134:
important to answer truthfully. Then a "stim test" is often conducted: the subject is asked to deliberately lie and then the tester reports that he was able to detect this lie. Guilty subjects are likely to become more anxious when they are reminded of the test's validity. However, there are risks of innocent subjects being equally or more anxious than the guilty. Then the actual test starts. Some of the questions asked are "irrelevant" ("Is your name Fred?"), others are "diagnostic" questions, and the remainder are the "relevant questions" that the tester is really interested in. The different types of questions alternate. The test is passed if the physiological responses to the diagnostic questions are larger than those during the relevant questions.
188:, the majority stated that "There is simply no consensus that polygraph evidence is reliable Unlike other expert witnesses who testify about factual matters outside the jurors' knowledge, such as the analysis of fingerprints, ballistics, or DNA found at a crime scene, a polygraph expert can supply the jury only with another opinion." The Supreme Court summarized their findings by stating that the use of polygraph was "little better than could be obtained by the toss of a coin." In 2005, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals stated that "polygraphy did not enjoy general acceptance from the scientific community". In 2001, William Iacono, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the
197:
by artificially augmenting responses to control questions. Although it is not possible to adequately assess the error rate of the CQT, both of these conclusions are supported by published research findings in the best social science journals (Honts et al., 1994; Horvath, 1977; Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984; Patrick & Iacono, 1991). Although defense attorneys often attempt to have the results of friendly CQTs admitted as evidence in court, there is no evidence supporting their validity and ample reason to doubt it. Members of scientific organizations who have the requisite background to evaluate the CQT are overwhelmingly skeptical of the claims made by polygraph proponents.
1085:, the hosts attempted to fool the polygraph by using pain when answering truthfully, in order to test the notion that polygraphs interpret truthful and non-truthful answers as the same. They also attempted to fool the polygraph by thinking pleasant thoughts when lying and thinking stressful thoughts when telling the truth, to try to confuse the machine. However, neither technique was successful for a number of reasons. Michael Martin correctly identified each guilty and innocent subject. Martin suggested that when conducted properly, polygraphs are correct 98% of the time, but no scientific evidence has been offered for this.
808:(DIA) announced that it would subject each of its 5,700 prospective and current employees to polygraph testing at least once annually. This expansion of polygraph screening at DIA occurred while DIA polygraph managers ignored documented technical problems discovered in the Lafayette computerized polygraph system. The DIA uses computerized Lafayette polygraph systems for routine counterintelligence testing. The impact of the technical flaws within the Lafayette system on the analysis of recorded physiology and on the final polygraph test evaluation is currently unknown.
175:, specific-incident polygraph tests can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates well above chance, though well below perfection". The review also warns against generalization from these findings to justify the use of polygraphs—"polygraph accuracy for screening purposes is almost certainly lower than what can be achieved by specific-incident polygraph tests in the field"—and notes some examinees may be able to take countermeasures to produce deceptive results.
845:(RT) based tests may replace polygraphs in concealed information detection. RT based tests differ from polygraphs in stimulus presentation duration and can be conducted without physiological recording as subject response time is measured via computer. However, researchers have found limitations to these tests as subjects voluntarily control their reaction time, deception can still occur within the response deadline, and the test itself lacks physiological recording.
579:
567:
1204:
1117:. The Preliminary Credibility Assessment Screening System, or PCASS, captures less physiological information than a polygraph, and uses an algorithm, not the judgment of a polygraph examiner, to render a decision whether it believes the person is being deceptive or not. The device was first used in Afghanistan by US Army troops. The Department of Defense ordered its use be limited to non-US persons, in overseas locations only.
45:
766:, had undergone his periodic five-year reinvestigation, in which he showed a strong probability of deception on questions regarding relationships with a foreign intelligence unit. This polygraph test later led to an investigation which resulted in his eventual arrest and conviction. In most cases, however, polygraphs are more of a tool to "scare straight" those who would consider espionage.
795:, who was given two polygraph examinations while with the CIA, the first in 1986 and the second in 1991, while spying for the Soviet Union/Russia. The CIA reported that he passed both examinations after experiencing initial indications of deception. According to a Senate investigation, an FBI review of the first examination concluded that the indications of deception were never resolved.
150:
correct answer. If they react strongly to the guilty information, then proponents of the test believe that it is likely that they know facts relevant to the case. This administration is considered more valid by supporters of the test because it contains many safeguards to avoid the risk of the administrator influencing the results.
217:(PTSD), nervousness, fear, confusion, hypoglycemia, psychosis, depression, substance induced states (nicotine, stimulants), substance withdrawal state (alcohol withdrawal) or other emotions; polygraphs do not measure "lies". A polygraph cannot differentiate anxiety caused by dishonesty and anxiety caused by something else.
1053:, contestants are privately asked personal questions a few days before the show while hooked to a polygraph. On the show they asked the same questions in front of a studio audience and members of their family. In order to advance in the game they must give a "truthful" answer as determined by the previous polygraph exam.
896:" (Lamb, 2001). Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston’s collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's work on her husband's deception research. She also appears in a picture taken in his polygraph laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced in Marston, 1938).
368:
We discovered there were some
Eastern Europeans who could defeat the polygraph at any time. Americans are not very good at it, because we are raised to tell the truth and when we lie it is easy to tell we are lying. But we find a lot of Europeans and Asiatics can handle that polygraph without a blip,
334:
handler and received the simple instruction to: "Get a good night's sleep, and rest, and go into the test rested and relaxed. Be nice to the polygraph examiner, develop a rapport, and be cooperative and try to maintain your calm". Additionally, Ames explained, "There's no special magic... Confidence
137:
Criticisms have been given regarding the validity of the administration of the
Control Question Technique. The CQT may be vulnerable to being conducted in an interrogation-like fashion. This kind of interrogation style would elicit a nervous response from innocent and guilty suspects alike. There are
723:
said that the video portrays "various applicants, or actors playing them—it’s not clear—describing everything bad they had heard about the test, the implication being that none of it is true." AntiPolygraph.org argues that the NSA-produced video omits some information about the polygraph process; it
647:
in which "underlying reasoning or methodology is scientifically valid and properly can be applied to the facts at issue." While polygraph tests are commonly used in police investigations in the US, no defendant or witness can be forced to undergo the test unless they are under the supervision of the
462:
declared on
January 29, 2015, that the use of polygraph in interrogation of suspects is forbidden by the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure. Its use might be allowed though if the suspect has been already accused of a crime and if the interrogated person consents of the use of a polygraph. Even then,
403:
Polygraph evidence is currently inadmissible in New South Wales courts under the Lie
Detectors Act 1983. Under the same act, it is also illegal to use polygraphs for the purpose of granting employment, insurance, financial accommodation, and several other purposes for which polygraphs may be used in
290:
concluded that "The few
Government-sponsored scientific research reports on polygraph validity (as opposed to its utility), especially those focusing on the screening of applicants for employment, indicate that the polygraph is neither scientifically valid nor especially effective beyond its ability
236:
there is at present only limited scientific evidence for establishing the validity of polygraph testing. Even where the evidence seems to indicate that polygraph testing detects deceptive subjects better than chance, significant error rates are possible, and examiner and examinee differences and the
149:
or circumstances in question. The administrator tests the participant on their knowledge of the crime that would not be known to an innocent person. For example: "Was the crime committed with a .45 or a 9 mm?" The questions are in multiple choice and the participant is rated on how they react to the
632:
In 2007, polygraph testimony was admitted by stipulation in 19 states, and was subject to the discretion of the trial judge in federal court. The use of polygraph in court testimony remains controversial, although it is used extensively in post-conviction supervision, particularly of sex offenders.
359:
Law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies in the United States are by far the biggest users of polygraph technology. In the United States alone most federal law enforcement agencies either employ their own polygraph examiners or use the services of examiners employed in other agencies. In
254:
relied on to reach their conclusions were significantly flawed. These studies did show that specific-incident polygraph testing, in a person untrained in counter-measures, could discern the truth at "a level greater than chance, yet short of perfection". However, due to several flaws, the levels of
196:
Although the CQT may be useful as an investigative aid and tool to induce confessions, it does not pass muster as a scientifically credible test. CQT theory is based on naive, implausible assumptions indicating (a) that it is biased against innocent individuals and (b) that it can be beaten simply
158:
Assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are inaccurate, may be defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. Despite claims that polygraph tests are between 80% and 90% accurate by advocates, the
1043:
used polygraph tests extensively. The show was ultimately canceled when a participant committed suicide shortly after being polygraphed. The guest was slated by Kyle on the show for failing the polygraph, but no other evidence has come forward to prove any guilt. Producers later admitted in the
521:
and polygraph tests on suspects as illegal and against the constitution if consent is not obtained and forced. Article 20(3) of the Indian
Constitution states: "No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself." Polygraph tests are still legal if the defendant
1164:
in 1986, Bill
Wegerle was suspected of murdering his wife Vicki Wegerle because he failed two polygraph tests (one administered by the police, the other conducted by an expert that Wegerle had hired), although he was neither arrested nor convicted of her death. In March 2004, evidence surfaced
782:
was dismissed when, during a polygraph screening, he truthfully answered a series of questions admitting to minor crimes such as petty theft and drug abuse. In retaliation for his perceived unjust punishment for minor offenses, he later sold his knowledge of CIA operations to the Soviet Union.
133:
The examiner typically begins polygraph test sessions with a pre-test interview to gain some preliminary information which will later be used to develop diagnostic questions. Then the tester will explain how the polygraph is supposed to work, emphasizing that it can detect lies and that it is
87:
while a person is asked and answers a series of questions. The belief underpinning the use of the polygraph is that deceptive answers will produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers; however, there are no specific physiological
1160:, the "Green River Killer". Another suspect allegedly failed a given lie detector test, whereas Ridgway passed. Ridgway passed a polygraph in 1984; he confessed almost 20 years later when confronted with DNA evidence. Conversely, innocent people have been known to fail polygraph tests. In
749:
2003 list of greatest inventions, described as inventions that "have had profound effects on human life for better or worse." In 2013, the US federal government had begun indicting individuals who stated that they were teaching methods on how to defeat a polygraph test. During one of those
310:
Several proposed countermeasures designed to pass polygraph tests have been described. There are two major types of countermeasures: "general state" (intending to alter the physiological or psychological state of the subject during the test), and "specific point" (intending to alter the
949:
Several devices similar to Keeler's polygraph version included the
Berkeley Psychograph, a blood pressure-pulse-respiration recorder developed by C. D. Lee in 1936 and the Darrow Behavior Research Photopolygraph, which was developed and intended solely for behavior research experiments.
774:
was advised by his handlers not to engage in espionage until he had been promoted to the highest position for which a polygraph test was not required, to refuse promotion to higher positions for which polygraph tests were required, and to retire when promotion was mandated.
953:
A device which recorded muscular activity accompanying changes in blood pressure was developed in 1945 by John E. Reid, who claimed that greater accuracy could be obtained by making these recordings simultaneously with standard blood pressure-pulse-respiration recordings.
967:
Lie detection has a long history in mythology and fairy tales; the polygraph has allowed modern fiction to use a device more easily seen as scientific and plausible. Notable instances of polygraph usage include uses in crime and espionage themed television shows and some
489:
was the
European country with the most prevalent use of polygraph testing by police, with about 300 polygraphs carried out each year in the course of police investigations. The results are not considered viable evidence in bench trials, but have been used in jury trials.
110:
Assessments of polygraphy by scientific and government bodies generally suggest that polygraphs are highly inaccurate, may easily be defeated by countermeasures, and are an imperfect or invalid means of assessing truthfulness. A comprehensive 2003 review by the
422:
rejected the use of polygraph results as evidence in court, finding that they were inadmissible. The polygraph is still used as a tool in the investigation of criminal acts and sometimes employed in the screening of employees for government organizations.
341:: other suggestions for countermeasures include for the subject to mentally record the control and relevant questions as the examiner reviews them before the interrogation begins. During the interrogation the subject is supposed to carefully control their
259:
attempted to give more data to the evaluator by providing information about microexpressions. However adding the Silent Talker camera did not improve lie detection and was very expensive and cumbersome to include according to an article in the
Intercept.
587:
349:
during the control questions, for example by thinking of something scary or exciting, or by pricking themselves with a pointed object concealed somewhere on the body. In this way the results will not show a significant reaction to any of the relevant
271:
agencies for example) the level of accuracy drops to such a level that "Its accuracy in distinguishing actual or potential security violators from innocent test takers is insufficient to justify reliance on its use in employee security screening in
163:
has found no evidence of effectiveness. In particular, studies have indicated that the relevant–irrelevant questioning technique is not ideal, as many innocent subjects exert a heightened physiological reaction to the crime-relevant questions. The
786:
Polygraph tests may not deter espionage. From 1945 to the present, at least six Americans have committed espionage while successfully passing polygraph tests. Notable cases of two men who created a false negative result with the polygraphs were
750:
investigations, upwards of 30 federal agencies were involved in investigations of almost 5000 people who had various degrees of contact with those being prosecuted or who had purchased books or DVDs on the topic of beating polygraph tests.
594:
832:
Most polygraph researchers have focused more on the exam's predictive value on a subject's guilt. However, there have been no empirical theories established to explain how a polygraph measures deception. A 2010 study indicated that
5996:
837:(fMRI) may benefit in explaining the psychological correlations of polygraph exams. It could also explain which parts of the brain are active when subjects use artificial memories. Most brain activity occurs in both sides of the
454:
put in place an option to use polygraph tests to monitor serious sex offenders on parole in England and Wales; these tests became compulsory in 2014 for high risk sexual offenders currently on parole in England and Wales.
2986:
2505:"Testimony of Richard Helms, Former Director of Central Intelligence, Former Ambassador to Iran, and Presently a Business Consultant in Washington, D.C., and Represented by Gregory B. Craig, of Williams & Connelly"
250:(NAS) issued a report entitled "The Polygraph and Lie Detection". The NAS found that "overall, the evidence is scanty and scientifically weak", concluding that 57 of the approximately 80 research studies that the
3752:
Langleben, DD; Schroeder, L; Maldjian, JA; Gur, RC; McDonald, S; Ragland, JD; O'Brien, CP; Childress, AR (2002). "Brain activity during simulated deception: an event-related functional magnetic resonance study".
4174:
438:
jurisdictions, polygraphs are generally considered to be unreliable for gathering evidence, and are usually not used by local law enforcement agencies. Polygraph testing is widely seen in Europe to violate
861:. For instance, in the Middle Ages, boiling water was used to detect liars, as it was believed honest men would withstand it better than liars. Early devices for lie detection include an 1895 invention of
823:
personnel during polygraph tests that purported to be limited in scope to counterintelligence matters. Allegations of abusive polygraph practices were brought forward by former NRO polygraph examiners.
702:
or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions. As of 2013, about 70,000 job applicants are polygraphed by the federal government on an annual basis. In the United States, the State of
1600:
538:), ruled that the polygraph has not been recognized as a reliable device. In other decisions, polygraph results were ruled inadmissible in criminal trials. Polygraph results are only admissible in
426:
In the province of Ontario, the use of polygraphs by an employer is not permitted. A police force does have the authorization to use a polygraph in the course of the investigation of an offence.
2941:
592:
591:
589:
593:
224:
inventors expected that adding a camera to film microexpressions would improve the accuracy of the evaluators. This did not happen in practice according to an article in the Intercept.
2384:(Monterey: Defense Personnel Security Research Center, 1996), 6, affirming that in 81% of cases, the derogatory informations were obtained through questionnaire and/or interrogation.
1133:, who passed two polygraph tests while spying for the Soviet Union. Ames failed several tests while at the CIA that were never acted on. Other spies who passed the polygraph include
497:, "polygraphs have been in use since 1992", with law enforcement utilizing the Event Knowledge Test (a "modification" of the Concealed Information Test) in criminal investigations.
145:. The administration of this test is given to prevent potential errors that may arise from the questioning style. The test is usually conducted by a tester with no knowledge of the
654:(1998), the US Supreme Court left it up to individual jurisdictions whether polygraph results could be admitted as evidence in court cases. Nevertheless, it is used extensively by
899:
Despite his predecessors' contributions, Marston styled himself the "father of the polygraph". (Today he is often equally or more noted as the creator of the comic book character
2996:
713:
In 2010 the NSA produced a video explaining its polygraph process. The video, ten minutes long, is titled "The Truth About the Polygraph" and was posted to the website of the
509:
test as evidence to convict a woman who was accused of murdering her fiancé. It was the first time that the result of polygraph was used as evidence in court. On May 5, 2010,
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physiological or psychological state of the subject at specific periods during the examination, either to increase or decrease responses during critical examination periods).
276:." The NAS concluded that the polygraph "may have some utility but that there is "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy".
2455:
1844:
590:
3584:
3567:"An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and Its Implications for U.S. Intelligence – Senate Select Committee on Intelligence – 01 November 1994 – Part One"
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1494:
506:
2792:
892:. "According to Marston’s son, it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston's wife, who suggested to him that 'When she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb
4164:
3796:
Verschuere, B.; Crombez, G.; Degrootte, T.; Rosseel, Y. (2010). "Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraph".
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Ames provides personal insight into the U.S. Government's reliance on polygraphy in a 2000 letter to Steven Aftergood of the Federation of American Scientists at
555:
5057:
4954:
770:
was advised by his Israeli handlers that he was to resign his job from American intelligence if he was ever told he was subject to a polygraph test. Likewise,
273:
255:
accuracy shown in these studies "are almost certainly higher than actual polygraph accuracy of specific-incident testing in the field". By adding a camera, the
3622:
907:, which can force people to tell the truth.) Marston remained the device's primary advocate, lobbying for its use in the courts. In 1938 he published a book,
3381:
3019:
635:
4405:
She first came under U.S. suspicion in 1994, when Cuba detected a highly secret electronic surveillance system. Montes took a polygraph test and passed it.
4592:
1920:"If the examiner is well-trained, if the test is properly carried out, and if there's proper quality controls, the accuracy is estimated between 80%-90%".
1590:
1149:
failed his polygraph examinations, which aroused suspicions that led to his eventual arrest. Polygraph examination and background checks failed to detect
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3351:
2183:
1567:
4890:
2576:
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6003:
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1450:
287:
160:
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it is illegal for any employer to order a polygraph either as conditions to gain employment, or if an employee has been suspected of wrongdoing. The
103:
and federal government agencies, and many police departments use polygraph examinations to interrogate suspects and screen new employees. Within the
1709:
841:, which is linked to response inhibition. This indicates that deception may involve inhibition of truthful responses. Some researchers believe that
4197:
3311:
5967:
4936:
3549:"The Adrich H. Ames Case: An Assessment of CIA's Role, Oct. 21, 1994 Memorandum for Heads of Agency Offices from Director of Central Intelligence"
3480:
2916:
1184:, Christopher Watts failed one such polygraph test and subsequently confessed to murdering his wife. In the 2002 disappearance of seven-year-old
2732:
2398:
588:
335:
is what does it. Confidence and a friendly relationship with the examiner... rapport, where you smile and you make him think that you like him".
2152:
115:
of existing research concluded that there was "little basis for the expectation that a polygraph test could have extremely high accuracy." The
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4815:
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4711:
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1933:
1827:
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was possibly breaching ethical and legal boundaries by encouraging its polygraph examiners to extract personal and private information from
1443:
Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences and Education (BCSSE) and Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) (March 19, 2013).
2373:
3997:
3292:
2504:
820:
392:
1153:, who was not a spy but was convicted for improperly obtaining US citizenship and using it to obtain a restricted position at the FBI.
6101:
6016:
3932:
2663:
1306:
1049:
736:
179:
165:
116:
3717:
Bell, B. G.; Grubin, D. (2010). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging may promote theoretical understanding of the polygraph test".
3548:
2057:
613:
reported that an estimated 2.5 million polygraph tests were given each year in the United States, with the majority administered to
4147:
1367:
724:
produced a video responding to the NSA video. George Maschke, the founder of the website, accused the NSA polygraph video of being "
695:
379:
said in 2000 that "The polygraph is an American phenomenon, with limited use in a few countries, such as Canada, Israel and Japan."
3414:
1109:
A hand-held lie detector is being deployed by the US Department of Defense according to a report in 2008 by investigative reporter
4837:
Woodrow, Michael J. "The Truth about the Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examination 3rd Edition" Lulu Press. New York
1894:
5391:
5188:
4384:
Kessler, Ron (April 17, 1988). "Moscow's Mole in the CIA: How a Swinging Czech Superspy Stole America's Most Sensitive Secrets".
1942:
There have been several reviews of polygraph accuracy. They suggest that polygraphs are accurate between 80% and 90% of the time.
1341:
1227:
5516:
4137:
4118:
3445:"Owner of 'Polygraph.com' Indicted for Allegedly Training Customers to Lie During Federally Administered Polygraph Examinations"
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connecting her death to the serial killer known as BTK, and in 2005 DNA evidence from the Wegerle murder confirmed that BTK was
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5699:
5178:
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Officials say Aragoncillo passed several lie detector tests that are routinely given to individuals with top secret clearances.
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1848:
1310:
1280:
943:
283:
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3267:
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report "Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation". Similarly, a report to Congress by the
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4702:
870:
816:
251:
2709:
1363:
2818:
1508:
J P Rosenfeld (1995). "Alternative Views of Bashore and Rapp's (1993) alternatives to traditional polygraphy: a critique".
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214:
100:
38:
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and graduated in 1918, re-publishing his earlier work in 1917. Marston's main inspiration for the device was his wife,
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6106:
5659:
5376:
4929:
4785:
Roese, N. J.; Jamieson, D. W. (1993). "Twenty years of bogus pipeline research: A critical review and meta-analysis".
3680:
1276:
1192:, police suspected neighbor David Westerfield; he became the prime suspect when he allegedly failed a polygraph test.
805:
319:
302:, and other inabilities to show a scientific justification for the use of the polygraph, it continues to be employed.
119:
states that "most psychologists agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies."
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4825:
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5729:
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which used blood pressure to examine German prisoners of war (POWs). Marston's machine indicated a strong positive
745:
740:
510:
256:
221:
31:
4561:
4099:
Reid, J. E. (1945). "Simulated Blood Pressure Responses in Lie-Detection Tests and a Method for Their Deception".
3219:
3029:
1180:, who was persuaded to confess largely by polygraph results combined with appeals from a religious leader. In the
92:, making it difficult to identify factors that separate those who are lying from those who are telling the truth.
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5116:
2757:
1009:
650:
184:
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states "Most psychologists agree that there is little evidence that polygraph tests can accurately detect lies."
4618:
Aftergood, Steven (2000). "Essays on Science and Society: Polygraph Testing and the DOE National Laboratories".
1622:
5627:
5521:
5487:
5371:
4600:
4422:
3177:"Looking at the Law: An Updated Look at the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination in PostConviction Supervision"
2327:
1701:
1337:
1014:
923:
714:
699:
599:
571:
80:
3863:
1559:
1064:, have used polygraphs to supposedly detect deception in interview subjects on their programs that pertain to
450:
a polygraph test can be taken, but the results cannot be used in a court of law to prove a case. However, the
2235:
232:
In 1983, the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment published a review of the technology and found that
6034:
5952:
5704:
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5325:
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4269:
4198:"Darnell in Defense of the 'Truth': Fox Executive Talks About the Network's Controversial Lie Detector Show"
2584:
874:
531:
459:
419:
189:
4874:
The North American Polygraph and Psychophysiology: Disinterested, Uninterested, and Interested Perspectives
4494:
3516:
3457:
3130:
107:, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a psychophysiological detection of deception examination.
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5734:
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Marston wrote a second paper on the concept in 1915, when finishing his undergraduate studies. He entered
759:
391:, government administered polygraphs are legal, at least for use in national security investigations. The
280:
268:
84:
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5856:
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4593:"Westerfield failed polygraph test badly: 'Greater than 99%' chance he was lying, examiner says on tape"
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3467:
3322:
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3243:
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2083:
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104:
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An alternative is the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), or the Concealed Information Test, which is used in
582:
Demonstrating the administration of the polygraph, the polygrapher making notes on the readouts. 1970s
395:(NSS), Armenia's primary intelligence service, requires polygraph examinations of all new applicants.
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5492:
5298:
5091:
5020:
4689:(1988) "Lie Detection as a psychometric procedure" In "The Polygraph Test" (Gale, A. ed. 1988) 29–39.
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3356:
2625:
2412:
2261:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation – A Technical Memorandum"
2216:
1892:
The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) as an Application of Psychophysiology: Future Prospects and Obstacles
1209:
1181:
1039:
927:
919:
732:
911:, wherein he documented the theory and use of the device. In 1938 he appeared in advertising by the
629:. The average cost to administer the test is more than $ 700 and is part of a $ 2 billion industry.
294:
Despite the NAS finding of a "high rate of false positives," failures to expose individuals such as
52:
testing his improved polygraph on Kohler, a former witness for the prosecution at the 1935 trial of
5957:
5791:
5101:
3386:
2236:"We Tested Europe's New Lie Detector for Travelors-and Immediately Triggered a False Positiveector"
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771:
719:
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99:
tool with criminal suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment. Some
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5689:
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5398:
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4968:
4645:
4620:
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Inbau, Fred E. Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation, The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1948
3916:
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3778:
3734:
3606:
3205:
3161:
2891:
2872:
2841:
2403:
2131:
1989:
1972:
Iacono, W. G. (2008). "Effective policing: Understanding how polygraph tests work and are used".
1755:
1488:
1232:
969:
885:
842:
4883:
2370:
2159:
4227:
3994:
2942:"Right against Self-Incrimination: A Detailed Study & Analysis of Laws Prevailing in India"
2340:
2319:
5989:
5962:
5891:
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2177:
1823:
1787:
1462:
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1302:
1150:
838:
801:, a Cuban spy, passed a counterintelligence scope polygraph test administered by DIA in 1994.
788:
779:
578:
447:
299:
264:
53:
2651:
2512:
915:
company claiming that the polygraph showed Gillette razors were better than the competition.
5931:
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5591:
5553:
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1981:
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1185:
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866:
798:
767:
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644:
607:
440:
210:
171:
In 2002, a review by the National Research Council found that, in populations "untrained in
68:
4470:"Ex-FBI Employee's Case Raises New Security Concerns Sham Marriage Led to U.S. Citizenship"
3699:
Sen. Charles Grassley Seeks Probe Of Polygraph Techniques At National Reconnaissance Office
5947:
5915:
5801:
5776:
5465:
5430:
5425:
5341:
5273:
5193:
5166:
5156:
5151:
5086:
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4777:
4686:
4400:
4321:
4169:
4001:
3552:
3024:
2991:
2861:"Brain Fingerprinting, Scientific Evidence, and "Daubert": A Cautionary Lesson from India"
2538:
2377:
2096:
2064:
2043:
1898:
1877:
1161:
935:
862:
618:
375:
49:
3201:
2022:
1444:
3422:
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2605:
1653:
996:. In 1998 TV producer Mark Phillips with his Mark Phillips Philms & Telephision put
5921:
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5886:
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5841:
5816:
5509:
5450:
5283:
5248:
5046:
4988:
4978:
4659:
4512:
3828:
Grubin, D.; Madsen, L. (2005). "Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review".
2111:
1891:
1563:
1371:
1222:
1217:
1065:
931:
904:
566:
172:
72:
71:
device or procedure that measures and records several physiological indicators such as
3566:
3244:"2013 Maryland Code :: Labor and Employment :: § 3-702 – Lie detector tests"
1911:
1333:
698:
of 1988 (EPPA) generally prevents employers from using lie detector tests, either for
6085:
6010:
5806:
5637:
5581:
5460:
5408:
5356:
5203:
5141:
5136:
4998:
4983:
4945:
4649:
4122:
4029:
3849:
3738:
3611:
3499:"Washington: Americans' personal data shared with CIA, IRS, others in security probe"
2845:
2135:
1993:
1759:
1679:
1237:
993:
981:
938:. As Larson's protege, Keeler updated the device by making it portable and added the
854:
671:
640:
518:
514:
414:
361:
128:
96:
4447:
3782:
1272:
44:
5876:
5796:
5754:
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5537:
5420:
5351:
5238:
5183:
5131:
5121:
5111:
5081:
5010:
4537:
4340:
4336:
3927:
Lepore, Jill. The Secret History of Wonder Woman, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014,
3275:
3103:
Mayol, Ador Vincent; Bongcac, Doris C.; Pateña, Patricia Andrea (20 January 2012).
1166:
1157:
1134:
1130:
1061:
1057:
1005:
1001:
985:
900:
792:
667:
626:
622:
482:
331:
327:
295:
2490:
2007:
1954:
345:
while answering the relevant questions, and to try to artificially increase their
4772:
4633:
3841:
5781:
5542:
5268:
5258:
5126:
5076:
4798:
4693:
3979:"Lie Detector Charts Emotional Effects of Shaving – 1938 Gillette Advertisement"
2987:"Polygraph test can only be conducted with consent of the accused: Karnataka HC"
2394:
1540:
1521:
1110:
1081:
1069:
1027:
1023:
1019:
551:
539:
467:
2491:"The polygraph as an investigative tool in criminal and private investigations"
1751:
643:
was lifted and all forensic evidence, including polygraph, had to meet the new
6021:
5851:
5831:
5826:
5714:
5709:
5684:
5679:
5569:
5504:
5435:
5403:
5310:
5278:
5218:
5015:
4712:"The Lie Generator: Inside the Black Mirror World of Polygraph Job Screenings"
3730:
3131:"The Lie Generator: Inside the Black Mirror World of Polygraph Job Screenings"
2357:
1199:
1138:
703:
679:
655:
614:
346:
3958:
3268:"Compliance Assistance By Law – The Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA)"
2533:
1985:
1364:"United States v. Scheffer: A U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Polygraph Testing"
918:
A device recording both blood pressure and breathing was invented in 1921 by
865:
used to measure changes in blood pressure for police cases, a 1904 device by
5997:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
5906:
5674:
5642:
5617:
5482:
5288:
5263:
5228:
5030:
4973:
4867:
4273:
2781:
Bundesgerichtshof: Entscheidungen vom 17.12.1998, 1 StR 156/98, 1 StR 258/98
2358:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation"
1807:
1773:
1654:"Scientific Validity of Polygraph Testing: A Research Review and Evaluation"
1189:
1126:
869:
used to measure breathing, the Mackenzie-Lewis Polygraph first developed by
725:
494:
342:
4901:
4641:
3774:
3766:
3604:
Hess, Pamela, "Pentagon's Intelligence Arm Steps Up Lie-Detector Efforts",
2552:
1934:"Polygraph lie detector tests: can they really stop criminals reoffending?"
463:
the use of polygraph can never be used as a substitute of actual evidence.
4300:
3352:"NSA video tries to dispel fear about polygraph use during job interviews"
2652:"Chapter 3. Lie Detectors and the Law: The Use of the Polygraph in Europe"
2127:
1738:
Lewis, J. A.; Cuppari, M. (2009). "The polygraph: The truth lies within".
1418:
17:
5664:
5223:
5198:
5146:
5106:
5025:
4165:"Jeremy Kyle producer unable to say how accurate lie detector tests were"
2837:
1114:
687:
675:
3659:
2876:
2860:
1778:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2003. pp. 253–254.
1044:
inquiry that they were unsure on how accurate the tests performed were.
5911:
5811:
5744:
5654:
5607:
5574:
4569:
4565:
2679:
1410:
1172:
Prolonged polygraph examinations are sometimes used as a tool by which
858:
486:
471:
388:
206:
202:
3400:
2382:
SSBI Source Yield: An Examination of Sources Contacted During the SSBI
2260:
1623:"Federal Psychophysiological Detection of Deception Examiner Handbook"
369:
and you know they are lying and you have evidence that they are lying.
5719:
4906:
4725:
The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture
4692:
Cumming, Alfred (Specialist in Intelligence and National Security). "
3902:
3809:
2819:"Selecting the Most Optimal Conditions for the Polygraph Examination"
2293:
1656:. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1983
1394:
1000:
back on the air on the FOX Network—on that program Ed Gelb with host
763:
683:
435:
4255:"Mythbusters Beat the Lie Detector Episode featuring Michael Martin"
3886:
3481:"Coach who taught people how to beat lie detectors headed to prison"
3447:. Department of Justice, November 14, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2018.
3293:
Seeing threats, feds target instructors of polygraph-beating methods
1560:"Lie detectors: Why they don't work, and why police use them anyway"
3871:
1819:
1783:
1458:
988:. In the 1970s the show was hosted by Jack Anderson. In early 1983
972:
talk shows, cartoons and films. Numerous TV shows have been called
5293:
3053:"How forensic science is making a breakthrough in the Philippines"
1073:
585:
577:
565:
466:
As of 2017, the justice ministry and Supreme Court of both of the
146:
142:
89:
76:
43:
4870:
Historical photographs and descriptions of polygraph instruments.
4401:"Book outlines how spy exposed U.S. intelligence secrets to Cuba"
2733:"Lie detector tests introduced to monitor released sex offenders"
4914:
4854:
707:
691:
550:
The results of polygraph tests are inadmissible in court in the
4918:
3319:
New Mexico State University, Southwest Regional Training Centre
2268:(Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment
2112:"Forensic 'Lie Detection': Procedures Without Scientific Basis"
984:. In the 1960s Andrews produced a series of specials hosted by
4694:
Polygraph Use by the Department of Energy: Issues for Congress
1705:
323:
4826:
Feds expand polygraph screening, often seeking intimate facts
4419:"Investigation Continues: Security Breach at the White House"
3158:"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993)"
930:
Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief
4765:
1845:"The Admissibility of Polygraph Evidence in Criminal Courts"
5366:
4018:
Lie Detection: The Science and Development of the Polygraph
3220:"General Law – Part I, Title XXI, Chapter 149, Section 19B"
2477:
A Tremor in the Blood: Uses and Abuses of the Lie Detector,
3419:
Encyclopædia Britannica Almanac 2003, via Wayback Machine
2865:
Jurimetrics: The Journal of Law, Science & Technology
4562:"Chris Watts: Wife killed our girls, so I strangled her"
3287:
3285:
1814:. The National Academies Press. 2003. pp. 253–258.
1591:"NSA Whistleblower Reveals How To Beat a Polygraph Test"
4891:"Thought Wave Lie Detector Measures Current in Nerves"
4681:
The Truth Machine: A Social History of the Lie Detector
2892:"India's Novel Use of Brain Scans in Courts is Debated"
946:, and served as the prototype of the modern polygraph.
364:, the eighth Director of Central Intelligence, stated:
129:
Lie detection § Questioning and testing techniques
4417:
Ross, Brian & Richard Esposito (October 6, 2005).
3681:"The IG complaint of Mark Phillips concerning the NRO"
2946:
International Journal of Law Management and Humanities
2758:"SN: tylko bez wariografu w przesłuchaniu I KZP 25/14"
1125:
Polygraphy has been faulted for failing to trap known
4080:
Troville, P.V. (1939). "A History of Lie Detection".
4061:
Troville, P.V. (1939). "A History of Lie Detection".
3105:"Polygraph tests start for Ballesteros, center staff"
2435:
Betrayal: The Story of Aldrich Ames, an American Spy,
1541:"The Truth About Lie Detectors (aka Polygraph Tests)"
1303:"The Truth About Lie Detectors (aka Polygraph Tests)"
1018:
as a series for PAX/ION; some of the guests included
942:
to it in 1939. His device was then purchased by the
3600:
3598:
3535:"RPCV and CIA defector Edward Howard dies in Moscow"
3470:. September 6, 2013. Retrieved on September 8, 2013.
3078:"G.R. Nos. 116196-97: Philippines vs. Pablo Adoviso"
2710:"Letter to America: The Black Box that Wouldn't Die"
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
542:
if the person being tested agrees to it in advance.
279:
The NAS conclusions paralleled those of the earlier
5976:
5940:
5767:
5600:
5530:
5334:
5069:
5056:
4961:
4004:(including report on Gillette advertising campaign)
2479:
2nd ed., New York: Plenum Trade, 1998, pp. 273–279.
2371:
IV Personnel Security: Protection Through Detection
2147:
2145:
1088:The history of the polygraph is the subject of the
237:
use of countermeasures may further affect validity.
138:several other ways of administering the questions.
37:"Lie Detector" redirects here. For other uses, see
4658:
4531:"United States of America versus William Galbreth"
3823:
3821:
3819:
3623:"Glitch in widely used polygraph can skew results"
3517:"Indiana man gets 8 months for lie-detector fraud"
3020:"When a job interview turns into an interrogation"
2817:Saldžiūnas, Vitas; Kovalenko, Aleksandras (2015).
2791:Saldžiūnas, Vitas; Kovalenko, Aleksandras (2008).
2341:Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations, p. 212
1176:are extracted from a defendant, as in the case of
980:TV show aired in the 1950s, created and hosted by
743:in Berkeley, California. The polygraph was on the
4341:"A Letter from Aldrich Ames on Polygraph Testing"
3376:
3374:
926:and first applied in law enforcement work by the
263:When polygraphs are used as a screening tool (in
4683:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2012) 256 pages
4440:"Dept. of Energy, Office of Counterintelligence"
4301:"New anti-terror weapon: Hand-held lie detector"
3458:Indiana man gets 8 months for lie-detector fraud
3202:"United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303 (1998)"
2917:"No narcoanalysis test without consent, says SC"
2686:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 June 2019
2433:Weiner, Tim, David Johnston, and Neil A. Lewis,
1890:For more info on the Guilty Knowledge Test, see
1680:"Monitor on Psychology – The polygraph in doubt"
1399:Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science
853:Earlier societies utilized elaborate methods of
507:Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling
220:Since the polygraph does not measure lying, the
4885:Trial By Ordeal? Polygraph Testing In Australia
1682:. American Psychological Association. July 2004
878:
762:, a CIA employee later convicted of spying for
366:
234:
4047:
4045:
4043:
3887:"Systolic Blood Pressure Changes in Deception"
3403:. International League of Polygraph Examiners.
3345:
3343:
2680:"How widely are lie detectors used in the UK?"
2654:. In Canter, David; Žukauskiene, Rita (eds.).
1808:"Appendix A: Polygraph Questioning Techniques"
602:(NSA)-produced video on the polygraph process)
4955:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
4930:
4251:For critical commentary on this episode, see
3830:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology
3719:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology
3301:. August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
2650:Meijer, Ewout H; van Koppen, Peter J (2017).
2645:
2643:
2641:
2197:Eggen, Dan; Vedantam, Shankar (May 1, 2006).
873:in 1906 and an abandoned project by American
804:Despite these errors, in August 2008, the US
95:In some countries, polygraphs are used as an
8:
4766:Learn How to Pass (or Beat) a Polygraph Test
4760:Maschke, G.W. & Scalabrini, G.J. (2018)
3415:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions"
2970:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
636:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
4012:
4010:
3610:, August 24, 2008. Also in Fox News via AP
3390:. June 14, 2010. Retrieved on July 5, 2013.
2542:. March 2, 2000. Retrieved on July 5, 2013.
881:between systolic blood pressure and lying.
558:do use polygraphs in aid of investigation.
228:US Congress Office of Technology Assessment
5066:
4937:
4923:
4915:
4878:International Journal of Psychophysiology,
4824:Taylor, Marisa (Tish Wells contributed). "
2890:Giridharadas, Anand (September 14, 2008).
2656:Psychology and Law : Bridging the Gap
1674:
1672:
1670:
934:. Further work on this device was done by
318:: asked how he passed the polygraph test,
6063:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
6004:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
3291:Taylor, Marisa and Cleve R. Wootson Jr. "
1648:
1646:
330:explained that he sought advice from his
288:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy
4468:Warrick, Joby; Eggen, Dan (2007-11-14).
4268:Robinson, Jennifer (December 20, 2022).
2940:Mittal, Akshat; Mishra, Aakarsh (2021).
2583:. Legislation.nsw.gov.au. Archived from
2489:Van Aperen, Steven (February 29, 2000).
5968:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
4495:"What made Ridgway kill still a riddle"
4270:"American Experience: The Lie Detector"
4228:"The Tested Truth About 'Maury Povich'"
4101:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
4082:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
4063:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
2116:Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice
1589:Flock, Elizabeth (September 25, 2012).
1558:Stromberg, Joseph (December 15, 2014).
1334:"Polygraphs Accurate But Not Foolproof"
1264:
4317:
4306:
4016:Katherine To for Illumin. Fall 2003.
3382:NSA lie detectors no sweat, video says
2963:
2553:"How to become an employee of the NSS"
2182:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2175:
2092:
2081:
2039:
2028:
1912:"How credible are lie detector tests?"
1873:
1862:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1486:
1475:from the original on November 11, 2023
1105:Hand-held lie detector for US military
1008:about the allegation that he "planted
731:The polygraph was invented in 1921 by
4030:"Leonarde Keeler and his Instruments"
2399:"A Consistently Erroneous Technology"
2199:"Polygraph Results Often in Question"
2017:
2015:
1712:from the original on November 5, 2023
1700:LaMotte, Sandee (September 7, 2018).
1547:. American Psychological Association.
1079:In episode 93 of the US science show
992:put on a syndicated series hosted by
835:functional magnetic resonance imaging
706:admits polygraph testing in front of
505:In 2008, an Indian court adopted the
63:, often incorrectly referred to as a
7:
4399:Bachelet, Pablo (October 13, 2006).
4280:from the original on January 2, 2023
4253:Maschke, George (December 7, 2007).
4136:Segrave, Kerry (November 18, 2014).
2915:Mahapatra, Dhananjay (May 5, 2010).
1932:Warmelink, Lara (January 24, 2020).
1702:"The shaky science of lie detectors"
1603:from the original on August 13, 2022
1570:from the original on August 16, 2014
479:Psychology and Law: Bridging the Gap
3995:FBI File of William Moulton Marston
3959:"William Marston's Secret Identity"
3948:. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1938.
3051:Patag, Kristine Joy (27 May 2018).
3018:Weinglass, Simona (March 6, 2016).
1344:from the original on April 20, 2021
1156:The polygraph also failed to catch
27:Device that attempts to infer lying
6017:James Randi Educational Foundation
4900:Mikkelson, David (July 11, 2011).
4226:O'Dell, Cary (November 12, 2013).
4177:from the original on June 26, 2019
3915:National Research Council (2013);
3891:Journal of Experimental Psychology
3084:. Supreme Court of the Philippines
2448:"Ames: Separated Spy, Agent Lives"
2339:National Research Council (2013);
2006:National Research Council (2003);
1313:from the original on March 5, 2022
1307:American Psychological Association
1283:from the original on March 5, 2022
976:or featured the device. The first
737:University of California, Berkeley
166:American Psychological Association
117:American Psychological Association
25:
4902:"Next case on the Legal Colander"
4864:, a website critical of polygraph
4345:Federation of American Scientists
3652:"McClatchy – The Polygraph Files"
3537:. Peace Corps Online. 2002-07-22.
3350:Nagesh, Gautham (June 14, 2010).
2320:"Conclusions and Recommendations"
1910:Evans, Gareth (October 4, 2018).
1368:Federation of American Scientists
1332:Robinson, Bryan (July 14, 2001).
1026:accuser Lonny Ford, Ben Rowling,
696:Employee Polygraph Protection Act
598:"The Truth About the Polygraph" (
536:Menora Insurance v. Jacob Sdovnik
5414:Strauss–Howe generational theory
5392:Moon landing conspiracy theories
5189:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
4762:The Lie Behind the Lie Detector.
4710:Harris, Mark (October 1, 2018).
4358:Ronald Kessler (March 8, 1994).
3129:Harris, Mark (October 1, 2018).
2985:Bose, Joydeep (March 17, 2021).
2793:"The Event Knowledge Test (EKT)"
2234:Gallagher, Ryan (26 July 2019).
1955:"A scanner to detect terrorists"
1843:Don Sosunov (October 14, 2010).
1370:. March 31, 1998. Archived from
1253:P300 (neuroscience)#Applications
1228:Doug Williams (polygraph critic)
1202:
556:National Bureau of Investigation
474:had rejected use of polygraphs.
412:In Canada, the 1987 decision of
6042:The Natural History of Quackery
5984:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
4403:. McClatchy Washington Bureau.
4163:Barr, Sabrina (June 25, 2019).
4139:Lie Detectors: A Social History
2731:Bowcott, Owen (8 August 2014).
2458:from the original on 2013-12-12
2354:Office of Technology Assessment
2324:The Polygraph and Lie Detection
1812:The Polygraph and Lie Detection
1775:The Polygraph and Lie Detection
1446:The Polygraph and Lie Detection
1395:"Science and the CQT polygraph"
284:Office of Technology Assessment
4703:Congressional Research Service
4591:Roth, Alex (January 9, 2003).
4444:Harold James Nicholson Dossier
4299:Dedman, Bill (April 9, 2008).
3312:"New Mexico Rules of Evidence"
2294:"Skeptoid #422: Lie Detection"
2063:. May 23, 2005. Archived from
817:National Reconnaissance Office
252:American Polygraph Association
1:
4764:5th ed. Available on-line at
4727:. New York: Encounter Books.
3401:"Polygraph/Lie Detector FAQs"
2611:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
2534:The truth about the polygraph
1974:Criminal Justice and Behavior
1740:Journal of Psychiatry and Law
1012:". In 2005 Phillips produced
815:investigation found that the
710:under certain circumstances.
574:(DSS) about polygraph testing
215:posttraumatic stress disorder
101:United States law enforcement
39:Lie Detector (disambiguation)
6049:The Psychology of the Occult
5304:Traditional Chinese medicine
5179:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
5036:Superseded scientific theory
4634:10.1126/science.290.5493.939
4536:. 1995-03-09. Archived from
4519:. October 1, 2005. CBS News.
4196:James Hibberd (2007-11-25).
3842:10.1080/14789940412331337353
3798:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2579:Lie Detectors Act 1983 (NSW)
2511:. 2001-01-29. Archived from
2270:(OTA-TM-H-15). November 1983
2058:"United States v. Henderson"
1596:U.S. News & World Report
1056:Daytime talk shows, such as
990:Columbia Pictures Television
739:and a police officer of the
452:Offender Management Act 2007
248:National Academy of Sciences
242:National Academy of Sciences
113:National Academy of Sciences
5660:Electronic voice phenomenon
5517:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
5377:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
4799:10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.363
4360:"Spies, Lies, Averted Eyes"
3885:Marston, William M (1917).
2110:Iacono, William G. (2001).
2023:"United States v. Scheffer"
1522:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.159
1393:Saxe, Leonard (July 1991).
1277:Legal Information Institute
806:Defense Intelligence Agency
791:, who spied for China, and
735:, a medical student at the
477:According to the 2017 book
320:Central Intelligence Agency
205:, which can be affected by
6133:
6056:The Ragged Edge of Science
5787:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
5730:Pseudoscientific metrology
5254:Miracle Mineral Supplement
4746:. New York: Plenum Trade.
4119:"IMPAC: F. Lee Bailey bio"
3944:Marston, William Moulton.
2631:Ontario Ministry of Labour
2606:"Pre-Employment Polygraph"
2411:(5): 16–19. Archived from
1752:10.1177/009318530903700107
1243:Silent Talker Lie Detector
890:Elizabeth Holloway Marston
741:Berkeley Police Department
534:, in Civil Appeal 551/89 (
511:The Supreme Court of India
441:the right to remain silent
257:Silent Talker Lie Detector
222:Silent Talker Lie Detector
126:
88:reactions associated with
36:
32:Polygraph (disambiguation)
29:
6102:Physiological instruments
5670:Facilitated communication
4952:
4513:"BTK: Out Of The Shadows"
4152:– via Google Books.
3731:10.1080/14789940903220676
3109:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2452:tribunedigital-dailypress
2380:quoting Ralph M. Carney,
1451:National Research Council
1037:In the UK, shows such as
651:United States v. Scheffer
393:National Security Service
291:to generate admissions".
185:United States v. Scheffer
161:National Research Council
6070:The Skeptic's Dictionary
5628:Biological transmutation
5548:Faster-than-light travel
5522:Enneagram of Personality
5488:Recovered-memory therapy
5372:9/11 conspiracy theories
4665:. New York: Free Press.
2328:National Academies Press
1986:10.1177/0093854808321529
924:University of California
821:US Department of Defense
715:Defense Security Service
700:pre-employment screening
664:law enforcement agencies
600:National Security Agency
572:Defense Security Service
6035:The Demon-Haunted World
5953:Bourgeois pseudoscience
5387:COVID-19 misinformation
5326:Young blood transfusion
5097:Anthroposophic medicine
4806:Sullivan, John (2007).
4723:Jones, Ishmael (2008).
4597:San Diego Union-Tribune
3082:Supreme Court E-Library
2764:(in Polish). 2015-01-30
2217:"Lie Detector Roulette"
1169:, exonerating Wegerle.
1095:, which first aired on
875:William Moulton Marston
746:Encyclopædia Britannica
532:Supreme Court of Israel
460:Supreme Court of Poland
420:Supreme Court of Canada
190:University of Minnesota
5867:Corentin Louis Kervran
5735:Rapid prompting method
5623:Biodynamic agriculture
5613:Aquatic ape hypothesis
5471:Historical negationism
5174:Doctrine of signatures
5041:True-believer syndrome
4787:Psychological Bulletin
4742:Lykken, David (1998).
4603:on September 29, 2012.
4316:Cite journal requires
3767:10.1006/nimg.2001.1003
2859:Gaudet, Lyn M (2011).
2091:Cite journal requires
2038:Cite journal requires
1872:Cite journal requires
1510:Psychological Bulletin
1147:Harold James Nicholson
940:galvanic skin response
857:which mainly involved
778:In 1983, CIA employee
760:Harold James Nicholson
603:
583:
575:
371:
281:United States Congress
239:
199:
56:
5872:The Light (newspaper)
5862:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
5857:William Donald Kelley
5750:Voice stress analysis
5382:Climate change denial
5321:Wind turbine syndrome
5316:Vertebral subluxation
5209:Germ theory denialism
4810:. Potomac Books Inc.
4773:Passing the polygraph
4744:A Tremor in the Blood
4339:(November 28, 2000).
3946:The Lie Detector Test
3704:The McClatchy Company
2762:Czasopismo Lege Artis
2128:10.1300/J158v01n01_05
1248:Voice stress analysis
1129:such as double-agent
1047:In the Fox game show
909:The Lie Detector Test
597:
581:
569:
485:and Rita Zukauskiene
404:other jurisdictions.
194:
105:US federal government
47:
5822:Ignatius L. Donnelly
5493:Past life regression
5352:Arabian Judah theory
5299:Traditional medicine
5092:Alternative medicine
5021:Pathological science
4868:The Polygraph Museum
4257:. AntiPolygraph.org.
4125:on October 24, 2008.
3468:McClatchy Newspapers
3328:on 24 September 2020
3298:McClatchy Newspapers
2838:10.1515/ep-2015-0003
2712:. Skeptical Inquirer
2626:"Lie Detector Tests"
2070:on November 27, 2007
1374:on November 11, 2023
1210:United States portal
1182:Watts family murders
1101:on January 3, 2023.
1040:The Jeremy Kyle Show
920:John Augustus Larson
733:John Augustus Larson
30:For other uses, see
6097:American inventions
5958:Demarcation problem
5792:Brigitte Boisselier
5421:Hollow Earth theory
5404:Generational theory
5102:Applied kinesiology
4876:by John J. Furedy,
4834:. December 6, 2012.
4706:. February 9, 2009.
4657:Alder, Ken (2007).
3589:The Washington Post
3387:The Washington Post
3057:The Philippine Star
2509:mcadams.posc.mu.edu
2203:The Washington Post
1851:on November 6, 2018
1273:"lie detector test"
1143:Leandro Aragoncillo
1098:American Experience
1050:The Moment of Truth
963:Portrayals in media
958:Society and culture
772:John Anthony Walker
754:Security clearances
720:The Washington Post
666:. In the states of
201:Polygraphs measure
6112:1902 introductions
6107:Forensic equipment
6028:Skeptical Inquirer
5927:Paul Joseph Watson
5902:Hans Alfred Nieper
5740:Statement analysis
5690:Intelligent design
5565:Reactionless drive
5399:Conversion therapy
5347:Ancient astronauts
5234:Leaky gut syndrome
5214:HIV/AIDS denialism
4969:Cargo cult science
4880:Spring/Summer 1996
4860:2019-09-05 at the
4771:McCarthy, Susan. "
4679:Bunn, Geoffrey C.
4517:48 Hours Mysteries
4364:The New York Times
4000:2007-06-21 at the
3607:Arizona Daily Star
3206:Cornell University
3162:Cornell University
2921:The Times of India
2896:The New York Times
2826:European Polygraph
2800:European Polygraph
2708:(25 August 2020).
2532:McCarthy, Susan. "
2404:Skeptical Inquirer
2376:2011-06-12 at the
1897:2008-05-28 at the
1411:10.1007/BF02912514
1233:Ecological fallacy
970:daytime television
886:Harvard Law School
604:
584:
576:
373:Susan McCarthy of
57:
48:American inventor
6079:
6078:
5990:Cults of Unreason
5963:Scientific method
5892:Ministry of Ayush
5837:Nicholas Gonzalez
5763:
5762:
5700:Law of attraction
5680:Flat Earth theory
5560:Quantum mysticism
5500:Scientific racism
5456:Pseudoarchaeology
5362:Conspiracy theory
5060:characterized as
5004:Pseudomathematics
4994:Pseudoarchaeology
4893:Popular Mechanics
4855:AntiPolygraph.org
4843:978-1-105-89546-3
4817:978-1-59797-045-7
4753:978-0-306-45782-1
4734:978-1-59403-382-7
4672:978-0-7432-5988-0
4661:The Lie Detectors
4628:(5493): 939–940.
4572:. August 20, 2018
3864:"History of CVSA"
3697:Taylor, Marisa, "
3521:The Seattle Times
3463:The Seattle Times
3456:Taylor, Marisa. "
3224:malegislature.gov
3184:Federal Probation
2999:on March 17, 2021
2952:on April 11, 2021
2475:Lykken, David T.
2356:(November 1983).
2025:. March 31, 1998.
1980:(10): 1295–1308.
1829:978-0-309-13313-5
1793:978-0-309-13313-5
1630:Antipolygraph.org
1468:978-0-309-26392-4
1151:Nada Nadim Prouty
839:prefrontal cortex
828:Alternative tests
789:Larry Wu-Tai Chin
780:Edward Lee Howard
660:defense attorneys
595:
481:by psychologists
448:England and Wales
434:In a majority of
300:Larry Wu-Tai Chin
265:national security
211:anxiety disorders
123:Testing procedure
85:skin conductivity
65:lie detector test
54:Richard Hauptmann
16:(Redirected from
6124:
5932:Andrew Wakefield
5633:Creation science
5592:Water-fueled car
5554:Perpetual motion
5476:Holocaust denial
5446:Nibiru cataclysm
5441:Nazi archaeology
5244:Macrobiotic diet
5067:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4916:
4911:
4821:
4802:
4781:. March 2, 2000.
4757:
4738:
4719:
4676:
4664:
4653:
4605:
4604:
4599:. Archived from
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4499:The News Tribune
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4446:. Archived from
4436:
4430:
4429:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4204:. Archived from
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4121:. Archived from
4115:
4109:
4108:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4038:
4037:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4005:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3955:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3903:10.1037/h0073583
3882:
3876:
3875:
3870:. Archived from
3860:
3854:
3853:
3825:
3814:
3813:
3810:10.1002/acp.1601
3793:
3787:
3786:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3714:
3708:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3658:. Archived from
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3629:. Archived from
3619:
3613:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3555:on July 5, 2009.
3551:. Archived from
3545:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3454:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3421:. Archived from
3411:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3321:. Archived from
3316:
3308:
3302:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3274:. Archived from
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3175:Vance, Stephen.
3172:
3166:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3032:on March 7, 2016
3028:. Archived from
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2995:. Archived from
2982:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2948:. Archived from
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2391:
2385:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2158:. Archived from
2157:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:. July 16, 2009.
1951:
1945:
1944:
1938:The Conversation
1929:
1923:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1847:. Archived from
1840:
1834:
1833:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1440:
1423:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1269:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1186:Danielle van Dam
1093:The Lie Detector
1090:documentary film
1034:, Steve Garner.
1010:the bloody glove
895:
867:Vittorio Benussi
799:Ana Belen Montes
768:Jonathan Pollard
717:. Jeff Stein of
645:Daubert standard
639:(1993), the old
596:
570:Brochure of the
513:declared use of
274:federal agencies
267:matters and for
180:US Supreme Court
69:pseudoscientific
21:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6075:
5972:
5948:Bogdanov affair
5936:
5916:Claude Vorilhon
5802:Robert Charroux
5777:Sucharit Bhakdi
5769:
5759:
5596:
5526:
5466:Genocide denial
5431:Japhetic theory
5426:Indigo children
5342:2012 phenomenon
5330:
5274:Patent medicine
5194:Energy medicine
5167:Colon cleansing
5152:Crystal healing
5087:Adrenal fatigue
5061:
5059:
5052:
4957:
4948:
4943:
4899:
4862:Wayback Machine
4851:
4818:
4805:
4784:
4754:
4741:
4735:
4722:
4709:
4673:
4656:
4617:
4614:
4612:Further reading
4609:
4608:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4474:Washington Post
4467:
4466:
4462:
4453:
4451:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4386:Washington Post
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4315:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4211:
4209:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4170:The Independent
4162:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4041:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4002:Wayback Machine
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3964:Reason magazine
3957:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3939:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3827:
3826:
3817:
3804:(7): 991–1002.
3795:
3794:
3790:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3696:
3692:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3656:mcclatchydc.com
3650:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3634:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3603:
3596:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3425:on May 19, 2012
3413:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3379:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3290:
3283:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3025:Times of Israel
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:Hindustan Times
2984:
2983:
2979:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2706:Grossman, Wendy
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2515:on July 1, 2002
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:Wayback Machine
2369:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:"Archived copy"
2151:
2150:
2143:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2090:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1899:Wayback Machine
1889:
1885:
1871:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1842:
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1296:
1286:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1162:Wichita, Kansas
1123:
1107:
965:
960:
936:Leonarde Keeler
893:
871:James Mackenzie
863:Cesare Lombroso
851:
830:
756:
619:police officers
586:
564:
548:
528:
503:
432:
410:
401:
385:
357:
322:officer turned
308:
306:Countermeasures
269:law enforcement
244:
230:
173:countermeasures
156:
131:
125:
50:Leonarde Keeler
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6130:
6128:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5941:Related topics
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5922:Randolph Stone
5919:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5897:Theodor Morell
5894:
5889:
5887:Joseph Mercola
5884:
5882:Jenny McCarthy
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5847:Graham Hancock
5844:
5842:Goop (company)
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5817:Vernon Coleman
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5761:
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5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5582:Teleportation‎
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5510:Melanin theory
5507:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5458:
5453:
5451:Parapsychology
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5335:Social science
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Primal therapy
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5249:Magnet therapy
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5162:Detoxification
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5064:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5047:Voodoo Science
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Fringe science
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4897:
4888:
4881:
4871:
4865:
4850:
4849:External links
4847:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4822:
4816:
4803:
4793:(2): 363–375.
4782:
4769:
4758:
4752:
4739:
4733:
4720:
4707:
4690:
4684:
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4654:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4583:
4553:
4522:
4504:
4486:
4460:
4431:
4409:
4391:
4376:
4350:
4327:
4318:|journal=
4291:
4260:
4244:
4218:
4188:
4155:
4148:
4128:
4110:
4091:
4072:
4053:
4039:
4021:
4006:
3987:
3970:
3950:
3937:
3935:, pp. 183–209.
3933:978-0385354042
3920:
3908:
3897:(2): 117–163.
3877:
3874:on 2007-12-03.
3855:
3836:(2): 357–369.
3815:
3788:
3761:(3): 727–732.
3744:
3709:
3707:, 27 July 2012
3690:
3672:
3643:
3614:
3594:
3576:
3558:
3540:
3526:
3508:
3490:
3472:
3449:
3436:
3406:
3392:
3380:Stein, Jeff. "
3370:
3339:
3303:
3281:
3278:on 2005-09-23.
3259:
3235:
3211:
3193:
3167:
3149:
3121:
3095:
3069:
3043:
3010:
2977:
2932:
2907:
2882:
2871:(3): 293–318.
2851:
2832:(2 (32)): 70.
2809:
2783:
2774:
2749:
2723:
2697:
2671:
2665:978-1351907873
2664:
2637:
2617:
2597:
2568:
2544:
2525:
2496:
2481:
2468:
2439:
2426:
2386:
2363:
2345:
2332:
2312:
2290:Dunning, Brian
2281:
2252:
2226:
2208:
2189:
2141:
2102:
2093:|journal=
2049:
2040:|journal=
2011:
1999:
1964:
1946:
1924:
1902:
1883:
1874:|journal=
1835:
1828:
1820:10.17226/10420
1799:
1792:
1784:10.17226/10420
1765:
1723:
1692:
1666:
1642:
1614:
1581:
1550:
1527:
1500:
1467:
1459:10.17226/10420
1424:
1405:(3): 223–231.
1385:
1355:
1324:
1294:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:Cleve Backster
1220:
1218:Bogus pipeline
1214:
1213:
1197:
1194:
1178:Richard Miller
1122:
1119:
1106:
1103:
1032:Swift Boat Vet
964:
961:
959:
956:
932:August Vollmer
905:Lasso of Truth
850:
847:
829:
826:
755:
752:
627:state troopers
563:
560:
547:
544:
527:
524:
522:requests one.
502:
499:
431:
428:
409:
406:
400:
397:
384:
381:
356:
353:
352:
351:
339:Specific point
336:
307:
304:
243:
240:
229:
226:
155:
152:
124:
121:
73:blood pressure
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6129:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:Pseudoscience
6090:
6089:
6087:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6011:Fortean Times
6008:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5807:Deepak Chopra
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:pseudoscience
5766:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:Cryptozoology
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Anti-gravity‎
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:Pseudohistory
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Generationism
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:5G conspiracy
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Catastrophism
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:FasciaBlaster
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Correactology
5140:
5138:
5137:Chromotherapy
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:pseudoscience
5055:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Pseudohistory
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4984:Fringe theory
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4946:Pseudoscience
4940:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4687:Blinkhorn, S.
4685:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4584:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4543:on 2008-02-27
4539:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4501:. 2003-11-09.
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4450:on 2008-09-21
4449:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4392:
4388:. p. C1.
4387:
4380:
4377:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:Ames, Aldrich
4331:
4328:
4323:
4310:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4245:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4208:on 2008-02-21
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4149:9780786481613
4145:
4142:. McFarland.
4141:
4140:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4107:(1): 201–215.
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3662:on 2013-05-27
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3633:on 2013-05-27
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3487:. 2013-09-09.
3486:
3482:
3476:
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3459:
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3450:
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3410:
3407:
3402:
3396:
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3377:
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3371:
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3353:
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3344:
3340:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3249:
3245:
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3236:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3178:
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3168:
3163:
3159:
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3150:
3138:
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3132:
3125:
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3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3083:
3079:
3073:
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3058:
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3047:
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3027:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3011:
2998:
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2973:
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2951:
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2897:
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2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2794:
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2775:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2658:. Routledge.
2657:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2614:. 2016-05-10.
2613:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2587:on 2018-10-03
2586:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2569:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2415:on 2018-07-28
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2240:The Intercept
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2165:on 2011-06-05
2161:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2085:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1607:September 13,
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1574:September 13,
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
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1501:
1496:
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1474:
1470:
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1460:
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1433:
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1425:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1282:
1279:. June 2020.
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Ronald Pelton
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:Notable cases
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:F. Lee Bailey
991:
987:
983:
982:Ralph Andrews
979:
975:
971:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:lie detection
848:
846:
844:
843:reaction time
840:
836:
827:
825:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
796:
794:
790:
784:
781:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
751:
748:
747:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
722:
721:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Massachusetts
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
646:
642:
641:Frye standard
638:
637:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
601:
580:
573:
568:
562:United States
561:
559:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
520:
519:brain mapping
516:
515:narcoanalysis
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
491:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
464:
461:
456:
453:
449:
444:
442:
437:
429:
427:
424:
421:
417:
416:
407:
405:
398:
396:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
377:
370:
365:
363:
362:Richard Helms
354:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:General state
314:
313:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
292:
289:
285:
282:
277:
275:
270:
266:
261:
258:
253:
249:
246:In 2003, the
241:
238:
233:
227:
225:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
198:
193:
192:, concluded:
191:
187:
186:
181:
176:
174:
169:
167:
162:
154:Effectiveness
153:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
122:
120:
118:
114:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:interrogation
93:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5877:Mike Lindell
5797:Rhonda Byrne
5768:Promoters of
5755:Water memory
5724:
5695:Laundry ball
5587:Tractor beam
5543:Cold fusion‎
5239:Lunar effect
5184:Ear candling
5132:Chiropractic
5122:Bloodletting
5112:Bates method
5082:Aromatherapy
5045:
5011:Junk science
4905:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4829:
4807:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4761:
4743:
4724:
4715:
4701:
4680:
4660:
4625:
4619:
4601:the original
4596:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4556:
4545:. Retrieved
4538:the original
4525:
4516:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4473:
4463:
4452:. Retrieved
4448:the original
4443:
4434:
4426:
4412:
4404:
4394:
4385:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4363:
4353:
4344:
4330:
4309:cite journal
4294:
4282:. Retrieved
4263:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4231:
4221:
4210:. Retrieved
4206:the original
4201:
4191:
4181:December 15,
4179:. Retrieved
4168:
4158:
4138:
4131:
4123:the original
4113:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4033:
4024:
3990:
3973:
3962:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3923:
3911:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3872:the original
3867:
3858:
3833:
3829:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3725:(1): 52–65.
3722:
3718:
3712:
3702:
3693:
3685:McClatchy DC
3684:
3675:
3664:. Retrieved
3660:the original
3655:
3646:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3627:McClatchy DC
3626:
3617:
3605:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3553:the original
3543:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3503:McClatchy DC
3502:
3493:
3485:Ars Technica
3484:
3475:
3461:
3452:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:the original
3418:
3409:
3395:
3385:
3361:. Retrieved
3355:
3330:. Retrieved
3323:the original
3318:
3306:
3296:
3276:the original
3271:
3262:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:
3238:
3227:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3134:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3108:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3081:
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:
3046:
3036:November 16,
3034:. Retrieved
3030:the original
3023:
3013:
3003:December 21,
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2990:
2980:
2966:cite journal
2956:December 21,
2954:. Retrieved
2950:the original
2945:
2935:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:
2910:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:
2885:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2829:
2825:
2812:
2803:
2799:
2786:
2777:
2766:. Retrieved
2761:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2737:The Guardian
2736:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2655:
2629:
2620:
2609:
2600:
2589:. Retrieved
2585:the original
2578:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2537:
2528:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2508:
2499:
2493:. Net-Trace.
2484:
2476:
2471:
2460:. Retrieved
2451:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2408:
2402:
2395:Randi, James
2389:
2381:
2366:
2348:
2335:
2323:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2297:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2267:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2229:
2221:Mother Jones
2220:
2211:
2202:
2192:
2167:. Retrieved
2160:the original
2122:(1): 75–86.
2119:
2115:
2105:
2084:cite journal
2072:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2052:
2031:cite journal
2002:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1886:
1865:cite journal
1853:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1838:
1811:
1802:
1774:
1768:
1746:(1): 85–92.
1743:
1739:
1714:. Retrieved
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1658:. Retrieved
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1479:November 11,
1477:. Retrieved
1445:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1378:November 11,
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1267:
1171:
1167:Dennis Rader
1158:Gary Ridgway
1155:
1135:Karl Koecher
1131:Aldrich Ames
1124:
1108:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1062:Steve Wilkos
1058:Maury Povich
1055:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1015:Lie Detector
1013:
1006:Mark Fuhrman
1002:Marcia Clark
998:Lie Detector
997:
986:Melvin Belli
978:Lie Detector
977:
974:Lie Detector
973:
966:
952:
948:
917:
908:
901:Wonder Woman
898:
883:
852:
831:
810:
803:
797:
793:Aldrich Ames
785:
777:
757:
744:
730:
718:
712:
668:Rhode Island
649:
634:
631:
623:firefighters
608:
605:
549:
540:civil trials
535:
529:
504:
492:
483:David Canter
478:
476:
465:
457:
445:
433:
425:
413:
411:
402:
386:
374:
372:
367:
358:
338:
328:Aldrich Ames
315:
309:
296:Aldrich Ames
293:
278:
262:
245:
235:
231:
219:
200:
195:
183:
178:In the 1998
177:
170:
157:
140:
136:
132:
109:
94:
64:
60:
58:
5782:Del Bigtree
5269:Panchagavya
5259:Naturopathy
5127:Body memory
5077:Acupuncture
4962:Terminology
4895:, July 1937
4576:February 2,
4303:. NBC News.
4232:Pop Matters
3967:. May 2001.
3114:9 September
3088:9 September
3062:9 September
2305:3 September
2274:3 September
2008:Pages 4 - 5
1855:November 1,
1716:November 5,
1516:: 159–166.
1174:confessions
1111:Bill Dedman
1082:MythBusters
1070:child abuse
1028:Jeff Gannon
1024:Paul Crouch
1022:, Reverend
1020:Paula Jones
1004:questioned
879:correlation
811:In 2012, a
656:prosecutors
648:courts. In
552:Philippines
546:Philippines
468:Netherlands
81:respiration
6086:Categories
6022:Quackwatch
5852:David Icke
5832:Max Gerson
5827:Gaia, Inc.
5715:Numerology
5710:Lysenkoism
5705:Levitation
5685:Graphology
5570:Dean drive
5505:Aryan race
5436:Mediumship
5311:Trepanning
5279:Phrenology
5219:Homeopathy
5117:Biorhythms
5016:Paranormal
4808:Gatekeeper
4547:2008-02-24
4454:2009-06-01
4284:January 4,
4237:9 December
4212:2008-03-11
4034:lie2me.net
3755:NeuroImage
3666:2013-05-26
3637:2013-05-26
3585:"Magazine"
3253:2019-04-03
3248:Justia Law
3229:2019-04-03
3142:October 2,
2926:2010-05-05
2901:2008-09-15
2768:2021-07-09
2591:2018-10-02
2562:2023-02-15
2557:www.sns.am
2519:2015-04-19
2462:2012-06-01
2169:2014-01-06
2074:August 31,
1686:2008-02-29
1660:2008-02-29
1259:References
1145:. CIA spy
1139:Ana Montes
704:New Mexico
680:New Jersey
615:paramedics
415:R v BĂ©land
350:questions.
347:heart rate
127:See also:
18:Polygraphs
6117:Polygraph
5977:Resources
5907:Mehmet Oz
5725:Polygraph
5675:Feng shui
5643:Dianetics
5618:Astrology
5483:Pseudolaw
5289:Radionics
5264:Palmistry
5229:Iridology
5031:Snake oil
4974:Charlatan
4831:McClatchy
4650:153185280
4369:March 19,
4088:(1): 104.
4069:(6): 848.
3868:nitv1.com
3850:144898901
3739:144428132
2846:148000927
2742:28 August
2716:28 August
2690:28 August
2136:143077241
1994:143302792
1760:152221286
1489:cite book
1190:San Diego
813:McClatchy
758:In 1995,
726:Orwellian
606:In 2018,
495:Lithuania
399:Australia
343:breathing
61:polygraph
5665:Eugenics
5648:Auditing
5224:Humorism
5199:Fad diet
5147:Cryonics
5107:Ayurveda
5070:Medicine
5026:Quackery
4858:Archived
4642:17749189
4423:ABC News
4278:Archived
4175:Archived
3998:Archived
3917:Page 292
3783:14676750
3775:11848716
3429:5 August
3363:June 15,
3357:The Hill
3332:30 March
2877:41307131
2806:(3): 21.
2684:BBC News
2456:Archived
2397:(2017).
2374:Archived
2330:. p. 212
2326:(2003),
2299:Skeptoid
2245:17 March
2178:cite web
1959:BBC News
1916:BBC News
1895:Archived
1710:Archived
1601:Archived
1568:Archived
1473:Archived
1348:July 27,
1342:Archived
1338:ABC News
1317:July 27,
1311:Archived
1309:. 2004.
1287:July 27,
1281:Archived
1196:See also
1115:NBC News
1066:cheating
928:Berkeley
913:Gillette
903:and her
688:Delaware
676:Maryland
611:magazine
436:European
213:such as
5812:Clonaid
5745:Ufology
5655:Dowsing
5608:Alchemy
5575:EMDrive
5531:Physics
5157:Cupping
5058:Topics
4698:Archive
4621:Science
4570:KTRK-TV
4566:Houston
4479:May 22,
4202:TV Week
3571:fas.org
3272:dol.gov
2419:28 July
1545:apa.org
1419:1954162
922:of the
859:torture
849:History
487:Belgium
472:Germany
389:Armenia
383:Armenia
207:anxiety
203:arousal
67:, is a
5720:Orgone
4907:Snopes
4841:
4814:
4750:
4731:
4669:
4648:
4640:
4146:
3931:
3848:
3781:
3773:
3737:
2875:
2844:
2662:
2134:
1992:
1826:
1790:
1758:
1635:15 May
1465:
1417:
1141:, and
1072:, and
764:Russia
708:juries
684:Oregon
662:, and
625:, and
554:. The
526:Israel
430:Europe
418:, the
408:Canada
332:Soviet
83:, and
5601:Other
5294:Reiki
4979:Crank
4778:Salon
4716:Wired
4646:S2CID
4541:(PDF)
4534:(PDF)
3982:(PDF)
3846:S2CID
3779:S2CID
3735:S2CID
3326:(PDF)
3315:(PDF)
3180:(PDF)
3136:Wired
2873:JSTOR
2842:S2CID
2822:(PDF)
2796:(PDF)
2539:Salon
2437:1995.
2264:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2132:S2CID
2068:(PDF)
2061:(PDF)
1990:S2CID
1756:S2CID
1626:(PDF)
1127:spies
1074:theft
609:Wired
501:India
376:Salon
360:1978
326:mole
182:case
147:crime
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