resistance, UHMWPE is
1359:
The properties of polyethylene depend strongly on type. The molecular weight, crosslinking, and presence of comonomers all strongly affect its properties. It is for this structure-property relation that intense effort has been invested into diverse kinds of PE. LDPE is softer and more transparent
1171:
and many variations thereof. Its properties can be modified further by crosslinking or copolymerization. All forms are nontoxic as well as chemically resilient, contributing to polyethylene's popularity as a multi-use plastic. However, polyethylene's chemical resilience also makes it a long-lived
4711:
2528:
Polyethylene with multimodal molecular weight distribution consists of several polymer fractions, which are homogeneously mixed. Such polyethylene types offer extremely high stiffness, toughness, strength, stress crack resistance and an increased crack propagation resistance. They consist of equal
2580:
EVOH is used in multilayer films for packaging as a barrier layer (barrier plastic). As EVOH is hygroscopic (water-attracting), it absorbs water from the environment, whereby it loses its barrier effect. Therefore, it must be used as a core layer surrounded by other plastics (like LDPE, PP, PA or
2576:
Ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is (formally) a copolymer of PE and vinyl alcohol (ethenol), which is prepared by (partial) hydrolysis of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (as vinyl alcohol itself is not stable). However, typically EVOH has a higher comonomer content than the VAC commonly
2397:
larvae are claimed to metabolize polyethylene based on observing that plastic bags at his home had small holes in them. Deducing that the hungry larvae must have digested the plastic somehow, he and his team analyzed their gut bacteria and found a few that could use plastic as their only carbon
2589:
Copolymer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acids (such as acrylic acid) are characterized by good adhesion to diverse materials, by resistance to stress cracking and high flexibility. However, they are more sensitive to heat and oxidation than ethylene homopolymers. Ethylene/acrylic acid
2199:
weight, the higher the crystallinity of polyethylene. Crystallinity ranges from 35% (PE-LD/PE-LLD) to 80% (PE-HD). Polyethylene has a density of 1.0 g/cm in crystalline regions and 0.86 g/cm in amorphous regions. An almost linear relationship exists between density and crystallinity.
2095:
resistance, but they are not as easy to process. LLDPE is used in packaging, particularly film for bags and sheets. Lower thickness may be used compared to LDPE. It is used for cable coverings, toys, lids, buckets, containers, and pipe. While other applications are available, LLDPE is used
4180:
Sanluis-Verdes, A.; Colomer-Vidal, P.; Rodriguez-Ventura, F.; Bello-Villarino, M.; Spinola-Amilibia, M.; Ruiz-Lopez, E.; Illanes-Vicioso, R.; Castroviejo, P.; Aiese
Cigliano, R.; Montoya, M.; Falabella, P.; Pesquera, C.; Gonzalez-Legarreta, L.; Arias-Palomo, E.; Solà, M. (4 October 2022).
2133:
The radical polymerization process used to make LDPE does not include a catalyst that "supervises" the radical sites on the growing PE chains. (In HDPE synthesis, the radical sites are at the ends of the PE chains, because the catalyst stabilizes their formation at the ends.) Secondary
2389:
sp. 351 is claimed to degrade lower molecular-weight PE oligomers. When PE is subjected to thermo- and photo-oxidization, products including alkanes, alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, carboxylic acid, keto-acids, dicarboxylic acids, lactones, and esters are released.
2931:, 2643); er hat sie aber wegen Substanzmangel nicht untersucht. Ich hatte übrigens Hrn. v. Pechmann schon einige Zeit vor Erscheinen seiner Publication mitgetheilt, dass aus Diazomethan ein fester, weisser Körper entstehe, der sich bei der Analyse als (CH
1306:
and organoaluminium compounds that worked at even milder conditions than the
Phillips catalyst. The Phillips catalyst is less expensive and easier to work with, however, and both methods are heavily used industrially. By the end of the 1950s both the Phillips- and
2147:
using metallocene catalysts due to the greater co-monomer incorporation exhibited by these catalysts. VLDPEs are used for hose and tubing, ice and frozen food bags, food packaging and stretch wrap as well as impact modifiers when blended with other polymers.
1946:-handling machine parts, moving parts on weaving machines, bearings, gears, artificial joints, edge protection on ice rinks, steel cable replacements on ships, and butchers' chopping boards. It is commonly used for the construction of articular portions of
1992:
HDPE is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm. HDPE has a low degree of branching. The mostly linear molecules pack together well, so intermolecular forces are stronger than in highly branched polymers. HDPE can be produced by
2150:
Much research activity has focused on the nature and distribution of long chain branches in polyethylene. In HDPE, a relatively small number of these branches, perhaps one in 100 or 1,000 branches per backbone carbon, can significantly affect the
1219:
The first industrially practical polyethylene synthesis (diazomethane is a notoriously unstable substance that is generally avoided in industrial syntheses) was again accidentally discovered in 1933 by Eric
Fawcett and Reginald Gibson at the
2609:
If unsaturated esters are copolymerized with ethylene, either the alcohol moiety may be in the polymer backbone (as it is the case in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) or of the acid moiety (e. g. in ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer).
2939:
erwiesen habe, worauf mir Hr. v. Pechmann schrieb, dass er den weissen Körper ebensfalls beobachtet, aber nicht untersucht habe. Zuerst erwähnt ist derselbe in der
Dissertation meines Schülers. (Hindermann, Zürich (1897),
5607:
2130:. The high degree of branching with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications such as plastic bags and film wrap.
2096:
predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility, and relative transparency. Product examples range from agricultural films, Saran wrap, and bubble wrap to multilayer and composite films.
3264:
2686:. When these combine, a crosslinked network is formed. The resulting polymer network is uniform, of low tension and high flexibility, whereby it is softer and tougher than (the irradiated) PE-Xc.
2913:
Erwähnt sei noch, dass aus einer ätherischen
Diazomethanlösung sich beim Stehen manchmal minimale Quantitäten eines weissen, flockigen, aus Chloroform krystallisirenden Körpers abscheiden; ...
2009:
at the ends of the growing polyethylene molecules. They cause new ethylene monomers to add to the ends of the molecules, rather than along the middle, causing the growth of a linear chain.
4499:
2402:
moth larvae metabolize polyethylene, they degraded it significantly, dropping its tensile strength by 50%, its mass by 10% and the molecular weights of its polymeric chains by 13%.
2678:, a mixture of HDPE and 2% peroxide is at first mixed at low temperatures in an extruder and then crosslinked at high temperatures (between 200 and 250 °C). The peroxide
2338:
In 2010, a
Japanese researcher, Akinori Ito, released the prototype of a machine which creates oil from polyethylene using a small, self-contained vapor distillation process.
2276:
5331:
1921:
3034:
Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von
Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond".
4080:
Yang, Jun; Yang, Yu; Wu, Wei-Min; Zhao, Jiao; Jiang, Lei (2014). "Evidence of
Polyethylene Biodegradation by Bacterial Strains from the Guts of Plastic-Eating Waxworms".
3674:
2962:
2110:
LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm. LDPE has a high degree of short- and long-chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the
3935:
2167:
with alpha-olefins, ethylene can be copolymerized with a wide range of other monomers and ionic composition that creates ionized free radicals. Common examples include
2377:(strain 707) was claimed to use low-density polyethylene as a sole carbon source when incubated together at 50 °C. Biodegradation increased with time exposed to
3470:
Eine theilweise – übrigens immer nur minimale – Umwandlung des
Diazomethans in Stickstoff und Polymethylen vollzieht sich auch bei ganz andersartigen Reactionen; ...
6321:
2646:
2067:
LLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.915–0.925 g/cm. LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by
2005:
catalysts; by choosing catalysts and reaction conditions, the small amount of branching that does occur can be controlled. These catalysts prefer the formation of
2614:
copolymers are prepared similarly to LD-PE by high pressure polymerization. The proportion of comonomer has a decisive influence on the behaviour of the polymer.
2115:
2642:
A basic distinction is made between peroxide crosslinking (PE-Xa), silane crosslinking (PE-Xb), electron beam crosslinking (PE-Xc) and azo crosslinking (PE-Xd).
1588:, ethane (common precursor to ethylene), and methane. Ethylene is usually produced from petrochemical sources, but also is generated by dehydration of ethanol.
4425:
3559:
Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (2010). "Chapter 10. Review of Phillips Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization". In Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (eds.).
2335:
market for solutions. Since 2008, Japan has rapidly increased the recycling of plastics, but still has a large amount of plastic wrapping which goes to waste.
1988:
HDPE pipe on site during installation in outback Western Australia. The white outer layer, Acu-Therm, is co-extruded to provide a reduction of thermal heating.
2225:
7455:
3275:
2601:. Ionomers are highly transparent thermoplastics which are characterized by high adhesion to metals, high abrasion resistance and high water absorption.
2848:. These developments are using renewable resources rather than fossil fuel, although the issue of plastic source is currently negligible in the wake of
2256:
process by radical polymerization, thereby numerous short chain branches as well as long chain branches are formed. Short chain branches are formed by
1311:-type catalysts were being used for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) production. In the 1970s, the Ziegler system was improved by the incorporation of
7365:
1248:, developed this accident into a reproducible high-pressure synthesis for polyethylene that became the basis for industrial low-density polyethylene (
3540:
2617:
The density decreases up to a comonomer share of 10% because of the disturbed crystal formation. With higher proportions it approaches to the one of
6184:
2212:
1959:
1916:
1852:
1344:
956:
952:
2238:
5324:
1050:
3881:
2833:
with an annual production capacity of 200,000 short tons (180,000,000 kg), and will produce high-density and low-density polyethylene from
2012:
HDPE has high tensile strength. It is used in products and packaging such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, butter tubs, garbage containers, and
4701:
71:
58:
4125:"Role of the intestinal microbiome in low-density polyethylene degradation by caterpillar larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella"
5207:
4678:
4650:
4484:
4418:
4380:
4355:
3622:
3576:
3145:
2872:
recommends poly(methylene) (poly(methanediyl) is a non-preferred alternative). The difference in names between the two systems is due to the
2860:
The name polyethylene comes from the ingredient and not the resulting chemical compound, which contains no double bonds. The scientific name
433:
6767:
5666:
5617:
5586:
2548:) produced by using metallocene catalysts. The resulting polymers are amorphous polymers and particularly transparent and heat resistant.
6276:
3484:
2868:
long, alkane in the polymerization process. In certain circumstances it is useful to use a structure-based nomenclature; in such cases
1844:. Its mechanical properties depend significantly on variables such as the extent and type of branching, the crystal structure, and the
7751:
5317:
4824:
4551:
4459:
4317:
2496:) may be added, which are incorporated in the polymer chain during polymerization. These copolymers introduce short side chains, thus
2328:
1244:
contamination in their apparatus, the experiment was difficult to reproduce at first. It was not until 1935 that another ICI chemist,
7721:
6569:
3766:
3736:
3187:
2504:
are reduced. As explained above, mechanical and thermal properties are changed thereby. In particular, PE-LLD is produced this way.
2247:
The figure shows polyethylene backbones, short-chain branches and side-chain branches. The polymer chains are represented linearly.
865:
100:
2597:
If salts of an unsaturated carboxylic acid are present in the polymer, thermo-reversible ion networks are formed, they are called
1673:
is the most pervasive technology, which means that metal chlorides or metal oxides are used. The most common catalysts consist of
7691:
5720:
3839:
Tournier, Vincent; Duquesne, Sophie; Guillamot, Frédérique; Cramail, Henri; Taton, Daniel; Marty, Alain; André, Isabelle (2023).
4543:
A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (Recommendations 1993) IUPAC, Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
4066:
3783:
1465:
is in the range 2.2 to 2.4 depending on the density and the loss tangent is very low, making it a good dielectric for building
7425:
7279:
7124:
4849:
3814:
3663:
2581:
PET). EVOH is also used as a coating agent against corrosion at street lights, traffic light poles and noise protection walls.
2062:
1885:
1425:
Polyethylene cannot be imprinted or bonded with adhesives without pretreatment. High-strength joints are readily achieved with
1340:
1196:
and Friedrich Tschirner characterized the white, waxy substance that he had created, they recognized that it contained long −CH
1000:
2053:
HDPE. MDPE is typically used in gas pipes and fittings, sacks, shrink film, packaging film, carrier bags, and screw closures.
1327:. The Ziegler- and metallocene-based catalysts families have proven to be very flexible at copolymerizing ethylene with other
7920:
7530:
5602:
5581:
5478:
5232:
4123:
Cassone, Bryan J.; Grove, Harald C.; Elebute, Oluwadara; Villanueva, Sachi M. P.; LeMoine, Christophe M. R. (11 March 2020).
3939:
118:
2759:. Thereby, the cross-linking takes place primarily in the amorphous regions, while the crystallinity remains largely intact.
2459:
or after polymerization through polymer-analogous reactions. Common polymer-analogous reactions are in case of polyethylene
109:
7641:
6594:
4512:
2517:
2092:
1841:
1651:
1478:
31:
3121:
1469:. For the same reason it is commonly used as the insulation material for high-frequency coaxial and twisted pair cables.
7930:
7915:
6797:
5656:
5576:
1221:
280:
7686:
7570:
6802:
6584:
5649:
5571:
5387:
4984:
2047:
1879:
1813:
1758:
1670:
1368:
1043:
301:
3751:
UHMWPE Biomaterials Handbook. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacement and Medical Devices
1998:
1678:
1308:
2864:
is systematically derived from the scientific name of the monomer. The alkene monomer converts to a long, sometimes
7935:
7329:
4914:
4889:
4734:
2830:
2373:
2299:
480:
3712:
2371:, has been claimed to degrade over 40% of the weight of plastic bags within six weeks. The thermophilic bacterium
7784:
7746:
7676:
7666:
6604:
6464:
6391:
6306:
5689:
5423:
5309:
5222:
5047:
4864:
4854:
4796:
3170:
Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins".
2822:
2701:
2637:
2293:
2025:
1979:
1873:
1864:
1580:−) connected to each other. Typical specifications for PE purity are <5 ppm for water, oxygen, and other
1372:
419:
7945:
7940:
7671:
7540:
7139:
6559:
6529:
6419:
5493:
5483:
5345:
5032:
4979:
4869:
2782:
2440:
2411:
is claimed to consume polyethylene. The caterpillar is able to digest polyethylene due to a combination of its
2327:
In Japan, getting rid of plastics in an environmentally friendly way was the major problem discussed until the
2105:
1900:
1891:
1418:
Polyethylene burns slowly with a blue flame having a yellow tip and gives off an odour of paraffin (similar to
1364:
1249:
241:
1929:
UHMWPE is polyethylene with a molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 3.5 and 7.5 million
3122:"Challenges of Reducing Polythene and Plastic in Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Attanagalla Secretariat Division"
7910:
7701:
7324:
7244:
7104:
6632:
6269:
5083:
4974:
4959:
4939:
2622:
2537:
2361:
2257:
2202:
The degree of branching of the different types of polyethylene can be schematically represented as follows:
1438:
411:
63:
2697:
247:
209:
7420:
7129:
6832:
6564:
6544:
5498:
5376:
5131:
4859:
4817:
2813:
2671:
2611:
2307:
2172:
2127:
1690:
1674:
1665:
Ethylene is a stable molecule that polymerizes only upon contact with catalysts. The conversion is highly
1489:. LDPE has the greatest, LLDPE slightly less, and HDPE the least transparency. Transparency is reduced by
1284:
1036:
497:
2888:
are shortened to PP and PS, respectively. In the United Kingdom and India the polymer is commonly called
2516:, usually including copolymers (z. B. ethene / hexene). Metallocene polyethylene has a relatively narrow
7849:
7799:
7779:
7726:
7059:
7009:
6732:
6727:
6386:
6376:
6351:
5678:
5382:
5027:
4610:
4183:"Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella"
2756:
2705:
2513:
2464:
1769:
397:
131:
3840:
3350:
2731:
2591:
2785:(PE-C) is an inexpensive material having a chlorine content from 34 to 44%. It is used in blends with
7925:
7900:
7895:
7819:
7681:
7209:
6524:
6356:
6071:
6033:
5713:
5398:
5393:
5366:
5284:
4513:"Braskem & Toyota Tsusho start joint marketing activities for green polyethylene from sugar cane"
4259:
4194:
4089:
3313:
3220:
3053:
2727:
2717:
1446:
1377:
1271:
The landmark breakthrough in the commercial production of polyethylene began with the development of
1212:
795:
3099:
1268:
at South Charleston, West Virginia, began large-scale commercial production under license from ICI.
7706:
7515:
7314:
7154:
7034:
6494:
6046:
5929:
5528:
5289:
5212:
5126:
5078:
2789:
because the soft, rubbery chloropolyethylene is embedded in the PVC matrix, thereby increasing the
2683:
2407:
2088:
1462:
1324:
807:
318:
157:
7871:
7834:
7794:
7646:
7555:
7520:
7470:
7355:
7064:
6934:
6904:
6842:
6579:
6479:
6459:
6454:
6361:
6262:
6243:
5543:
5461:
5202:
5176:
5146:
5106:
5088:
5037:
4989:
4969:
4772:
4760:
3996:
3446:
3412:
3383:
3077:
3043:
2927:
Die Abscheidung weisser Flocken aus Diazomethanlösungen erwähnt auch v. Pechmann (diese Berichte
2786:
2726:: The crosslinking of polyethylene is also possible by a downstream radiation source (usually an
1947:
1731:
1442:
1312:
1292:
1012:
460:
1907:
With regard to sold volumes, the most important polyethylene grades are HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE.
7905:
7839:
7824:
7696:
7616:
7611:
7525:
7500:
7485:
7465:
7435:
7415:
7294:
7264:
7099:
6672:
6554:
6514:
6396:
6381:
6336:
6311:
6041:
6010:
5831:
5673:
5639:
5559:
5371:
5193:
5111:
4810:
4674:
4646:
4547:
4480:
4455:
4414:
4376:
4351:
4313:
4287:
4228:
4210:
4162:
4144:
4105:
4047:
4014:
Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada P.; Ugwu, Charles U.; Aiba, Seiichi (September 2009).
3988:
3863:
3762:
3732:
3618:
3572:
3514:
3331:
3246:
3183:
3141:
3069:
2849:
2790:
2743:
2679:
2618:
2468:
2452:
2315:
2111:
1967:
1938:
1817:
1783:
1686:
1682:
1604:
1280:
1233:
1185:
802:
775:
715:
38:
1240:
they again produced a white, waxy material. Because the reaction had been initiated by trace
7854:
7844:
7661:
7490:
7445:
7405:
7395:
7259:
7174:
6954:
6852:
6747:
6722:
6637:
6589:
6534:
6366:
6331:
6316:
6301:
5564:
5259:
5161:
5136:
5068:
4934:
4929:
4874:
4784:
4748:
4590:
4447:
4277:
4267:
4218:
4202:
4152:
4136:
4097:
4037:
4027:
3978:
3855:
3754:
3564:
3492:
3458:
3424:
3321:
3236:
3228:
3175:
3133:
3061:
2797:
2667:
2321:
2187:
2164:
2119:
2068:
1955:
1930:
1845:
1825:
1486:
1458:
1403:; the gas and water vapour permeability (only polar gases) is lower than for most plastics.
1393:
1134:
386:
340:
4541:
2992:
1422:
flame). The material continues burning on removal of the flame source and produces a drip.
289:
7890:
7814:
7809:
7789:
7711:
7631:
7586:
7550:
7505:
7440:
7410:
7164:
7149:
7054:
6949:
6847:
6444:
6341:
6233:
6056:
6018:
5811:
5706:
5428:
5414:
5279:
5166:
5156:
4924:
4722:
3910:
3442:
3408:
2628:
Ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers behave similarly to ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers.
2394:
1951:
1821:
1800:
1788:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1702:
1693:, but this route has only limited utility and typically requires high-pressure apparatus.
1565:
1426:
1389:
1320:
1260:
sets. During World War II, further research was done on the ICI process and in 1944,
1193:
1176:, polyethylene is colorless to opaque (without impurities or colorants) and combustible.
1023:
840:
817:
782:
700:
663:
167:
2704:
by irradiation or by a small amount of a peroxide. Later Si-OH groups can be formed in a
4999:
4263:
4198:
4093:
3317:
3224:
3057:
3016:
1984:
1207:
322:
213:
7774:
7769:
7741:
7591:
7565:
7560:
7450:
7370:
7360:
7274:
7249:
7219:
7179:
6994:
6929:
6872:
6777:
6762:
6742:
6652:
6504:
6499:
6424:
6104:
5764:
5457:
5269:
5171:
5042:
4282:
4247:
4223:
4182:
4157:
4124:
4042:
4015:
3241:
3208:
2739:
2561:
2428:
2412:
2260:
2091:
than LDPE. Lower-thickness (gauge) films can be blown, compared with LDPE, with better
1778:
1661: = −25.71 ± 0.59 kcal/mol (−107.6 ± 2.5 kJ/mol)
1596:
1408:
1276:
1245:
877:
766:
628:
519:
492:
474:
1007:
7884:
7731:
7626:
7596:
7545:
7535:
7480:
7460:
7269:
7239:
7184:
6909:
6772:
6519:
6346:
6326:
6122:
6094:
6081:
5979:
5894:
5737:
5644:
5451:
5237:
5227:
5217:
5121:
5022:
4944:
4894:
4579:"Nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)"
3983:
3962:
3791:
3204:
3137:
2881:
2557:
2497:
2385:
2183:
2168:
2006:
1726:
1288:
1265:
1253:
893:
860:
848:
748:
563:
527:
375:
202:
3081:
2734:). PE products are crosslinked below the crystalline melting point by splitting off
7375:
7304:
7224:
7214:
7199:
7134:
7039:
6919:
6899:
6892:
6882:
6877:
6782:
6707:
6677:
6642:
6609:
6509:
6484:
6169:
6099:
5874:
5866:
5264:
5254:
5116:
4964:
4884:
4000:
2770:
2485:
2367:
2135:
2072:
1477:
Depending on thermal history and film thickness, PE can vary between almost clear (
1454:
1296:
1237:
1189:
1107:
1103:
937:
872:
543:
536:
4451:
2087:). LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE, and it exhibits higher impact and
1215:
presented to a technician at ICI in 1936 made from the first pound of polyethylene
4668:
4640:
4272:
3326:
3301:
2712:, which condense then and crosslink the PE by the formation of Si-O-Si bridges.
2682:(RO•), which abstract (remove) hydrogen atoms from the polymer chain, leading to
269:
7656:
7621:
7495:
7284:
7159:
7144:
7109:
7089:
7079:
7049:
7019:
6999:
6944:
6867:
6682:
6614:
6599:
6549:
6434:
6089:
5954:
5939:
5879:
5836:
5769:
5447:
5419:
5354:
5274:
5073:
4954:
4949:
4406:
3886:
3859:
2885:
2841:
2809:
2541:
2378:
2268:
2264:
2002:
1741:
1553:
1490:
1482:
1316:
1173:
1099:
855:
720:
618:
603:
548:
4779:
4767:
4516:
4206:
3568:
2964:
Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature – IUPAC Recommendations 2008
2034:
bonds introduced into the polymer structure, changing the thermoplastic into a
1279:
at mild temperatures and pressures. The first of these was a catalyst based on
7736:
7716:
7606:
7475:
7400:
7289:
7204:
7069:
7029:
7004:
6969:
6939:
6862:
6837:
6787:
6657:
6489:
6474:
6449:
6429:
6371:
6159:
6154:
6061:
6023:
5889:
5856:
5821:
5746:
5523:
5151:
5141:
5005:
3462:
3428:
3065:
2845:
2834:
2747:
2709:
2545:
2460:
2031:
1666:
1522:
1412:
1130:
are being produced annually, accounting for 34% of the total plastics market.
927:
922:
827:
735:
646:
558:
186:
4246:
Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Ferrón, Sara; Wilson, Samuel T.; Karl, David M. (2018).
4214:
4148:
3179:
2876:
of the monomer's double bond upon polymerization. The name is abbreviated to
7829:
7636:
7430:
7319:
7309:
7299:
7254:
7229:
7074:
6959:
6914:
6857:
6624:
6469:
6401:
6285:
6174:
5969:
5904:
5612:
5518:
5488:
5358:
4919:
4904:
4879:
4595:
4578:
3758:
2893:
2826:
2751:
2456:
2271:
chain branches because the reaction proceeds after the following mechanism:
2175:
2123:
2035:
2013:
1934:
1925:
Stainless steel and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene hip replacement
1753:
1748:
1736:
1466:
1225:
1095:
942:
573:
17:
5964:
4291:
4232:
4166:
4140:
4109:
4051:
3992:
3867:
3335:
3250:
3232:
3073:
2796:
Chlorosulfonated PE (CSM) is used as starting material for ozone-resistant
1172:
and decomposition-resistant pollutant when disposed of improperly. Being a
49:
2288:
7651:
7601:
7510:
7380:
7339:
7169:
7094:
7084:
6989:
6924:
6827:
6812:
6757:
6697:
6574:
6539:
6439:
6142:
5987:
5754:
5533:
4032:
3936:"CanadaWorld – WCI student isolates microbe that lunches on plastic bags"
3521:. Vol. 91, no. 1. Hearst Magazines. July 1949. pp. 125–129
2829:. Braskem will build a new facility at their existing industrial unit in
2735:
2713:
2663:
2493:
2489:
2436:
2179:
2152:
2084:
2080:
2076:
1994:
1804:
1792:
1603:
Polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene is described by the following
1542:
1450:
1300:
1272:
1156:
911:
755:
653:
593:
4515:(Press release). yourindustrynews.com. 26 September 2008. Archived from
7390:
7385:
7334:
7044:
6792:
6647:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6051:
5909:
5826:
5759:
5661:
5538:
5510:
5439:
5341:
5063:
4833:
3638:
2818:
2693:
2598:
2501:
2432:
2332:
1937:
material, but results in less efficient packing of the chains into the
1837:
1816:(PSA) are feasible if the surface chemistry or charge is modified with
1796:
1707:
Commonly used methods for joining polyethylene parts together include:
1538:
1381:
1229:
1152:
1091:
1087:
968:
963:
812:
710:
658:
578:
365:
256:
4706:
4101:
2320:
The widespread usage of polyethylene poses potential difficulties for
7804:
7189:
6887:
6752:
6717:
6712:
6687:
6667:
6206:
6137:
6132:
6127:
5949:
5934:
5924:
5899:
5884:
5846:
5779:
2416:
2347:
2114:
as well. It has, therefore, less strong intermolecular forces as the
1963:
1943:
1581:
1419:
1404:
1385:
1348:
1328:
1303:
1261:
1241:
1111:
973:
907:
903:
898:
673:
613:
598:
588:
568:
553:
4617:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 27 October 2004
4248:"Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment"
2178:, or EVA, widely used in athletic-shoe sole foams) and a variety of
1511:
473:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3100:"The Enthalpies of Combustion and Formation of Linear Polyethylene"
230:
7194:
7114:
7014:
6737:
6211:
6164:
6147:
6114:
6066:
6001:
5919:
5851:
5841:
5816:
5794:
5784:
5729:
3615:
Kunststoffchemie für Ingenieure von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung
3048:
2994:
Role of Additives in Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Films
2869:
2565:
2298:
1983:
1920:
1546:
1400:
1332:
1257:
1206:
1127:
1123:
1075:
978:
932:
915:
886:
822:
730:
725:
705:
683:
583:
511:
2427:
When exposed to ambient solar radiation the plastic produces two
7024:
6964:
6702:
5959:
5944:
5914:
5806:
5801:
5789:
5774:
4899:
4350:(8. ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 224.
4067:"Discovery of plastic-eating bacteria may speed waste reduction"
3449:[On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine].
3415:[On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine].
2825:
started joint marketing activities to produce polyethylene from
2556:
The basic compounds used as polar comonomers are vinyl alcohol (
1942:
used in a diverse range of applications. These include can- and
695:
690:
678:
668:
623:
608:
221:
6258:
5702:
5313:
4806:
4475:
Koltzenburg, Sebastian; Maskos, Michael; Nuyken, Oskar (2014).
4375:(8. ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
2840:
Polyethylene can also be made from other feedstocks, including
2439:. The plastic type which releases gases at the highest rate is
30:
This article is about the plastic. For the Radiohead song, see
7119:
6822:
6817:
6807:
6692:
6662:
3963:"Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium
3911:"Plastic-eating caterpillar could munch waste, scientists say"
3447:"Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine"
3413:"Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine"
1550:
1119:
1115:
633:
43:
4642:
Plastic Packaging: Interactions with Food and Pharmaceuticals
3715:(abstract) in Doklady Chemistry 184(1):103–104. January 1969.
2451:
Polyethylene may either be modified in the polymerization by
2346:
Several experiments have been conducted aimed at discovering
1331:
and have become the basis for the wide range of polyethylene
6254:
306:
4802:
3128:. Developments in Corporate Governance and Responsibility.
3120:
Hemakumara, G. P. T. S.; Madhusankha, T. G. Shamal (2023).
1133:
Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the
3302:"Environmental toxicity and decomposition of polyethylene"
2524:
Polyethylene with multimodal molecular weight distribution
1858:
Ultra-low-molecular-weight polyethylene (ULMWPE or PE-WAX)
1336:
1188:, who prepared it by accident in 1898 while investigating
496:
The repeating unit within polyethylene in the most stable
5698:
3403:
3401:
2398:
source. Not only could the bacteria from the guts of the
2331:
in 2011 became a larger issue. It was listed as a US$ 90
2030:
PEX is a medium- to high-density polyethylene containing
1493:
if they are larger than the wavelength of visible light.
1232:. Upon applying extremely high pressure (several hundred
1184:
Polyethylene was first synthesized by the German chemist
3451:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin
3417:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin
3388:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin
3098:
Paul L. Splitstone and Walter H. Johnson (20 May 1974).
2512:
Metallocene polyethylene (PE-M) is prepared by means of
4702:
Polythene's story: The accidental birth of plastic bags
4129:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3639:"How to Identify Plastic Materials Using The Burn Test"
3107:
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards
3882:"Forscherin entdeckt zufällig Plastik-fressende Raupe"
3731:. Norwich, New York: Plastics Design Library. p. 326.
3300:
Yao, Zhuang; Jeong Seong, Hyeon; Jang, Yu-Sin (2022).
37:"Polythene" redirects here. For the Feeder album, see
4732:
3561:
Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts
3209:"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made"
2852:
and in particular polyethylene waste as shown above.
4371:
Elsner, Peter; Eyerer, Peter; Hirth, Thomas (2012).
4346:
Elsner, Peter; Eyerer, Peter; Hirth, Thomas (2012).
2186:
copolymer include packaging and sporting goods, and
1315:. Catalytic systems based on soluble catalysts, the
7760:
7579:
7348:
6978:
6623:
6410:
6292:
6113:
6080:
6032:
6009:
6000:
5978:
5865:
5745:
5736:
5632:
5595:
5552:
5509:
5471:
5438:
5407:
5353:
5302:
5247:
5192:
5185:
5097:
5056:
5013:
4840:
2856:
Nomenclature and general description of the process
4639:Piringer, Otto G.; Baner, Albert Lawrence (2008).
2896:, although this is not recognized scientifically.
380:115–135 °C (239–275 °F; 388–408 K)
4707:Polythene Technical Properties & Applications
4477:Polymere: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
2674:) is still of major importance. In the so-called
2292:A recyclable bag manufactured from polyethylene,
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
1689:on silica. Polyethylene can be produced through
268:
6322:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
4670:Handbook of Plastics Joining: A Practical Guide
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
3729:Handbook of Plastics Joining: A Practical Guide
2986:
2984:
2540:are prepared by copolymerization of ethene and
1870:High-density cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE)
166:
4479:(1 ed.). Springer Spektrum. p. 406.
4444:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
4312:(. ed.). Shawbury: Rapra Technology Ltd.
3172:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2116:instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction
6270:
5714:
5325:
4818:
4442:Whiteley, Kenneth S. (2011). "Polyethylene".
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
2572:Ethylene copolymers with unsaturated alcohols
1044:
8:
4577:Kahovec, J.; Fox, R. B.; Hatada, K. (2002).
3664:"Electrical Properties of Plastic Materials"
3468:
2925:
2911:
1933:. The high molecular weight makes it a very
7456:Hazard analysis and critical control points
4546:. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1993.
4437:
4435:
4433:
4020:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3815:"New invention turns plastic bags into oil"
2605:Ethylene copolymers with unsaturated esters
2419:that oxidise and depolymerise the plastic.
1848:. There are several types of polyethylene:
1584:contents. Acceptable contaminants include N
6277:
6263:
6255:
6006:
5742:
5721:
5707:
5699:
5332:
5318:
5310:
5189:
4825:
4811:
4803:
4611:"IUPAC Provisional Recommendations on the
4572:
4570:
3700:Extrusion of Polymers: Theory and Practice
3608:
2645:
1861:High-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE)
1051:
1037:
502:
321:
212:
92:
7366:Automatic identification and data capture
4594:
4373:Kunststoffe Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
4303:
4301:
4281:
4271:
4222:
4156:
4041:
4031:
3982:
3961:Hadad, D.; Geresh, S.; Sivan, A. (2005).
3841:"Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation"
3834:
3832:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3325:
3240:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3047:
2662:: The crosslinking of polyethylene using
2560:, an unsaturated alcohol), acrylic acid (
2324:because it is not readily biodegradable.
1415:, on the other hand, can pass it easily.
288:
4673:(illustrated ed.). William Andrew.
4536:
4534:
4308:Pascu, Cornelia Vasile: Mihaela (2005).
3384:"Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine"
2287:
2204:
1917:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
1853:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
1595:
491:
74:of all important aspects of the article.
4739:
2954:
2904:
1445:resistance; however, it becomes easily
891:
853:
765:
526:
510:
317:
246:
4915:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
4082:Environmental Science & Technology
3723:
3721:
3680:from the original on 20 September 2022
3542:A History of Union Carbide Corporation
3351:"Understanding the 'Science' of Color"
3306:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
2585:Ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers (EAA)
1807:and has a high resistance to solvents.
1449:(which can be reduced by additions of
1299:developed a catalytic system based on
1122:, etc.). As of 2017, over 100 million
203:
70:Please consider expanding the lead to
4855:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
4850:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
3784:"Plastic incineration rise draws ire"
3753:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 3.
3093:
3091:
2769:polyethylene is crosslinked preadded
2568:containing one of the two compounds.
1897:Very-low-density polyethylene (VLDPE)
1388:, or in chlorinated solvents such as
1347:, have (as of 2005) begun to replace
1151:. PE is usually a mixture of similar
7:
6768:Flexible intermediate bulk container
6239:
5667:List of environmental health hazards
5587:List of environmental health hazards
4712:Article describing the discovery of
3207:; Law, Kara Lavender (1 July 2017).
1911:Ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMWPE)
1351:in many high-strength applications.
4500:Chlorsulfoniertes Polyethylen (CSM)
2773:after extrusion in a hot salt bath.
2700:) polyethylene can initially be Si-
1564:, which can be viewed as a pair of
1001:Agriculture and agronomy portal
259:
229:
7752:Vertical form fill sealing machine
5472:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
3782:Prideaux, Eric (3 November 2007).
3485:"Winnington history in the making"
2831:Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
2778:Chlorination and sulfochlorination
1836:Polyethylene is classified by its
25:
7722:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
6570:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
4613:Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
4411:Saechtling Kunststoff Taschenbuch
4065:Balster, Lori (27 January 2015).
3813:Nguyen, Tuan (17 February 2011).
2118:is less. This results in a lower
1681:. Another common catalyst is the
27:Most common thermoplastic polymer
7866:
7865:
7692:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
6238:
6229:
6228:
5004:
4998:
4890:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
4865:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4716:as a biodegrader of plastic bags
4667:Plastics Design Library (1997).
3984:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02553.x
3938:. The Record.com. Archived from
3727:Plastics Design Library (1997).
3617:(3. ed.). München: Hanser.
3491:. 23 August 2006. Archived from
3138:10.1108/S2043-052320230000019004
2724:Irradiation crosslinking (PE-Xc)
2508:Metallocene polyethylene (PE-MC)
2447:Chemically modified polyethylene
2275:
2237:
2224:
2211:
1521:
1510:
1086:) is the most commonly produced
1018:
1017:
1006:
994:
518:
461:Heat of combustion, higher value
117:
108:
99:
48:
7426:Electronic article surveillance
7280:Shock and vibration data logger
7125:Linear low-density polyethylene
4870:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
4310:Practical guide to polyethylene
3971:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3445:; Tschirner, Friedrich (1900).
2680:decomposes to peroxide radicals
2063:Linear low-density polyethylene
1886:Linear low-density polyethylene
1764:Dispersion of solvent-type PSAs
1399:Polyethylene absorbs almost no
1341:linear low-density polyethylene
1236:) to a mixture of ethylene and
477:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
62:may be too short to adequately
7531:Radio-frequency identification
5233:Category:Plastics applications
4980:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
4975:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
4960:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
4016:"Biodegradability of Plastics"
3349:Sepe, Michael (8 April 2024).
2533:Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC)
1343:. Such resins, in the form of
72:provide an accessible overview
32:Polyethylene (Parts 1 & 2)
1:
7642:Extended core stretch wrapper
6595:Single-serve coffee container
4940:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
4452:10.1002/14356007.a21_487.pub2
4413:. Hanser, Carl. p. 443.
3515:"Poly – the all-star plastic"
2660:Peroxide crosslinking (PE-Xa)
2518:molecular weight distribution
2475:Non-polar ethylene copolymers
2190:, used in cement production.
2093:environmental stress cracking
2071:of ethylene with short-chain
1337:very-low-density polyethylene
1295:. In 1953 the German chemist
135:Polyethene or poly(methylene)
6798:Insulated shipping container
5657:Persistent organic pollutant
5618:Toxic Substances Control Act
5577:Persistent organic pollutant
4860:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
4273:10.1371/journal.pone.0200574
3713:Ethylene Polymerization Heat
3327:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113933
3126:Socially Responsible Plastic
2720:may accelerate the reaction.
2484:In the low pressure process
1814:Pressure-sensitive adhesives
1376:at elevated temperatures in
1264:at Sabine River, Texas, and
1222:Imperial Chemical Industries
7687:Material-handling equipment
7571:Verification and validation
6803:Intermediate bulk container
6585:Self-heating food packaging
5650:Great Pacific garbage patch
5572:Great Pacific garbage patch
4985:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
4900:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
4645:(2nd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
4426:Vorschau auf kunststoffe.de
3860:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644
3411:; Tschirner, Fred. (1900).
2690:Silane crosslinking (PE-Xb)
2564:, an unsaturated acid) and
2263:reactions, they are always
2155:properties of the polymer.
2128:free-radical polymerization
2048:Medium-density polyethylene
1880:Medium-density polyethylene
1759:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
1671:Coordination polymerization
1335:available today, including
1319:, were reported in 1976 by
7962:
7330:Time temperature indicator
5613:Japan Toxic Substances Law
5408:Miscellaneous plasticizers
4583:Pure and Applied Chemistry
4348:Domininghaus - Kunststoffe
4207:10.1038/s41467-022-33127-w
3965:Brevibacillus borstelensis
3890:(in German). 24 April 2017
3702:. 2nd ed.. Hanser: Munich.
3569:10.1002/9780470504437.ch10
2807:
2635:
2415:and its saliva containing
2374:Brevibacillus borstelensis
2329:Fukushima nuclear disaster
2313:
2171:(the resulting product is
2103:
2060:
2057:Linear low-density (LLDPE)
2045:
2023:
2020:Cross-linked (PEX or XLPE)
1977:
1914:
1700:
467:650-651 kJ/mole, 46 MJ/kg
36:
29:
7863:
7785:Environmental engineering
7747:Turntable stretch wrapper
7677:Lineshaft roller conveyor
7667:Injection molding machine
6605:Toothpaste pump dispenser
6465:Disposable food packaging
6307:Child-resistant packaging
6224:
5687:
5608:European REACH regulation
5603:California Proposition 65
5346:polyhalogenated compounds
5223:High-performance plastics
5048:High-performance plastics
4996:
3749:Kurtz, Steven M. (2015).
3711:Victor Ostrovskii et al.
3673:. Professional Plastics.
3613:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2011).
3563:. John Wiley & Sons.
3529:– via Google Books.
3463:10.1002/cber.190003301166
3429:10.1002/cber.190003301166
3382:von Pechmann, H. (1898).
3066:10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005
2823:Toyota Tsusho Corporation
2638:Cross-linked polyethylene
2552:Polar ethylene copolymers
2294:resin identification code
2026:Cross-linked polyethylene
1980:High-density polyethylene
1874:Cross-linked polyethylene
1865:High-density polyethylene
1685:, prepared by depositing
1447:electrostatically charged
1266:Union Carbide Corporation
1159:, with various values of
1110:and containers including
471:
426:
333:
150:
140:
130:
125:
116:
107:
98:
7672:Label printer applicator
7541:Shearing (manufacturing)
7140:Low-density polyethylene
6560:Pharmaceutical packaging
6530:Low plastic water bottle
6420:Alternative wine closure
5033:Fibre-reinforced plastic
4970:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
3671:professionalplastics.com
3180:10.1002/14356007.a21_487
2837:derived from sugarcane.
2783:Chlorinated Polyethylene
2763:Azo crosslinking (PE-Xd)
2623:thermoplastic elastomers
2538:Cyclic olefin copolymers
2441:low-density polyethylene
2142:Very-low-density (VLDPE)
2106:Low-density polyethylene
1901:Chlorinated polyethylene
1892:Low-density polyethylene
1803:because polyethylene is
7702:Orbital stretch wrapper
7325:Temperature data logger
7245:Pressure-sensitive tape
7105:Humidity indicator card
6633:Aerosol spray dispenser
5084:Biodegradable additives
4721:5 November 2012 at the
4596:10.1351/pac200274101921
3759:10.1016/C2013-0-16083-7
2590:copolymers are used as
2362:Pseudomonas fluorescens
1999:Ziegler–Natta catalysts
1679:Ziegler–Natta catalysts
1437:Polyethylene is a good
1200:− chains and termed it
412:Magnetic susceptibility
7421:Die forming (plastics)
7130:Liquid packaging board
6833:Multilayered packaging
6565:Plastic milk container
6545:Optical disc packaging
5499:Perfluorooctanoic acid
4935:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
4930:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
4875:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
4727:Waterloo Region Record
4141:10.1098/rspb.2020.0112
3469:
3233:10.1126/sciadv.1700782
2926:
2912:
2880:. In a similar manner
2814:Renewable Polyethylene
2804:Bio-based polyethylene
2672:di-tert-butyl peroxide
2612:Ethylene-vinyl acetate
2311:
2308:Nako, Himachal Pradesh
2296:
2194:Types of polyethylenes
2173:ethylene-vinyl acetate
1989:
1926:
1691:radical polymerization
1675:titanium(III) chloride
1600:
1283:discovered in 1951 by
1216:
1192:. When his colleagues
1013:Engineering portal
500:
498:staggered conformation
7921:Transparent materials
7850:Sustainable packaging
7800:Life-cycle assessment
7780:Closed-loop box reuse
7727:Seed-counting machine
7060:Corrugated fiberboard
7010:Biodegradable plastic
6733:Corrugated box design
6387:Sustainable packaging
6377:Shelf-ready packaging
6352:Packaging engineering
5679:Biodegradable plastic
5028:Thermosetting polymer
4925:Polylactic acid (PLA)
4187:Nature Communications
3265:"Plastics: The Facts"
2991:Batra, Kamal (2014).
2698:trimethoxyvinylsilane
2692:: In the presence of
2514:metallocene catalysts
2400:Plodia interpunctella
2302:
2291:
2126:. LDPE is created by
2042:Medium-density (MDPE)
1987:
1924:
1775:Two-part polyurethane
1599:
1497:Manufacturing process
1378:aromatic hydrocarbons
1210:
1094:, primarily used for
796:Semi-synthetic fibers
495:
7820:PET bottle recycling
7682:Logistics automation
7210:Plastic-coated paper
6357:Resealable packaging
5690:Identification codes
5290:Foam food containers
5213:Engineering plastics
4033:10.3390/ijms10093722
3698:Chung, C. I. (2010)
2728:electron accelerator
2718:dibutyltin dilaurate
2304:Say no to polythene.
2284:Environmental issues
1439:electrical insulator
370:0.88–0.96 g/cm
7931:Commodity chemicals
7916:Packaging materials
7872:Category: Packaging
7707:Packaging machinery
7516:Product development
7315:Tamper-evident band
7155:Modified atmosphere
6495:Foam food container
5529:Endocrine disruptor
5127:Compression molding
5079:Polymer stabilizers
4264:2018PLoSO..1300574R
4199:2022NatCo..13.5568S
4094:2014EnST...4813776Y
3794:on 22 November 2012
3355:Plastics Technology
3318:2022EcoES.24213933Y
3225:2017SciA....3E0782G
3058:2014JMagR.242..233W
2765:: In the so-called
2408:Galleria mellonella
2405:The caterpillar of
2365:, with the help of
2089:puncture resistance
1997:/silica catalysts,
1974:High-density (HDPE)
1962:, it competes with
1799:are rarely used as
1463:dielectric constant
506:Part of a series on
454:−28 to −29 kJ/mole
387:Solubility in water
95:
7835:Reusable packaging
7795:Industrial ecology
7556:Ultrasonic welding
7521:Production control
7471:Injection moulding
7356:Aseptic processing
7065:Corrugated plastic
6935:Steel and tin cans
6905:Shipping container
6843:Packet (container)
6580:Seasonal packaging
6480:Evidence packaging
6460:Currency packaging
6455:Cosmetic packaging
6362:Reusable packaging
5544:Polymer fume fever
5203:Commodity plastics
5177:Rotational molding
5147:Fiberglass molding
5107:Injection moulding
5089:Filler (materials)
5038:Corrugated plastic
4990:Tritan copolyester
4945:Polypropylene (PP)
4895:Polycarbonate (PC)
4797:North West England
4135:(1922): 20200112.
3495:on 21 January 2010
3281:on 4 February 2018
2730:, occasionally an
2592:adhesion promoters
2312:
2297:
2182:. Applications of
2100:Low-density (LDPE)
1990:
1927:
1784:Hot-melt adhesives
1732:Ultrasonic welding
1687:chromium(VI) oxide
1601:
1556:with the formula C
1537:The ingredient or
1461:). When pure, the
1443:electrical treeing
1313:magnesium chloride
1293:Phillips Petroleum
1275:that promoted the
1217:
776:Regenerated fibers
501:
481:Infobox references
422:, SI, 22 °C)
93:
7936:German inventions
7878:
7877:
7840:Reverse logistics
7825:Plastic recycling
7697:Multihead weigher
7617:Cartoning machine
7612:Cap torque tester
7526:Quality assurance
7501:Plastic extrusion
7466:Induction sealing
7436:Extrusion coating
7295:Staple (fastener)
7265:Security printing
7100:Hot-melt adhesive
6673:Biodegradable bag
6515:Glass milk bottle
6397:Tamper resistance
6337:Package pilferage
6312:Contract packager
6252:
6251:
6220:
6219:
5996:
5995:
5696:
5695:
5674:Plastic recycling
5640:Plastic pollution
5626:
5625:
5560:Plastic pollution
5340:Health issues of
5298:
5297:
5194:Plastics industry
5112:Plastic extrusion
4965:Polyurethane (PU)
4955:Polysulfone (PES)
4910:Polyethylene (PE)
4885:Polybutylene (PB)
4725:Kawawada, Karen,
4680:978-1-884207-17-4
4652:978-3-527-31455-3
4502:. ChemgaPedia.de
4486:978-3-642-34773-3
4420:978-3-446-43729-6
4382:978-3-642-16173-5
4357:978-3-642-16173-5
4102:10.1021/es504038a
3817:. smartplanet.com
3643:Boedeker Plastics
3624:978-3-446-43047-1
3578:978-0-470-13798-7
3519:Popular Mechanics
3205:Jambeck, Jenna R.
3147:978-1-80455-987-1
2791:impact resistance
2744:penetration depth
2732:isotopic radiator
2655:
2619:polyvinyl acetate
2469:sulfochlorination
2316:Plastic pollution
2245:
2244:
2112:crystal structure
1968:bulletproof vests
1956:knee replacements
1939:crystal structure
1818:plasma activation
1772:contact adhesives
1683:Phillips catalyst
1605:chemical equation
1531:Ethylene (ethene)
1481:), milky-opaque (
1459:antistatic agents
1441:. It offers good
1281:chromium trioxide
1186:Hans von Pechmann
1061:
1060:
960:
919:
869:
767:Human-made fibers
687:
489:Chemical compound
487:
486:
302:CompTox Dashboard
89:
88:
39:Polythene (album)
16:(Redirected from
7953:
7869:
7868:
7855:Waste management
7845:Source reduction
7662:Industrial robot
7566:Vacuum packaging
7491:Package tracking
7446:Glass production
7406:Corona treatment
7396:Containerization
7260:Screw cap (wine)
7175:Oxygen scavenger
6638:Aluminium bottle
6590:Screw cap (wine)
6535:Luxury packaging
6367:Reuse of bottles
6332:Package delivery
6317:Edible packaging
6302:Active packaging
6279:
6272:
6265:
6256:
6242:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6007:
5743:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5700:
5565:Rubber pollution
5415:Organophosphates
5334:
5327:
5320:
5311:
5190:
5162:Filament winding
5137:Transfer molding
5064:Polymer additive
5008:
5002:
4950:Polystyrene (PS)
4827:
4820:
4813:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4783:
4782:
4771:
4770:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4738:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4439:
4428:
4424:
4409:(October 2013).
4402:
4387:
4386:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4343:
4324:
4323:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4088:(23): 13776–84.
4077:
4071:
4070:
4069:. fondriest.com.
4062:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4035:
4026:(9): 3722–3742.
4011:
4005:
4004:
3986:
3977:(5): 1093–1100.
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3854:(9): 5612–5701.
3848:Chemical Reviews
3845:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3790:. Archived from
3779:
3773:
3772:
3746:
3740:
3725:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3668:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3610:
3583:
3582:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3489:This is Cheshire
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3443:Bamberger, Eugen
3439:
3433:
3432:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3274:. Archived from
3269:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3213:Science Advances
3200:
3194:
3193:
3167:
3152:
3151:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3051:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3017:"poly(ethylene)"
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2944:
2942:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2798:synthetic rubber
2652:
2649:
2429:greenhouse gases
2342:Biodegradability
2322:waste management
2279:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2205:
2188:superplasticizer
2165:copolymerization
2120:tensile strength
2069:copolymerization
1846:molecular weight
1826:corona treatment
1722:Infrared welding
1677:, the so-called
1650:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1566:methylene groups
1549:name ethene), a
1525:
1514:
1394:trichlorobenzene
1135:chemical formula
1126:of polyethylene
1053:
1046:
1039:
1024:Category: Fibers
1021:
1020:
1011:
1010:
999:
998:
997:
950:
901:
863:
841:Synthetic fibers
681:
522:
503:
450:
427:Thermochemistry
341:Chemical formula
326:
325:
310:
308:
292:
272:
261:
250:
233:
216:
205:
170:
121:
112:
103:
96:
84:
81:
75:
52:
44:
21:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7946:1898 in Germany
7941:1898 in science
7881:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7859:
7815:Paper recycling
7810:Packaging waste
7790:Glass recycling
7762:
7756:
7712:Pallet inverter
7632:Conveyor system
7587:Barcode printer
7575:
7551:Track and trace
7506:Plastic welding
7441:Flame treatment
7411:Curtain coating
7344:
7165:Nonwoven fabric
7150:Metallised film
7055:Container glass
6982:
6980:
6974:
6950:Tub (container)
6848:Padded envelope
6619:
6445:Case-ready meat
6412:
6406:
6342:Package testing
6294:
6288:
6283:
6253:
6248:
6216:
6109:
6076:
6028:
6019:Artificial silk
5992:
5974:
5861:
5732:
5727:
5697:
5692:
5683:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5591:
5548:
5505:
5467:
5434:
5403:
5349:
5338:
5304:
5294:
5243:
5181:
5167:Solvent bonding
5157:Plastic welding
5099:
5093:
5052:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4994:
4905:Polyester (PEs)
4842:
4836:
4831:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4723:Wayback Machine
4698:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4666:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4441:
4440:
4431:
4421:
4407:Osswald, Tim A.
4404:
4403:
4390:
4383:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4345:
4344:
4327:
4320:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4258:(8): e0200574.
4245:
4244:
4240:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3942:on 18 July 2011
3934:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3909:Briggs, Helen.
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3788:The Japan Times
3781:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3726:
3719:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3612:
3611:
3586:
3579:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3409:Bamberger, Eug.
3407:
3406:
3399:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:Plastics Europe
3267:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3219:(7): e1700782.
3203:Geyer, Roland;
3202:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3169:
3168:
3155:
3148:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2892:, from the ICI
2858:
2816:
2808:Main articles:
2806:
2780:
2767:Lubonyl process
2654:(bottom right).
2640:
2634:
2607:
2587:
2574:
2554:
2535:
2526:
2510:
2482:
2477:
2449:
2425:
2395:Indian mealmoth
2357:
2344:
2318:
2286:
2253:
2196:
2163:In addition to
2161:
2144:
2108:
2102:
2065:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2028:
2022:
1982:
1976:
1919:
1913:
1834:
1822:flame treatment
1801:solvent bonding
1789:Solvent bonding
1779:Epoxy adhesives
1717:Hot gas welding
1705:
1703:Solvent bonding
1699:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1587:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1499:
1475:
1435:
1427:plastic welding
1390:trichloroethane
1357:
1321:Walter Kaminsky
1224:(ICI) works in
1199:
1194:Eugen Bamberger
1182:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1084:poly(methylene)
1057:
1028:
1005:
995:
993:
985:
984:
983:
890:
889:
882:
852:
851:
843:
833:
832:
798:
788:
787:
783:Artificial silk
778:
761:
760:
751:
741:
740:
649:
639:
638:
539:
490:
483:
478:
464:
451:
448:
442:
438:
435:
434:Std enthalpy of
415:
389:
359:
353:
349:
343:
329:
311:
304:
295:
275:
262:
236:
197:
173:
160:
146:
144:
136:
85:
79:
76:
69:
57:This article's
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7959:
7957:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7911:Thermoplastics
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7883:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7775:Can collecting
7772:
7770:Biodegradation
7766:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7742:Tape dispenser
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7592:Barcode reader
7589:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7561:Vacuum forming
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7451:Graphic design
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7371:Blow fill seal
7368:
7363:
7361:Authentication
7358:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7275:Shock detector
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7250:Pump dispenser
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7220:Plastic pallet
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7180:Package handle
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6995:Aluminium foil
6992:
6986:
6984:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6930:Stand-up pouch
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6873:Plastic bottle
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6778:Folding carton
6775:
6770:
6765:
6763:Euro container
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6743:Disposable cup
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6653:Antistatic bag
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6505:Fuel container
6502:
6500:Food packaging
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6425:Ammunition box
6422:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6392:Tamper-evident
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6259:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6236:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6034:Semi-synthetic
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6013:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5458:Vinyl chloride
5455:
5452:Polycarbonates
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5351:
5350:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Packaging film
5262:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5248:Specific goods
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5172:Vacuum forming
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5043:Polymeric foam
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Polyimide (PI)
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4880:Polyamide (PA)
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4800:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4731:
4730:
4729:(22 May 2008).
4709:
4704:
4697:
4696:External links
4694:
4693:
4692:
4679:
4664:
4651:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4602:
4566:
4553:978-0632037025
4552:
4530:
4519:on 21 May 2013
4504:
4492:
4485:
4467:
4461:978-3527306732
4460:
4429:
4419:
4388:
4381:
4363:
4356:
4325:
4319:978-1859574935
4318:
4297:
4238:
4172:
4115:
4072:
4057:
4006:
3953:
3927:
3901:
3873:
3828:
3805:
3774:
3767:
3741:
3717:
3704:
3691:
3655:
3630:
3623:
3584:
3577:
3551:
3532:
3506:
3476:
3434:
3397:
3367:
3341:
3292:
3256:
3195:
3188:
3153:
3146:
3112:
3087:
3026:
3008:
2980:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2918:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2857:
2854:
2805:
2802:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2721:
2702:functionalized
2687:
2636:Main article:
2633:
2630:
2606:
2603:
2586:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2562:propenoic acid
2553:
2550:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2509:
2506:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2448:
2445:
2424:
2423:Climate change
2421:
2413:gut microbiota
2359:The bacterium
2356:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2261:chain transfer
2258:intramolecular
2252:
2251:Chain branches
2249:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2195:
2192:
2160:
2157:
2143:
2140:
2122:and increased
2104:Main article:
2101:
2098:
2075:(for example,
2061:Main article:
2058:
2055:
2046:Main article:
2043:
2040:
2024:Main article:
2021:
2018:
1978:Main article:
1975:
1972:
1915:Main article:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1833:
1832:Classification
1830:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1698:
1695:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1593:
1592:Polymerization
1590:
1585:
1574:
1561:
1557:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1474:
1471:
1434:
1431:
1409:carbon dioxide
1356:
1353:
1277:polymerization
1254:coaxial cables
1246:Michael Perrin
1197:
1181:
1178:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1003:
990:
987:
986:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
896:
885:
884:
883:
881:
880:
875:
870:
858:
847:
846:
845:
844:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
799:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
779:
774:
773:
770:
769:
763:
762:
759:
758:
752:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
650:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
535:
534:
531:
530:
528:Natural fibers
524:
523:
515:
514:
508:
507:
488:
485:
484:
479:
475:standard state
472:
469:
468:
465:
459:
456:
455:
452:
446:
440:
432:
429:
428:
424:
423:
416:
410:
407:
406:
403:
394:
393:
390:
385:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
355:
351:
347:
344:
339:
336:
335:
331:
330:
328:
327:
314:
312:
300:
297:
296:
294:
293:
285:
283:
277:
276:
274:
273:
265:
263:
255:
252:
251:
244:
238:
237:
235:
234:
226:
224:
218:
217:
207:
199:
198:
196:
195:
191:
189:
183:
182:
179:
178:Abbreviations
175:
174:
172:
171:
163:
161:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
104:
87:
86:
66:the key points
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7958:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7873:
7862:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7732:Shrink tunnel
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7627:Check weigher
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7597:Bottling line
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7546:Thermoforming
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7536:Roll slitting
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7481:Laser cutting
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7461:Hermetic seal
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7270:Security tape
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7240:Polypropylene
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:Packaging gas
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6977:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6910:Shipping tube
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6773:Flexible tank
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:Package theft
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6327:Overpackaging
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6275:
6273:
6268:
6266:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6245:
6237:
6235:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5645:Garbage patch
5643:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5511:Health issues
5508:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:Shopping bags
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5240:(Agriculture)
5239:
5238:Plasticulture
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:Geosynthetics
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Thermoforming
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Thermoplastic
5021:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4740:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4654:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4616:
4614:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:Baur, Erwin;
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3954:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3768:9780323354356
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3737:1-884207-17-0
3734:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3548:. p. 69.
3544:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3189:3-527-30673-0
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:polypropylene
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2850:plastic waste
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2771:azo compounds
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:Engel process
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:crystallinity
2495:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:or non-polar
2454:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:Acinetobacter
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:vinyl acetate
2166:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:alpha-olefins
2070:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2007:free radicals
2004:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:(PEX or XLPE)
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Laser welding
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1567:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1524:
1513:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:UHMWPE fibers
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Hansjörg Sinn
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:J. Paul Hogan
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:polymethylene
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:plastic films
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:(abbreviated
1069:
1065:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:
992:
991:
989:
988:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
958:
954:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
879:
876:
874:
871:
867:
862:
859:
857:
854:
850:
842:
837:
836:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
792:
791:
784:
781:
780:
777:
772:
771:
768:
764:
757:
754:
753:
750:
745:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
643:
642:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
533:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
482:
476:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
453:
445:
437:
431:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
404:
402:
401:
396:
395:
391:
388:
384:
383:
379:
377:
376:Melting point
374:
373:
369:
367:
364:
363:
358:
345:
342:
338:
337:
332:
324:
320:
319:DTXSID8031946
316:
315:
313:
303:
299:
298:
291:
287:
286:
284:
282:
279:
278:
271:
267:
266:
264:
258:
254:
253:
249:
245:
243:
240:
239:
232:
228:
227:
225:
223:
220:
219:
215:
211:
208:
206:
204:ECHA InfoCard
201:
200:
193:
192:
190:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
169:
165:
164:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
139:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
111:
106:
102:
97:
94:Polyethylene
91:
83:
73:
67:
65:
60:
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
7761:Environment,
7376:Blow molding
7305:Stretch wrap
7235:Polyethylene
7234:
7225:Plastic wrap
7215:Plastic film
7200:Paper pallet
7135:Living hinge
7040:Coated paper
6920:Spray bottle
6900:Security bag
6893:Water sachet
6883:Salvage drum
6878:Retort pouch
6783:Glass bottle
6678:Blister pack
6643:Aluminum can
6610:Water bottle
6510:Gas cylinder
6485:Field ration
6382:Shelf-stable
6180:Polyethylene
6179:
5355:Plasticizers
5303:Environment
5255:Blister pack
5208:Construction
5117:Blow molding
4909:
4726:
4714:Sphingomonas
4713:
4684:. Retrieved
4669:
4656:. Retrieved
4641:
4633:Bibliography
4619:. Retrieved
4612:
4605:
4589:(10): 1921.
4586:
4582:
4557:. Retrieved
4542:
4521:. Retrieved
4517:the original
4507:
4495:
4476:
4470:
4443:
4410:
4372:
4366:
4347:
4309:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4190:
4186:
4175:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4060:
4023:
4019:
4009:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3940:the original
3930:
3918:. Retrieved
3914:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3885:
3876:
3851:
3847:
3819:. Retrieved
3808:
3796:. Retrieved
3792:the original
3787:
3777:
3750:
3744:
3728:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3670:
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3642:
3633:
3614:
3560:
3554:
3541:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3518:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:the original
3488:
3479:
3466:
3454:
3450:
3437:
3420:
3416:
3394:: 2640–2646.
3391:
3387:
3358:. Retrieved
3354:
3344:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3276:the original
3271:
3259:
3216:
3212:
3198:
3171:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3106:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3001:16 September
2999:. Retrieved
2993:
2971:. Retrieved
2963:
2957:
2940:S. 120)
2928:
2921:
2907:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2839:
2817:
2795:
2781:
2766:
2762:
2742:possesses a
2723:
2689:
2675:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2632:Crosslinking
2627:
2616:
2608:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2555:
2542:cycloolefins
2536:
2527:
2511:
2483:
2465:chlorination
2461:crosslinking
2450:
2426:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2368:Sphingomonas
2366:
2360:
2358:
2355:Case studies
2345:
2337:
2326:
2319:
2303:
2254:
2246:
2223:
2201:
2197:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2132:
2109:
2066:
2051:
2029:
2011:
1991:
1928:
1906:
1835:
1812:
1770:Polyurethane
1737:Heat sealing
1706:
1664:
1602:
1536:
1491:crystallites
1476:
1455:carbon black
1436:
1424:
1417:
1398:
1362:
1358:
1317:metallocenes
1297:Karl Ziegler
1285:Robert Banks
1270:
1238:benzaldehyde
1218:
1201:
1190:diazomethane
1183:
1169:high-density
1168:
1164:
1163:. It can be
1160:
1147:
1132:
1108:geomembranes
1100:plastic bags
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1064:Polyethylene
1063:
1062:
948:Polyethylene
947:
443:
399:
392:Not soluble
356:
248:Polyethylene
151:Identifiers
143:Polyethylene
141:Other names
90:
77:
61:
59:lead section
18:Polyethelene
7926:Bioplastics
7901:Dielectrics
7896:Polyolefins
7657:Heat sealer
7622:Case sealer
7496:Papermaking
7416:Die cutting
7381:Calendering
7285:Shrink wrap
7160:Molded pulp
7145:Meat diaper
7110:Kraft paper
7090:Foam peanut
7080:Double seam
7050:Coextrusion
7020:Bubble wrap
7000:Bail handle
6945:Thermal bag
6868:Plastic bag
6683:Boil-in-bag
6615:Wine bottle
6600:Spray paint
6555:Popcorn bag
6550:Oyster pail
6435:Beer bottle
6011:Regenerated
5955:Spider silk
5596:Regulations
5448:Bisphenol A
5132:Calendering
5074:Plasticizer
5014:Mechanical
4773:Electronics
4761:Numismatics
4686:20 February
4658:20 February
4621:20 February
4559:20 February
4523:20 February
4193:(1): 5568.
3946:20 February
3887:Der Spiegel
3821:20 February
3525:20 February
3499:20 February
3457:: 955–959.
3423:: 955–959.
3042:: 233–242.
2997:. p. 9
2886:polystyrene
2842:wheat grain
2810:Bioplastics
2757:solid state
2752:ɣ-radiation
2740:β-radiation
2381:radiation.
2379:ultraviolet
2153:rheological
2014:water pipes
2003:metallocene
1742:Heat fusion
1554:hydrocarbon
1483:translucent
1479:transparent
1234:atmospheres
1174:hydrocarbon
1165:low-density
619:Spider silk
334:Properties
210:100.121.698
7885:Categories
7737:Staple gun
7717:Palletizer
7607:Can seamer
7476:Lamination
7401:Converting
7290:Slip sheet
7205:Paperboard
7070:Cushioning
7030:Cellophane
7005:Bioplastic
6983:components
6970:Wooden box
6940:Tetra Brik
6863:Paper sack
6838:Multi-pack
6788:Gunny sack
6658:Bag-in-box
6625:Containers
6490:Flour sack
6475:Egg carton
6450:Coffee bag
6430:Banana box
6372:Shelf life
6160:Modacrylic
6155:Microfiber
6072:Triacetate
6024:Milk fiber
5890:Camel hair
5822:Lotus silk
5524:Carcinogen
5489:Organotins
5359:Phthalates
5305:and health
5152:Pultrusion
5142:Laminating
5100:processing
3684:11 October
2950:References
2894:trade name
2874:opening up
2862:polyethene
2846:sugar beet
2835:bioethanol
2710:hydrolysis
2706:water bath
2546:norbornene
2457:comonomers
2314:See also:
2159:Copolymers
2032:cross-link
1701:See also:
1667:exothermic
1467:capacitors
1433:Electrical
1413:flavorings
1355:Properties
1090:. It is a
1080:polyethene
928:Modacrylic
923:Microfiber
828:Triacetate
559:Camel hair
418:−9.67×10 (
290:3W404QE89S
187:ChemSpider
158:CAS Number
132:IUPAC name
7830:Recycling
7637:Drum pump
7580:Machinery
7431:Extrusion
7349:Processes
7320:Tear tape
7310:Susceptor
7300:Strapping
7255:Screw cap
7230:Polyester
7075:Desiccant
6979:Materials
6960:Unit load
6915:Skin pack
6858:Paper bag
6728:Clamshell
6470:Drink can
6402:Wrap rage
6286:Packaging
6175:Polyester
6047:Diacetate
6002:Synthetic
5905:Chiengora
5553:Pollution
5519:Teratogen
5450:(BPA, in
5098:Plastics
5069:Colorants
5057:Additives
4841:Chemical
4785:Volcanoes
4749:Chemistry
4215:2041-1723
4149:0962-8452
3285:29 August
3132:: 59–73.
3049:1403.4760
2973:28 August
2900:Footnotes
2890:polythene
2827:sugarcane
2714:Catalysts
2664:peroxides
2544:(usually
2486:α-olefins
2480:α-olefins
2180:acrylates
2176:copolymer
2124:ductility
2036:thermoset
1950:used for
1842:branching
1793:Adhesives
1754:Adhesives
1749:Fastening
1273:catalysts
1226:Northwich
1096:packaging
1068:polythene
943:Polyester
808:Diacetate
574:Chiengora
436:formation
168:9002-88-4
145:Polythene
80:July 2023
64:summarize
7906:Ethylene
7763:post-use
7652:Heat gun
7602:Calender
7511:Printing
7340:Velostat
7335:Tinplate
7170:Overwrap
7095:Gel pack
7085:Flip-top
6990:Adhesive
6925:Squround
6828:Mesh bag
6813:Jerrycan
6758:Envelope
6698:Bulk box
6575:Sand bag
6540:Milk bag
6525:Juicebox
6440:Box wine
6413:packages
6234:Category
6143:Technora
6105:Metallic
5988:Asbestos
5930:Pashmina
5895:Cashmere
5534:Diabetes
5440:Monomers
5420:Adipates
5342:plastics
5196:segments
5186:Products
4834:Plastics
4719:Archived
4292:30067755
4252:PLOS ONE
4233:36195604
4167:32126962
4110:25384056
4052:19865515
3993:15836478
3920:24 April
3915:BBC News
3894:24 April
3868:36916764
3675:Archived
3360:25 April
3336:35930840
3312:: 1, 3.
3251:28776036
3082:11545416
3074:24705364
2736:hydrogen
2716:such as
2684:radicals
2599:ionomers
2494:1-hexene
2490:1-butene
2437:ethylene
2310:, India.
2136:radicals
2085:1-octene
2081:1-hexene
2077:1-butene
1995:chromium
1948:implants
1855:(UHMWPE)
1805:nonpolar
1797:solvents
1634:(gas) →
1543:ethylene
1451:graphite
1380:such as
1301:titanium
1213:pill box
1157:ethylene
1153:polymers
912:Technora
878:Metallic
756:Asbestos
594:Pashmina
564:Cashmere
414:(χ)
405:1.02620
7486:Molding
7391:Coating
7386:Canning
7045:Coating
7035:Closure
6793:Inhaler
6648:Ampoule
6520:Growler
6411:Product
6293:General
6244:Commons
6202:Vinylon
6197:Vectran
6192:Spandex
6123:Acrylic
6115:Polymer
6082:Mineral
6062:Piñatex
6052:Lyocell
6042:Acetate
5980:Mineral
5910:Guanaco
5760:Bagasse
5738:Natural
5662:Dioxins
5582:Dioxins
5539:Obesity
5280:Cutlery
5270:Bottles
4735:Portals
4283:6070199
4260:Bibcode
4224:9532405
4195:Bibcode
4158:7126078
4090:Bibcode
4043:2769161
4001:2977246
3314:Bibcode
3242:5517107
3221:Bibcode
3054:Bibcode
3021:ChemSrc
2819:Braskem
2738:atoms.
2694:silanes
2668:dicumyl
2666:(e. g.
2558:Ethenol
2502:density
2433:methane
2417:enzymes
2333:billion
2184:acrylic
1888:(LLDPE)
1838:density
1761:(PSAs)
1712:Welding
1697:Joining
1647:(solid)
1582:alkenes
1551:gaseous
1539:monomer
1502:Monomer
1473:Optical
1382:toluene
1349:aramids
1329:olefins
1309:Ziegler
1304:halides
1230:England
1180:History
1112:bottles
1092:polymer
1088:plastic
969:Vinylon
964:Spandex
957:Spectra
953:Dyneema
894:Acrylic
887:Polymer
849:Mineral
813:Lyocell
803:Acetate
749:Mineral
659:Bagasse
579:Guanaco
366:Density
360:
257:PubChem
7891:Fibers
7870:
7805:Litter
7647:Filler
7190:Pallet
6888:Sachet
6753:Endcap
6718:Carton
6713:Carboy
6688:Bottle
6668:Barrel
6295:topics
6207:Vinyon
6185:UHMWPE
6170:Olefin
6138:Kevlar
6133:Twaron
6128:Aramid
6100:Basalt
6095:Carbon
5965:Vicuña
5950:Tendon
5940:Rabbit
5935:Qiviut
5925:Mohair
5900:Catgut
5885:Byssus
5880:Angora
5875:Alpaca
5867:Animal
5847:Rattan
5837:Raffia
5780:Cotton
5765:Bamboo
5730:Fibers
5379:(BBzP)
5348:(PHCs)
5260:Chairs
5228:Nurdle
4677:
4649:
4550:
4483:
4458:
4417:
4379:
4354:
4316:
4290:
4280:
4231:
4221:
4213:
4165:
4155:
4147:
4108:
4050:
4040:
3999:
3991:
3866:
3765:
3735:
3621:
3575:
3334:
3249:
3239:
3186:
3144:
3080:
3072:
2746:of 10
2696:(e.g.
2577:used.
2566:esters
2488:(e.g.
2348:enzyme
2306:Sign.
2220:PE-LLD
2083:, and
1964:aramid
1944:bottle
1894:(LDPE)
1882:(MDPE)
1867:(HDPE)
1649:
1487:opaque
1485:) and
1420:candle
1405:Oxygen
1386:xylene
1371:, and
1333:resins
1262:DuPont
1242:oxygen
1128:resins
1124:tonnes
1022:
974:Vinyon
938:Olefin
908:Kevlar
904:Twaron
899:Aramid
873:Basalt
861:Carbon
721:Raffia
674:Cotton
664:Bamboo
629:Vicuña
604:Rabbit
599:Qiviut
589:Mohair
569:Catgut
554:Byssus
549:Angora
544:Alpaca
537:Animal
231:C19503
126:Names
7195:Paper
7115:Label
7015:BoPET
6738:Crate
6212:Zylon
6165:Nylon
6148:Nomex
6090:Glass
6067:Rayon
6057:Modal
5920:Llama
5852:Sisal
5842:Ramie
5817:Kenaf
5812:Kapok
5795:Linen
5785:Fique
5770:Bashō
5755:Abacá
5747:Plant
5633:Waste
5479:PBDEs
5390:(DOP)
5016:types
4843:types
3997:S2CID
3844:(PDF)
3798:8 May
3678:(PDF)
3667:(PDF)
3648:8 May
3546:(PDF)
3279:(PDF)
3268:(PDF)
3103:(PDF)
3078:S2CID
3044:arXiv
2968:(PDF)
2870:IUPAC
2453:polar
2269:ethyl
2265:butyl
2234:PE-LD
2208:PE-HD
1960:fiber
1958:. As
1935:tough
1903:(CPE)
1824:, or
1547:IUPAC
1401:water
1363:Most
1258:radar
1078:name
1076:IUPAC
979:Zylon
933:Nylon
916:Nomex
866:Tenax
856:Glass
823:Rayon
818:Modal
731:Sisal
726:Ramie
706:Kenaf
701:Kapok
684:Linen
654:Abacá
647:Plant
614:Sinew
584:Llama
512:Fiber
463:(HHV)
7025:Bung
6965:Vial
6955:Tube
6853:Pail
6748:Drum
6723:Chub
6708:Case
6703:Cage
5960:Wool
5945:Silk
5915:Hair
5857:Wood
5832:Pine
5827:Piña
5807:Jute
5802:Hemp
5790:Flax
5775:Coir
5494:PFCs
5484:PCBs
5460:(in
5424:DEHA
5399:DINP
5394:DIDP
5388:DEHP
5383:DIHP
5367:DIBP
5344:and
5275:Bags
4688:2014
4675:ISBN
4660:2014
4647:ISBN
4623:2014
4561:2014
4548:ISBN
4525:2014
4481:ISBN
4456:ISBN
4415:ISBN
4377:ISBN
4352:ISBN
4314:ISBN
4288:PMID
4229:PMID
4211:ISSN
4163:PMID
4145:ISSN
4106:PMID
4048:PMID
3989:PMID
3948:2014
3922:2017
3896:2017
3864:PMID
3823:2014
3800:2012
3763:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3686:2022
3650:2012
3619:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3527:2014
3501:2014
3362:2024
3332:PMID
3287:2018
3247:PMID
3184:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3070:PMID
3003:2014
2975:2018
2884:and
2866:very
2844:and
2821:and
2812:and
2500:and
2467:and
2435:and
2393:The
1954:and
1840:and
1795:and
1411:and
1373:HDPE
1369:MDPE
1365:LDPE
1339:and
1323:and
1287:and
1250:LDPE
1120:jars
1116:cups
736:Wood
716:Pine
711:Piña
696:Jute
691:Hemp
679:Flax
669:Coir
624:Wool
609:Silk
420:HDPE
398:log
281:UNII
270:6325
242:MeSH
222:KEGG
194:none
7120:Lid
6981:and
6823:Keg
6818:Jug
6808:Jar
6693:Box
6663:Bag
5970:Yak
5462:PVC
5429:DOA
5377:BBP
5372:DBP
4591:doi
4448:doi
4278:PMC
4268:doi
4219:PMC
4203:doi
4153:PMC
4137:doi
4133:287
4098:doi
4038:PMC
4028:doi
3979:doi
3856:doi
3852:123
3755:doi
3565:doi
3459:doi
3425:doi
3322:doi
3310:242
3237:PMC
3229:doi
3176:doi
3134:doi
3062:doi
3040:242
3036:JMR
2787:PVC
2708:by
2670:or
2625:).
2492:or
2267:or
2001:or
1966:in
1952:hip
1931:amu
1624:=CH
1541:is
1457:or
1392:or
1384:or
1291:at
1256:of
1167:or
1155:of
1082:or
1066:or
634:Yak
447:298
307:EPA
260:CID
181:PE
7887::
5357::
4587:74
4585:.
4581:.
4569:^
4533:^
4454:.
4446:.
4432:^
4391:^
4328:^
4300:^
4286:.
4276:.
4266:.
4256:13
4254:.
4250:.
4227:.
4217:.
4209:.
4201:.
4191:13
4189:.
4185:.
4161:.
4151:.
4143:.
4131:.
4127:.
4104:.
4096:.
4086:48
4084:.
4046:.
4036:.
4024:10
4022:.
4018:.
3995:.
3987:.
3975:98
3973:.
3969:.
3913:.
3884:.
3862:.
3850:.
3846:.
3831:^
3786:.
3761:.
3720:^
3669:.
3641:.
3587:^
3571:.
3517:.
3487:.
3467::
3465:.
3455:33
3453:.
3421:33
3419:.
3400:^
3392:31
3390:.
3386:.
3370:^
3353:.
3330:.
3320:.
3308:.
3304:.
3270:.
3245:.
3235:.
3227:.
3215:.
3211:.
3182:.
3174:.
3156:^
3140:.
3130:19
3124:.
3105:.
3090:^
3076:.
3068:.
3060:.
3052:.
3038:.
3019:.
2983:^
2929:31
2916:.
2878:PE
2800:.
2750:,
2748:mm
2594:.
2471:.
2463:,
2431:,
2079:,
2016:.
1970:.
1828:.
1820:,
1791:–
1669:.
1615:CH
1607::
1570:CH
1568:(−
1453:,
1429:.
1407:,
1396:.
1367:,
1228:,
1211:A
1204:.
1137:(C
1118:,
1114:,
1106:,
1102:,
1074:;
1072:PE
955:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
439:(Δ
346:(C
6278:e
6271:t
6264:v
5722:e
5715:t
5708:v
5464:)
5454:)
5431:)
5422:(
5333:e
5326:t
5319:v
4826:e
4819:t
4812:v
4737::
4690:.
4662:.
4625:.
4615:"
4599:.
4593::
4563:.
4527:.
4489:.
4464:.
4450::
4423:.
4385:.
4360:.
4322:.
4294:.
4270::
4262::
4235:.
4205::
4197::
4169:.
4139::
4112:.
4100::
4092::
4054:.
4030::
4003:.
3981::
3967:"
3950:.
3924:.
3898:.
3870:.
3858::
3825:.
3802:.
3771:.
3757::
3739:.
3688:.
3652:.
3627:.
3581:.
3567::
3503:.
3461::
3431:.
3427::
3364:.
3338:.
3324::
3316::
3289:.
3253:.
3231::
3223::
3217:3
3192:.
3178::
3150:.
3136::
3109:.
3084:.
3064::
3056::
3046::
3023:.
3005:.
2977:.
2943:.
2937:x
2935:)
2933:2
1659:n
1657:/
1654:H
1652:Δ
1641:n
1629:2
1620:2
1612:n
1586:2
1575:2
1562:4
1560:H
1558:2
1545:(
1198:2
1161:n
1148:n
1145:)
1143:4
1141:H
1139:2
1098:(
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
959:)
951:(
918:)
902:(
868:)
864:(
686:)
682:(
449:)
444:H
441:f
400:P
357:n
354:)
352:4
350:H
348:2
309:)
305:(
82:)
78:(
68:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
