Polygraph - Knowledge (XXG)

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important to answer truthfully. Then a "stim test" is often conducted: the subject is asked to deliberately lie and then the tester reports that he was able to detect this lie. Guilty subjects are likely to become more anxious when they are reminded of the test's validity. However, there are risks of innocent subjects being equally or more anxious than the guilty. Then the actual test starts. Some of the questions asked are "irrelevant" ("Is your name Fred?"), others are "diagnostic" questions, and the remainder are the "relevant questions" that the tester is really interested in. The different types of questions alternate. The test is passed if the physiological responses to the diagnostic questions are larger than those during the relevant questions.

188:, the majority stated that "There is simply no consensus that polygraph evidence is reliable Unlike other expert witnesses who testify about factual matters outside the jurors' knowledge, such as the analysis of fingerprints, ballistics, or DNA found at a crime scene, a polygraph expert can supply the jury only with another opinion." The Supreme Court summarized their findings by stating that the use of polygraph was "little better than could be obtained by the toss of a coin." In 2005, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals stated that "polygraphy did not enjoy general acceptance from the scientific community". In 2001, William Iacono, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the 197:

by artificially augmenting responses to control questions. Although it is not possible to adequately assess the error rate of the CQT, both of these conclusions are supported by published research findings in the best social science journals (Honts et al., 1994; Horvath, 1977; Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984; Patrick & Iacono, 1991). Although defense attorneys often attempt to have the results of friendly CQTs admitted as evidence in court, there is no evidence supporting their validity and ample reason to doubt it. Members of scientific organizations who have the requisite background to evaluate the CQT are overwhelmingly skeptical of the claims made by polygraph proponents.

1085:, the hosts attempted to fool the polygraph by using pain when answering truthfully, in order to test the notion that polygraphs interpret truthful and non-truthful answers as the same. They also attempted to fool the polygraph by thinking pleasant thoughts when lying and thinking stressful thoughts when telling the truth, to try to confuse the machine. However, neither technique was successful for a number of reasons. Michael Martin correctly identified each guilty and innocent subject. Martin suggested that when conducted properly, polygraphs are correct 98% of the time, but no scientific evidence has been offered for this. 808:(DIA) announced that it would subject each of its 5,700 prospective and current employees to polygraph testing at least once annually. This expansion of polygraph screening at DIA occurred while DIA polygraph managers ignored documented technical problems discovered in the Lafayette computerized polygraph system. The DIA uses computerized Lafayette polygraph systems for routine counterintelligence testing. The impact of the technical flaws within the Lafayette system on the analysis of recorded physiology and on the final polygraph test evaluation is currently unknown. 175:, specific-incident polygraph tests can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates well above chance, though well below perfection". The review also warns against generalization from these findings to justify the use of polygraphs—"polygraph accuracy for screening purposes is almost certainly lower than what can be achieved by specific-incident polygraph tests in the field"—and notes some examinees may be able to take countermeasures to produce deceptive results. 845:(RT) based tests may replace polygraphs in concealed information detection. RT based tests differ from polygraphs in stimulus presentation duration and can be conducted without physiological recording as subject response time is measured via computer. However, researchers have found limitations to these tests as subjects voluntarily control their reaction time, deception can still occur within the response deadline, and the test itself lacks physiological recording. 579: 567: 1204: 1117:. The Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System, or PCASS, captures less physiological information than a polygraph, and uses an algorithm, not the judgment of a polygraph examiner, to render a decision whether it believes the person is being deceptive or not. The device was first used in Afghanistan by US Army troops. The Department of Defense ordered its use be limited to non-US persons, in overseas locations only. 45: 766:, had undergone his periodic five-year reinvestigation, in which he showed a strong probability of deception on questions regarding relationships with a foreign intelligence unit. This polygraph test later led to an investigation which resulted in his eventual arrest and conviction. In most cases, however, polygraphs are more of a tool to "scare straight" those who would consider espionage. 795:, who was given two polygraph examinations while with the CIA, the first in 1986 and the second in 1991, while spying for the Soviet Union/Russia. The CIA reported that he passed both examinations after experiencing initial indications of deception. According to a Senate investigation, an FBI review of the first examination concluded that the indications of deception were never resolved. 150:

correct answer. If they react strongly to the guilty information, then proponents of the test believe that it is likely that they know facts relevant to the case. This administration is considered more valid by supporters of the test because it contains many safeguards to avoid the risk of the administrator influencing the results.

217:(PTSD), nervousness, fear, confusion, hypoglycemia, psychosis, depression, substance induced states (nicotine, stimulants), substance withdrawal state (alcohol withdrawal) or other emotions; polygraphs do not measure "lies". A polygraph cannot differentiate anxiety caused by dishonesty and anxiety caused by something else. 1053:, contestants are privately asked personal questions a few days before the show while hooked to a polygraph. On the show they asked the same questions in front of a studio audience and members of their family. In order to advance in the game they must give a "truthful" answer as determined by the previous polygraph exam. 896:" (Lamb, 2001). Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston’s collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's work on her husband's deception research. She also appears in a picture taken in his polygraph laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced in Marston, 1938). 368:

We discovered there were some Eastern Europeans who could defeat the polygraph at any time. Americans are not very good at it, because we are raised to tell the truth and when we lie it is easy to tell we are lying. But we find a lot of Europeans and Asiatics can handle that polygraph without a blip,

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handler and received the simple instruction to: "Get a good night's sleep, and rest, and go into the test rested and relaxed. Be nice to the polygraph examiner, develop a rapport, and be cooperative and try to maintain your calm". Additionally, Ames explained, "There's no special magic... Confidence

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Criticisms have been given regarding the validity of the administration of the Control Question Technique. The CQT may be vulnerable to being conducted in an interrogation-like fashion. This kind of interrogation style would elicit a nervous response from innocent and guilty suspects alike. There are

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said that the video portrays "various applicants, or actors playing them—it’s not clear—describing everything bad they had heard about the test, the implication being that none of it is true." AntiPolygraph.org argues that the NSA-produced video omits some information about the polygraph process; it

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in which "underlying reasoning or methodology is scientifically valid and properly can be applied to the facts at issue." While polygraph tests are commonly used in police investigations in the US, no defendant or witness can be forced to undergo the test unless they are under the supervision of the

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declared on January 29, 2015, that the use of polygraph in interrogation of suspects is forbidden by the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure. Its use might be allowed though if the suspect has been already accused of a crime and if the interrogated person consents of the use of a polygraph. Even then,

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Polygraph evidence is currently inadmissible in New South Wales courts under the Lie Detectors Act 1983. Under the same act, it is also illegal to use polygraphs for the purpose of granting employment, insurance, financial accommodation, and several other purposes for which polygraphs may be used in

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concluded that "The few Government-sponsored scientific research reports on polygraph validity (as opposed to its utility), especially those focusing on the screening of applicants for employment, indicate that the polygraph is neither scientifically valid nor especially effective beyond its ability

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there is at present only limited scientific evidence for establishing the validity of polygraph testing. Even where the evidence seems to indicate that polygraph testing detects deceptive subjects better than chance, significant error rates are possible, and examiner and examinee differences and the

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or circumstances in question. The administrator tests the participant on their knowledge of the crime that would not be known to an innocent person. For example: "Was the crime committed with a .45 or a 9 mm?" The questions are in multiple choice and the participant is rated on how they react to the

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In 2007, polygraph testimony was admitted by stipulation in 19 states, and was subject to the discretion of the trial judge in federal court. The use of polygraph in court testimony remains controversial, although it is used extensively in post-conviction supervision, particularly of sex offenders.

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Law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies in the United States are by far the biggest users of polygraph technology. In the United States alone most federal law enforcement agencies either employ their own polygraph examiners or use the services of examiners employed in other agencies. In

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relied on to reach their conclusions were significantly flawed. These studies did show that specific-incident polygraph testing, in a person untrained in counter-measures, could discern the truth at "a level greater than chance, yet short of perfection". However, due to several flaws, the levels of

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Although the CQT may be useful as an investigative aid and tool to induce confessions, it does not pass muster as a scientifically credible test. CQT theory is based on naive, implausible assumptions indicating (a) that it is biased against innocent individuals and (b) that it can be beaten simply

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Assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are inaccurate, may be defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. Despite claims that polygraph tests are between 80% and 90% accurate by advocates, the

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used polygraph tests extensively. The show was ultimately canceled when a participant committed suicide shortly after being polygraphed. The guest was slated by Kyle on the show for failing the polygraph, but no other evidence has come forward to prove any guilt. Producers later admitted in the

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and polygraph tests on suspects as illegal and against the constitution if consent is not obtained and forced. Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution states: "No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself." Polygraph tests are still legal if the defendant

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in 1986, Bill Wegerle was suspected of murdering his wife Vicki Wegerle because he failed two polygraph tests (one administered by the police, the other conducted by an expert that Wegerle had hired), although he was neither arrested nor convicted of her death. In March 2004, evidence surfaced

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was dismissed when, during a polygraph screening, he truthfully answered a series of questions admitting to minor crimes such as petty theft and drug abuse. In retaliation for his perceived unjust punishment for minor offenses, he later sold his knowledge of CIA operations to the Soviet Union.

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The examiner typically begins polygraph test sessions with a pre-test interview to gain some preliminary information which will later be used to develop diagnostic questions. Then the tester will explain how the polygraph is supposed to work, emphasizing that it can detect lies and that it is

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while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. The belief underpinning the use of the polygraph is that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers; however, there are no specific physiological

1160:, the "Green River Killer". Another suspect allegedly failed a given lie detector test, whereas Ridgway passed. Ridgway passed a polygraph in 1984; he confessed almost 20 years later when confronted with DNA evidence. Conversely, innocent people have been known to fail polygraph tests. In 749:

2003 list of greatest inventions, described as inventions that "have had profound effects on human life for better or worse." In 2013, the US federal government had begun indicting individuals who stated that they were teaching methods on how to defeat a polygraph test. During one of those

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Several proposed countermeasures designed to pass polygraph tests have been described. There are two major types of countermeasures: "general state" (intending to alter the physiological or psychological state of the subject during the test), and "specific point" (intending to alter the

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Several devices similar to Keeler's polygraph version included the Berkeley Psychograph, a blood pressure-pulse-respiration recorder developed by C. D. Lee in 1936 and the Darrow Behavior Research Photopolygraph, which was developed and intended solely for behavior research experiments.

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was advised by his handlers not to engage in espionage until he had been promoted to the highest position for which a polygraph test was not required, to refuse promotion to higher positions for which polygraph tests were required, and to retire when promotion was mandated.

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A device which recorded muscular activity accompanying changes in blood pressure was developed in 1945 by John E. Reid, who claimed that greater accuracy could be obtained by making these recordings simultaneously with standard blood pressure-pulse-respiration recordings.

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Lie detection has a long history in mythology and fairy tales; the polygraph has allowed modern fiction to use a device more easily seen as scientific and plausible. Notable instances of polygraph usage include uses in crime and espionage themed television shows and some

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was the European country with the most prevalent use of polygraph testing by police, with about 300 polygraphs carried out each year in the course of police investigations. The results are not considered viable evidence in bench trials, but have been used in jury trials.

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Assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are highly inaccurate, may easily be defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. A comprehensive 2003 review by the

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rejected the use of polygraph results as evidence in court, finding that they were inadmissible. The polygraph is still used as a tool in the investigation of criminal acts and sometimes employed in the screening of employees for government organizations.

341:: other suggestions for countermeasures include for the subject to mentally record the control and relevant questions as the examiner reviews them before the interrogation begins. During the interrogation the subject is supposed to carefully control their 259:

attempted to give more data to the evaluator by providing information about microexpressions. However adding the Silent Talker camera did not improve lie detection and was very expensive and cumbersome to include according to an article in the Intercept.

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during the control questions, for example by thinking of something scary or exciting, or by pricking themselves with a pointed object concealed somewhere on the body. In this way the results will not show a significant reaction to any of the relevant

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agencies for example) the level of accuracy drops to such a level that "Its accuracy in distinguishing actual or potential security violators from innocent test takers is insufficient to justify reliance on its use in employee security screening in

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has found no evidence of effectiveness. In particular, studies have indicated that the relevant–irrelevant questioning technique is not ideal, as many innocent subjects exert a heightened physiological reaction to the crime-relevant questions. The

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Polygraph tests may not deter espionage. From 1945 to the present, at least six Americans have committed espionage while successfully passing polygraph tests. Notable cases of two men who created a false negative result with the polygraphs were

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investigations, upwards of 30 federal agencies were involved in investigations of almost 5000 people who had various degrees of contact with those being prosecuted or who had purchased books or DVDs on the topic of beating polygraph tests.

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Most polygraph researchers have focused more on the exam's predictive value on a subject's guilt. However, there have been no empirical theories established to explain how a polygraph measures deception. A 2010 study indicated that

5996: 837:(fMRI) may benefit in explaining the psychological correlations of polygraph exams. It could also explain which parts of the brain are active when subjects use artificial memories. Most brain activity occurs in both sides of the 454:

put in place an option to use polygraph tests to monitor serious sex offenders on parole in England and Wales; these tests became compulsory in 2014 for high risk sexual offenders currently on parole in England and Wales.

2986: 2505:"Testimony of Richard Helms, Former Director of Central Intelligence, Former Ambassador to Iran, and Presently a Business Consultant in Washington, D.C., and Represented by Gregory B. Craig, of Williams & Connelly" 250:(NAS) issued a report entitled "The Polygraph and Lie Detection". The NAS found that "overall, the evidence is scanty and scientifically weak", concluding that 57 of the approximately 80 research studies that the 3752:

Langleben, DD; Schroeder, L; Maldjian, JA; Gur, RC; McDonald, S; Ragland, JD; O'Brien, CP; Childress, AR (2002). "Brain activity during simulated deception: an event-related functional magnetic resonance study".

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jurisdictions, polygraphs are generally considered to be unreliable for gathering evidence, and are usually not used by local law enforcement agencies. Polygraph testing is widely seen in Europe to violate

861:. For instance, in the Middle Ages, boiling water was used to detect liars, as it was believed honest men would withstand it better than liars. Early devices for lie detection include an 1895 invention of 823:

personnel during polygraph tests that purported to be limited in scope to counterintelligence matters. Allegations of abusive polygraph practices were brought forward by former NRO polygraph examiners.

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or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions. As of 2013, about 70,000 job applicants are polygraphed by the federal government on an annual basis. In the United States, the State of

1600: 538:), ruled that the polygraph has not been recognized as a reliable device. In other decisions, polygraph results were ruled inadmissible in criminal trials. Polygraph results are only admissible in 426:

In the province of Ontario, the use of polygraphs by an employer is not permitted. A police force does have the authorization to use a polygraph in the course of the investigation of an offence.

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inventors expected that adding a camera to film microexpressions would improve the accuracy of the evaluators. This did not happen in practice according to an article in the Intercept.

2384:(Monterey: Defense Personnel Security Research Center, 1996), 6, affirming that in 81% of cases, the derogatory informations were obtained through questionnaire and/or interrogation. 1133:, who passed two polygraph tests while spying for the Soviet Union. Ames failed several tests while at the CIA that were never acted on. Other spies who passed the polygraph include 497:, "polygraphs have been in use since 1992", with law enforcement utilizing the Event Knowledge Test (a "modification" of the Concealed Information Test) in criminal investigations. 145:. The administration of this test is given to prevent potential errors that may arise from the questioning style. The test is usually conducted by a tester with no knowledge of the 654:(1998), the US Supreme Court left it up to individual jurisdictions whether polygraph results could be admitted as evidence in court cases. Nevertheless, it is used extensively by 899:

Despite his predecessors' contributions, Marston styled himself the "father of the polygraph". (Today he is often equally or more noted as the creator of the comic book character

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In 2010 the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process. The video, ten minutes long, is titled "The Truth About the Polygraph" and was posted to the website of the

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test as evidence to convict a woman who was accused of murdering her fiancé. It was the first time that the result of polygraph was used as evidence in court. On May 5, 2010,

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physiological or psychological state of the subject at specific periods during the examination, either to increase or decrease responses during critical examination periods).

276:." The NAS concluded that the polygraph "may have some utility but that there is "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy". 2447: 1844: 590: 3584: 3567:"An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and Its Implications for U.S. Intelligence – Senate Select Committee on Intelligence – 01 November 1994 – Part One" 2971: 1494: 506: 2792: 892:. "According to Marston’s son, it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston's wife, who suggested to him that 'When she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb 4164: 3796:

Verschuere, B.; Crombez, G.; Degrootte, T.; Rosseel, Y. (2010). "Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph".

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Ames provides personal insight into the U.S. Government's reliance on polygraphy in a 2000 letter to Steven Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists at

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was advised by his Israeli handlers that he was to resign his job from American intelligence if he was ever told he was subject to a polygraph test. Likewise,

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accuracy shown in these studies "are almost certainly higher than actual polygraph accuracy of specific-incident testing in the field". By adding a camera, the

3622: 907:, which can force people to tell the truth.) Marston remained the device's primary advocate, lobbying for its use in the courts. In 1938 he published a book, 3381: 3019: 635: 4405:

She first came under U.S. suspicion in 1994, when Cuba detected a highly secret electronic surveillance system. Montes took a polygraph test and passed it.

4592: 1920:"If the examiner is well-trained, if the test is properly carried out, and if there's proper quality controls, the accuracy is estimated between 80%-90%". 1590: 1149:

failed his polygraph examinations, which aroused suspicions that led to his eventual arrest. Polygraph examination and background checks failed to detect

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it is illegal for any employer to order a polygraph either as conditions to gain employment, or if an employee has been suspected of wrongdoing. The

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and federal government agencies, and many police departments use polygraph examinations to interrogate suspects and screen new employees. Within the

1709: 841:, which is linked to response inhibition. This indicates that deception may involve inhibition of truthful responses. Some researchers believe that 4197: 3311: 5967: 4936: 3549:"The Adrich H. Ames Case: An Assessment of CIA's Role, Oct. 21, 1994 Memorandum for Heads of Agency Offices from Director of Central Intelligence" 3480: 2916: 1184:, Christopher Watts failed one such polygraph test and subsequently confessed to murdering his wife. In the 2002 disappearance of seven-year-old 2732: 2398: 588: 335:

is what does it. Confidence and a friendly relationship with the examiner... rapport, where you smile and you make him think that you like him".

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of existing research concluded that there was "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy." The

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was possibly breaching ethical and legal boundaries by encouraging its polygraph examiners to extract personal and private information from

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Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences and Education (BCSSE) and Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) (March 19, 2013).

2373: 3997: 3292: 2504: 820: 392: 1153:, who was not a spy but was convicted for improperly obtaining US citizenship and using it to obtain a restricted position at the FBI. 6101: 6016: 3932: 2663: 1306: 1049: 736: 179: 165: 116: 3717:

Bell, B. G.; Grubin, D. (2010). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging may promote theoretical understanding of the polygraph test".

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reported that an estimated 2.5 million polygraph tests were given each year in the United States, with the majority administered to

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produced a video responding to the NSA video. George Maschke, the founder of the website, accused the NSA polygraph video of being "

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said in 2000 that "The polygraph is an American phenomenon, with limited use in a few countries, such as Canada, Israel and Japan."

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A hand-held lie detector is being deployed by the US Department of Defense according to a report in 2008 by investigative reporter

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Woodrow, Michael J. "The Truth about the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examination 3rd Edition" Lulu Press. New York

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Kessler, Ron (April 17, 1988). "Moscow's Mole in the CIA: How a Swinging Czech Superspy Stole America's Most Sensitive Secrets".

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There have been several reviews of polygraph accuracy. They suggest that polygraphs are accurate between 80% and 90% of the time.

1341: 1227: 5516: 4137: 4118: 3445:"Owner of 'Polygraph.com' Indicted for Allegedly Training Customers to Lie During Federally Administered Polygraph Examinations" 1165:

connecting her death to the serial killer known as BTK, and in 2005 DNA evidence from the Wegerle murder confirmed that BTK was

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Officials say Aragoncillo passed several lie detector tests that are routinely given to individuals with top secret clearances.

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report "Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation". Similarly, a report to Congress by the

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J P Rosenfeld (1995). "Alternative Views of Bashore and Rapp's (1993) alternatives to traditional polygraphy: a critique".

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and graduated in 1918, re-publishing his earlier work in 1917. Marston's main inspiration for the device was his wife,

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Roese, N. J.; Jamieson, D. W. (1993). "Twenty years of bogus pipeline research: A critical review and meta-analysis".

3680: 1276: 1192:, police suspected neighbor David Westerfield; he became the prime suspect when he allegedly failed a polygraph test. 805: 319: 302:, and other inabilities to show a scientific justification for the use of the polygraph, it continues to be employed. 119:

states that "most psychologists agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies."

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which used blood pressure to examine German prisoners of war (POWs). Marston's machine indicated a strong positive

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Reid, J. E. (1945). "Simulated Blood Pressure Responses in Lie-Detection Tests and a Method for Their Deception".

3219: 3029: 1180:, who was persuaded to confess largely by polygraph results combined with appeals from a religious leader. In the 92:, making it difficult to identify factors that separate those who are lying from those who are telling the truth. 5669: 5116: 2757: 1009: 650: 184: 168:

states "Most psychologists agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies."

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Aftergood, Steven (2000). "Essays on Science and Society: Polygraph Testing and the DOE National Laboratories".

1622: 5627: 5521: 5487: 5371: 4600: 4422: 3177:"Looking at the Law: An Updated Look at the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination in PostConviction Supervision" 2327: 1701: 1337: 1014: 923: 714: 699: 599: 571: 80: 3863: 1559: 1064:, have used polygraphs to supposedly detect deception in interview subjects on their programs that pertain to 450:

a polygraph test can be taken, but the results cannot be used in a court of law to prove a case. However, the

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In 1983, the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment published a review of the technology and found that

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The North American Polygraph and Psychophysiology: Disinterested, Uninterested, and Interested Perspectives

4494: 3516: 3457: 3130: 107:, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a psychophysiological detection of deception examination. 6091: 5866: 5734: 5647: 5622: 5612: 5470: 5173: 5040: 4922: 4359: 2298: 2289: 1177: 1146: 939: 884:

Marston wrote a second paper on the concept in 1915, when finishing his undergraduate studies. He entered

759: 391:, government administered polygraphs are legal, at least for use in national security investigations. The 280: 268: 84: 5871: 5856: 5749: 5381: 5320: 5315: 5208: 4857: 4830: 4593:"Westerfield failed polygraph test badly: 'Greater than 99%' chance he was lying, examiner says on tape" 4308: 4205: 3703: 3467: 3322: 3297: 3243: 2965: 2083: 2030: 1864: 1247: 812: 104: 141:

An alternative is the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), or the Concealed Information Test, which is used in

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Demonstrating the administration of the polygraph, the polygrapher making notes on the readouts. 1970s

395:(NSS), Armenia's primary intelligence service, requires polygraph examinations of all new applicants. 5861: 5821: 5492: 5298: 5091: 5020: 4689:(1988) "Lie Detection as a psychometric procedure" In "The Polygraph Test" (Gale, A. ed. 1988) 29–39. 3978: 3356: 2625: 2412: 2261:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation – A Technical Memorandum" 2216: 1892:

The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) as an Application of Psychophysiology: Future Prospects and Obstacles

1209: 1181: 1039: 927: 919: 732: 911:, wherein he documented the theory and use of the device. In 1938 he appeared in advertising by the 629:. The average cost to administer the test is more than $ 700 and is part of a $ 2 billion industry. 294:

Despite the NAS finding of a "high rate of false positives," failures to expose individuals such as

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testing his improved polygraph on Kohler, a former witness for the prosecution at the 1935 trial of

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tool with criminal suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment. Some

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Inbau, Fred E. Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1948

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Iacono, W. G. (2008). "Effective policing: Understanding how polygraph tests work and are used".

1755: 1488: 1232: 969: 885: 842: 4883: 2370: 2159: 4227: 3994: 2942:"Right against Self-Incrimination: A Detailed Study & Analysis of Laws Prevailing in India" 2340: 2319: 5989: 5962: 5891: 5559: 5547: 5499: 5455: 5361: 5003: 4993: 4838: 4811: 4747: 4728: 4666: 4637: 4143: 3963: 3928: 3770: 3462: 2705: 2659: 2177: 1823: 1787: 1462: 1414: 1302: 1150: 838: 801:, a Cuban spy, passed a counterintelligence scope polygraph test administered by DIA in 1994. 788: 779: 578: 447: 299: 264: 53: 2651: 2512: 915:

company claiming that the polygraph showed Gillette razors were better than the competition.

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In 2002, a review by the National Research Council found that, in populations "untrained in

68: 4470:"Ex-FBI Employee's Case Raises New Security Concerns Sham Marriage Led to U.S. Citizenship" 3699:

Sen. Charles Grassley Seeks Probe Of Polygraph Techniques At National Reconnaissance Office

5947: 5915: 5801: 5776: 5465: 5430: 5425: 5341: 5273: 5193: 5166: 5156: 5151: 5086: 4861: 4777: 4686: 4400: 4321: 4169: 4001: 3552: 3024: 2991: 2861:"Brain Fingerprinting, Scientific Evidence, and "Daubert": A Cautionary Lesson from India" 2538: 2377: 2096: 2064: 2043: 1898: 1877: 1161: 935: 862: 618: 375: 49: 3201: 2022: 1444: 3422: 3157: 2605: 1653: 996:. In 1998 TV producer Mark Phillips with his Mark Phillips Philms & Telephision put 5921: 5896: 5886: 5881: 5846: 5841: 5816: 5509: 5450: 5283: 5248: 5046: 4988: 4978: 4659: 4512: 3828:

Grubin, D.; Madsen, L. (2005). "Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review".

2111: 1891: 1563: 1371: 1222: 1217: 1065: 931: 904: 566: 172: 72: 71:

device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as

3566: 3244:"2013 Maryland Code :: Labor and Employment :: § 3-702 – Lie detector tests" 1911: 1333: 698:

of 1988 (EPPA) generally prevents employers from using lie detector tests, either for

6085: 6010: 5806: 5637: 5581: 5460: 5408: 5356: 5203: 5141: 5136: 4998: 4983: 4945: 4649: 4122: 4029: 3849: 3738: 3611: 3499:"Washington: Americans' personal data shared with CIA, IRS, others in security probe" 2845: 2135: 1993: 1759: 1679: 1237: 993: 981: 938:. As Larson's protege, Keeler updated the device by making it portable and added the 854: 671: 640: 518: 514: 414: 361: 128: 96: 4447: 3782: 1272: 44: 5876: 5796: 5754: 5694: 5586: 5537: 5420: 5351: 5238: 5183: 5131: 5121: 5111: 5081: 5010: 4537: 4340: 4336: 3927:

Lepore, Jill. The Secret History of Wonder Woman, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014,

3275: 3103:

Mayol, Ador Vincent; Bongcac, Doris C.; Pateña, Patricia Andrea (20 January 2012).

1166: 1157: 1134: 1130: 1061: 1057: 1005: 1001: 985: 900: 792: 667: 626: 622: 482: 331: 327: 295: 2490: 2007: 1954: 345:

while answering the relevant questions, and to try to artificially increase their

4772: 4633: 3841: 5781: 5542: 5268: 5258: 5126: 5076: 4798: 4693: 3979:"Lie Detector Charts Emotional Effects of Shaving – 1938 Gillette Advertisement" 2987:"Polygraph test can only be conducted with consent of the accused: Karnataka HC" 2394: 1540: 1521: 1110: 1081: 1069: 1027: 1023: 1019: 551: 539: 467: 2491:"The polygraph as an investigative tool in criminal and private investigations" 1751: 643:

was lifted and all forensic evidence, including polygraph, had to meet the new

6021: 5851: 5831: 5826: 5714: 5709: 5684: 5679: 5569: 5504: 5435: 5403: 5310: 5278: 5218: 5015: 4712:"The Lie Generator: Inside the Black Mirror World of Polygraph Job Screenings" 3730: 3131:"The Lie Generator: Inside the Black Mirror World of Polygraph Job Screenings" 2357: 1199: 1138: 703: 679: 655: 614: 346: 17: 3958: 3268:"Compliance Assistance By Law – The Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA)" 2533: 1985: 1364:"United States v. Scheffer: A U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Polygraph Testing" 918:

A device recording both blood pressure and breathing was invented in 1921 by

865:

used to measure changes in blood pressure for police cases, a 1904 device by

5997:

An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

5906: 5674: 5642: 5617: 5482: 5288: 5263: 5228: 5030: 4973: 4867: 4273: 2781:

Bundesgerichtshof: Entscheidungen vom 17.12.1998, 1 StR 156/98, 1 StR 258/98

2358:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation" 1807: 1773: 1654:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation" 1189: 1126: 869:

used to measure breathing, the Mackenzie-Lewis Polygraph first developed by

725: 494: 342: 4901: 4641: 3774: 3766: 3604:

Hess, Pamela, "Pentagon's Intelligence Arm Steps Up Lie-Detector Efforts",

2552: 1934:"Polygraph lie detector tests: can they really stop criminals reoffending?" 463:

the use of polygraph can never be used as a substitute of actual evidence.

4300: 3352:"NSA video tries to dispel fear about polygraph use during job interviews" 2652:"Chapter 3. Lie Detectors and the Law: The Use of the Polygraph in Europe" 2127: 1738:

Lewis, J. A.; Cuppari, M. (2009). "The polygraph: The truth lies within".

1418: 5664: 5223: 5198: 5146: 5106: 5025: 4165:"Jeremy Kyle producer unable to say how accurate lie detector tests were" 2837: 1114: 687: 675: 3659: 2876: 2860: 1778:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2003. pp. 253–254. 1044:

inquiry that they were unsure on how accurate the tests performed were.

5911: 5811: 5744: 5654: 5607: 5574: 4569: 4565: 2679: 1410: 1172:

Prolonged polygraph examinations are sometimes used as a tool by which

858: 486: 471: 388: 206: 202: 3400: 2382:

SSBI Source Yield: An Examination of Sources Contacted During the SSBI

2260: 1623:"Federal Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examiner Handbook" 369:

and you know they are lying and you have evidence that they are lying.

5719: 4906: 4725:

The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture

4692:

Cumming, Alfred (Specialist in Intelligence and National Security). "

3902: 3809: 2819:"Selecting the Most Optimal Conditions for the Polygraph Examination" 2293: 1656:. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1983 1394: 1000:

back on the air on the FOX Network—on that program Ed Gelb with host

763: 683: 435: 4255:"Mythbusters Beat the Lie Detector Episode featuring Michael Martin" 3886: 3481:"Coach who taught people how to beat lie detectors headed to prison" 3447:. Department of Justice, November 14, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2018. 3293:

Seeing threats, feds target instructors of polygraph-beating methods

1560:"Lie detectors: Why they don't work, and why police use them anyway" 3871: 1819: 1783: 1458: 988:. In the 1970s the show was hosted by Jack Anderson. In early 1983 972:

talk shows, cartoons and films. Numerous TV shows have been called

5293: 3053:"How forensic science is making a breakthrough in the Philippines" 1073: 585: 577: 565: 466:

As of 2017, the justice ministry and Supreme Court of both of the

146: 142: 89: 76: 43: 4870:

Historical photographs and descriptions of polygraph instruments.

4401:"Book outlines how spy exposed U.S. intelligence secrets to Cuba" 2733:"Lie detector tests introduced to monitor released sex offenders" 4914: 4854: 707: 691: 550:

The results of polygraph tests are inadmissible in court in the

4918: 3319:

New Mexico State University, Southwest Regional Training Centre

2268:(Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment 2112:"Forensic 'Lie Detection': Procedures Without Scientific Basis" 984:. In the 1960s Andrews produced a series of specials hosted by 4694:

Polygraph Use by the Department of Energy: Issues for Congress

1705: 323: 4826:

Feds expand polygraph screening, often seeking intimate facts

4419:"Investigation Continues: Security Breach at the White House" 3158:"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993)" 930:

Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief

4765: 1845:"The Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence in Criminal Courts" 5366: 4018:

Lie Detection: The Science and Development of the Polygraph

3220:"General Law – Part I, Title XXI, Chapter 149, Section 19B" 2477:

A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector,

3419:

Encyclopædia Britannica Almanac 2003, via Wayback Machine

2865:

Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology

4562:"Chris Watts: Wife killed our girls, so I strangled her" 3287: 3285: 1814:. The National Academies Press. 2003. pp. 253–258. 1591:"NSA Whistleblower Reveals How To Beat a Polygraph Test" 4891:"Thought Wave Lie Detector Measures Current in Nerves" 4681:

The Truth Machine: A Social History of the Lie Detector

2892:"India's Novel Use of Brain Scans in Courts is Debated" 946:, and served as the prototype of the modern polygraph. 364:, the eighth Director of Central Intelligence, stated: 129:

Lie detection § Questioning and testing techniques

4417:

Ross, Brian & Richard Esposito (October 6, 2005).

3681:"The IG complaint of Mark Phillips concerning the NRO" 2946:

International Journal of Law Management and Humanities

2758:"SN: tylko bez wariografu w przesłuchaniu I KZP 25/14" 1125:

Polygraphy has been faulted for failing to trap known

4080:

Troville, P.V. (1939). "A History of Lie Detection".

4061:

Troville, P.V. (1939). "A History of Lie Detection".

3105:"Polygraph tests start for Ballesteros, center staff" 2435:

Betrayal: The Story of Aldrich Ames, an American Spy,

1541:"The Truth About Lie Detectors (aka Polygraph Tests)" 1303:"The Truth About Lie Detectors (aka Polygraph Tests)" 1018:

as a series for PAX/ION; some of the guests included

942:

to it in 1939. His device was then purchased by the

3600: 3598: 3535:"RPCV and CIA defector Edward Howard dies in Moscow" 3470:. September 6, 2013. Retrieved on September 8, 2013. 3078:"G.R. Nos. 116196-97: Philippines vs. Pablo Adoviso" 2710:"Letter to America: The Black Box that Wouldn't Die" 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 542:

if the person being tested agrees to it in advance.

279:

The NAS conclusions paralleled those of the earlier

5976: 5940: 5767: 5600: 5530: 5334: 5069: 5056: 4961: 4004:(including report on Gillette advertising campaign) 2479:

2nd ed., New York: Plenum Trade, 1998, pp. 273–279.

2371:

IV Personnel Security: Protection Through Detection

2147: 2145: 1088:The history of the polygraph is the subject of the 237:

use of countermeasures may further affect validity.

138:several other ways of administering the questions. 37:"Lie Detector" redirects here. For other uses, see 4658: 4531:"United States of America versus William Galbreth" 3823: 3821: 3819: 3623:"Glitch in widely used polygraph can skew results" 3517:"Indiana man gets 8 months for lie-detector fraud" 3020:"When a job interview turns into an interrogation" 2817:Saldžiūnas, Vitas; Kovalenko, Aleksandras (2015). 2791:Saldžiūnas, Vitas; Kovalenko, Aleksandras (2008). 2341:Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations, p. 212 1176:are extracted from a defendant, as in the case of 980:TV show aired in the 1950s, created and hosted by 743:in Berkeley, California. The polygraph was on the 4341:"A Letter from Aldrich Ames on Polygraph Testing" 3376: 3374: 926:and first applied in law enforcement work by the 263:When polygraphs are used as a screening tool (in 4683:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2012) 256 pages 4440:"Dept. of Energy, Office of Counterintelligence" 4301:"New anti-terror weapon: Hand-held lie detector" 3458:Indiana man gets 8 months for lie-detector fraud 3202:"United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303 (1998)" 2917:"No narcoanalysis test without consent, says SC" 2686:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 June 2019 2433:Weiner, Tim, David Johnston, and Neil A. Lewis, 1890:For more info on the Guilty Knowledge Test, see 1680:"Monitor on Psychology – The polygraph in doubt" 1399:Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 853:Earlier societies utilized elaborate methods of 507:Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling 220:Since the polygraph does not measure lying, the 4885:Trial By Ordeal? Polygraph Testing In Australia 1682:. American Psychological Association. July 2004 878: 762:, a CIA employee later convicted of spying for 366: 234: 4047: 4045: 4043: 3887:"Systolic Blood Pressure Changes in Deception" 3403:. International League of Polygraph Examiners. 3345: 3343: 2680:"How widely are lie detectors used in the UK?" 2654:. In Canter, David; Žukauskiene, Rita (eds.). 1808:"Appendix A: Polygraph Questioning Techniques" 602:(NSA)-produced video on the polygraph process) 4955:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 4930: 4251:For critical commentary on this episode, see 3830:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 3719:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 3301:. August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013. 2650:Meijer, Ewout H; van Koppen, Peter J (2017). 2645: 2643: 2641: 2197:Eggen, Dan; Vedantam, Shankar (May 1, 2006). 873:in 1906 and an abandoned project by American 804:Despite these errors, in August 2008, the US 95:In some countries, polygraphs are used as an 8: 4766:Learn How to Pass (or Beat) a Polygraph Test 4760:Maschke, G.W. & Scalabrini, G.J. (2018) 3415:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions" 2970:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 636:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 4012: 4010: 3610:, August 24, 2008. Also in Fox News via AP 3390:. June 14, 2010. Retrieved on July 5, 2013. 2542:. March 2, 2000. Retrieved on July 5, 2013. 881:between systolic blood pressure and lying. 558:do use polygraphs in aid of investigation. 228:US Congress Office of Technology Assessment 5066: 4937: 4923: 4915: 4878:International Journal of Psychophysiology, 4824:Taylor, Marisa (Tish Wells contributed). " 2890:Giridharadas, Anand (September 14, 2008). 2656:Psychology and Law : Bridging the Gap 1674: 1672: 1670: 934:. Further work on this device was done by 318:: asked how he passed the polygraph test, 6063:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 6004:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 3291:Taylor, Marisa and Cleve R. Wootson Jr. " 1648: 1646: 330:explained that he sought advice from his 288:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy 4468:Warrick, Joby; Eggen, Dan (2007-11-14). 4268:Robinson, Jennifer (December 20, 2022). 2940:Mittal, Akshat; Mishra, Aakarsh (2021). 2583:. Legislation.nsw.gov.au. Archived from 2489:Van Aperen, Steven (February 29, 2000). 5968:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 4495:"What made Ridgway kill still a riddle" 4270:"American Experience: The Lie Detector" 4228:"The Tested Truth About 'Maury Povich'" 4101:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 4082:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 4063:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 2116:Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 1589:Flock, Elizabeth (September 25, 2012). 1558:Stromberg, Joseph (December 15, 2014). 1334:"Polygraphs Accurate But Not Foolproof" 1264: 4317: 4306: 4016:Katherine To for Illumin. Fall 2003. 3382:NSA lie detectors no sweat, video says 2963: 2553:"How to become an employee of the NSS" 2182:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2175: 2092: 2081: 2039: 2028: 1912:"How credible are lie detector tests?" 1873: 1862: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1486: 1475:from the original on November 11, 2023 1105:Hand-held lie detector for US military 1008:about the allegation that he "planted 731:The polygraph was invented in 1921 by 4030:"Leonarde Keeler and his Instruments" 2399:"A Consistently Erroneous Technology" 2199:"Polygraph Results Often in Question" 2017: 2015: 1712:from the original on November 5, 2023 1700:LaMotte, Sandee (September 7, 2018). 1547:. American Psychological Association. 1079:In episode 93 of the US science show 992:put on a syndicated series hosted by 835:functional magnetic resonance imaging 706:admits polygraph testing in front of 505:In 2008, an Indian court adopted the 63:, often incorrectly referred to as a 7: 4399:Bachelet, Pablo (October 13, 2006). 4280:from the original on January 2, 2023 4253:Maschke, George (December 7, 2007). 4136:Segrave, Kerry (November 18, 2014). 2915:Mahapatra, Dhananjay (May 5, 2010). 1932:Warmelink, Lara (January 24, 2020). 1702:"The shaky science of lie detectors" 1603:from the original on August 13, 2022 1570:from the original on August 16, 2014 479:Psychology and Law: Bridging the Gap 3995:FBI File of William Moulton Marston 3959:"William Marston's Secret Identity" 3948:. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1938. 3051:Patag, Kristine Joy (27 May 2018). 3018:Weinglass, Simona (March 6, 2016). 1344:from the original on April 20, 2021 1156:The polygraph also failed to catch 27:Device that attempts to infer lying 6017:James Randi Educational Foundation 4900:Mikkelson, David (July 11, 2011). 4226:O'Dell, Cary (November 12, 2013). 4177:from the original on June 26, 2019 3915:National Research Council (2013); 3891:Journal of Experimental Psychology 3084:. Supreme Court of the Philippines 2448:"Ames: Separated Spy, Agent Lives" 2339:National Research Council (2013); 2006:National Research Council (2003); 1313:from the original on March 5, 2022 1307:American Psychological Association 1283:from the original on March 5, 2022 976:or featured the device. The first 737:University of California, Berkeley 166:American Psychological Association 117:American Psychological Association 25: 4902:"Next case on the Legal Colander" 4864:, a website critical of polygraph 4345:Federation of American Scientists 3652:"McClatchy – The Polygraph Files" 3537:. Peace Corps Online. 2002-07-22. 3350:Nagesh, Gautham (June 14, 2010). 2320:"Conclusions and Recommendations" 1910:Evans, Gareth (October 4, 2018). 1368:Federation of American Scientists 1332:Robinson, Bryan (July 14, 2001). 1026:accuser Lonny Ford, Ben Rowling, 696:Employee Polygraph Protection Act 598:"The Truth About the Polygraph" ( 536:Menora Insurance v. Jacob Sdovnik 5414:Strauss–Howe generational theory 5392:Moon landing conspiracy theories 5189:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 4762:The Lie Behind the Lie Detector. 4710:Harris, Mark (October 1, 2018). 4358:Ronald Kessler (March 8, 1994). 3129:Harris, Mark (October 1, 2018). 2985:Bose, Joydeep (March 17, 2021). 2793:"The Event Knowledge Test (EKT)" 2234:Gallagher, Ryan (26 July 2019). 1955:"A scanner to detect terrorists" 1843:Don Sosunov (October 14, 2010). 1370:. March 31, 1998. Archived from 1253:P300 (neuroscience)#Applications 1228:Doug Williams (polygraph critic) 1202: 556:National Bureau of Investigation 474:had rejected use of polygraphs. 412:In Canada, the 1987 decision of 6042:The Natural History of Quackery 5984:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4403:. McClatchy Washington Bureau. 4163:Barr, Sabrina (June 25, 2019). 4139:Lie Detectors: A Social History 2731:Bowcott, Owen (8 August 2014). 2354:Office of Technology Assessment 2324:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 1812:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 1775:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 1446:The Polygraph and Lie Detection 1395:"Science and the CQT polygraph" 284:Office of Technology Assessment 4703:Congressional Research Service 4591:Roth, Alex (January 9, 2003). 4444:Harold James Nicholson Dossier 4299:Dedman, Bill (April 9, 2008). 3312:"New Mexico Rules of Evidence" 2294:"Skeptoid #422: Lie Detection" 2063:. May 23, 2005. Archived from 817:National Reconnaissance Office 252:American Polygraph Association 1: 4764:5th ed. Available on-line at 4727:. New York: Encounter Books. 3401:"Polygraph/Lie Detector FAQs" 2611:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2534:The truth about the polygraph 1974:Criminal Justice and Behavior 1740:Journal of Psychiatry and Law 1012:". In 2005 Phillips produced 815:investigation found that the 710:under certain circumstances. 574:(DSS) about polygraph testing 215:posttraumatic stress disorder 101:United States law enforcement 39:Lie Detector (disambiguation) 6049:The Psychology of the Occult 5304:Traditional Chinese medicine 5179:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 5036:Superseded scientific theory 4634:10.1126/science.290.5493.939 4536:. 1995-03-09. Archived from 4519:. October 1, 2005. CBS News. 4196:James Hibberd (2007-11-25). 3842:10.1080/14789940412331337353 3798:Applied Cognitive Psychology 2579:Lie Detectors Act 1983 (NSW) 2511:. 2001-01-29. Archived from 2270:(OTA-TM-H-15). November 1983 2058:"United States v. Henderson" 1596:U.S. News & World Report 1056:Daytime talk shows, such as 990:Columbia Pictures Television 739:and a police officer of the 452:Offender Management Act 2007 248:National Academy of Sciences 242:National Academy of Sciences 113:National Academy of Sciences 5660:Electronic voice phenomenon 5517:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 5377:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 4799:10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.363 4360:"Spies, Lies, Averted Eyes" 3885:Marston, William M (1917). 2110:Iacono, William G. (2001). 2023:"United States v. Scheffer" 1522:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.159 1393:Saxe, Leonard (July 1991). 1277:Legal Information Institute 806:Defense Intelligence Agency 791:, who spied for China, and 735:, a medical student at the 477:According to the 2017 book 320:Central Intelligence Agency 205:, which can be affected by 6133: 6056:The Ragged Edge of Science 5787:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 5730:Pseudoscientific metrology 5254:Miracle Mineral Supplement 4746:. New York: Plenum Trade. 4119:"IMPAC: F. Lee Bailey bio" 3944:Marston, William Moulton. 2631:Ontario Ministry of Labour 2606:"Pre-Employment Polygraph" 2411:(5): 16–19. Archived from 1752:10.1177/009318530903700107 1243:Silent Talker Lie Detector 890:Elizabeth Holloway Marston 741:Berkeley Police Department 534:, in Civil Appeal 551/89 ( 511:The Supreme Court of India 441:the right to remain silent 257:Silent Talker Lie Detector 222:Silent Talker Lie Detector 126: 88:reactions associated with 36: 32:Polygraph (disambiguation) 29: 6102:Physiological instruments 5670:Facilitated communication 4952: 4513:"BTK: Out Of The Shadows" 4152:– via Google Books. 3731:10.1080/14789940903220676 3109:Philippine Daily Inquirer 2452:tribunedigital-dailypress 2380:quoting Ralph M. Carney, 1451:National Research Council 1037:In the UK, shows such as 651:United States v. Scheffer 393:National Security Service 291:to generate admissions". 185:United States v. Scheffer 161:National Research Council 6070:The Skeptic's Dictionary 5628:Biological transmutation 5548:Faster-than-light travel 5522:Enneagram of Personality 5488:Recovered-memory therapy 5372:9/11 conspiracy theories 4665:. New York: Free Press. 2328:National Academies Press 1986:10.1177/0093854808321529 924:University of California 821:US Department of Defense 715:Defense Security Service 700:pre-employment screening 664:law enforcement agencies 600:National Security Agency 572:Defense Security Service 6035:The Demon-Haunted World 5953:Bourgeois pseudoscience 5387:COVID-19 misinformation 5326:Young blood transfusion 5097:Anthroposophic medicine 4806:Sullivan, John (2007). 4723:Jones, Ishmael (2008). 4597:San Diego Union-Tribune 3082:Supreme Court E-Library 2764:(in Polish). 2015-01-30 2217:"Lie Detector Roulette" 1169:, exonerating Wegerle. 1095:, which first aired on 875:William Moulton Marston 746:Encyclopædia Britannica 532:Supreme Court of Israel 460:Supreme Court of Poland 420:Supreme Court of Canada 190:University of Minnesota 5867:Corentin Louis Kervran 5735:Rapid prompting method 5623:Biodynamic agriculture 5613:Aquatic ape hypothesis 5471:Historical negationism 5174:Doctrine of signatures 5041:True-believer syndrome 4787:Psychological Bulletin 4742:Lykken, David (1998). 4603:on September 29, 2012. 4316:Cite journal requires 3767:10.1006/nimg.2001.1003 2859:Gaudet, Lyn M (2011). 2091:Cite journal requires 2038:Cite journal requires 1872:Cite journal requires 1510:Psychological Bulletin 1147:Harold James Nicholson 940:galvanic skin response 857:which mainly involved 778:In 1983, CIA employee 760:Harold James Nicholson 603: 583: 575: 371: 281:United States Congress 239: 199: 56: 5872:The Light (newspaper) 5857:William Donald Kelley 5750:Voice stress analysis 5382:Climate change denial 5321:Wind turbine syndrome 5316:Vertebral subluxation 5209:Germ theory denialism 4810:. Potomac Books Inc. 4773:Passing the polygraph 4744:A Tremor in the Blood 4339:(November 28, 2000). 3946:The Lie Detector Test 3704:The McClatchy Company 2762:Czasopismo Lege Artis 2128:10.1300/J158v01n01_05 1248:Voice stress analysis 1129:such as double-agent 1047:In the Fox game show 909:The Lie Detector Test 597: 581: 569: 485:and Rita Zukauskiene 404:other jurisdictions. 194: 105:US federal government 47: 5862:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 5822:Ignatius L. Donnelly 5493:Past life regression 5352:Arabian Judah theory 5299:Traditional medicine 5092:Alternative medicine 5021:Pathological science 4868:The Polygraph Museum 4257:. AntiPolygraph.org. 4125:on October 24, 2008. 3468:McClatchy Newspapers 3328:on 24 September 2020 3298:McClatchy Newspapers 2838:10.1515/ep-2015-0003 2712:. Skeptical Inquirer 2626:"Lie Detector Tests" 2070:on November 27, 2007 1374:on November 11, 2023 1210:United States portal 1182:Watts family murders 1101:on January 3, 2023. 1040:The Jeremy Kyle Show 920:John Augustus Larson 733:John Augustus Larson 30:For other uses, see 6097:American inventions 5958:Demarcation problem 5792:Brigitte Boisselier 5421:Hollow Earth theory 5404:Generational theory 5102:Applied kinesiology 4876:by John J. Furedy, 4834:. December 6, 2012. 4706:. February 9, 2009. 4657:Alder, Ken (2007). 3589:The Washington Post 3387:The Washington Post 3057:The Philippine Star 2509:mcadams.posc.mu.edu 2203:The Washington Post 1851:on November 6, 2018 1273:"lie detector test" 1143:Leandro Aragoncillo 1098:American Experience 1050:The Moment of Truth 963:Portrayals in media 958:Society and culture 772:John Anthony Walker 754:Security clearances 720:The Washington Post 666:. In the states of 201:Polygraphs measure 6112:1902 introductions 6107:Forensic equipment 6028:Skeptical Inquirer 5927:Paul Joseph Watson 5902:Hans Alfred Nieper 5740:Statement analysis 5690:Intelligent design 5565:Reactionless drive 5399:Conversion therapy 5347:Ancient astronauts 5234:Leaky gut syndrome 5214:HIV/AIDS denialism 4969:Cargo cult science 4880:Spring/Summer 1996 4860:2019-09-05 at the 4771:McCarthy, Susan. " 4679:Bunn, Geoffrey C. 4517:48 Hours Mysteries 4364:The New York Times 4000:2007-06-21 at the 3607:Arizona Daily Star 3206:Cornell University 3162:Cornell University 2921:The Times of India 2896:The New York Times 2826:European Polygraph 2800:European Polygraph 2708:(25 August 2020). 2532:McCarthy, Susan. " 2404:Skeptical Inquirer 2376:2011-06-12 at the 1897:2008-05-28 at the 1411:10.1007/BF02912514 1233:Ecological fallacy 970:daytime television 886:Harvard Law School 604: 584: 576: 373:Susan McCarthy of 57: 48:American inventor 6079: 6078: 5990:Cults of Unreason 5963:Scientific method 5892:Ministry of Ayush 5837:Nicholas Gonzalez 5763: 5762: 5700:Law of attraction 5680:Flat Earth theory 5560:Quantum mysticism 5500:Scientific racism 5456:Pseudoarchaeology 5362:Conspiracy theory 5060:characterized as 5004:Pseudomathematics 4994:Pseudoarchaeology 4893:Popular Mechanics 4855:AntiPolygraph.org 4843:978-1-105-89546-3 4817:978-1-59797-045-7 4753:978-0-306-45782-1 4734:978-1-59403-382-7 4672:978-0-7432-5988-0 4661:The Lie Detectors 4628:(5493): 939–940. 4572:. August 20, 2018 3864:"History of CVSA" 3697:Taylor, Marisa, " 3521:The Seattle Times 3463:The Seattle Times 3456:Taylor, Marisa. " 3224:malegislature.gov 3184:Federal Probation 2999:on March 17, 2021 2952:on April 11, 2021 2475:Lykken, David T. 2356:(November 1983). 2025:. March 31, 1998. 1980:(10): 1295–1308. 1829:978-0-309-13313-5 1793:978-0-309-13313-5 1630:Antipolygraph.org 1468:978-0-309-26392-4 1151:Nada Nadim Prouty 839:prefrontal cortex 828:Alternative tests 789:Larry Wu-Tai Chin 780:Edward Lee Howard 660:defense attorneys 595: 481:by psychologists 448:England and Wales 434:In a majority of 300:Larry Wu-Tai Chin 265:national security 211:anxiety disorders 123:Testing procedure 85:skin conductivity 65:lie detector test 54:Richard Hauptmann 16:(Redirected from 6124: 5932:Andrew Wakefield 5633:Creation science 5592:Water-fueled car 5554:Perpetual motion 5476:Holocaust denial 5446:Nibiru cataclysm 5441:Nazi archaeology 5244:Macrobiotic diet 5067: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4916: 4911: 4821: 4802: 4781:. March 2, 2000. 4757: 4738: 4719: 4676: 4664: 4653: 4605: 4604: 4599:. 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Jeff Stein of 645:Daubert standard 639:(1993), the old 596: 570:Brochure of the 513:declared use of 274:federal agencies 267:matters and for 180:US Supreme Court 69:pseudoscientific 21: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6075: 5972: 5948:Bogdanov affair 5936: 5916:Claude Vorilhon 5802:Robert Charroux 5777:Sucharit Bhakdi 5769: 5759: 5596: 5526: 5466:Genocide denial 5431:Japhetic theory 5426:Indigo children 5342:2012 phenomenon 5330: 5274:Patent medicine 5194:Energy medicine 5167:Colon cleansing 5152:Crystal healing 5087:Adrenal fatigue 5061: 5059: 5052: 4957: 4948: 4943: 4899: 4862:Wayback Machine 4851: 4818: 4805: 4784: 4754: 4741: 4735: 4722: 4709: 4673: 4656: 4617: 4614: 4612:Further reading 4609: 4608: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4474:Washington Post 4467: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 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" 3370: 3339: 3303: 3281: 3278:on 2005-09-23. 3259: 3235: 3211: 3193: 3167: 3149: 3121: 3095: 3069: 3043: 3010: 2977: 2932: 2907: 2882: 2871:(3): 293–318. 2851: 2832:(2 (32)): 70. 2809: 2783: 2774: 2749: 2723: 2697: 2671: 2665:978-1351907873 2664: 2637: 2617: 2597: 2568: 2544: 2525: 2496: 2481: 2468: 2439: 2426: 2386: 2363: 2345: 2332: 2312: 2290:Dunning, Brian 2281: 2252: 2226: 2208: 2189: 2141: 2102: 2093:|journal= 2049: 2040:|journal= 2011: 1999: 1964: 1946: 1924: 1902: 1883: 1874:|journal= 1835: 1828: 1820:10.17226/10420 1799: 1792: 1784:10.17226/10420 1765: 1723: 1692: 1666: 1642: 1614: 1581: 1550: 1527: 1500: 1467: 1459:10.17226/10420 1424: 1405:(3): 223–231. 1385: 1355: 1324: 1294: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223:Cleve Backster 1220: 1218:Bogus pipeline 1214: 1213: 1197: 1194: 1178:Richard Miller 1122: 1119: 1106: 1103: 1032:Swift Boat Vet 964: 961: 959: 956: 932:August Vollmer 905:Lasso of Truth 850: 847: 829: 826: 755: 752: 627:state troopers 563: 560: 547: 544: 527: 524: 522:requests one. 502: 499: 431: 428: 409: 406: 400: 397: 384: 381: 356: 353: 352: 351: 339:Specific point 336: 307: 304: 243: 240: 229: 226: 155: 152: 124: 121: 73:blood pressure 26: 24: 18:Polygraph test 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6129: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:Pseudoscience 6090: 6089: 6087: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6011:Fortean Times 6008: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807:Deepak Chopra 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770:pseudoscience 5766: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:Cryptozoology 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:Anti-gravity‎ 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5461:Pseudohistory 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 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5062:pseudoscience 5055: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4999:Pseudohistory 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984:Fringe theory 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4946:Pseudoscience 4940: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4687:Blinkhorn, S. 4685: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4584: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4543:on 2008-02-27 4539: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4501:. 2003-11-09. 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4461: 4450:on 2008-09-21 4449: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4388:. p. C1. 4387: 4380: 4377: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337:Ames, Aldrich 4331: 4328: 4323: 4310: 4302: 4295: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4248: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4208:on 2008-02-21 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4149:9780786481613 4145: 4142:. McFarland. 4141: 4140: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4107:(1): 201–215. 4106: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3662:on 2013-05-27 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3633:on 2013-05-27 3632: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3487:. 2013-09-09. 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3011: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2967: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2658:. Routledge. 2657: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2614:. 2016-05-10. 2613: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2587:on 2018-10-03 2586: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2569: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2458:on 2013-12-12 2457: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2415:on 2018-07-28 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2241: 2240:The Intercept 2237: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2165:on 2011-06-05 2161: 2154: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2085: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2032: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1866: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1631: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1607:September 13, 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1585: 1582: 1574:September 13, 1569: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1282: 1279:. June 2020. 1278: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1238:Ronald Pelton 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1121:Notable cases 1120: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994:F. Lee Bailey 991: 987: 983: 982:Ralph Andrews 979: 975: 971: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:lie detection 848: 846: 844: 843:reaction time 840: 836: 827: 825: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 802: 800: 796: 794: 790: 784: 781: 776: 773: 769: 765: 761: 753: 751: 748: 747: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 722: 721: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672:Massachusetts 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652: 646: 642: 641:Frye standard 638: 637: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 610: 601: 580: 573: 568: 562:United States 561: 559: 557: 553: 545: 543: 541: 537: 533: 525: 523: 520: 519:brain mapping 516: 515:narcoanalysis 512: 508: 500: 498: 496: 491: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 464: 461: 456: 453: 449: 444: 442: 437: 429: 427: 424: 421: 417: 416: 407: 405: 398: 396: 394: 390: 382: 380: 378: 377: 370: 365: 363: 362:Richard Helms 354: 348: 344: 340: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:General state 314: 313: 312: 305: 303: 301: 297: 292: 289: 285: 282: 277: 275: 270: 266: 261: 258: 253: 249: 246:In 2003, the 241: 238: 233: 227: 225: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 198: 193: 192:, concluded: 191: 187: 186: 181: 176: 174: 169: 167: 162: 154:Effectiveness 153: 151: 148: 144: 139: 135: 130: 122: 120: 118: 114: 108: 106: 102: 98: 97:interrogation 93: 91: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 55: 51: 46: 40: 33: 19: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5877:Mike Lindell 5797:Rhonda Byrne 5768:Promoters of 5755:Water memory 5724: 5695:Laundry ball 5587:Tractor beam 5543:Cold fusion‎ 5239:Lunar effect 5184:Ear candling 5132:Chiropractic 5122:Bloodletting 5112:Bates method 5082:Aromatherapy 5045: 5011:Junk science 4905: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4829: 4807: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4761: 4743: 4724: 4715: 4701: 4680: 4660: 4625: 4619: 4601:the original 4596: 4586: 4574:. 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Retrieved 1267: 1171: 1167:Dennis Rader 1158:Gary Ridgway 1155: 1135:Karl Koecher 1131:Aldrich Ames 1124: 1108: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1080: 1078: 1062:Steve Wilkos 1058:Maury Povich 1055: 1048: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1015:Lie Detector 1013: 1006:Mark Fuhrman 1002:Marcia Clark 998:Lie Detector 997: 986:Melvin Belli 978:Lie Detector 977: 974:Lie Detector 973: 966: 952: 948: 917: 908: 901:Wonder Woman 898: 883: 852: 831: 810: 803: 797: 793:Aldrich Ames 785: 777: 757: 744: 730: 718: 712: 668:Rhode Island 649: 634: 631: 623:firefighters 608: 605: 549: 540:civil trials 535: 529: 504: 492: 483:David Canter 478: 476: 465: 457: 445: 433: 425: 413: 411: 402: 386: 374: 372: 367: 358: 338: 328:Aldrich Ames 315: 309: 296:Aldrich Ames 293: 278: 262: 245: 235: 231: 219: 200: 195: 183: 178:In the 1998 177: 170: 157: 140: 136: 132: 109: 94: 64: 60: 58: 5782:Del Bigtree 5269:Panchagavya 5259:Naturopathy 5127:Body memory 5077:Acupuncture 4962:Terminology 4895:, July 1937 4576:February 2, 4303:. NBC News. 4232:Pop Matters 3967:. May 2001. 3114:9 September 3088:9 September 3062:9 September 2305:3 September 2274:3 September 2008:Pages 4 - 5 1855:November 1, 1716:November 5, 1516:: 159–166. 1174:confessions 1111:Bill Dedman 1082:MythBusters 1070:child abuse 1028:Jeff Gannon 1024:Paul Crouch 1022:, Reverend 1020:Paula Jones 1004:questioned 879:correlation 811:In 2012, a 656:prosecutors 648:courts. In 552:Philippines 546:Philippines 468:Netherlands 81:respiration 6086:Categories 6022:Quackwatch 5852:David Icke 5832:Max Gerson 5827:Gaia, Inc. 5715:Numerology 5710:Lysenkoism 5705:Levitation 5685:Graphology 5570:Dean drive 5505:Aryan race 5436:Mediumship 5311:Trepanning 5279:Phrenology 5219:Homeopathy 5117:Biorhythms 5016:Paranormal 4808:Gatekeeper 4547:2008-02-24 4454:2009-06-01 4284:January 4, 4237:9 December 4212:2008-03-11 4034:lie2me.net 3755:NeuroImage 3666:2013-05-26 3637:2013-05-26 3585:"Magazine" 3253:2019-04-03 3248:Justia Law 3229:2019-04-03 3142:October 2, 2926:2010-05-05 2901:2008-09-15 2768:2021-07-09 2591:2018-10-02 2562:2023-02-15 2557:www.sns.am 2519:2015-04-19 2462:2012-06-01 2169:2014-01-06 2074:August 31, 1686:2008-02-29 1660:2008-02-29 1259:References 1145:. 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