1911:
2340:
very different polymers where the backbone consists solely of C-C bonds. These polymers include polyethylene, but also polypropylene, polystyrene and acrylates. At best, these polymers degrade very slowly, but these experiments are difficult because yields and rates are very slow. Further confusing the situation, even preliminary successes are greeted with enthusiasm by the popular press. Some technical challenges in this area include the failure to identify enzymes responsible for the proposed degradation. Another issue is that organisms are incapable of importing hydrocarbons of molecular weight greater than 500.
2610:(1.17 g/cm). Due to decreasing crystallinity ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers are getting softer with increasing comonomer content. The polar side groups change the chemical properties significantly (compared to polyethylene): weather resistance, adhesiveness and weldability rise with comonomer content, while the chemical resistance decreases. Also mechanical properties are changed: stress cracking resistance and toughness in the cold rise, whereas yield stress and heat resistance decrease. With a very high proportion of comonomers (about 50%) rubbery thermoplastics are produced (
2289:
2636:
4745:
312:
203:
2266:
1349:
than HDPE. For medium- and high-density polyethylene the melting point is typically in the range 120 to 130 °C (248 to 266 °F). The melting point for average commercial low-density polyethylene is typically 105 to 115 °C (221 to 239 °F). These temperatures vary strongly with the type of polyethylene, but the theoretical upper limit of melting of polyethylene is reported to be 144 to 146 °C (291 to 295 °F). Combustion typically occurs above 349 °C (660 °F).
90:
2432:(LDPE). Due to its low density it breaks down more easily over time, leading to higher surface areas. The production of these trace gases from virgin LDPE increase over time. When incubated in air, LDPE emits gases at rates ~2 times and ~76 times higher in comparison to incubation in water for methane and ethylene, respectively. However, based on the rates measured in the study methane production by plastics is presently an insignificant component of the global methane budget.
2215:
4781:
2228:
2202:
2518:
proportions higher and lower molecular polymer fractions. The lower molecular weight units crystallize easier and relax faster. The higher molecular weight fractions form linking molecules between crystallites, thereby increasing toughness and stress crack resistance. Polyethylene with multimodal molecular weight distribution can be prepared either in two-stage reactors, by catalysts with two active centers on a carrier or by blending in extruders.
509:
108:
99:
985:
997:
4989:
1974:
1197:
4733:
1586:
482:
7856:
6219:
1008:
2509:, exceptionally high toughness, excellent optical properties and a uniform comonomer content. Because of the narrow molecular weight distribution it behaves less pseudoplastic (especially under larger shear rates). Metallocene polyethylene has a low proportion of low molecular weight (extractable) components and a low welding and sealing temperature. Thus, it is particularly suitable for the food industry.
4769:
1512:
4757:
2127:(in the middle of a chain) are more stable than primary radicals (at the end of the chain), and tertiary radicals (at a branch point) are more stable yet. Each time an ethylene monomer is added, it creates a primary radical, but often these will rearrange to form more stable secondary or tertiary radicals. Addition of ethylene monomers to the secondary or tertiary sites creates branching.
4995:
1501:
2278:
6229:
39:
2782:. It also increases the weather resistance. Furthermore, it is used for softening PVC foils, without risking the migrate of plasticizers. Chlorinated polyethylene can be crosslinked peroxidically to form an elastomer which is used in cable and rubber industry. When chlorinated polyethylene is added to other polyolefins, it reduces the flammability.
2027:. The high-temperature properties of the polymer are improved, its flow is reduced, and its chemical resistance is enhanced. PEX is used in some potable-water plumbing systems because tubes made of the material can be expanded to fit over a metal nipple and it will slowly return to its original shape, forming a permanent, water-tight connection.
4707:
1241:) production beginning in 1939. Because polyethylene was found to have very low-loss properties at very high frequency radio waves, commercial distribution in Britain was suspended on the outbreak of World War II, secrecy imposed, and the new process was used to produce insulation for UHF and SHF
2187:
The particular material properties of "polyethylene" depend on its molecular structure. Molecular weight and crystallinity are the most significant factors; crystallinity in turn depends on molecular weight and degree of branching. The less the polymer chains are branched, and the lower the molecular
1364:
grades have excellent chemical resistance, meaning that they are not attacked by strong acids or strong bases and are resistant to gentle oxidants and reducing agents. Crystalline samples do not dissolve at room temperature. Polyethylene (other than cross-linked polyethylene) usually can be dissolved
2339:
or organisms that will degrade polyethylene. The results are mixed. It is clear that several plastics - polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides - biodegrade either by hydrolysis or air oxidation. In some cases the degradation is affected by bacteria or various enzyme cocktails. The situation is
2135:
VLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.880–0.915 g/cm. VLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with high levels of short-chain branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). VLDPE is most commonly produced
1348:
The properties of polyethylene depends strongly on type. The molecular weight, crosslinking, and presence of comonomers all strongly affect its properties. It is for this structure-property relation that intense effort has been invested into diverse kinds of PE. LDPE is softer and more transparent
2743:
100 mm. Thereby the interior or specific areas can be excluded from the crosslinking. However, due to high capital and operating costs radiation crosslinking plays only a minor role compared with the peroxide crosslinking. In contrast to peroxide crosslinking, the process is carried out in the
2642:
Shown are the peroxide, the silane and irradiation crosslinking. In each method, a radical is generated in the polyethylene chain (top center), either by radiation (h·ν) or by peroxides (R-O-O-R). Then, two radical chains can either directly crosslink (bottom left) or indirectly by silane compounds
2244:
The properties of polyethylene are highly dependent on type and number of chain branches. The chain branches in turn depend on the process used: either the high-pressure process (only PE-LD) or the low-pressure process (all other PE grades). Low-density polyethylene is produced by the high-pressure
2041:
MDPE is defined by a density range of 0.926–0.940 g/cm. MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler–Natta catalysts, or metallocene catalysts. MDPE has good shock and drop resistance properties. It also is less notch-sensitive than HDPE; stress-cracking resistance is better than
1930:
as evidenced by densities of less than high-density polyethylene (for example, 0.930–0.935 g/cm). UHMWPE can be made through any catalyst technology, although
Ziegler catalysts are most common. Because of its outstanding toughness and its cut, wear, and excellent chemical resistance, UHMWPE is
1160:
and many variations thereof. Its properties can be modified further by crosslinking or copolymerization. All forms are nontoxic as well as chemically resilient, contributing to polyethylene's popularity as a multi-use plastic. However, polyethylene's chemical resilience also makes it a long-lived
4700:
2517:
Polyethylene with multimodal molecular weight distribution consists of several polymer fractions, which are homogeneously mixed. Such polyethylene types offer extremely high stiffness, toughness, strength, stress crack resistance and an increased crack propagation resistance. They consist of equal
2569:
EVOH is used in multilayer films for packaging as a barrier layer (barrier plastic). As EVOH is hygroscopic (water-attracting), it absorbs water from the environment, whereby it loses its barrier effect. Therefore, it must be used as a core layer surrounded by other plastics (like LDPE, PP, PA or
2565:
Ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is (formally) a copolymer of PE and vinyl alcohol (ethenol), which is prepared by (partial) hydrolysis of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (as vinyl alcohol itself is not stable). However, typically EVOH has a higher comonomer content than the VAC commonly
2386:
larvae are claimed to metabolize polyethylene based on observing that plastic bags at his home had small holes in them. Deducing that the hungry larvae must have digested the plastic somehow, he and his team analyzed their gut bacteria and found a few that could use plastic as their only carbon
2578:
Copolymer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acids (such as acrylic acid) are characterized by good adhesion to diverse materials, by resistance to stress cracking and high flexibility. However, they are more sensitive to heat and oxidation than ethylene homopolymers. Ethylene/acrylic acid
2188:
weight, the higher the crystallinity of polyethylene. Crystallinity ranges from 35% (PE-LD/PE-LLD) to 80% (PE-HD). Polyethylene has a density of 1.0 g/cm in crystalline regions and 0.86 g/cm in amorphous regions. An almost linear relationship exists between density and crystallinity.
2084:
resistance, but they are not as easy to process. LLDPE is used in packaging, particularly film for bags and sheets. Lower thickness may be used compared to LDPE. It is used for cable coverings, toys, lids, buckets, containers, and pipe. While other applications are available, LLDPE is used
4169:
Sanluis-Verdes, A.; Colomer-Vidal, P.; Rodriguez-Ventura, F.; Bello-Villarino, M.; Spinola-Amilibia, M.; Ruiz-Lopez, E.; Illanes-Vicioso, R.; Castroviejo, P.; Aiese
Cigliano, R.; Montoya, M.; Falabella, P.; Pesquera, C.; Gonzalez-Legarreta, L.; Arias-Palomo, E.; Solà, M. (4 October 2022).
2122:
The radical polymerization process used to make LDPE does not include a catalyst that "supervises" the radical sites on the growing PE chains. (In HDPE synthesis, the radical sites are at the ends of the PE chains, because the catalyst stabilizes their formation at the ends.) Secondary
2378:
sp. 351 is claimed to degrade lower molecular-weight PE oligomers. When PE is subjected to thermo- and photo-oxidization, products including alkanes, alkenes, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, carboxylic acid, keto-acids, dicarboxylic acids, lactones, and esters are released.
2920:, 2643); er hat sie aber wegen Substanzmangel nicht untersucht. Ich hatte übrigens Hrn. v. Pechmann schon einige Zeit vor Erscheinen seiner Publication mitgetheilt, dass aus Diazomethan ein fester, weisser Körper entstehe, der sich bei der Analyse als (CH
1295:
and organoaluminium compounds that worked at even milder conditions than the
Phillips catalyst. The Phillips catalyst is less expensive and easier to work with, however, and both methods are heavily used industrially. By the end of the 1950s both the Phillips- and
2136:
using metallocene catalysts due to the greater co-monomer incorporation exhibited by these catalysts. VLDPEs are used for hose and tubing, ice and frozen food bags, food packaging and stretch wrap as well as impact modifiers when blended with other polymers.
1935:-handling machine parts, moving parts on weaving machines, bearings, gears, artificial joints, edge protection on ice rinks, steel cable replacements on ships, and butchers' chopping boards. It is commonly used for the construction of articular portions of
1981:
HDPE is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm. HDPE has a low degree of branching. The mostly linear molecules pack together well, so intermolecular forces are stronger than in highly branched polymers. HDPE can be produced by
2139:
Much research activity has focused on the nature and distribution of long chain branches in polyethylene. In HDPE, a relatively small number of these branches, perhaps one in 100 or 1,000 branches per backbone carbon, can significantly affect the
1208:
The first industrially practical polyethylene synthesis (diazomethane is a notoriously unstable substance that is generally avoided in industrial syntheses) was again accidentally discovered in 1933 by Eric
Fawcett and Reginald Gibson at the
2598:
If unsaturated esters are copolymerized with ethylene, either the alcohol moiety may be in the polymer backbone (as it is the case in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer) or of the acid moiety (e. g. in ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer).
2928:
erwiesen habe, worauf mir Hr. v. Pechmann schrieb, dass er den weissen Körper ebensfalls beobachtet, aber nicht untersucht habe. Zuerst erwähnt ist derselbe in der
Dissertation meines Schülers. (Hindermann, Zürich (1897),
5596:
2119:. The high degree of branching with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications such as plastic bags and film wrap.
2085:
predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility, and relative transparency. Product examples range from agricultural films, Saran wrap, and bubble wrap to multilayer and composite films.
3253:
2675:. When these combine, a crosslinked network is formed. The resulting polymer network is uniform, of low tension and high flexibility, whereby it is softer and tougher than (the irradiated) PE-Xc.
2902:
Erwähnt sei noch, dass aus einer ätherischen
Diazomethanlösung sich beim Stehen manchmal minimale Quantitäten eines weissen, flockigen, aus Chloroform krystallisirenden Körpers abscheiden; ...
1998:
at the ends of the growing polyethylene molecules. They cause new ethylene monomers to add to the ends of the molecules, rather than along the middle, causing the growth of a linear chain.
4488:
2391:
moth larvae metabolize polyethylene, they degraded it significantly, dropping its tensile strength by 50%, its mass by 10% and the molecular weights of its polymeric chains by 13%.
2667:, a mixture of HDPE and 2% peroxide is at first mixed at low temperatures in an extruder and then crosslinked at high temperatures (between 200 and 250 °C). The peroxide
2327:
In 2010, a
Japanese researcher, Akinori Ito, released the prototype of a machine which creates oil from polyethylene using a small, self-contained vapor distillation process.
2265:
5320:
1910:
3023:
Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von
Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond".
4069:
Yang, Jun; Yang, Yu; Wu, Wei-Min; Zhao, Jiao; Jiang, Lei (2014). "Evidence of
Polyethylene Biodegradation by Bacterial Strains from the Guts of Plastic-Eating Waxworms".
3663:
2951:
2099:
LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm. LDPE has a high degree of short- and long-chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the
3924:
2156:
with alpha-olefins, ethylene can be copolymerized with a wide range of other monomers and ionic composition that creates ionized free radicals. Common examples include
2366:(strain 707) was claimed to use low-density polyethylene as a sole carbon source when incubated together at 50 °C. Biodegradation increased with time exposed to
3459:
Eine theilweise – übrigens immer nur minimale – Umwandlung des
Diazomethans in Stickstoff und Polymethylen vollzieht sich auch bei ganz andersartigen Reactionen; ...
6310:
2635:
2056:
LLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.915–0.925 g/cm. LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by
1994:
catalysts; by choosing catalysts and reaction conditions, the small amount of branching that does occur can be controlled. These catalysts prefer the formation of
2603:
copolymers are prepared similarly to LD-PE by high pressure polymerization. The proportion of comonomer has a decisive influence on the behaviour of the polymer.
2104:
2631:
A basic distinction is made between peroxide crosslinking (PE-Xa), silane crosslinking (PE-Xb), electron beam crosslinking (PE-Xc) and azo crosslinking (PE-Xd).
1577:, ethane (common precursor to ethylene), and methane. Ethylene is usually produced from petrochemical sources, but also is generated by dehydration of ethanol.
4414:
3548:
Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (2010). "Chapter 10. Review of Phillips Chromium Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization". In Hoff, Ray; Mathers, Robert T. (eds.).
2324:
market for solutions. Since 2008, Japan has rapidly increased the recycling of plastics, but still has a large amount of plastic wrapping which goes to waste.
1977:
HDPE pipe on site during installation in outback Western Australia. The white outer layer, Acu-Therm, is co-extruded to provide a reduction of thermal heating.
2214:
7444:
3264:
2590:. Ionomers are highly transparent thermoplastics which are characterized by high adhesion to metals, high abrasion resistance and high water absorption.
2837:. These developments are using renewable resources rather than fossil fuel, although the issue of plastic source is currently negligible in the wake of
2245:
process by radical polymerization, thereby numerous short chain branches as well as long chain branches are formed. Short chain branches are formed by
1300:-type catalysts were being used for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) production. In the 1970s, the Ziegler system was improved by the incorporation of
7354:
1237:, developed this accident into a reproducible high-pressure synthesis for polyethylene that became the basis for industrial low-density polyethylene (
3529:
2606:
The density decreases up to a comonomer share of 10% because of the disturbed crystal formation. With higher proportions it approaches to the one of
60:
47:
6173:
2201:
1948:
1905:
1841:
1333:
945:
941:
2227:
5313:
1039:
3870:
2822:
with an annual production capacity of 200,000 short tons (180,000,000 kg), and will produce high-density and low-density polyethylene from
2001:
HDPE has high tensile strength. It is used in products and packaging such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, butter tubs, garbage containers, and
4690:
4114:"Role of the intestinal microbiome in low-density polyethylene degradation by caterpillar larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella"
5196:
4667:
4639:
4473:
4407:
4369:
4344:
3611:
3565:
3134:
2861:
recommends poly(methylene) (poly(methanediyl) is a non-preferred alternative). The difference in names between the two systems is due to the
2849:
The name polyethylene comes from the ingredient and not the resulting chemical compound, which contains no double bonds. The scientific name
422:
6756:
5655:
5606:
5575:
2537:) produced by using metallocene catalysts. The resulting polymers are amorphous polymers and particularly transparent and heat resistant.
6265:
3473:
2857:
long, alkane in the polymerization process. In certain circumstances it is useful to use a structure-based nomenclature; in such cases
1833:. Its mechanical properties depend significantly on variables such as the extent and type of branching, the crystal structure, and the
7740:
5306:
4813:
4540:
4448:
4306:
2485:) may be added, which are incorporated in the polymer chain during polymerization. These copolymers introduce short side chains, thus
2317:
1233:
contamination in their apparatus, the experiment was difficult to reproduce at first. It was not until 1935 that another ICI chemist,
7710:
6558:
3755:
3725:
3176:
2493:
are reduced. As explained above, mechanical and thermal properties are changed thereby. In particular, PE-LLD is produced this way.
2236:
The figure shows polyethylene backbones, short-chain branches and side-chain branches. The polymer chains are represented linearly.
854:
89:
2586:
If salts of an unsaturated carboxylic acid are present in the polymer, thermo-reversible ion networks are formed, they are called
1662:
is the most pervasive technology, which means that metal chlorides or metal oxides are used. The most common catalysts consist of
7680:
5709:
3828:
Tournier, Vincent; Duquesne, Sophie; Guillamot, Frédérique; Cramail, Henri; Taton, Daniel; Marty, Alain; André, Isabelle (2023).
4532:
A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (Recommendations 1993) IUPAC, Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
4055:
3772:
1454:
is in the range 2.2 to 2.4 depending on the density and the loss tangent is very low, making it a good dielectric for building
7414:
7268:
7113:
4838:
3803:
3652:
2570:
PET). EVOH is also used as a coating agent against corrosion at street lights, traffic light poles and noise protection walls.
2051:
1874:
1414:
Polyethylene cannot be imprinted or bonded with adhesives without pretreatment. High-strength joints are readily achieved with
1329:
1185:
and Friedrich Tschirner characterized the white, waxy substance that he had created, they recognized that it contained long −CH
989:
2042:
HDPE. MDPE is typically used in gas pipes and fittings, sacks, shrink film, packaging film, carrier bags, and screw closures.
1316:. The Ziegler- and metallocene-based catalysts families have proven to be very flexible at copolymerizing ethylene with other
7909:
7519:
5591:
5570:
5467:
5221:
4112:
Cassone, Bryan J.; Grove, Harald C.; Elebute, Oluwadara; Villanueva, Sachi M. P.; LeMoine, Christophe M. R. (11 March 2020).
3928:
107:
2748:. Thereby, the cross-linking takes place primarily in the amorphous regions, while the crystallinity remains largely intact.
2448:
or after polymerization through polymer-analogous reactions. Common polymer-analogous reactions are in case of polyethylene
98:
7630:
6583:
4501:
2506:
2081:
1830:
1640:
1467:
20:
4723:
3110:
1458:. For the same reason it is commonly used as the insulation material for high-frequency coaxial and twisted pair cables.
469:
7919:
7904:
6786:
5645:
5565:
1210:
269:
7675:
7559:
6791:
6573:
5638:
5560:
5376:
4973:
2036:
1868:
1802:
1747:
1659:
1357:
1032:
290:
3740:
UHMWPE Biomaterials Handbook. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacement and Medical Devices
1987:
1667:
1297:
2853:
is systematically derived from the scientific name of the monomer. The alkene monomer converts to a long, sometimes
7924:
7318:
4903:
4878:
2819:
2362:
2288:
3701:
2360:, has been claimed to degrade over 40% of the weight of plastic bags within six weeks. The thermophilic bacterium
52:
7773:
7735:
7665:
7655:
6593:
6453:
6380:
6295:
5678:
5412:
5298:
5211:
5036:
4853:
4843:
4785:
3159:
Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins".
2811:
2690:
2626:
2282:
2014:
1968:
1862:
1853:
1569:−) connected to each other. Typical specifications for PE purity are <5 ppm for water, oxygen, and other
1361:
408:
7934:
7929:
7660:
7529:
7128:
6548:
6518:
6408:
5482:
5472:
5334:
5021:
4968:
4858:
2771:
2429:
2400:
is claimed to consume polyethylene. The caterpillar is able to digest polyethylene due to a combination of its
2316:
In Japan, getting rid of plastics in an environmentally friendly way was the major problem discussed until the
2094:
1889:
1880:
1407:
Polyethylene burns slowly with a blue flame having a yellow tip and gives off an odour of paraffin (similar to
1353:
1238:
230:
1918:
UHMWPE is polyethylene with a molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 3.5 and 7.5 million
3111:"Challenges of Reducing Polythene and Plastic in Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Attanagalla Secretariat Division"
7899:
7690:
7313:
7233:
7093:
6621:
6258:
5072:
4963:
4948:
4928:
2611:
2526:
2350:
2246:
2191:
The degree of branching of the different types of polyethylene can be schematically represented as follows:
1427:
400:
2686:
236:
198:
7409:
7118:
6821:
6553:
6533:
5487:
5365:
5120:
4848:
4806:
2802:
2660:
2600:
2296:
2161:
2116:
1679:
1663:
1654:
Ethylene is a stable molecule that polymerizes only upon contact with catalysts. The conversion is highly
1478:. LDPE has the greatest, LLDPE slightly less, and HDPE the least transparency. Transparency is reduced by
1273:
1025:
486:
2877:
are shortened to PP and PS, respectively. In the United Kingdom and India the polymer is commonly called
2505:, usually including copolymers (z. B. ethene / hexene). Metallocene polyethylene has a relatively narrow
7838:
7788:
7768:
7715:
7048:
6998:
6721:
6716:
6375:
6365:
6340:
5667:
5371:
5016:
4599:
4172:"Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella"
2745:
2694:
2502:
2453:
1758:
386:
120:
3829:
3339:
2720:
2580:
2774:(PE-C) is an inexpensive material having a chlorine content from 34 to 44%. It is used in blends with
7914:
7889:
7884:
7808:
7670:
7198:
6513:
6345:
6060:
6022:
5702:
5387:
5382:
5355:
5273:
4502:"Braskem & Toyota Tsusho start joint marketing activities for green polyethylene from sugar cane"
4248:
4183:
4078:
3302:
3209:
3042:
2716:
2706:
1435:
1366:
1260:
The landmark breakthrough in the commercial production of polyethylene began with the development of
1201:
784:
3088:
1257:
at South Charleston, West Virginia, began large-scale commercial production under license from ICI.
7695:
7504:
7303:
7143:
7023:
6483:
6035:
5918:
5517:
5278:
5201:
5115:
5067:
2778:
because the soft, rubbery chloropolyethylene is embedded in the PVC matrix, thereby increasing the
2672:
2396:
2077:
1451:
1313:
796:
307:
146:
7860:
7823:
7783:
7635:
7544:
7509:
7459:
7344:
7053:
6923:
6893:
6831:
6568:
6468:
6448:
6443:
6350:
6251:
6232:
5532:
5450:
5191:
5165:
5135:
5095:
5077:
5026:
4978:
4958:
4761:
4749:
3985:
3435:
3401:
3372:
3066:
3032:
2916:
Die Abscheidung weisser Flocken aus Diazomethanlösungen erwähnt auch v. Pechmann (diese Berichte
2775:
2715:: The crosslinking of polyethylene is also possible by a downstream radiation source (usually an
1936:
1720:
1431:
1301:
1281:
1001:
449:
1896:
With regard to sold volumes, the most important polyethylene grades are HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE.
7894:
7828:
7813:
7685:
7605:
7600:
7514:
7489:
7474:
7454:
7424:
7404:
7283:
7253:
7088:
6661:
6543:
6503:
6385:
6370:
6325:
6300:
6030:
5999:
5820:
5662:
5628:
5548:
5360:
5182:
5100:
4799:
4663:
4635:
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4403:
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4151:
4133:
4094:
4036:
4003:
Tokiwa, Yutaka; Calabia, Buenaventurada P.; Ugwu, Charles U.; Aiba, Seiichi (September 2009).
3977:
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3721:
3607:
3561:
3503:
3320:
3235:
3172:
3130:
3058:
2838:
2779:
2732:
2668:
2607:
2457:
2441:
2304:
2100:
1956:
1927:
1806:
1772:
1675:
1671:
1593:
1269:
1222:
1174:
791:
764:
704:
27:
1229:
they again produced a white, waxy material. Because the reaction had been initiated by trace
7843:
7833:
7650:
7479:
7434:
7394:
7384:
7248:
7163:
6943:
6841:
6736:
6711:
6626:
6578:
6523:
6355:
6320:
6305:
6290:
5553:
5248:
5150:
5125:
5057:
4923:
4918:
4863:
4773:
4737:
4579:
4436:
4266:
4256:
4207:
4191:
4141:
4125:
4086:
4026:
4016:
3967:
3844:
3743:
3553:
3481:
3447:
3413:
3310:
3225:
3217:
3164:
3122:
3050:
2786:
2656:
2310:
2176:
2153:
2108:
2057:
1944:
1919:
1834:
1814:
1475:
1447:
1392:; the gas and water vapour permeability (only polar gases) is lower than for most plastics.
1382:
1123:
375:
329:
4530:
2981:
1411:
flame). The material continues burning on removal of the flame source and produces a drip.
278:
7879:
7803:
7798:
7778:
7700:
7620:
7575:
7539:
7494:
7429:
7399:
7153:
7138:
7043:
6938:
6836:
6433:
6330:
6222:
6045:
6007:
5800:
5695:
5417:
5403:
5268:
5155:
5145:
4913:
4711:
3899:
3431:
3397:
2617:
Ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers behave similarly to ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers.
2383:
1940:
1810:
1789:
1777:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1691:
1682:, but this route has only limited utility and typically requires high-pressure apparatus.
1554:
1415:
1378:
1309:
1249:
sets. During World War II, further research was done on the ICI process and in 1944,
1182:
1165:, polyethylene is colorless to opaque (without impurities or colorants) and combustible.
1012:
829:
806:
771:
689:
652:
156:
2693:
by irradiation or by a small amount of a peroxide. Later Si-OH groups can be formed in a
4988:
4252:
4187:
4082:
3306:
3213:
3046:
3005:
1973:
1196:
311:
202:
7763:
7758:
7730:
7580:
7554:
7549:
7439:
7359:
7349:
7263:
7238:
7208:
7168:
6983:
6918:
6861:
6766:
6751:
6731:
6641:
6493:
6488:
6413:
6093:
5753:
5446:
5258:
5160:
5031:
4271:
4236:
4212:
4171:
4146:
4113:
4031:
4004:
3230:
3197:
2728:
2550:
2417:
2401:
2249:
2080:
than LDPE. Lower-thickness (gauge) films can be blown, compared with LDPE, with better
1767:
1650: = −25.71 ± 0.59 kcal/mol (−107.6 ± 2.5 kJ/mol)
1585:
1397:
1265:
1234:
866:
755:
617:
508:
481:
463:
996:
7873:
7720:
7615:
7585:
7534:
7524:
7469:
7449:
7258:
7228:
7173:
6898:
6761:
6508:
6335:
6315:
6111:
6083:
6070:
5968:
5883:
5726:
5633:
5440:
5226:
5216:
5206:
5110:
5011:
4933:
4883:
4568:"Nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2002)"
3972:
3951:
3780:
3193:
3126:
2870:
2546:
2486:
2374:
2172:
2157:
1995:
1715:
1277:
1254:
1242:
882:
849:
837:
737:
552:
516:
364:
191:
3070:
2723:). PE products are crosslinked below the crystalline melting point by splitting off
7364:
7293:
7213:
7203:
7188:
7123:
7028:
6908:
6888:
6881:
6871:
6866:
6771:
6696:
6666:
6631:
6598:
6498:
6473:
6158:
6088:
5863:
5855:
5253:
5243:
5105:
4953:
4873:
3989:
2759:
2474:
2356:
2124:
2061:
1466:
Depending on thermal history and film thickness, PE can vary between almost clear (
1443:
1285:
1226:
1178:
1096:
1092:
926:
861:
532:
525:
4440:
2076:). LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE, and it exhibits higher impact and
1204:
presented to a technician at ICI in 1936 made from the first pound of polyethylene
4657:
4629:
4261:
3315:
3290:
2701:, which condense then and crosslink the PE by the formation of Si-O-Si bridges.
2671:(RO•), which abstract (remove) hydrogen atoms from the polymer chain, leading to
258:
7645:
7610:
7484:
7273:
7148:
7133:
7098:
7078:
7068:
7038:
7008:
6988:
6933:
6856:
6671:
6603:
6588:
6538:
6423:
6078:
5943:
5928:
5868:
5825:
5758:
5436:
5408:
5343:
5263:
5062:
4943:
4938:
4395:
3875:
3848:
2874:
2830:
2798:
2530:
2367:
2257:
2253:
1991:
1730:
1542:
1479:
1471:
1305:
1162:
1088:
844:
709:
607:
592:
537:
4768:
4756:
4505:
4195:
3557:
2953:
Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature – IUPAC Recommendations 2008
2023:
bonds introduced into the polymer structure, changing the thermoplastic into a
1268:
at mild temperatures and pressures. The first of these was a catalyst based on
7725:
7705:
7595:
7464:
7389:
7278:
7193:
7058:
7018:
6993:
6958:
6928:
6851:
6826:
6776:
6646:
6478:
6463:
6438:
6418:
6360:
6148:
6143:
6050:
6012:
5878:
5845:
5810:
5735:
5512:
5140:
5130:
4994:
3451:
3417:
3054:
2834:
2823:
2736:
2698:
2534:
2449:
2020:
1655:
1511:
1401:
1119:
are being produced annually, accounting for 34% of the total plastics market.
916:
911:
816:
724:
635:
547:
175:
4235:
Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Ferrón, Sara; Wilson, Samuel T.; Karl, David M. (2018).
4203:
4137:
3168:
2865:
of the monomer's double bond upon polymerization. The name is abbreviated to
7818:
7625:
7419:
7308:
7298:
7288:
7243:
7218:
7063:
6948:
6903:
6846:
6613:
6458:
6390:
6274:
6163:
5958:
5893:
5601:
5507:
5477:
5347:
4908:
4893:
4868:
4584:
4567:
3747:
2882:
2815:
2740:
2445:
2260:
chain branches because the reaction proceeds after the following mechanism:
2164:
2112:
2024:
2002:
1923:
1914:
Stainless steel and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene hip replacement
1742:
1737:
1725:
1455:
1214:
1084:
931:
562:
5953:
4280:
4221:
4155:
4129:
4098:
4040:
3981:
3856:
3324:
3239:
3221:
3062:
2785:
Chlorosulfonated PE (CSM) is used as starting material for ozone-resistant
1161:
and decomposition-resistant pollutant when disposed of improperly. Being a
38:
2277:
7640:
7590:
7499:
7369:
7328:
7158:
7083:
7073:
6978:
6913:
6816:
6801:
6746:
6686:
6563:
6528:
6428:
6131:
5976:
5743:
5522:
4021:
3925:"CanadaWorld – WCI student isolates microbe that lunches on plastic bags"
3510:. Vol. 91, no. 1. Hearst Magazines. July 1949. pp. 125–129
2818:. Braskem will build a new facility at their existing industrial unit in
2724:
2702:
2652:
2482:
2478:
2425:
2168:
2141:
2073:
2069:
2065:
1983:
1793:
1781:
1592:
Polymerization of ethylene to polyethylene is described by the following
1531:
1439:
1289:
1261:
1145:
900:
744:
642:
582:
4504:(Press release). yourindustrynews.com. 26 September 2008. Archived from
7379:
7374:
7323:
7033:
6781:
6636:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6040:
5898:
5815:
5748:
5650:
5527:
5499:
5428:
5330:
5052:
4822:
3627:
2807:
2682:
2587:
2490:
2421:
2321:
1926:
material, but results in less efficient packing of the chains into the
1826:
1805:(PSA) are feasible if the surface chemistry or charge is modified with
1785:
1696:
Commonly used methods for joining polyethylene parts together include:
1527:
1370:
1218:
1141:
1080:
1076:
957:
952:
801:
699:
647:
567:
354:
245:
4695:
4090:
2309:
The widespread usage of polyethylene poses potential difficulties for
7793:
7178:
6876:
6741:
6706:
6701:
6676:
6656:
6195:
6126:
6121:
6116:
5938:
5923:
5913:
5888:
5873:
5835:
5768:
2405:
2336:
2103:
as well. It has, therefore, less strong intermolecular forces as the
1952:
1932:
1570:
1408:
1393:
1374:
1337:
1317:
1292:
1250:
1230:
1100:
962:
896:
892:
887:
662:
602:
587:
577:
557:
542:
4606:. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 27 October 2004
4237:"Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment"
2167:, or EVA, widely used in athletic-shoe sole foams) and a variety of
1500:
462:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3089:"The Enthalpies of Combustion and Formation of Linear Polyethylene"
219:
7183:
7103:
7003:
6726:
6200:
6153:
6136:
6103:
6055:
5990:
5908:
5840:
5830:
5805:
5783:
5773:
5718:
3604:
Kunststoffchemie für Ingenieure von der Synthese bis zur Anwendung
3037:
2983:
Role of Additives in Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Films
2858:
2554:
2287:
1972:
1909:
1535:
1389:
1321:
1246:
1195:
1116:
1112:
1064:
967:
921:
904:
875:
811:
719:
714:
694:
672:
572:
500:
2416:
When exposed to ambient solar radiation the plastic produces two
7013:
6953:
6691:
5948:
5933:
5903:
5795:
5790:
5778:
5763:
4888:
4339:(8. ed.). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 224.
4056:"Discovery of plastic-eating bacteria may speed waste reduction"
3438:[On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine].
3404:[On the effect of diazomethane on β-arylhydroxylamine].
2814:
started joint marketing activities to produce polyethylene from
2545:
The basic compounds used as polar comonomers are vinyl alcohol (
1931:
used in a diverse range of applications. These include can- and
684:
679:
667:
657:
612:
597:
210:
6247:
5691:
5302:
4795:
4464:
Koltzenburg, Sebastian; Maskos, Michael; Nuyken, Oskar (2014).
4364:(8. ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
2829:
Polyethylene can also be made from other feedstocks, including
2428:. The plastic type which releases gases at the highest rate is
19:
This article is about the plastic. For the Radiohead song, see
7108:
6811:
6806:
6796:
6681:
6651:
3952:"Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium
3900:"Plastic-eating caterpillar could munch waste, scientists say"
3436:"Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine"
3402:"Ueber die Einwirkung von Diazomethan auf β-Arylhydroxylamine"
1539:
1108:
1104:
622:
32:
4631:
Plastic Packaging: Interactions with Food and Pharmaceuticals
3704:(abstract) in Doklady Chemistry 184(1):103–104. January 1969.
2440:
Polyethylene may either be modified in the polymerization by
2335:
Several experiments have been conducted aimed at discovering
1320:
and have become the basis for the wide range of polyethylene
6243:
295:
4791:
3117:. Developments in Corporate Governance and Responsibility.
3109:
Hemakumara, G. P. T. S.; Madhusankha, T. G. Shamal (2023).
1122:
Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the
3291:"Environmental toxicity and decomposition of polyethylene"
2513:
Polyethylene with multimodal molecular weight distribution
1847:
Ultra-low-molecular-weight polyethylene (ULMWPE or PE-WAX)
1325:
1177:, who prepared it by accident in 1898 while investigating
485:
The repeating unit within polyethylene in the most stable
5687:
3392:
3390:
2387:
source. Not only could the bacteria from the guts of the
2320:
in 2011 became a larger issue. It was listed as a US$ 90
2019:
PEX is a medium- to high-density polyethylene containing
1482:
if they are larger than the wavelength of visible light.
1221:. Upon applying extremely high pressure (several hundred
1173:
Polyethylene was first synthesized by the German chemist
3440:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin
3406:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin
3377:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin
3087:
Paul L. Splitstone and Walter H. Johnson (20 May 1974).
2501:
Metallocene polyethylene (PE-M) is prepared by means of
4691:
Polythene's story: The accidental birth of plastic bags
4118:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3628:"How to Identify Plastic Materials Using The Burn Test"
3096:
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards
3871:"Forscherin entdeckt zufällig Plastik-fressende Raupe"
3720:. Norwich, New York: Plastics Design Library. p. 326.
3289:
Yao, Zhuang; Jeong Seong, Hyeon; Jang, Yu-Sin (2022).
26:"Polythene" redirects here. For the Feeder album, see
4721:
3550:
Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts
3198:"Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made"
2841:
and in particular polyethylene waste as shown above.
4360:
Elsner, Peter; Eyerer, Peter; Hirth, Thomas (2012).
4335:
Elsner, Peter; Eyerer, Peter; Hirth, Thomas (2012).
2175:
copolymer include packaging and sporting goods, and
1304:. Catalytic systems based on soluble catalysts, the
7749:
7568:
7337:
6967:
6612:
6399:
6281:
6102:
6069:
6021:
5998:
5989:
5967:
5854:
5734:
5725:
5621:
5584:
5541:
5498:
5460:
5427:
5396:
5342:
5291:
5236:
5181:
5174:
5086:
5045:
5002:
4829:
2845:
Nomenclature and general description of the process
4628:Piringer, Otto G.; Baner, Albert Lawrence (2008).
2885:, although this is not recognized scientifically.
369:115–135 °C (239–275 °F; 388–408 K)
4696:Polythene Technical Properties & Applications
4466:Polymere: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
2663:) is still of major importance. In the so-called
2281:A recyclable bag manufactured from polyethylene,
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
1678:on silica. Polyethylene can be produced through
257:
6311:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
4659:Handbook of Plastics Joining: A Practical Guide
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
3718:Handbook of Plastics Joining: A Practical Guide
2975:
2973:
2529:are prepared by copolymerization of ethene and
1859:High-density cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE)
155:
4468:(1 ed.). Springer Spektrum. p. 406.
4433:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
4301:(. ed.). Shawbury: Rapra Technology Ltd.
3161:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2105:instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction
6259:
5703:
5314:
4807:
4431:Whiteley, Kenneth S. (2011). "Polyethylene".
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
2561:Ethylene copolymers with unsaturated alcohols
1033:
8:
4566:Kahovec, J.; Fox, R. B.; Hatada, K. (2002).
3653:"Electrical Properties of Plastic Materials"
3457:
2914:
2900:
1922:. The high molecular weight makes it a very
7445:Hazard analysis and critical control points
4535:. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1993.
4426:
4424:
4422:
4009:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3804:"New invention turns plastic bags into oil"
2594:Ethylene copolymers with unsaturated esters
2408:that oxidise and depolymerise the plastic.
1837:. There are several types of polyethylene:
1573:contents. Acceptable contaminants include N
6266:
6252:
6244:
5995:
5731:
5710:
5696:
5688:
5321:
5307:
5299:
5178:
4814:
4800:
4792:
4600:"IUPAC Provisional Recommendations on the
4561:
4559:
3689:Extrusion of Polymers: Theory and Practice
3597:
2634:
1850:High-molecular-weight polyethylene (HMWPE)
1040:
1026:
491:
310:
201:
81:
7355:Automatic identification and data capture
4583:
4362:Kunststoffe Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
4292:
4290:
4270:
4260:
4211:
4145:
4030:
4020:
3971:
3950:Hadad, D.; Geresh, S.; Sivan, A. (2005).
3830:"Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation"
3823:
3821:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3314:
3229:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3036:
2651:: The crosslinking of polyethylene using
2549:, an unsaturated alcohol), acrylic acid (
2313:because it is not readily biodegradable.
1404:, on the other hand, can pass it easily.
277:
4662:(illustrated ed.). William Andrew.
4525:
4523:
4297:Pascu, Cornelia Vasile: Mihaela (2005).
3373:"Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine"
2276:
2193:
1906:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
1842:Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
1584:
480:
63:of all important aspects of the article.
4728:
2943:
2893:
1434:resistance; however, it becomes easily
880:
842:
754:
515:
499:
306:
235:
4904:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
4071:Environmental Science & Technology
3712:
3710:
3669:from the original on 20 September 2022
3531:A History of Union Carbide Corporation
3340:"Understanding the 'Science' of Color"
3295:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
2574:Ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers (EAA)
1796:and has a high resistance to solvents.
1438:(which can be reduced by additions of
1288:developed a catalytic system based on
1111:, etc.). As of 2017, over 100 million
192:
59:Please consider expanding the lead to
4844:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
4839:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
3773:"Plastic incineration rise draws ire"
3742:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 3.
3082:
3080:
2758:polyethylene is crosslinked preadded
2557:containing one of the two compounds.
1886:Very-low-density polyethylene (VLDPE)
1377:, or in chlorinated solvents such as
1336:, have (as of 2005) begun to replace
1140:. PE is usually a mixture of similar
7:
6757:Flexible intermediate bulk container
6228:
5656:List of environmental health hazards
5576:List of environmental health hazards
4701:Article describing the discovery of
3196:; Law, Kara Lavender (1 July 2017).
1900:Ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMWPE)
1340:in many high-strength applications.
4489:Chlorsulfoniertes Polyethylen (CSM)
2762:after extrusion in a hot salt bath.
2689:) polyethylene can initially be Si-
1553:, which can be viewed as a pair of
990:Agriculture and agronomy portal
248:
218:
7741:Vertical form fill sealing machine
5461:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
3771:Prideaux, Eric (3 November 2007).
3474:"Winnington history in the making"
2820:Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
2767:Chlorination and sulfochlorination
1825:Polyethylene is classified by its
14:
7711:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
6559:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
4602:Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
4400:Saechtling Kunststoff Taschenbuch
4054:Balster, Lori (27 January 2015).
3802:Nguyen, Tuan (17 February 2011).
2107:is less. This results in a lower
1670:. Another common catalyst is the
16:Most common thermoplastic polymer
7855:
7854:
7681:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
6227:
6218:
6217:
4993:
4987:
4879:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
4854:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4705:as a biodegrader of plastic bags
4656:Plastics Design Library (1997).
3973:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02553.x
3927:. The Record.com. Archived from
3716:Plastics Design Library (1997).
3606:(3. ed.). München: Hanser.
3480:. 23 August 2006. Archived from
3127:10.1108/S2043-052320230000019004
2713:Irradiation crosslinking (PE-Xc)
2497:Metallocene polyethylene (PE-MC)
2436:Chemically modified polyethylene
2264:
2226:
2213:
2200:
1510:
1499:
1075:) is the most commonly produced
1007:
1006:
995:
983:
507:
450:Heat of combustion, higher value
106:
97:
88:
37:
7415:Electronic article surveillance
7269:Shock and vibration data logger
7114:Linear low-density polyethylene
4859:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
4299:Practical guide to polyethylene
3960:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3434:; Tschirner, Friedrich (1900).
2669:decomposes to peroxide radicals
2052:Linear low-density polyethylene
1875:Linear low-density polyethylene
1753:Dispersion of solvent-type PSAs
1388:Polyethylene absorbs almost no
1330:linear low-density polyethylene
1225:) to a mixture of ethylene and
466:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
51:may be too short to adequately
7520:Radio-frequency identification
5222:Category:Plastics applications
4969:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
4964:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
4949:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
4005:"Biodegradability of Plastics"
3338:Sepe, Michael (8 April 2024).
2522:Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC)
1332:. Such resins, in the form of
61:provide an accessible overview
21:Polyethylene (Parts 1 & 2)
1:
7631:Extended core stretch wrapper
6584:Single-serve coffee container
4929:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
4441:10.1002/14356007.a21_487.pub2
4402:. Hanser, Carl. p. 443.
3504:"Poly – the all-star plastic"
2649:Peroxide crosslinking (PE-Xa)
2507:molecular weight distribution
2464:Non-polar ethylene copolymers
2179:, used in cement production.
2082:environmental stress cracking
2060:of ethylene with short-chain
1326:very-low-density polyethylene
1284:. In 1953 the German chemist
124:Polyethene or poly(methylene)
6787:Insulated shipping container
5646:Persistent organic pollutant
5607:Toxic Substances Control Act
5566:Persistent organic pollutant
4849:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
4262:10.1371/journal.pone.0200574
3702:Ethylene Polymerization Heat
3316:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113933
3115:Socially Responsible Plastic
2709:may accelerate the reaction.
2473:In the low pressure process
1803:Pressure-sensitive adhesives
1365:at elevated temperatures in
1253:at Sabine River, Texas, and
1211:Imperial Chemical Industries
7676:Material-handling equipment
7560:Verification and validation
6792:Intermediate bulk container
6574:Self-heating food packaging
5639:Great Pacific garbage patch
5561:Great Pacific garbage patch
4974:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
4889:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
4634:(2nd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
4415:Vorschau auf kunststoffe.de
3849:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644
3400:; Tschirner, Fred. (1900).
2679:Silane crosslinking (PE-Xb)
2553:, an unsaturated acid) and
2252:reactions, they are always
2144:properties of the polymer.
2117:free-radical polymerization
2037:Medium-density polyethylene
1869:Medium-density polyethylene
1748:Pressure-sensitive adhesive
1660:Coordination polymerization
1324:available today, including
1308:, were reported in 1976 by
7951:
7319:Time temperature indicator
5602:Japan Toxic Substances Law
5397:Miscellaneous plasticizers
4572:Pure and Applied Chemistry
4337:Domininghaus - Kunststoffe
4196:10.1038/s41467-022-33127-w
3954:Brevibacillus borstelensis
3879:(in German). 24 April 2017
3691:. 2nd ed.. Hanser: Munich.
3558:10.1002/9780470504437.ch10
2796:
2624:
2404:and its saliva containing
2363:Brevibacillus borstelensis
2318:Fukushima nuclear disaster
2302:
2160:(the resulting product is
2092:
2049:
2046:Linear low-density (LLDPE)
2034:
2012:
2009:Cross-linked (PEX or XLPE)
1966:
1903:
1689:
456:650-651 kJ/mole, 46 MJ/kg
25:
18:
7852:
7774:Environmental engineering
7736:Turntable stretch wrapper
7666:Lineshaft roller conveyor
7656:Injection molding machine
6594:Toothpaste pump dispenser
6454:Disposable food packaging
6296:Child-resistant packaging
6213:
5676:
5597:European REACH regulation
5592:California Proposition 65
5335:polyhalogenated compounds
5212:High-performance plastics
5037:High-performance plastics
4985:
3738:Kurtz, Steven M. (2015).
3700:Victor Ostrovskii et al.
3662:. Professional Plastics.
3602:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2011).
3552:. John Wiley & Sons.
3518:– via Google Books.
3452:10.1002/cber.190003301166
3418:10.1002/cber.190003301166
3371:von Pechmann, H. (1898).
3055:10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005
2812:Toyota Tsusho Corporation
2627:Cross-linked polyethylene
2541:Polar ethylene copolymers
2283:resin identification code
2015:Cross-linked polyethylene
1969:High-density polyethylene
1863:Cross-linked polyethylene
1854:High-density polyethylene
1674:, prepared by depositing
1436:electrostatically charged
1255:Union Carbide Corporation
1148:, with various values of
1099:and containers including
460:
415:
322:
139:
129:
119:
114:
105:
96:
87:
7661:Label printer applicator
7530:Shearing (manufacturing)
7129:Low-density polyethylene
6549:Pharmaceutical packaging
6519:Low plastic water bottle
6409:Alternative wine closure
5022:Fibre-reinforced plastic
4959:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
3660:professionalplastics.com
3169:10.1002/14356007.a21_487
2826:derived from sugarcane.
2772:Chlorinated Polyethylene
2752:Azo crosslinking (PE-Xd)
2612:thermoplastic elastomers
2527:Cyclic olefin copolymers
2430:low-density polyethylene
2131:Very-low-density (VLDPE)
2095:Low-density polyethylene
1890:Chlorinated polyethylene
1881:Low-density polyethylene
1792:because polyethylene is
7691:Orbital stretch wrapper
7314:Temperature data logger
7234:Pressure-sensitive tape
7094:Humidity indicator card
6622:Aerosol spray dispenser
5073:Biodegradable additives
4710:5 November 2012 at the
4585:10.1351/pac200274101921
3748:10.1016/C2013-0-16083-7
2579:copolymers are used as
2351:Pseudomonas fluorescens
1988:Ziegler–Natta catalysts
1668:Ziegler–Natta catalysts
1426:Polyethylene is a good
1189:− chains and termed it
401:Magnetic susceptibility
7410:Die forming (plastics)
7119:Liquid packaging board
6822:Multilayered packaging
6554:Plastic milk container
6534:Optical disc packaging
5488:Perfluorooctanoic acid
4924:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
4919:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
4864:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
4716:Waterloo Region Record
4130:10.1098/rspb.2020.0112
3458:
3222:10.1126/sciadv.1700782
2915:
2901:
2869:. In a similar manner
2803:Renewable Polyethylene
2793:Bio-based polyethylene
2661:di-tert-butyl peroxide
2601:Ethylene-vinyl acetate
2300:
2297:Nako, Himachal Pradesh
2285:
2183:Types of polyethylenes
2162:ethylene-vinyl acetate
1978:
1915:
1680:radical polymerization
1664:titanium(III) chloride
1589:
1272:discovered in 1951 by
1205:
1181:. When his colleagues
1002:Engineering portal
489:
487:staggered conformation
7910:Transparent materials
7839:Sustainable packaging
7789:Life-cycle assessment
7769:Closed-loop box reuse
7716:Seed-counting machine
7049:Corrugated fiberboard
6999:Biodegradable plastic
6722:Corrugated box design
6376:Sustainable packaging
6366:Shelf-ready packaging
6341:Packaging engineering
5668:Biodegradable plastic
5017:Thermosetting polymer
4914:Polylactic acid (PLA)
4176:Nature Communications
3254:"Plastics: The Facts"
2980:Batra, Kamal (2014).
2687:trimethoxyvinylsilane
2681:: In the presence of
2503:metallocene catalysts
2389:Plodia interpunctella
2291:
2280:
2115:. LDPE is created by
2031:Medium-density (MDPE)
1976:
1913:
1764:Two-part polyurethane
1588:
1486:Manufacturing process
1367:aromatic hydrocarbons
1199:
1083:, primarily used for
785:Semi-synthetic fibers
484:
7809:PET bottle recycling
7671:Logistics automation
7199:Plastic-coated paper
6346:Resealable packaging
5679:Identification codes
5279:Foam food containers
5202:Engineering plastics
4022:10.3390/ijms10093722
3687:Chung, C. I. (2010)
2717:electron accelerator
2707:dibutyltin dilaurate
2293:Say no to polythene.
2273:Environmental issues
1428:electrical insulator
359:0.88–0.96 g/cm
7920:Commodity chemicals
7905:Packaging materials
7861:Category: Packaging
7696:Packaging machinery
7505:Product development
7304:Tamper-evident band
7144:Modified atmosphere
6484:Foam food container
5518:Endocrine disruptor
5116:Compression molding
5068:Polymer stabilizers
4253:2018PLoSO..1300574R
4188:2022NatCo..13.5568S
4083:2014EnST...4813776Y
3783:on 22 November 2012
3344:Plastics Technology
3307:2022EcoES.24213933Y
3214:2017SciA....3E0782G
3047:2014JMagR.242..233W
2754:: In the so-called
2397:Galleria mellonella
2394:The caterpillar of
2354:, with the help of
2078:puncture resistance
1986:/silica catalysts,
1963:High-density (HDPE)
1951:, it competes with
1788:are rarely used as
1452:dielectric constant
495:Part of a series on
443:−28 to −29 kJ/mole
376:Solubility in water
84:
7824:Reusable packaging
7784:Industrial ecology
7545:Ultrasonic welding
7510:Production control
7460:Injection moulding
7345:Aseptic processing
7054:Corrugated plastic
6924:Steel and tin cans
6894:Shipping container
6832:Packet (container)
6569:Seasonal packaging
6469:Evidence packaging
6449:Currency packaging
6444:Cosmetic packaging
6351:Reusable packaging
5533:Polymer fume fever
5192:Commodity plastics
5166:Rotational molding
5136:Fiberglass molding
5096:Injection moulding
5078:Filler (materials)
5027:Corrugated plastic
4979:Tritan copolyester
4934:Polypropylene (PP)
4884:Polycarbonate (PC)
4786:North West England
4124:(1922): 20200112.
3484:on 21 January 2010
3270:on 4 February 2018
2719:, occasionally an
2581:adhesion promoters
2301:
2286:
2171:. Applications of
2089:Low-density (LDPE)
1979:
1916:
1773:Hot-melt adhesives
1721:Ultrasonic welding
1676:chromium(VI) oxide
1590:
1545:with the formula C
1526:The ingredient or
1450:). When pure, the
1432:electrical treeing
1302:magnesium chloride
1282:Phillips Petroleum
1264:that promoted the
1206:
765:Regenerated fibers
490:
470:Infobox references
411:, SI, 22 °C)
82:
7925:German inventions
7867:
7866:
7829:Reverse logistics
7814:Plastic recycling
7686:Multihead weigher
7606:Cartoning machine
7601:Cap torque tester
7515:Quality assurance
7490:Plastic extrusion
7455:Induction sealing
7425:Extrusion coating
7284:Staple (fastener)
7254:Security printing
7089:Hot-melt adhesive
6662:Biodegradable bag
6504:Glass milk bottle
6386:Tamper resistance
6326:Package pilferage
6301:Contract packager
6241:
6240:
6209:
6208:
5985:
5984:
5685:
5684:
5663:Plastic recycling
5629:Plastic pollution
5615:
5614:
5549:Plastic pollution
5329:Health issues of
5287:
5286:
5183:Plastics industry
5101:Plastic extrusion
4954:Polyurethane (PU)
4944:Polysulfone (PES)
4899:Polyethylene (PE)
4874:Polybutylene (PB)
4714:Kawawada, Karen,
4669:978-1-884207-17-4
4641:978-3-527-31455-3
4491:. ChemgaPedia.de
4475:978-3-642-34773-3
4409:978-3-446-43729-6
4371:978-3-642-16173-5
4346:978-3-642-16173-5
4091:10.1021/es504038a
3806:. smartplanet.com
3632:Boedeker Plastics
3613:978-3-446-43047-1
3567:978-0-470-13798-7
3508:Popular Mechanics
3194:Jambeck, Jenna R.
3136:978-1-80455-987-1
2780:impact resistance
2733:penetration depth
2721:isotopic radiator
2644:
2608:polyvinyl acetate
2458:sulfochlorination
2305:Plastic pollution
2234:
2233:
2101:crystal structure
1957:bulletproof vests
1945:knee replacements
1928:crystal structure
1807:plasma activation
1761:contact adhesives
1672:Phillips catalyst
1594:chemical equation
1520:Ethylene (ethene)
1470:), milky-opaque (
1448:antistatic agents
1430:. It offers good
1270:chromium trioxide
1175:Hans von Pechmann
1050:
1049:
949:
908:
858:
756:Human-made fibers
676:
478:Chemical compound
476:
475:
291:CompTox Dashboard
78:
77:
28:Polythene (album)
7942:
7858:
7857:
7844:Waste management
7834:Source reduction
7651:Industrial robot
7555:Vacuum packaging
7480:Package tracking
7435:Glass production
7395:Corona treatment
7385:Containerization
7249:Screw cap (wine)
7164:Oxygen scavenger
6627:Aluminium bottle
6579:Screw cap (wine)
6524:Luxury packaging
6356:Reuse of bottles
6321:Package delivery
6306:Edible packaging
6291:Active packaging
6268:
6261:
6254:
6245:
6231:
6230:
6221:
6220:
5996:
5732:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5689:
5554:Rubber pollution
5404:Organophosphates
5323:
5316:
5309:
5300:
5179:
5151:Filament winding
5126:Transfer molding
5053:Polymer additive
4997:
4991:
4939:Polystyrene (PS)
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4760:
4759:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4428:
4417:
4413:
4398:(October 2013).
4391:
4376:
4375:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4332:
4313:
4312:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4264:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4077:(23): 13776–84.
4066:
4060:
4059:
4058:. fondriest.com.
4051:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4024:
4015:(9): 3722–3742.
4000:
3994:
3993:
3975:
3966:(5): 1093–1100.
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3843:(9): 5612–5701.
3837:Chemical Reviews
3834:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3779:. Archived from
3768:
3762:
3761:
3735:
3729:
3714:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3599:
3572:
3571:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3478:This is Cheshire
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3432:Bamberger, Eugen
3428:
3422:
3421:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3368:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3263:. Archived from
3258:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3202:Science Advances
3189:
3183:
3182:
3156:
3141:
3140:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3040:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3006:"poly(ethylene)"
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2933:
2931:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2787:synthetic rubber
2641:
2638:
2418:greenhouse gases
2331:Biodegradability
2311:waste management
2268:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2194:
2177:superplasticizer
2154:copolymerization
2109:tensile strength
2058:copolymerization
1835:molecular weight
1815:corona treatment
1711:Infrared welding
1666:, the so-called
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1555:methylene groups
1538:name ethene), a
1514:
1503:
1383:trichlorobenzene
1124:chemical formula
1115:of polyethylene
1042:
1035:
1028:
1013:Category: Fibers
1010:
1009:
1000:
999:
988:
987:
986:
939:
890:
852:
830:Synthetic fibers
670:
511:
492:
439:
416:Thermochemistry
330:Chemical formula
315:
314:
299:
297:
281:
261:
250:
239:
222:
205:
194:
159:
110:
101:
92:
85:
73:
70:
64:
41:
33:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7935:1898 in Germany
7930:1898 in science
7870:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7848:
7804:Paper recycling
7799:Packaging waste
7779:Glass recycling
7751:
7745:
7701:Pallet inverter
7621:Conveyor system
7576:Barcode printer
7564:
7540:Track and trace
7495:Plastic welding
7430:Flame treatment
7400:Curtain coating
7333:
7154:Nonwoven fabric
7139:Metallised film
7044:Container glass
6971:
6969:
6963:
6939:Tub (container)
6837:Padded envelope
6608:
6434:Case-ready meat
6401:
6395:
6331:Package testing
6283:
6277:
6272:
6242:
6237:
6205:
6098:
6065:
6017:
6008:Artificial silk
5981:
5963:
5850:
5721:
5716:
5686:
5681:
5672:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5580:
5537:
5494:
5456:
5423:
5392:
5338:
5327:
5293:
5283:
5232:
5170:
5156:Solvent bonding
5146:Plastic welding
5088:
5082:
5041:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4983:
4894:Polyester (PEs)
4831:
4825:
4820:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4712:Wayback Machine
4687:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4655:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4430:
4429:
4420:
4410:
4396:Osswald, Tim A.
4393:
4392:
4379:
4372:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4334:
4333:
4316:
4309:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4247:(8): e0200574.
4234:
4233:
4229:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3931:on 18 July 2011
3923:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3906:
3898:Briggs, Helen.
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3777:The Japan Times
3770:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3695:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3575:
3568:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3398:Bamberger, Eug.
3396:
3395:
3388:
3370:
3369:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:Plastics Europe
3256:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3208:(7): e1700782.
3192:Geyer, Roland;
3191:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3158:
3157:
3144:
3137:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2881:, from the ICI
2847:
2805:
2797:Main articles:
2795:
2769:
2756:Lubonyl process
2643:(bottom right).
2629:
2623:
2596:
2576:
2563:
2543:
2524:
2515:
2499:
2471:
2466:
2438:
2414:
2384:Indian mealmoth
2346:
2333:
2307:
2275:
2242:
2185:
2152:In addition to
2150:
2133:
2097:
2091:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2017:
2011:
1971:
1965:
1908:
1902:
1823:
1811:flame treatment
1790:solvent bonding
1778:Solvent bonding
1768:Epoxy adhesives
1706:Hot gas welding
1694:
1692:Solvent bonding
1688:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1583:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1488:
1464:
1424:
1416:plastic welding
1379:trichloroethane
1346:
1310:Walter Kaminsky
1213:(ICI) works in
1188:
1183:Eugen Bamberger
1171:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1073:poly(methylene)
1046:
1017:
994:
984:
982:
974:
973:
972:
879:
878:
871:
841:
840:
832:
822:
821:
787:
777:
776:
772:Artificial silk
767:
750:
749:
740:
730:
729:
638:
628:
627:
528:
479:
472:
467:
453:
440:
437:
431:
427:
424:
423:Std enthalpy of
404:
378:
348:
342:
338:
332:
318:
300:
293:
284:
264:
251:
225:
186:
162:
149:
135:
133:
125:
74:
68:
65:
58:
46:This article's
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7948:
7946:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7900:Thermoplastics
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7872:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7764:Can collecting
7761:
7759:Biodegradation
7755:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7731:Tape dispenser
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7581:Barcode reader
7578:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7550:Vacuum forming
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7440:Graphic design
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7360:Blow fill seal
7357:
7352:
7350:Authentication
7347:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7264:Shock detector
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7239:Pump dispenser
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7209:Plastic pallet
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7169:Package handle
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6984:Aluminium foil
6981:
6975:
6973:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6919:Stand-up pouch
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6862:Plastic bottle
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6767:Folding carton
6764:
6759:
6754:
6752:Euro container
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6732:Disposable cup
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6642:Antistatic bag
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6494:Fuel container
6491:
6489:Food packaging
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6414:Ammunition box
6411:
6405:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6381:Tamper-evident
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6248:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6225:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6023:Semi-synthetic
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5447:Vinyl chloride
5444:
5441:Polycarbonates
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5415:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5303:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5254:Packaging film
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5237:Specific goods
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5161:Vacuum forming
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5032:Polymeric foam
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Polyimide (PI)
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4869:Polyamide (PA)
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4789:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4720:
4719:
4718:(22 May 2008).
4698:
4693:
4686:
4685:External links
4683:
4682:
4681:
4668:
4653:
4640:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4591:
4555:
4542:978-0632037025
4541:
4519:
4508:on 21 May 2013
4493:
4481:
4474:
4456:
4450:978-3527306732
4449:
4418:
4408:
4377:
4370:
4352:
4345:
4314:
4308:978-1859574935
4307:
4286:
4227:
4161:
4104:
4061:
4046:
3995:
3942:
3916:
3890:
3862:
3817:
3794:
3763:
3756:
3730:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3644:
3619:
3612:
3573:
3566:
3540:
3521:
3495:
3465:
3423:
3386:
3356:
3330:
3281:
3245:
3184:
3177:
3142:
3135:
3101:
3076:
3015:
2997:
2969:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2907:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2846:
2843:
2794:
2791:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2749:
2710:
2691:functionalized
2676:
2625:Main article:
2622:
2619:
2595:
2592:
2575:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2551:propenoic acid
2542:
2539:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2498:
2495:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2437:
2434:
2413:
2412:Climate change
2410:
2402:gut microbiota
2348:The bacterium
2345:
2342:
2332:
2329:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2250:chain transfer
2247:intramolecular
2241:
2240:Chain branches
2238:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2184:
2181:
2149:
2146:
2132:
2129:
2111:and increased
2093:Main article:
2090:
2087:
2064:(for example,
2050:Main article:
2047:
2044:
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
2013:Main article:
2010:
2007:
1967:Main article:
1964:
1961:
1904:Main article:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1822:
1821:Classification
1819:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1687:
1684:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1582:
1581:Polymerization
1579:
1574:
1563:
1550:
1546:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1463:
1460:
1423:
1420:
1398:carbon dioxide
1345:
1342:
1266:polymerization
1243:coaxial cables
1235:Michael Perrin
1186:
1170:
1167:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1004:
992:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
885:
874:
873:
872:
870:
869:
864:
859:
847:
836:
835:
834:
833:
828:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
788:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
768:
763:
762:
759:
758:
752:
751:
748:
747:
741:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
517:Natural fibers
513:
512:
504:
503:
497:
496:
477:
474:
473:
468:
464:standard state
461:
458:
457:
454:
448:
445:
444:
441:
435:
429:
421:
418:
417:
413:
412:
405:
399:
396:
395:
392:
383:
382:
379:
374:
371:
370:
367:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
344:
340:
336:
333:
328:
325:
324:
320:
319:
317:
316:
303:
301:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
274:
272:
266:
265:
263:
262:
254:
252:
244:
241:
240:
233:
227:
226:
224:
223:
215:
213:
207:
206:
196:
188:
187:
185:
184:
180:
178:
172:
171:
168:
167:Abbreviations
164:
163:
161:
160:
152:
150:
145:
142:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
117:
116:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
93:
76:
75:
55:the key points
45:
43:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7947:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7862:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7721:Shrink tunnel
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7616:Check weigher
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7586:Bottling line
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7535:Thermoforming
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7525:Roll slitting
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7470:Laser cutting
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7450:Hermetic seal
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7259:Security tape
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7229:Polypropylene
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7174:Packaging gas
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6899:Shipping tube
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6762:Flexible tank
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6336:Package theft
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:Overpackaging
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6257:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6234:
6226:
6224:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:Garbage patch
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5500:Health issues
5497:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5324:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Shopping bags
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:(Agriculture)
5228:
5227:Plasticulture
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:Geosynthetics
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Thermoforming
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:Thermoplastic
5010:
5009:
5007:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4654:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:Baur, Erwin;
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3943:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3757:9780323354356
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3726:1-884207-17-0
3723:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3537:. p. 69.
3533:
3532:
3525:
3522:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3178:3-527-30673-0
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2919:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:polypropylene
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2839:plastic waste
2836:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2760:azo compounds
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:Engel process
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:crystallinity
2484:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:or non-polar
2443:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:Acinetobacter
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:vinyl acetate
2155:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:alpha-olefins
2059:
2053:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1996:free radicals
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1865:(PEX or XLPE)
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Laser welding
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1645:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1556:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1513:
1502:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:UHMWPE fibers
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Hansjörg Sinn
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:J. Paul Hogan
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:polymethylene
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:plastic films
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:(abbreviated
1058:
1054:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1005:
1003:
998:
993:
991:
981:
980:
978:
977:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
868:
865:
863:
860:
856:
851:
848:
846:
843:
839:
831:
826:
825:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
786:
781:
780:
773:
770:
769:
766:
761:
760:
757:
753:
746:
743:
742:
739:
734:
733:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
632:
631:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
522:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
502:
498:
494:
493:
488:
483:
471:
465:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
442:
434:
426:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
393:
391:
390:
385:
384:
380:
377:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:Melting point
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
352:
347:
334:
331:
327:
326:
321:
313:
309:
308:DTXSID8031946
305:
304:
302:
292:
288:
287:
280:
276:
275:
273:
271:
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
253:
247:
243:
242:
238:
234:
232:
229:
228:
221:
217:
216:
214:
212:
209:
208:
204:
200:
197:
195:
193:ECHA InfoCard
190:
189:
182:
181:
179:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
151:
148:
144:
143:
138:
128:
122:
118:
113:
109:
104:
100:
95:
91:
86:
83:Polyethylene
80:
72:
62:
56:
54:
49:
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
7750:Environment,
7365:Blow molding
7294:Stretch wrap
7224:Polyethylene
7223:
7214:Plastic wrap
7204:Plastic film
7189:Paper pallet
7124:Living hinge
7029:Coated paper
6909:Spray bottle
6889:Security bag
6882:Water sachet
6872:Salvage drum
6867:Retort pouch
6772:Glass bottle
6667:Blister pack
6632:Aluminum can
6599:Water bottle
6499:Gas cylinder
6474:Field ration
6371:Shelf-stable
6169:Polyethylene
6168:
5344:Plasticizers
5292:Environment
5244:Blister pack
5197:Construction
5106:Blow molding
4898:
4715:
4703:Sphingomonas
4702:
4673:. Retrieved
4658:
4645:. Retrieved
4630:
4622:Bibliography
4608:. Retrieved
4601:
4594:
4578:(10): 1921.
4575:
4571:
4546:. Retrieved
4531:
4510:. Retrieved
4506:the original
4496:
4484:
4465:
4459:
4432:
4399:
4361:
4355:
4336:
4298:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4179:
4175:
4164:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4049:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3945:
3933:. Retrieved
3929:the original
3919:
3907:. Retrieved
3903:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3874:
3865:
3840:
3836:
3808:. Retrieved
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3776:
3766:
3739:
3733:
3717:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3659:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:
3622:
3603:
3549:
3543:
3530:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3507:
3498:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3477:
3468:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3426:
3409:
3405:
3383:: 2640–2646.
3380:
3376:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:
3333:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3265:the original
3260:
3248:
3205:
3201:
3187:
3160:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3095:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2990:16 September
2988:. Retrieved
2982:
2960:. Retrieved
2952:
2946:
2929:S. 120)
2917:
2910:
2896:
2878:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2828:
2806:
2784:
2770:
2755:
2751:
2731:possesses a
2712:
2678:
2664:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2621:Crosslinking
2616:
2605:
2597:
2585:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2544:
2531:cycloolefins
2525:
2516:
2500:
2472:
2454:chlorination
2450:crosslinking
2439:
2415:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2357:Sphingomonas
2355:
2349:
2347:
2344:Case studies
2334:
2326:
2315:
2308:
2292:
2243:
2235:
2212:
2190:
2186:
2151:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2098:
2055:
2040:
2018:
2000:
1980:
1917:
1895:
1824:
1801:
1759:Polyurethane
1726:Heat sealing
1695:
1653:
1591:
1525:
1480:crystallites
1465:
1444:carbon black
1425:
1413:
1406:
1387:
1351:
1347:
1306:metallocenes
1286:Karl Ziegler
1274:Robert Banks
1259:
1227:benzaldehyde
1207:
1190:
1179:diazomethane
1172:
1158:high-density
1157:
1153:
1152:. It can be
1149:
1136:
1121:
1097:geomembranes
1089:plastic bags
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1053:Polyethylene
1052:
1051:
937:Polyethylene
936:
432:
388:
381:Not soluble
345:
237:Polyethylene
140:Identifiers
132:Polyethylene
130:Other names
79:
66:
50:
48:lead section
7915:Bioplastics
7890:Dielectrics
7885:Polyolefins
7646:Heat sealer
7611:Case sealer
7485:Papermaking
7405:Die cutting
7370:Calendering
7274:Shrink wrap
7149:Molded pulp
7134:Meat diaper
7099:Kraft paper
7079:Foam peanut
7069:Double seam
7039:Coextrusion
7009:Bubble wrap
6989:Bail handle
6934:Thermal bag
6857:Plastic bag
6672:Boil-in-bag
6604:Wine bottle
6589:Spray paint
6544:Popcorn bag
6539:Oyster pail
6424:Beer bottle
6000:Regenerated
5944:Spider silk
5585:Regulations
5437:Bisphenol A
5121:Calendering
5063:Plasticizer
5003:Mechanical
4762:Electronics
4750:Numismatics
4675:20 February
4647:20 February
4610:20 February
4548:20 February
4512:20 February
4182:(1): 5568.
3935:20 February
3876:Der Spiegel
3810:20 February
3514:20 February
3488:20 February
3446:: 955–959.
3412:: 955–959.
3031:: 233–242.
2986:. p. 9
2875:polystyrene
2831:wheat grain
2799:Bioplastics
2746:solid state
2741:ɣ-radiation
2729:β-radiation
2370:radiation.
2368:ultraviolet
2142:rheological
2003:water pipes
1992:metallocene
1731:Heat fusion
1543:hydrocarbon
1472:translucent
1468:transparent
1223:atmospheres
1163:hydrocarbon
1154:low-density
608:Spider silk
323:Properties
199:100.121.698
7874:Categories
7726:Staple gun
7706:Palletizer
7596:Can seamer
7465:Lamination
7390:Converting
7279:Slip sheet
7194:Paperboard
7059:Cushioning
7019:Cellophane
6994:Bioplastic
6972:components
6959:Wooden box
6929:Tetra Brik
6852:Paper sack
6827:Multi-pack
6777:Gunny sack
6647:Bag-in-box
6614:Containers
6479:Flour sack
6464:Egg carton
6439:Coffee bag
6419:Banana box
6361:Shelf life
6149:Modacrylic
6144:Microfiber
6061:Triacetate
6013:Milk fiber
5879:Camel hair
5811:Lotus silk
5513:Carcinogen
5478:Organotins
5348:Phthalates
5294:and health
5141:Pultrusion
5131:Laminating
5089:processing
3673:11 October
2939:References
2883:trade name
2863:opening up
2851:polyethene
2835:sugar beet
2824:bioethanol
2699:hydrolysis
2695:water bath
2535:norbornene
2446:comonomers
2303:See also:
2148:Copolymers
2021:cross-link
1690:See also:
1656:exothermic
1456:capacitors
1422:Electrical
1402:flavorings
1344:Properties
1079:. It is a
1069:polyethene
917:Modacrylic
912:Microfiber
817:Triacetate
548:Camel hair
407:−9.67×10 (
279:3W404QE89S
176:ChemSpider
147:CAS Number
121:IUPAC name
7819:Recycling
7626:Drum pump
7569:Machinery
7420:Extrusion
7338:Processes
7309:Tear tape
7299:Susceptor
7289:Strapping
7244:Screw cap
7219:Polyester
7064:Desiccant
6968:Materials
6949:Unit load
6904:Skin pack
6847:Paper bag
6717:Clamshell
6459:Drink can
6391:Wrap rage
6275:Packaging
6164:Polyester
6036:Diacetate
5991:Synthetic
5894:Chiengora
5542:Pollution
5508:Teratogen
5439:(BPA, in
5087:Plastics
5058:Colorants
5046:Additives
4830:Chemical
4774:Volcanoes
4738:Chemistry
4204:2041-1723
4138:0962-8452
3274:29 August
3121:: 59–73.
3038:1403.4760
2962:28 August
2889:Footnotes
2879:polythene
2816:sugarcane
2703:Catalysts
2653:peroxides
2533:(usually
2475:α-olefins
2469:α-olefins
2169:acrylates
2165:copolymer
2113:ductility
2025:thermoset
1939:used for
1831:branching
1782:Adhesives
1743:Adhesives
1738:Fastening
1262:catalysts
1215:Northwich
1085:packaging
1057:polythene
932:Polyester
797:Diacetate
563:Chiengora
425:formation
157:9002-88-4
134:Polythene
69:July 2023
53:summarize
7895:Ethylene
7752:post-use
7641:Heat gun
7591:Calender
7500:Printing
7329:Velostat
7324:Tinplate
7159:Overwrap
7084:Gel pack
7074:Flip-top
6979:Adhesive
6914:Squround
6817:Mesh bag
6802:Jerrycan
6747:Envelope
6687:Bulk box
6564:Sand bag
6529:Milk bag
6514:Juicebox
6429:Box wine
6402:packages
6223:Category
6132:Technora
6094:Metallic
5977:Asbestos
5919:Pashmina
5884:Cashmere
5523:Diabetes
5429:Monomers
5409:Adipates
5331:plastics
5185:segments
5175:Products
4823:Plastics
4708:Archived
4281:30067755
4241:PLOS ONE
4222:36195604
4156:32126962
4099:25384056
4041:19865515
3982:15836478
3909:24 April
3904:BBC News
3883:24 April
3857:36916764
3664:Archived
3349:25 April
3325:35930840
3301:: 1, 3.
3240:28776036
3071:11545416
3063:24705364
2725:hydrogen
2705:such as
2673:radicals
2588:ionomers
2483:1-hexene
2479:1-butene
2426:ethylene
2299:, India.
2125:radicals
2074:1-octene
2070:1-hexene
2066:1-butene
1984:chromium
1937:implants
1844:(UHMWPE)
1794:nonpolar
1786:solvents
1623:(gas) →
1532:ethylene
1440:graphite
1369:such as
1290:titanium
1202:pill box
1146:ethylene
1142:polymers
901:Technora
867:Metallic
745:Asbestos
583:Pashmina
553:Cashmere
403:(χ)
394:1.02620
7475:Molding
7380:Coating
7375:Canning
7034:Coating
7024:Closure
6782:Inhaler
6637:Ampoule
6509:Growler
6400:Product
6282:General
6233:Commons
6191:Vinylon
6186:Vectran
6181:Spandex
6112:Acrylic
6104:Polymer
6071:Mineral
6051:Piñatex
6041:Lyocell
6031:Acetate
5969:Mineral
5899:Guanaco
5749:Bagasse
5727:Natural
5651:Dioxins
5571:Dioxins
5528:Obesity
5269:Cutlery
5259:Bottles
4724:Portals
4272:6070199
4249:Bibcode
4213:9532405
4184:Bibcode
4147:7126078
4079:Bibcode
4032:2769161
3990:2977246
3303:Bibcode
3231:5517107
3210:Bibcode
3043:Bibcode
3010:ChemSrc
2808:Braskem
2727:atoms.
2683:silanes
2657:dicumyl
2655:(e. g.
2547:Ethenol
2491:density
2422:methane
2406:enzymes
2322:billion
2173:acrylic
1877:(LLDPE)
1827:density
1750:(PSAs)
1701:Welding
1686:Joining
1636:(solid)
1571:alkenes
1540:gaseous
1528:monomer
1491:Monomer
1462:Optical
1371:toluene
1338:aramids
1318:olefins
1298:Ziegler
1293:halides
1219:England
1169:History
1101:bottles
1081:polymer
1077:plastic
958:Vinylon
953:Spandex
946:Spectra
942:Dyneema
883:Acrylic
876:Polymer
838:Mineral
802:Lyocell
792:Acetate
738:Mineral
648:Bagasse
568:Guanaco
355:Density
349:
246:PubChem
7880:Fibers
7859:
7794:Litter
7636:Filler
7179:Pallet
6877:Sachet
6742:Endcap
6707:Carton
6702:Carboy
6677:Bottle
6657:Barrel
6284:topics
6196:Vinyon
6174:UHMWPE
6159:Olefin
6127:Kevlar
6122:Twaron
6117:Aramid
6089:Basalt
6084:Carbon
5954:Vicuña
5939:Tendon
5929:Rabbit
5924:Qiviut
5914:Mohair
5889:Catgut
5874:Byssus
5869:Angora
5864:Alpaca
5856:Animal
5836:Rattan
5826:Raffia
5769:Cotton
5754:Bamboo
5719:Fibers
5368:(BBzP)
5337:(PHCs)
5249:Chairs
5217:Nurdle
4666:
4638:
4539:
4472:
4447:
4406:
4368:
4343:
4305:
4279:
4269:
4220:
4210:
4202:
4154:
4144:
4136:
4097:
4039:
4029:
3988:
3980:
3855:
3754:
3724:
3610:
3564:
3323:
3238:
3228:
3175:
3133:
3069:
3061:
2735:of 10
2685:(e.g.
2566:used.
2555:esters
2477:(e.g.
2337:enzyme
2295:Sign.
2209:PE-LLD
2072:, and
1953:aramid
1933:bottle
1883:(LDPE)
1871:(MDPE)
1856:(HDPE)
1638:
1476:opaque
1474:) and
1409:candle
1394:Oxygen
1375:xylene
1360:, and
1322:resins
1251:DuPont
1231:oxygen
1117:resins
1113:tonnes
1011:
963:Vinyon
927:Olefin
897:Kevlar
893:Twaron
888:Aramid
862:Basalt
850:Carbon
710:Raffia
663:Cotton
653:Bamboo
618:Vicuña
593:Rabbit
588:Qiviut
578:Mohair
558:Catgut
543:Byssus
538:Angora
533:Alpaca
526:Animal
220:C19503
115:Names
7184:Paper
7104:Label
7004:BoPET
6727:Crate
6201:Zylon
6154:Nylon
6137:Nomex
6079:Glass
6056:Rayon
6046:Modal
5909:Llama
5841:Sisal
5831:Ramie
5806:Kenaf
5801:Kapok
5784:Linen
5774:Fique
5759:Bashō
5744:Abacá
5736:Plant
5622:Waste
5468:PBDEs
5379:(DOP)
5005:types
4832:types
3986:S2CID
3833:(PDF)
3787:8 May
3667:(PDF)
3656:(PDF)
3637:8 May
3535:(PDF)
3268:(PDF)
3257:(PDF)
3092:(PDF)
3067:S2CID
3033:arXiv
2957:(PDF)
2859:IUPAC
2442:polar
2258:ethyl
2254:butyl
2223:PE-LD
2197:PE-HD
1949:fiber
1947:. As
1924:tough
1892:(CPE)
1813:, or
1536:IUPAC
1390:water
1352:Most
1247:radar
1067:name
1065:IUPAC
968:Zylon
922:Nylon
905:Nomex
855:Tenax
845:Glass
812:Rayon
807:Modal
720:Sisal
715:Ramie
695:Kenaf
690:Kapok
673:Linen
643:Abacá
636:Plant
603:Sinew
573:Llama
501:Fiber
452:(HHV)
7014:Bung
6954:Vial
6944:Tube
6842:Pail
6737:Drum
6712:Chub
6697:Case
6692:Cage
5949:Wool
5934:Silk
5904:Hair
5846:Wood
5821:Pine
5816:Piña
5796:Jute
5791:Hemp
5779:Flax
5764:Coir
5483:PFCs
5473:PCBs
5449:(in
5413:DEHA
5388:DINP
5383:DIDP
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