819:(Gu Jin Xiao Shuo), he wrote about an eighty-year-old man who married an eighteen-year young girl. The marriage was arranged by two matchmakers, Zhang and Li. Given the age difference, the marriage seemed impossible, but the two match-makers still managed to persuade the father of the girl to marry her to the old man. Feng Menglong described them as "Once they start to speak the match is successfully arranged, and when they open their mouths they only spoke about harmony." The match-makers gave powerful persuasions by avoiding about mentioning the differences between the couples they arranged. Which, only speak about the positive side. In addition to persuasion techniques, the match-makers must possess great social skills. They needed to know a network of people so that when the time comes for marriage, they were able to seek the services of the match-makers. Finally, when someone came to the match-maker, she must be able to pick out a matching suitors according to her knowledge of the local residents. Normally a perfect couple must have similar social status, economic status, and age. Wealthy families would look for a bride of similar social status who could manage the family finances and, most importantly, produce sons to inherit the family's wealth. Poor families, on the other hand, will not be as demanding and will only look for a bride who is willing to work hard in the fields. Sometimes they even need to travel to neighboring towns for a match, hence the verse "Traveling to the east household, traveling to the west household, their feet are always busy and their voices are always loud." Furthermore, mediators are required to know some mathematics and simple characters in order to write the matrimonial contract. The contract included "the sum of the bride price, the identity and age of both partners, and the identity of the person who presided over the wedding ceremony, usually the parents or grandparents." Without the knowledge of math and simple written characters, composing such a detailed contract would be impossible.
1495:, that it serves as a means of population control, or that it serves as a way of reducing tax obligations to feudal Tibetan lords. A more convincing explanation why Tibetan polyandry is practiced is provided by Nancy E. Levine. She claims that polyandry provides a household with a large labor force, enabling the family to pursue simultaneous and extensive involvement in the three different sectors of the Tibetan economy: agriculture, herding, and trading (1988). Since Tibetan polyandry provides such important economic advantages to households, one can assume that the reasons for the dissolution of polyandrous marriages are largely for individual interests. Levine (1981) and Melvyn C. Goldstein (1981) find that the breakup of polyandrous marriages is usually caused by the younger brothers of the household, because of unhappiness with their spouse, their lower reproductive success than older brothers, a desire for personal autonomy, and difficulty in maintaining a large household. Goldstein (1981) also finds that brothers are more likely to leave polyandrous marriages when unexpected economic opportunities arise.
1298:
institution were amendments added to the
Marriage Law in 2001, which shortened the divorce-application procedure and added legitimate reasons for divorce, such as emphasizing the importance of faithfulness within a married couple, a response to rising failure of marriages due to unfaithful affairs during marriages that have come into public knowledge. With the rising divorce rates nowadays, public discussions and governmental organs often criticize the lack of effort in marriage maintenance which many couples express. This is evident, for example in the new 'divorce buffer zones' established in the marriage registration offices in certain provinces, which is a room where the couples wait, as a stage within the divorce application procedure, and are encouraged to talk things over and consider giving their marriage another chance. However, such phenomena do not contradict the increasing permissiveness of the systems and of married couples which lead to the constant growth in divorce rates in China.
328:
195:
183:
1084:
banquet is hosted once at the bride's side, the second banquet (smaller banquet) at the groom's side. While the wedding itself is often based on the couple's choices, the wedding banquets are a gesture of thanks and appreciation, to those that have raised the bride and groom (such as grandparents and uncles). It is also to ensure the relatives on each side meet the relatives on the other side. Thus out of respect for the elders, wedding banquets are usually done formally and traditionally, which the older generation is thought to be more comfortable with. On the night of the wedding day, there was a custom in some places for relatives or friends to banter the newlyweds. Though this seemed a little noisy, both of them dropped shyness and got familiar with each other. On the third day of the marriage, the new couple would go back to the bride's parents' home. They would be received with also a dinner party including relatives.
809:(Jin Ping Mei), the four matchmakers Wang, Xue, Wen, Feng were all elderly female characters. In ancient China, people believed that marriages belong to the "Yin" side (the opposite is "Yang"), which corresponds to females. In order to maintain the balance between Yin and Yang, women should not interfere with the Yang side and men should not interfere with the Yin side. Since breaking the balance may lead to disorder and misfortune, men were rarely seen in marriage arrangements. Furthermore, unmarried girls were not in the occupation because they themselves knew little about marriage and were not credible in arranging marriages. As a result, almost all marriage match-makers in the literary work were presented as elderly females.
1467:, the practice of a woman having multiple husbands. It was quite common in traditional Chinese society, especially among the wealthy elite, and it was legal in Hong Kong until as recently as 1971. Polyandry, wherein a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time, was much less common. A compendium of miscellaneous facts compiled in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) mentioned a coastal village in present-day Zhejiang province called Shoujin’ao, where it was customary for brothers to marry the same woman. In fact, the wife preferred this arrangement for reasons of financial security. With a handkerchief hung outside the bedroom door, the husbands indicated whose turn it was to have conjugal relations.
1108:
368:. This is generally why giving birth to a boy is preferred over a girl. Therefore, the benefits and demerits of any marriage are important to the entire family, not just the individual couples. Socially, the married couple is thought to be the basic unit of society. In Chinese history, there have been many times when marriages have affected the country's political stability and international relations. For International Relations,“intermarriage has continued throughout Chinese history as a means of establishing and maintaining relations among families in the private sphere, as well as a factor in political careers. " For example, "Marriage alliances, or
823:
asking for a cup of alcohol, their faces are 3.3 inches thick (they are really cheeky)." However, these "visiting payments" were tiny compared to the payment they receive for a successful marriage. The visiting payment was always measured by "wen" or cash. Whereas the final payment was measured by "liang" or taels, and one tael was equivalent to a thousand wen. Therefore, the match-makers would spend most of their time travelling back and forth between the two households to persuade them of the marriage. In addition, the matchmakers receive payments for introducing young girls to wealthy men. In
381:
Eight
Banners", "in elite families of the ruling class, primary wives were almost entirely Manchu, while qie (commonly translated as "concubines") and other partners of lower status could be Han". In the Qing dynasty, most of the high officials were mainly Manchu, so in order to protect the interests of the family, in the selection of a wife will be very important whether the woman was born in the "eight banners". For example, "the ethnicity apparent in the maiden names of wives in genealogies from elite Manchu descent groups, such as the Imperial Lineage."
841:(Jing Ping Mei), the matchmaker Wang speculated that Ximen Qing was fond of the married woman Pan Jinlian, so she introduced Pan to Ximen, helped them to have an affair and hide the secret for them. According to the law married woman must be loyal to her husband, and anyone who discovered an affair of the woman should report her immediately. Although, the matchmakers were licensed to keep secrets about affairs because keeping privacy of their clients was their obligation. Even so, they were usually criticized for doing so. In
1096:
360:. "One of the earliest marriage prohibitions, and one surviving to this day, was that forbidding persons of the same surname to marry. An imperial decree of 484 A.D. states that this rule was promulgated far back in the Zhou dynasty, which was from 1122 to 255 B.C.' Any one marrying within his clan received sixty blows, and the marriage was declared null and void. It was feared that such mating would produce weak offspring.” From the perspective of a Confucian family, marriage brings together families of different
1019:
93:
857:) women, a reason suggested by foreigners that it was due to the women being poor, while the Turki women who married Chinese were labelled as whores by the Turki community, these marriages were illegitimate according to Islamic law but the women obtained benefits from marrying Chinese men since the Chinese defended them from Islamic authorities so the women were not subjected to the tax on prostitution and were able to save their income for themselves.
873:
778:
795:
messages between the two families." A marriage match-maker had the license to play important roles by arranging marriages between two families. Sometimes both families were influential and wealthy and the matchmaker bonded the two families into powerful households. Studies have shown that, "In the Ming and Qing dynasties, a number of noble families emerged in
Jiaxing of Zhejiang, where marriage is the most important way to expand their
607:
741:
appeared as though the bride has been sold. A marriage without a dowry or a betrothal gifts was also seen as dishonorable. The bride was seen as a concubine instead of a wife. Once all the goods were exchanged the bride was taken to the ancestral home of the groom. There she was expected to obey her husband and his living relatives. Women continued to belong to their husband's families even if they had passed. If the
770:
754:
1474:, Pumi society has been traditionally organized into exogamous clans with marriages arranged by the parents occurring between cross-cousins and marriage within the clan is prohibited. However today there is great variety of marriage patterns and styles, with intermarriage with other ethnic groups common in some areas while not so common in others. Some polyandry exists among the Pumi. Those that live near the
691:
484:
409:. Yin represented all things female, dark, weak, and passive, while yang represented all things male, bright, strong, and active. Although both male and female were deemed necessary and complementary, one was passive in relation to the other. Building on these ideological foundations, Chinese male moralists developed behavioral norms of obedience and passivity expected of women.
443:
550:
1055:) for the wedding, but most will wear the red traditional garment for their formal wedding banquet. Traditionally, the groom is not responsible for the cost of the wedding invitation sweet treats (often pastries), the banquet invitations, and the wedding itself. Wedding banquets are elaborate and consist usually of 5–10 courses, with ingredients such as
327:
194:
43:
182:
1411:. Therefore, a couple without son cannot adopt one from within the extended family. They either have to adopt from outside (which was regarded by many as passing the family wealth to unrelated "outsiders"), or become heirless. The multiple inheritance marriages provided a way out when the husband's brother has a son.
869:
duty, after which the
Chinese men returned to their own cities, with the Chinese men selling their mixed daughters with the Turki women to his comrades, taking their sons with them if they could afford it but leaving them if they could not, and selling their temporary Turki wife to a comrade or leaving her behind.
1330:
was not as good as men. A woman could only obey and rely on her husband. She shared her husband's class, whether he was a peasant, merchant, or official; accordingly, the clothes she could wear and the etiquette she was expected to display depended on her husband's background and achievements. If her
868:
The local society accepted the Turki women and
Chinese men's mixed offspring as their own people despite the marriages being in violation of Islamic law. Turki women also conducted temporary marriages with Chinese men such as Chinese soldiers temporarily stationed around them as soldiers for tours of
860:
Chinese men gave their Turki wives privileges which Turki men's wives did not have, since the wives of
Chinese did not have to wear a veil and a Chinese man in Kashgar once beat a mullah who tried to force his Turki Kashgari wife to veil. The Turki women also benefited in that they were not subjected
794:
In the Ming period, marriage was considered solemn and according to the law written in The Ming Code (Da Ming Lü), all commoners' marriages must follow the rules written in Duke Wen's Family Rules (Wen Gong Jia Li). The rules stated that "in order to arrange a marriage, an agent must come and deliver
740:
from the groom and his family to the bride and her family. The bride's family then countered with a dowry. Sometimes the bride's family would buy goods with the betrothal money. Using a betrothal gift for family financial needs rather than saving it for the bride was viewed as dishonorable because it
681:
and prayed to the heavens. They asked for permission for their marriage and said, "if you allow us to marry, please make the mist surround us." The heavens gave permission to the couple, and promptly the peak was covered in mist. It is said that in order to hide her shyness, Nüwa covered her blushing
1344:
The virtues of chaste widowhood were extolled by instructions for women, such as the Nu Lun Yu (Analects for Women). While a man could have though only one wife but many concubines and marry someone else as new wife if the wife died before him. The general dignitaries also had only one wife but many
1221:
The third way of
Chinese divorce process is mutual divorce (和離). It is a way that both husband and wife can have the power to divorce. However, It requires both of their agreement. In Chinese marriage, this way of divorce is to ensure both husband and wife have the equal power to protect themselves,
822:
The matchmakers made a living not only by facilitating successful marriage arrangements, but also by delivering messages between the two families. When they visited the households to deliver messages, the hosts usually provided them food and drinks to enjoy, hence the verse "Asking for a cup of tea,
812:
Being a successful marriage match-maker required various special skills. Firstly, the match-maker must be very persuasive. The match-maker must persuade both sides of the marriage that the arrangement was impeccable, even though many times the arrangement was actually not perfect. In Feng
Menglong's
1478:
have adopted some of their men-women customs. Generally marriage is patrilocal, with men inheriting property, except in the area around Mosuo-dominated Lugu Lake and
Yongning where the Pumi seem to have adopted the Mosuo practice of the 'walking marriage' (See Mosuo), where husbands visit their his
1083:
in soup or as decoration on top of a dish to symbolize fertility, and local delicacies. Traditionally, the father of the bride is responsible for the wedding banquet hosted on the bride's side and the alcohol consumed during both banquets. The wedding banquets are two separate banquets: the primary
1030:
On the arrival of the sedan at the wedding place, there would be music and firecrackers. The bride would be led along the red carpet in a festive atmosphere. The groom, also in a red gown, would kowtow three times to worship the heaven, parents and spouse. Equivalent to exchanging vows in the west,
1004:
Before the meeting party's arrival, the bride would be helped by a respectable old woman to tie up her hair with colourful cotton threads. She would wear a red skirt, as red traditionally symbolizes happiness. When the party arrived, the bride must cry with her mother to symbolize her reluctance to
428:
When a father perceived the emergence of individuality and independence in his son, he harbored concerns about potential disruption to the family. Strong bonds of intimacy between the son and either mother or wife posed a potential threat to the vertical lines of loyalty and respect that upheld the
1217:
The second way (義絕) is through state-mandated annulment of marriage. This applies when one spouse commits a serious crime (variously defined, usually more broadly for the wife) against the other or his/her clan. If the couple does not take the initiative to divorce when the criminal annulment (義絕)
864:
Because they were viewed as "impure", Islamic cemeteries banned the Turki wives of
Chinese men from being buried within them, the Turki women got around this problem by giving shrines donations and buying a grave in other towns. Besides Chinese men, other men such as Armenians, Jews, Russians, and
401:
her for various reasons, and in the event of his death, remarrying was a challenge. This situation underscored the lack of economic independence for women, as their labor focused on household duties without bringing in income. Farm women were largely illiterate, and they had minimal to no property
1335:
remarriage was expressed in an oft-quoted aphorism of Zhu Xi: "It is a small matter to starve to death, but a large matter to lose one's virtue." Moreover, the government has also issued measures against widow remarriage. For example, "The state reinforced the neo-Confucian attitude against widow
927:
After an unmarried boy's parents found a potential daughter-in-law, they located a matchmaker whose job was to assuage the conflict of interests and general embarrassments when discussing the possibility of marriage on the part of two families largely unknown to each other. Marriages were chosen
380:
tribe demanded women from the imperial family. Many periods of Chinese history were dominated by the families of the wife or mother of the ruling emperor. For the country's political stability, during the Qing dynasty, although no "evidence of prohibitions against ethnic intermarriage within the
173:
dynasty, a complete set of marriage etiquette ("six rituals") gradually formed. The richness of this series of rituals proves the importance the ancients attached to marriage. In addition to the unique nature of the "three letters and six rituals", monogamy, remarriage and divorce in traditional
1444:
In ancient China, concubinage was very common, and men who could afford it usually bought concubines and took them into their homes in addition to their wives. The standard Chinese term translated as "concubine" means "concubine: my and your servant." In the family hierarchy, the principal wife
1289:
also explicitly provided for lawful divorces. Women were permitted to divorce their husbands and many did, sparking resistance from rural males especially. Kay Ann Johnson reported that tens of thousands of women in north central China were killed for seeking divorces or committed suicide when
1490:
is widely considered to be a means of preventing the division of a family's resources among its male heirs. As a family resource preservation strategy, Tibetan polyandry accomplishes the same goal of the European stem family system, but in a very different way. Researchers have suggested that
919:
ceremony consisted of six basic procedures: making a proposal of marriage (nacai), requesting the bride's name and date of birth(wenming), sending news of divination results and betrothal gifts (naji), sending wedding presents to the bride's house (nazheng), requesting the date of the wedding
861:
to any legal binding to their Chinese husbands so they could make their Chinese husbands provide them with as much their money as she wanted for her relatives and herself since otherwise the women could just leave, and the property of Chinese men was left to their Turki wives after they died.
1297:
article reports that the divorce rate in 2006 was about 1.4/1000 people, about twice what it was in 1990 and more than three times what it was in 1982. Still, the divorce rate in China is less than half what it is in the United States. One of the most important breakthroughs in the marriage
907:(三書六禮). Unfortunately for some traditional families, the wife's mother cannot go to her son-in-law's family until one year (according to the Chinese lunar calendar or Chinese Lunar New Year) after the wedding has elapsed. However, during this one year the daughter can go back at any time.
1449:(妾) were treated as inferior, and expected to be subservient to the wife (if there was one). The women were not wedded in a whole formal ceremony, had less right in the relationship, and could be divorced arbitrarily. They generally came from lower social status or were bought as slaves.
1395:). Called "multiple inheritance" (兼祧), if a man is the only son of his father 單傳, and his uncle has no son, then with mutual agreement he may marry an additional wife. A male child from this union becomes the uncle's grandson and heir. The process can be repeated for additional uncles.
802:
Instead of using the more gender general term "mei ren" (媒人), texts more frequently referred to marriage match-makers as "mei po" (媒婆). Since "po" (婆) translates to "grannies" in English, it suggests that elderly female characters dominated the "marriage market". Indeed, in the novel
1426:(入贅) applied when a relatively wealthy family had no male heirs, while a poorer family had multiple male children. Under these circumstances, a male from the poorer family, generally a younger sibling, will marry into the wealthier family in order to continue their family line. In a
892:
1035:, the patron family deities (or patron buddhas and bodhisattvas), paying respect to deceased ancestors, the bride and groom's parents and other elders, and paying respect to each other. Then, the new couple would go to their bridal chamber and guests would be treated to a feast.
1651:: "姻 means the husbands' home. It is where the woman goes to (因), thereby called so. It consists of 女 (female) and 因 (go to), and 因 is also phonetic." (in Pre-Classical Chinese) (Note that 婿/壻 can have different meanings depending on its context. It is defined as "husband" in
1005:
leave home. She would then be led or carried by her elder brother to the sedan. From here, the wedding procession from the bride's home to the groom's home consists of a traditional band, the bride's sedan, the maid of honors sedans (if there are maids of honor), and bride's
1455:
The number of concubines was sometime regulated, which differs according to the men's rank. In ancient China, men of higher social status often supported several concubines, and Chinese emperors almost always had dozens, or even hundreds, of royal concubines.
1360:. The Chinese name is 妹媵 (妹=younger sister, 媵=co-bride/concubinage). It can happen at the same time as he marries the first wife, at a later time while the wife is still alive, or after she dies. This practice occurred frequently among the nobility of the
412:
These norms placed girls subordinate to boys from infancy and maintained the wife's subordination to her husband and the mother's subordination to her grown son. Status within the family was formally outlined in the renowned "three bonds" accentuated by
1218:
situation arises, the state will intervene to force them to divorce. If one side refused to divorce, the law must investigate the criminal liability of the party with a one-year prison sentence. Once a divorce is adjudged, they must not be reunited.
1047:(喜酒, lit. joyful wine), and is sometimes far more important than the actual wedding itself. There are ceremonies such as the bride presenting wines or tea to parents, spouse, and guests. In modern weddings, the bride generally picks red (following
1376:
Created by special circumstances. For example, during wartime a man may be separated from his wife and mistakenly believe that she had died. He remarries, and later the first wife is found to be alive. After they are reunited, both wives may be
992:. Selecting an auspicious day to assure a good future for the couple is as important as avoiding what is believed to be an unlucky day. In some cases there may be no auspicious dates and the couple will have to review their potential date range.
1015:
The wedding procession of the bride's family stops at the door of the groom's home. In the meeting party the groom would meet a series of difficulties intentionally set in his path. Only after coping with these could he pass to see his
1154:(盲年), or 'blind year', when there are no first days of spring, such as in year 2010, a Year of the Tiger, is considered an ominous time to marry or start a business. In the preceding year, there were two first days of spring.
372:, literally 'harmonious kinship,' was something new in its Han-era application. It was a part of a formal peace treaty arrangement at the interstate level, designed to pacify the powerful Hsiung-nu (匈奴) empire" During the
1222:
such as their property. It also enhanced the concept of responsibility in Chinese marriage. Divorce is a responsibility to each other. So, the country or the government will not intervene the divorce most of the time.
834:, he described a scene in which matchmakers brought young beautiful girls to the houses of wealthy customers to choose. Even if the customer was not satisfied he would reward the matchmaker several hundreds wen.
1340:
government issued a proclamation declaring that all women widowed before they were thirty who remained chaste widows until they were fifty were to be so honoured. The Ming and Qing continued the practice."
676:
told how they invented proper marriage procedures after marrying. At that time the world was unpopulated, so the siblings wanted to get married but, at the same time, they felt ashamed. So they went up to
429:
family structure and the father's authority. Women were deemed destabilizers, even though they promised of descendants, they also posed a constant threat to the bond of obedience between parents and sons.
1161:
wedding rituals have become popular among Chinese couples. In such ceremonies, which are a recent innovation with no historic antecedent, the bride and groom bow and pay respects to a large portrait of
720:
In a maternal marriage, the husband moved in the woman's family home after the marriage. This happened in the transformation of antithetic marriage into monogamy, which signified the decline of
2359:
2340:
1399:
Beside the traditional desire for male children to carry on the family name, this allowance partially resolves a dilemma created by the emperor himself. He had recently banned all non-
2718:
903:
Chinese marriage became a custom between 402 and 221 BC. Despite China's long history and many different geographical areas, there are essentially six rituals, generally known as the
2044:
Dominiek, Delporte (2003). "Precedents and the Dissolution of Marriage Agreements in Ming China (1368–1644). Insights from the 'Classified Regulations of the Great Ming,' Book 13".
389:
The bride had to leave her family to become a daughter-in-law, subject to the authority of her husband's mother. In this role, she could witness the addition of secondary wives or
1009:
in the forms other than money. The most common dowries included scissors like two butterflies never separating, rulers indicating acres of fields, and vases for peace and wealth.
853:
Even though Muslim women are forbidden to marry non-Muslims in Islamic law, from 1880 to 1949 it was frequently violated in Xinjiang since Chinese men married Muslim Turki (
712:
married among themselves, while commoners married among themselves also, avoiding marriage with slaves and other ordinary people. This practice was enforced under the law.
745:
birth family wanted her to marry again, they would often have to ransom her back from her deceased husband's family. If they had any children they stayed with his family.
1301:
Amendments have also been made to Article 32 of the revised 2001 Marriage Law. Parties to a marriage can apply for divorce under, and by showing, the following grounds:
1259:
There are, however, three clearly defined exceptions (三不去), under which unilateral divorce is forbidden despite the presence of any of the seven aforementioned grounds:
3960:
3821:
1955:
3783:
1479:
wife's home at night but returns their maternal home in the day to work. Also, where Pumi live alongside Mosuo, it is not unusual for the two groups to intermarry.
974:
At this point the bridegroom's family arranged for the matchmaker to present a bride price (betrothal gifts), including the betrothal letter, to the bride's family.
660:
Women and men were married relatively young. For the women, it was soon after puberty and men were not much later, around fifteen and around twenty respectively.
1445:(diqi) ranked second only to her husband, while a concubine was always inferior to the wife, even if her relations with the husband were more intimate. Women in
505:
456:
61:
787:
2570:
2846:
2711:
1143:
wedding outfits. In contrast to Western wedding pictures, the Chinese wedding album will not contain pictures of the actual ceremony and wedding itself.
2545:
958:'the 8 cyclic characters for year', ' month', ' day and hour of birth of a man', ' which determine his fate') in which
2356:
2337:
965:
is used to predict the future of that couple-to-be. If the result of suan ming was good, they then would go to the next step, submitting bride price.
296:, but now generally means "marriage" or "relation by marriage" in Modern Chinese. The character has the same pronunciation as its phonetic component
3803:
4076:
2954:
137:
societies that involves not only a union between spouses but also a union between the two families of a man and a woman, sometimes established by
352:
thought, marriage is of grave significance to both families and society, as well as being important for the cultivation of virtue. Traditionally
1491:
polyandry developed in Tibet, because it provides a household with enough male laborers to fully exploit the marginal agricultural lands in the
1225:
Finally, the husband may unilaterally declare a divorce. To be legally recognized, it must be based on one of the following seven reasons (七出):
2704:
425:
expected from wives but not husbands. While the theory did not emphasize the relationship between mother and son it held practical importance.
3356:
2213:
2182:
2155:
2128:
998:
The final ritual would be the actual wedding ceremony where bride and groom become a married couple, which consists of many elaborate parts:
4503:
799:
strength." Hence, marriage match-makers were crucial during the Ming era, which offered us an insight of the lives of the Ming commoners.
1233:
towards her parents-in-law (不順舅姑). This makes the parents-in-law potentially capable of breaking a marriage against both partners' wills.
2784:
2398:
3244:
3013:
1830:
2851:
2802:
2290:
2246:
1888:
1857:
1514:
642:
589:
567:
531:
470:
462:
79:
108:
usually wears a sash forming an "X" in front of him. Sometimes the "X" includes a giant bow or flower, though not in this picture.
4231:
2774:
2651:
2374:
796:
3946:
3650:
2779:
2754:
100:
wedding. The groom's parents are seated. The bride is the one in the centre wearing a red dress and blue headpiece, presenting
2307:
1847:
1624:
in Modern Chinese), thereby called so. It shall be performed at dusk because dusk, three quarters after the sun sets, is when
1356:
is a custom in which a man marries his wife's sister(s). Later it is expanded to include her cousins or females from the same
3828:
1805:
1775:
736:
Marriages during this time included a number of mandatory steps, of which the most important of them was the presentation of
682:
face with a fan. Nowadays in some villages in China, the brides still follow the custom and use a fan to shield their faces.
509:
934:
If the selected girl and the boy and her parents did not object to the proposal, the matchmaker would match the birthdates (
53:
3953:
3811:
2118:
1173:
Before the bride and groom enter the nuptial chambers, they exchange nuptial cups and perform ceremonial bows as follows:
1293:
Divorce was rare during the Mao era (1949–1976), but it has become easier and more commonplace in the post-reform era. A
1214:(618–907), a marriage may be dissolved due to personal incompatibility, provided that the husband writes a divorce note.
828:
571:
560:
4350:
4086:
4071:
3922:
3798:
3408:
3753:
3725:
3643:
3504:
2825:
886:
737:
250:
154:
494:
2531:
Patrick Fuliang Shan, “Unveiling China’s Relinquished Marital Mode: A Study of Yuan Shikai’s Polygamous Household,”
3788:
3745:
3705:
2939:
2769:
2690:
1594:
1504:
1327:
916:
343:
2386:
2357:
http://www.faxueyanjiu.com/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20080512&year_id=2008&quarter_id=5&falg=1
2338:
http://www.faxueyanjiu.com/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=20080512&year_id=2008&quarter_id=5&falg=1
513:
498:
4061:
3665:
3381:
3069:
2944:
1452:
Women who had eloped may have also become concubines since a formal wedding requires her parents' participation.
980:
The groom's family would then send an elaborate array of food, cakes, and religious items to the bride's family.
4508:
3877:
2964:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2878:
1616:
1560:
1540:
31:
1107:
2549:
4005:
3449:
2883:
2820:
1487:
959:
4025:
3969:
3892:
3628:
3347:
3006:
2919:
2873:
2810:
2795:
2500:
701:
318:
in this character is not only a phonetic component but also means to "go to" or to "follow" one's husband.
4157:
4296:
4241:
4127:
4081:
4030:
3897:
3623:
2914:
2815:
2669:. Stanford University Press. This is the most sophisticated anthropological account of Chinese marriage.
1949:
1018:
357:
30:
This page is about traditional marriage practices in China. For modern marriage practices in China, see
1273:
The above law about unilateral divorce was in force from Tang dynasty up to its final abolition in the
1597:: 壻, xù), and a 婿's father is called a 姻 (yīn), and someone's wife's father is called a 婚 (hūn)." (in
4329:
3816:
3778:
3633:
3369:
3342:
2976:
2969:
2959:
2949:
1439:
1331:
husband was dead, she could remarry but would be seen as not decent. The neo-Confucian opposition to
1167:
1076:
837:
As marriage match-makers, these grannies also possessed the "guilty knowledge" of secret affairs. In
405:
Ancient China perceived the world as the result of the interplay between two complementary elements,
141:. Marriage and family are inextricably linked, which involves the interests of both families. Within
4226:
4200:
3988:
3912:
3773:
3735:
3545:
3519:
3509:
3479:
3177:
1987:
P. Steven, Sangren (1987). "Orthodoxy, Heterodoxy, and the Structure of Value in Chinese Rituals".
1821:
Ebrey, Patricia (1990). "Women, marriage, and the family in Chinese history". In Ropp, Paul (ed.).
1483:
1120:
815:
369:
3846:
3763:
3690:
3413:
3288:
3160:
3119:
3109:
3033:
2893:
2866:
2727:
2481:
2266:
2219:
2069:
2061:
2004:
1748:
1694:
1430:(lit., 'the becoming superfluous') marriage, the children will take on the surname of the wife.
1336:
remarriage by erecting commemorative arches to honour women who refused to remarry. In 1304, the
236:
3271:
920:(qingqi), and fetching in the bride in person (qinying). The details of each ritual could vary.
876:
The bride and groom get married in the presence of their relatives, friends, and the matchmaker.
92:
2693:, in Realms of Freedom in Modern China (William C. Kirby ed., Stanford University Press, 2004).
2596:
1846:
Rubie Sharon Watson; Patricia Buckley Ebrey; Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (1991).
1095:
4355:
4147:
4132:
4056:
3927:
3907:
3768:
3618:
3535:
3514:
3454:
3212:
3084:
3074:
3048:
2999:
2764:
2686:
2508:
2473:
2286:
2242:
2209:
2178:
2151:
2124:
1894:
1884:
1853:
1826:
1801:
1771:
1740:
1686:
1509:
1392:
1353:
1311:
Bad habits of gambling or drug addiction that remain incorrigible despite repeated admonition;
1274:
1166:
hanging in the banquet hall while wedding attendants and the couple themselves are dressed in
1048:
1039:
928:
based upon the needs of reproduction and honor, as well as the need of the father and husband.
891:
872:
696:
203:
138:
3993:
2423:
Romantic Materialism (the development of the marriage institution and related norms in China)
2402:
2172:
2145:
4477:
4291:
4286:
4236:
4152:
4122:
4051:
4015:
3917:
3638:
3434:
3202:
3134:
3129:
3104:
2888:
2861:
2856:
2837:
2053:
1996:
1730:
1678:
1545:
1380:
1286:
1199:
1147:
1112:
935:
709:
678:
361:
335:
240:
116:
986:
Before the wedding ceremony, two families would arrange a wedding day according to Chinese
777:
4319:
4256:
4101:
4046:
3902:
3793:
3715:
3700:
3695:
3655:
3489:
3094:
3089:
2674:
Revolutionizing the Family: politics, love and divorce in urban and rural China, 1949–1968
2655:
2438:
2363:
2344:
2261:
1535:
1408:
1123:, often taken at a photography studio. The album usually consists of many pictures of the
1100:
1052:
187:
142:
3555:
2691:"Have You Eaten, Have You Divorced? Debating the Meaning of Freedom in Marriage in China"
2174:
Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur
2147:
Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur
2120:
Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur
1135:, these outfits often include wedding outfits belonging to different cultures, including
1242:
She is jealous (妒). This includes objecting to her husband taking an additional wife or
208:
4467:
4386:
4381:
4210:
4190:
4167:
4106:
3720:
3710:
3685:
3675:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3337:
3332:
3283:
3150:
3114:
2746:
1332:
1056:
742:
331:
150:
2648:
769:
753:
606:
4497:
4442:
4314:
4162:
4091:
3882:
3867:
3660:
3469:
3439:
3322:
3239:
3219:
3195:
3099:
3053:
2073:
2008:
1647:
304:
273:. This implies that wedding ceremonies were typically performed in the evenings when
226:
4172:
2355:易松国, 陈丽云, and 林昭寰. "中国传统离婚政策简析." 深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版) 19.6 (2002): 39–44. Retrieved from
4482:
4413:
4137:
4066:
3851:
3670:
3608:
3550:
3540:
3494:
3327:
3276:
3261:
3249:
3155:
3124:
2789:
2422:
2315:
1555:
1384:
1361:
1337:
1230:
1211:
1195:
In traditional Chinese society, there are three major ways to dissolve a marriage.
1140:
1072:
1068:
1032:
896:
805:
782:
762:
708:
Endogamy among different classes in China were practiced, the upper class like the
418:
414:
406:
365:
349:
274:
170:
97:
3758:
3730:
690:
1373:
Emperors of some relatively minor dynasties are known to have multiple empresses.
1111:
A couple, with the bride in a traditionally red dress, being photographed at the
17:
4432:
4403:
4391:
4273:
4246:
4205:
3603:
3474:
3464:
3444:
3429:
3398:
3296:
3185:
3043:
2696:
2621:
1598:
1446:
1404:
1400:
1308:
Domestic violence or maltreatment and desertion of one family member by another;
969:
483:
390:
373:
270:
162:
101:
2387:
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?mode=toc&bookkey=76671
2000:
1391:
for the specific purpose of siring heirs for another branch of the family (see
4334:
4324:
4251:
3585:
3580:
3388:
3376:
3079:
1735:
1718:
1521:
1207:
1128:
988:
725:
721:
309:
298:
288:
254:
221:
105:
2512:
2477:
1898:
1744:
1690:
417:
philosophers. These bonds included the allegiance of subjects to rulers, the
4268:
4195:
4000:
3872:
3838:
3403:
3393:
3317:
3266:
3207:
3190:
3038:
2759:
1550:
1492:
1464:
1243:
1203:
1163:
1158:
1132:
824:
398:
2223:
2203:
1620:: "The ceremony of a gentleman marrying his wife is performed at dusk (or
4472:
4437:
4278:
4142:
3938:
3887:
3459:
1388:
1266:
She had observed a full, three-year mourning for a parent-in-law (與更三年喪).
1080:
422:
146:
2485:
2461:
1752:
1285:
After the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, the country's
4447:
4408:
4396:
4376:
4096:
4010:
3575:
3484:
3312:
3022:
2622:"Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Review of its Advantages and Breakdown"
2065:
1698:
1666:
1064:
1060:
854:
669:
377:
4420:
4261:
3499:
1471:
943:
758:
353:
124:
2661:
spousal interests in real properties and corporate equities in China
2385:
Kay Ann Johnson, Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in China
2057:
1823:
Heritage of China: Contemporary perspectives on Chinese civilization
1682:
2660:
1940:
Ed, Fei, C.K. (1998). "Chinese Family Rules and Clan Regulations".
1119:
Since the late 1990s, it has become popular to create an elaborate
153:, traditional Chinese marriage rituals were formed, with deer skin
4425:
3680:
3364:
3256:
2731:
1475:
1124:
1106:
1094:
1017:
1006:
890:
871:
776:
768:
752:
689:
673:
326:
193:
181:
166:
134:
91:
2336:崔蘭琴 (2008).《中国古代的义绝制度》載《法学研究》2008 年第5期，p.149-160, Retrieved from
1314:
Separation caused by incompatibility, which lasts two full years;
1269:
Her husband was poor when they married, and is now rich (前貧賤後富貴).
813:"Old Man Zhang Grows Melons and Marries Wennü" in the collection
4371:
3983:
3613:
3224:
2283:
Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond
1588:
1357:
1136:
394:
231:
158:
3942:
2995:
2700:
1317:
Any other circumstances causing alienation of mutual affection.
1825:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 197–223.
845:
Wang was blamed for egging ladies on having improper affairs.
617: with: examples and additional citations. You can help by
601:
543:
477:
436:
225:(hūn) was defined as the father of a man's wife (e.g. a man's
36:
2426:
2991:
2442:
1131:
taken at various locations with many different outfits. In
292:(yīn) was defined as the father of a daughter's husband in
1364:(1045 BC – 256 BC), with cases occurring at later times.
1305:
Bigamy or a married person cohabiting with a third party;
1294:
618:
2314:. Taipei: Council for Cultural Affairs. Archived from
2571:"Two brothers, same wife – how China ended polyandry"
1519:
570:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
356:
has been defined as marriage between people with the
161:
era, the appearance of the "meeting hall" during the
2462:"Widows and Remarriage in Ming and Early Qing China"
1719:"Interethnic marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913"
1407:, while wanting to preserve the proper order in the
1043:
In Chinese society, the wedding banquet is known as
249:(hūn, "dusk, nightfall, twilight, dark") beside the
216:, literally "marriage") can be analyzed as follows:
4460:
4364:
4343:
4307:
4219:
4183:
4115:
4039:
3976:
3860:
3837:
3744:
3594:
3528:
3422:
3355:
3306:
3176:
3169:
3143:
3062:
2907:
2836:
2745:
2738:
2205:
Sexuality in China: Histories of Power and Pleasure
1277:'s Civil Code (Part IV) Section 5, passed in 1930.
668:The story about the marriage of sister and brother
149:were the norm for most citizens. Around the end of
1717:Chen, Bijia; Campbell, Cameron; Dong, Hao (2018).
865:Badakhshanis intermarried with local Turki women.
263:itself was used as the ancient (original) form of
239:; but now it generally means "marriage" in Modern
2681:Revolution Postponed: Women in Contemporary China
732:Marriage during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD)
2271:, Sunday 8 January 2010 p. ST-15 (Sunday Styles)
2466:Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques
1883:(2nd ed.). Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell.
1852:. University of California Press. p. 225.
174:Chinese marriage culture are also distinctive.
56:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1612:《儀禮·士昏禮註》：「士娶妻之禮，以昏爲期，因而名焉。必以昏者，陽往而隂來，日入三商爲昏。」
364:and continues the family line of the paternal
3954:
3007:
2712:
1641:
1610:
1582:
393:, especially if she failed to produce a male
313:
264:
258:
244:
8:
2665:Wolf, Arthur P. and Chieh-shan Huang. 1985.
2239:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture
1954:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
788:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
749:Marriage match-maker during the Ming dynasty
2535:, (Vol. 14, No. 2, July 2019), pp. 185–211;
1099:A collective wedding in Chungking in 1941 (
953:
512:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
471:Learn how and when to remove these messages
243:. The character has the phonetic component
3961:
3947:
3939:
3173:
3014:
3000:
2992:
2742:
2719:
2705:
2697:
2501:"For Chinese Women, a Surname Is Her Name"
2241:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 897–899.
1849:Marriage and inequality in Chinese society
2667:Marriage and Adoption in China, 1845–1945
1942:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press
1734:
643:Learn how and when to remove this message
590:Learn how and when to remove this message
532:Learn how and when to remove this message
198:Wedding procession of the Guangxu Emperor
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
2401:. USC US-China Institute. Archived from
2208:. University of Washington Press. 2018.
1800:. Harvard University Press. p. 19.
1770:. Harvard University Press. p. 19.
1263:She has no family to return to (有所取無所歸).
849:Marriage matters in Xinjiang (1880–1949)
566:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4077:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind
1796:Fairbank, John; Goldman, Merle (2006).
1766:Fairbank, John; Goldman, Merle (2006).
1593:: "A daughter's husband is called a 婿 (
1572:
773:Wedding in Suzhou, Ming period, 17th c.
257:(nǚ, "female"). The phonetic component
2281:Yang, Fenggang; Joseph Tamney (2011).
1947:
1881:Gender in history: global perspectives
1791:
1789:
1787:
1578:
1576:
1510:Wedding reception in Chinese societies
421:obedience of sons to fathers, and the
2649:Guide to China Divorce and Separation
2455:
2453:
2451:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1967:
1965:
1239:She is vulgar or lewd/adulterous (淫).
7:
2102:李, 军锋 (2011). "民俗学视野下的《金瓶梅》媒妁现象探析".
1712:
1710:
1708:
1671:The Journal of Educational Sociology
1584:《爾雅·釋親》：「女子子之夫爲婿（壻），婿（壻）之父爲姻，婦之父爲婚。」
1031:the couple would pay respect to the
510:adding citations to reliable sources
2597:"PUMI MINORITY | Facts and Details"
2548:. Beijing Made Easy. Archived from
2499:Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (2016-11-11).
2308:"Worshipping in the Ancestral Hall"
1022:Traditional Chinese wedding dresses
1632:comes." (in Pre-Classical Chinese)
253:as well as the semantic component
25:
2803:Three Obediences and Four Virtues
2676:. University of California Press.
1643:《說文解字》：「姻，壻家也。女之所因，故曰姻。从女从因，因亦聲。」
1515:Traditional Chinese wedding dress
452:This section has multiple issues.
4232:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
2399:"Divorce is increasingly common"
1368:Multiple wives with equal status
905:three letters and six etiquettes
605:
548:
482:
441:
334:(wish granting scepter) used in
139:pre-arrangement between families
133:) is a ceremonial ritual within
41:
460:or discuss these issues on the
323:Marriage in a Confucian context
312:of ancient Chinese characters,
1642:
1611:
1583:
948:
830:The Dream Collection of Tao'an
716:Maternal marriage and monogamy
129:
1:
2785:In ancient and imperial times
2546:"Concubines in Ancient China"
2533:Frontiers of History in China
1281:Divorce in contemporary China
1249:She has a vile disease (有惡疾).
1236:She fails to bear a son (無子).
724:and the growing dominance of
376:, the rulers of the powerful
278:(representing days/male) and
4351:Four Books and Five Classics
4087:Ancestor veneration in China
4072:Unity of Heaven and humanity
3923:Wedding vow renewal ceremony
2899:Traditional Chinese marriage
2755:All-China Women's Federation
2683:. Stanford University Press.
1177:first bow – Heaven and Earth
881:Traditional marriage rituals
656:Marriages in early societies
282:(representing nights/female)
113:Traditional Chinese marriage
27:Traditional marriage customs
4504:Marriage in Chinese culture
2285:. BRILL. pp. 325–327.
2171:Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008).
2144:Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008).
2117:Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008).
1667:"Marriage in Ancient China"
1520:
1191:Traditional divorce process
895:A modern wedding held in a
887:Chinese pre-wedding customs
686:Historic marriage practices
169:dynasties, and then in the
4525:
2940:LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong
2001:10.1177/009770048701300104
1879:Merry E., Wiesner (2011).
1505:Confucian view of marriage
1437:
1326:In ancient China, women's
1028:Actual wedding ceremonies:
884:
385:Role of women in marriages
344:Confucian view of marriage
341:
186:Wedding procession of the
104:to her mother-in-law. The
29:
4062:Confucian ritual religion
3450:"Indian" Wedding Blessing
3070:Marriage proposal planner
3029:
2945:LGBTQ culture in Shanghai
2847:Chinese-foreign marriages
1736:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.34
1665:Baber, Ray Erwin (1934).
1486:marriage relationship of
1168:traditional Chinese robes
963:(Chinese fortune telling)
939:
433:Ancient Chinese marriages
314:
297:
287:
265:
259:
245:
220:
207:
120:
3878:Maiden and married names
3804:United States and Canada
2935:LGBTQ culture in Chengdu
2930:LGBTQ culture in Beijing
2879:Marriage in modern China
2852:Family planning policies
2575:South China Morning Post
1617:Etiquette and Ceremonial
1561:Shanghai marriage market
1541:Chinese social relations
1295:USC U.S.-China Institute
32:Marriage in modern China
4006:Ritual and music system
2780:Ideals of female beauty
2775:Globalization and women
2672:Diamant, Neil J. 2000.
2626:Nebraska Anthropologist
2177:. BRILL. pp. 85–.
2150:. BRILL. pp. 84–.
2123:. BRILL. pp. 83–.
1290:blocked from doing so.
1255:She commits theft (竊盜).
827:short essay collection
3970:Religious Confucianism
3716:Saint Thomas Christian
2796:Good Wife, Wise Mother
2760:Female migrant workers
2620:Willett, Jeff (1997).
2312:Encyclopedia of Taiwan
2237:Davis, Edward (2005).
2046:Law and History Review
1591:: Explaining Relatives
1180:second bow – ancestors
1116:
1104:
1023:
984:Arranging the wedding:
900:
877:
791:
774:
766:
705:
339:
199:
191:
109:
4297:Temple of Agriculture
4242:Religious goods store
4128:Holy Confucian Church
4082:Chinese folk religion
4031:Worship of the living
3898:Self-uniting marriage
2679:Wolf, Margery. 1985.
2460:Waltner, Ann (1981).
1599:Pre-Classical Chinese
1252:She is gossipy (口多言).
1110:
1098:
1021:
894:
885:Further information:
875:
780:
772:
756:
693:
330:
235:, the earliest known
197:
185:
95:
4330:Confucian coin charm
3343:Wedding ring cushion
1929:. 台北: 台灣商務印書館. 1986.
1798:China: A New History
1768:China: A New History
1723:Demographic Research
1440:Concubinage in China
1013:Welcoming the bride:
781:Wedding procession,
559:factual accuracy is
506:improve this section
397:. The husband could
302:(yīn). According to
145:, romantic love and
4227:Temple of Confucius
3989:Sacrifice to Heaven
3913:Wedding anniversary
3644:Pre-wedding customs
3546:Wedding cake topper
3520:Wedding videography
3510:Wedding photography
3480:Pounded rice ritual
3178:Western dress codes
2601:factsanddetails.com
2306:Li Wenxian (2011).
1484:fraternal polyandry
1202:. According to the
1186:fourth bow – spouse
1183:third bow – parents
1002:Wedding procession:
816:Stories Old and New
694:Marriage ceremony,
664:Mythological origin
3847:Honeymoon registry
3604:Anand Karaj (Sikh)
3125:Stag and doe party
3120:Bachelorette party
3110:Wedding invitation
2894:Polyandry in Tibet
2867:Three-child policy
2826:Female infanticide
2687:Alford, William P.
2654:2014-01-28 at the
2505:The New York Times
2362:2019-03-06 at the
2343:2019-03-06 at the
2267:The New York Times
2011:– via JSTOR.
1944:– via JSTOR.
1117:
1105:
1024:
972:(betrothal gifts):
901:
878:
792:
775:
767:
728:in ancient China.
706:
340:
237:Chinese dictionary
200:
192:
110:
60:You can assist by
4491:
4490:
4421:Bluegreen Emperor
4356:Thirteen Classics
4148:Confucian Academy
4133:Xuanyuan teaching
4057:Mandate of Heaven
3936:
3935:
3928:Womanless wedding
3908:Knobstick wedding
3812:England and Wales
3536:Wedding breakfast
3515:Wedding reception
3455:Jumping the broom
3235:
3234:
3213:Black lounge suit
3085:Banns of marriage
3075:Marriage proposal
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2215:978-0-295-74346-2
2184:978-90-04-16675-2
2157:978-90-04-16675-2
2130:978-90-04-16675-2
1915:. 沈阳: 辽沈书社. 1990.
1393:Levirate marriage
1354:Sororate marriage
1349:Sororate marriage
1275:Republic of China
1198:The first one is
1157:In recent years,
1051:) or white (more
1049:Chinese tradition
996:Wedding ceremony:
956:
697:Prosperous Suzhou
653:
652:
645:
635:
634:
600:
599:
592:
542:
541:
534:
475:
204:Chinese character
151:primitive society
90:
89:
82:
18:Polygamy in China
16:(Redirected from
4516:
4461:Tutelary deities
4292:Beijing Shejitan
4287:Temple of Heaven
4283:Beijing Temples
4237:Ancestral shrine
4153:Confucian Shinto
4123:Confucian church
4052:Chinese theology
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3918:Wedding crashing
3759:Vőfély (Hungary)
3731:Vőfély (Hungary)
3435:Bedding ceremony
3382:child bridegroom
3174:
3135:Rehearsal dinner
3130:Marriage license
3105:Engagement party
3016:
3009:
3002:
2993:
2889:New Marriage Law
2862:Two-child policy
2857:One-child policy
2743:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2457:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2427:Thinking Chinese
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2278:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2013:
2012:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:. 新加坡: 新加坡南洋出版社.
1969:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1662:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1546:New Marriage Law
1525:
1381:Qianlong Emperor
1287:new Marriage Law
1200:no-fault divorce
1148:Mandarin Chinese
1113:Temple of Heaven
1091:Modern practices
1040:Wedding banquets
957:
954:
950:
941:
843:The Golden Lotus
839:The Golden Lotus
832:(Tao'an Meng Yi)
806:The Golden Lotus
679:Kunlun Mountains
648:
641:
630:
627:
609:
602:
595:
588:
584:
581:
575:
572:reliably sourced
552:
551:
544:
537:
530:
526:
523:
517:
486:
478:
467:
445:
444:
437:
336:Empress Xiaoding
317:
316:
301:
291:
268:
267:
262:
261:
248:
247:
241:Standard Chinese
224:
211:
131:
122:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4509:Confucian rites
4494:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4456:
4360:
4339:
4320:Tiangong censer
4303:
4215:
4179:
4111:
4102:Yan Huang Zisun
4047:Shendao shejiao
4035:
3972:
3967:
3937:
3932:
3903:Shotgun wedding
3856:
3833:
3808:United Kingdom
3774:Myanmar (Burma)
3740:
3701:Poruwa ceremony
3596:
3590:
3524:
3490:Trash the dress
3418:
3351:
3302:
3231:
3165:
3139:
3095:Bridal registry
3090:Wedding planner
3058:
3025:
3020:
2990:
2981:
2955:same-sex unions
2903:
2832:
2734:
2725:
2656:Wayback Machine
2645:
2643:Further reading
2640:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2595:Hays, Jeffrey.
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2459:
2458:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2364:Wayback Machine
2354:
2350:
2345:Wayback Machine
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2262:Jennifer 8. Lee
2260:
2256:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2185:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2058:10.2307/3595093
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2016:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1683:10.2307/2961796
1664:
1663:
1659:
1640:
1636:
1609:
1605:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1536:Chinese culture
1532:
1501:
1499:Related content
1462:
1442:
1436:
1420:
1409:Chinese kinship
1387:began to allow
1370:
1351:
1324:
1283:
1229:The wife lacks
1193:
1101:Harrison Forman
1093:
913:
889:
883:
851:
751:
738:betrothal gifts
734:
718:
688:
666:
658:
649:
638:
637:
636:
631:
625:
622:
615:needs expansion
596:
585:
579:
576:
565:
557:This section's
553:
549:
538:
527:
521:
518:
503:
487:
446:
442:
435:
387:
346:
325:
188:Guangxu Emperor
180:
143:Chinese culture
86:
75:
69:
66:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4522:
4520:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Landlord deity
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4387:Yellow Emperor
4382:Wufang Shangdi
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4211:Yamazaki Ansai
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4191:Yellow Emperor
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4107:Soil and grain
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4026:Ghost marriage
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Royal weddings
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3629:Bengali Muslim
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Kolach (bread)
3568:
3566:Jordan almonds
3563:
3561:Hochzeitssuppe
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3529:Food and drink
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Wedding mandap
3335:
3333:Wedding favors
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:Cocktail dress
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Wedding chapel
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Bachelor party
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Naked marriage
2881:
2876:
2874:Ghost marriage
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2821:Son preference
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:and gender in
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2612:
2587:
2562:
2537:
2524:
2491:
2472:(3): 129–146.
2447:
2445:, May 23, 2011
2431:
2429:, October 2011
2415:
2390:
2378:
2375:law.moj.gov.tw
2367:
2348:
2329:
2298:
2291:
2273:
2254:
2247:
2229:
2214:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2094:
2087:張, 岱. "揚州瘦馬".
2079:
2052:(2): 271–296.
2036:
2029:冯, 梦龙 (1993).
2014:
1979:
1972:兰陵笑笑生 (2016).
1961:
1932:
1918:
1904:
1889:
1871:
1858:
1838:
1832:978-0520064416
1831:
1813:
1806:
1783:
1776:
1758:
1704:
1677:(3): 131–140.
1657:
1634:
1603:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1461:
1458:
1438:Main article:
1435:
1432:
1422:The custom of
1419:
1413:
1397:
1396:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1350:
1347:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1282:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1036:
1025:
1010:
993:
981:
978:Wedding gifts:
975:
966:
929:
912:
911:Six etiquettes
909:
882:
879:
850:
847:
750:
747:
733:
730:
717:
714:
687:
684:
665:
662:
657:
654:
651:
650:
633:
632:
626:September 2016
612:
610:
598:
597:
580:September 2016
556:
554:
547:
540:
539:
522:September 2016
490:
488:
481:
476:
450:
449:
447:
440:
434:
431:
386:
383:
342:Main article:
324:
321:
320:
319:
285:
179:
176:
88:
87:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4521:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Flame Emperor
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:Black Emperor
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:White Emperor
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Spirit tablet
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:Organizations
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Son of Heaven
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Marriage vows
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Black wedding
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Bengali Hindu
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Wedding March
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:Bridal Chorus
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Lebes Gamikos
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:Wedding dress
3238:
3237:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:Morning dress
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Bridal shower
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Homosexuality
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Missing women
2809:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2552:on 2012-06-08
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2405:on 2014-02-19
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2318:on 1 May 2014
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2292:9789004212398
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2248:9780415241298
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:9781405189958
1886:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1861:
1859:0-520-07124-7
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:Shuowen Jiezi
1650:
1649:
1648:Shuowen Jiezi
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1328:social status
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:wedding album
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
991:
990:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
971:
967:
964:
962:
951:
949:niángēng bāzì
945:
937:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
910:
908:
906:
898:
893:
888:
880:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
833:
831:
826:
820:
818:
817:
810:
808:
807:
800:
798:
790:
789:
784:
779:
771:
764:
760:
755:
748:
746:
744:
739:
731:
729:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
703:
699:
698:
692:
685:
683:
680:
675:
671:
663:
661:
655:
647:
644:
629:
620:
616:
613:This section
611:
608:
604:
603:
594:
591:
583:
573:
569:
563:
562:
555:
546:
545:
536:
533:
525:
515:
511:
507:
501:
500:
496:
491:This section
489:
485:
480:
479:
474:
472:
465:
464:
459:
458:
453:
448:
439:
438:
432:
430:
426:
424:
420:
416:
410:
408:
403:
400:
396:
392:
384:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
337:
333:
329:
322:
311:
307:
306:
305:Shuowen Jiezi
300:
295:
290:
286:
283:
281:
277:
272:
256:
252:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
227:father-in-law
223:
219:
218:
217:
215:
210:
205:
196:
189:
184:
177:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
126:
118:
114:
107:
103:
99:
94:
84:
81:
73:
63:
57:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4483:Mountain God
4168:Suika Shinto
4138:Taigu school
4067:Filial piety
4020:
3994:Festival Huế
3852:Consummation
3634:Brunei Malay
3556:Groom's cake
3551:Cookie table
3541:Wedding cake
3495:Unity candle
3357:Participants
3348:Wishing well
3328:Wedding cord
3295:
3277:Opera gloves
3262:Evening gown
3250:Bridal crown
3245:Contemporary
3156:Gretna Green
2898:
2816:Prostitution
2790:Foot binding
2680:
2673:
2666:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2600:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2577:. 2016-10-26
2574:
2565:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:the original
2540:
2532:
2527:
2516:. Retrieved
2504:
2494:
2469:
2465:
2439:江苏将推广设立离婚缓冲室
2434:
2418:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2393:
2381:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2322:12 September
2320:. Retrieved
2316:the original
2311:
2301:
2282:
2276:
2265:
2257:
2238:
2232:
2204:
2173:
2166:
2146:
2139:
2119:
2112:
2104:郧阳师范高等专科学校学报
2103:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2030:
1995:(1): 63–89.
1992:
1989:Modern China
1988:
1982:
1973:
1950:cite journal
1941:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1880:
1874:
1863:. Retrieved
1848:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1797:
1767:
1761:
1726:
1722:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1587:
1556:Red envelope
1481:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1443:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1398:
1385:Qing dynasty
1362:Zhou dynasty
1352:
1345:concubines.
1343:
1325:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1272:
1258:
1231:filial piety
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:Tang dynasty
1197:
1194:
1172:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1118:
1073:sea cucumber
1044:
1038:
1033:Jade Emperor
1027:
1012:
1001:
995:
987:
983:
977:
968:
960:
947:
931:
924:
914:
904:
902:
897:Ming dynasty
867:
863:
859:
852:
842:
838:
836:
829:
821:
814:
811:
804:
801:
793:
786:
783:Qing dynasty
763:Ming dynasty
735:
719:
707:
695:
667:
659:
639:
623:
619:adding to it
614:
586:
577:
558:
528:
519:
504:Please help
492:
468:
461:
455:
454:Please help
451:
427:
411:
407:yin and yang
404:
388:
358:same surname
347:
303:
293:
279:
275:
230:
213:
201:
128:
112:
111:
98:Qing dynasty
76:
67:
54:copy editing
52:may require
51:
4433:Red Emperor
4274:Miao shrine
4247:Hero shrine
4206:Kang Youwei
3784:Philippines
3736:Zoroastrian
3595:By religion
3475:Polterabend
3465:Money dance
3445:First dance
3430:Ahesta Bero
3399:Flower girl
3370:child bride
3203:Semi-formal
3063:Pre-wedding
3044:Handfasting
2977:Transgender
2441:(Chinese),
2224:j.ctvcwnwj4
2106:. 2011年04期.
2033:. 山东: 齐鲁书社.
1729:: 929–966.
1447:concubinage
1434:Concubinage
1405:inheritance
1401:patrilineal
1377:recognized.
1077:swift nests
1016:wife-to-be.
970:Bridewealth
932:Birthdates:
825:Zhang Dai's
757:Wedding in
391:concubinage
374:Han dynasty
370:ho-ch'in 和亲
284:cross over.
271:Old Chinese
70:August 2023
4498:Categories
4335:Joss paper
4325:Hell money
4252:Myo shrine
3746:By country
3597:or culture
3586:Place card
3581:Loving cup
3423:Traditions
3389:Bridesmaid
3377:Bridegroom
3080:Engagement
3034:Collective
2840:and family
2770:Healthcare
2631:2023-06-19
2606:2023-06-19
2581:2023-06-19
2556:2013-07-06
2518:2019-05-08
2409:2009-10-11
1865:2011-05-12
1807:0674116739
1777:0674116739
1628:fades and
1567:References
1522:Jiaobeijiu
1208:legal code
1115:in Beijing
989:tung shing
726:patriarchy
722:matriarchy
457:improve it
338:'s wedding
310:dictionary
62:editing it
4269:Ci shrine
4220:Buildings
4196:Confucius
4158:Taiseikyo
4001:Feng Shan
3873:Elopement
3839:Honeymoon
3794:Sri Lanka
3619:Ayyavazhi
3414:Officiant
3404:Groomsman
3394:Bridesman
3318:Las arras
3272:Debutante
3267:Ball gown
3208:Black tie
3191:White tie
3161:Las Vegas
3144:Locations
3039:Elopement
2965:Hong Kong
2728:Sexuality
2513:0362-4331
2478:0315-7997
2074:143073968
2009:145645906
1927:大明集禮·士庶婚禮
1899:504275500
1745:1435-9871
1691:0885-3525
1595:alt. form
1551:Palanquin
1493:Himalayas
1465:Polyandry
1460:Polyandry
1403:forms of
1244:concubine
1204:Tang Code
1164:Confucius
1159:Confucian
1152:mang nian
1133:Singapore
1057:shark fin
961:suan ming
925:Proposal:
765:, 17th c.
710:Shi class
568:talk page
493:does not
463:talk page
415:Confucian
399:repudiate
350:Confucian
212:(pinyin:
178:Etymology
155:betrothal
4478:City God
4473:Tudigong
4438:Shennong
4279:Yin miao
4143:Shengdao
4040:Concepts
4021:Marriage
3888:Newlywed
3817:Scotland
3779:Pakistan
3754:Ethiopia
3726:Timorese
3681:Mandaean
3651:Catholic
3460:Lychgate
3409:Page boy
3220:Informal
3170:Clothing
3049:Same-sex
3023:Weddings
2925:Intersex
2838:Marriage
2765:Feminism
2652:Archived
2486:41298764
2443:sina.com
2360:Archived
2341:Archived
1913:大明律附录大明令
1753:26457068
1530:See also
1418:marriage
1389:polygamy
1322:Monogamy
1141:Japanese
1081:fish roe
785:copy of
561:disputed
423:chastity
402:rights.
362:surnames
202:The two-
147:monogamy
4448:Zhurong
4409:Zhuanxu
4397:Shaohao
4377:Shangdi
4365:Deities
4308:Objects
4257:Jongmyo
4173:Onmyōdō
4097:Tianxia
4011:Guan Li
3977:Rituals
3829:Vietnam
3822:history
3799:Ukraine
3764:Iceland
3706:Punjabi
3696:Persian
3666:Islamic
3639:Chinese
3576:Korovai
3485:Pyebaek
3313:Chuppah
3307:Objects
3289:Garters
2915:History
2066:3595093
2031:三言-喻世明言
1699:2961796
1210:of the
1065:lobster
1061:abalone
1053:Western
936:Chinese
917:wedding
743:widow's
702:Xu Yang
514:removed
499:sources
378:Xiongnu
251:radical
157:in the
135:Chinese
117:Chinese
4414:Xuanwu
4262:Munmyo
4184:People
4163:Shusei
3789:Russia
3721:Shinto
3711:Quaker
3686:Mormon
3676:Jewish
3656:Hajong
3500:Walima
3297:Casual
3186:Formal
2950:Rights
2739:Topics
2511:
2484:
2476:
2289:
2245:
2222:
2212:
2181:
2154:
2127:
2072:
2064:
2007:
1897:
1887:
1856:
1829:
1804:
1774:
1751:
1743:
1697:
1689:
1428:ruzhui
1424:ruzhui
1416:Ruzhui
1206:, the
1045:xǐ-jǐu
946::
944:pinyin
938::
899:format
855:Uyghur
759:Suzhou
704:, 1759
419:filial
354:incest
214:hūnyīn
190:, 1889
130:hūnyīn
127::
125:pinyin
119::
4426:Fu Xi
4344:Books
4201:Xunzi
4016:Ji Li
3861:Other
3769:India
3661:Hindu
3470:Music
3365:Bride
3257:Dress
3054:White
2970:Macau
2960:Tibet
2747:Women
2732:China
2482:JSTOR
2220:JSTOR
2070:S2CID
2062:JSTOR
2005:S2CID
1749:JSTOR
1695:JSTOR
1488:Tibet
1476:Mosuo
1472:Yunan
1333:widow
1129:groom
1125:bride
1069:squab
1007:dowry
674:Fu Xi
229:) in
206:word
167:Shang
106:groom
4372:Tian
3984:Jesa
3691:Odia
3671:Iyer
3614:Ayie
3609:Arab
3225:Suit
2908:LGBT
2509:ISSN
2474:ISSN
2324:2012
2287:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2089:陶庵夢憶
1956:link
1895:OCLC
1885:ISBN
1854:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1741:ISSN
1687:ISSN
1626:yang
1589:Erya
1482:The
1358:clan
1338:Yuan
1150:, a
1139:and
1137:Arab
1127:and
955:lit.
940:秊庚八字
915:The
797:clan
672:and
670:Nüwa
497:any
495:cite
395:heir
366:clan
332:Ruyi
308:, a
294:Erya
276:yang
232:Erya
171:Zhou
165:and
159:Fuxi
2264:, '
2054:doi
1997:doi
1974:金瓶梅
1731:doi
1679:doi
1630:yin
1622:hūn
1470:In
1383:of
1146:In
1079:or
700:by
621:.
508:by
348:In
280:yin
269:in
163:Xia
102:tea
4500::
2689:,
2624:.
2599:.
2573:.
2507:.
2503:.
2480:.
2468:.
2464:.
2450:^
2425:,
2310:.
2218:.
2193:^
2068:.
2060:.
2050:21
2048:.
2017:^
2003:.
1993:13
1991:.
1964:^
1952:}}
1948:{{
1893:.
1786:^
1747:.
1739:.
1727:38
1725:.
1721:.
1707:^
1693:.
1685:.
1673:.
1669:.
1655:.)
1575:^
1170:.
1075:,
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
952:;
942:;
761:,
466:.
209:婚姻
123:;
121:婚姻
96:A
3962:e
3955:t
3948:v
3015:e
3008:t
3001:v
2805:"
2801:"
2798:"
2794:"
2720:e
2713:t
2706:v
2634:.
2609:.
2584:.
2559:.
2521:.
2488:.
2470:8
2412:.
2326:.
2295:.
2269:'
2251:.
2226:.
2187:.
2160:.
2133:.
2091:.
2076:.
2056::
1999::
1958:)
1901:.
1868:.
1835:.
1810:.
1780:.
1755:.
1733::
1701:.
1681::
1675:8
1601:)
1246:.
1103:)
646:)
640:(
628:)
624:(
593:)
587:(
582:)
578:(
574:.
564:.
535:)
529:(
524:)
520:(
516:.
502:.
473:)
469:(
315:因
299:因
289:姻
266:婚
260:昏
255:女
246:昏
222:婚
115:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
64:.
58:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
