771:, the verb consists of a root and several optional affixes. The subject and object markers might appear as suffixes or prefixes, according to the verb class, the person and number, the tense and aspect of the verb, etc.; they also interact with each other phonologically. The polypersonal verbal system of Georgian allows the verb compound to convey the meanings of subject, direct object, indirect object, genitive, locative and causative meanings. As examples of the extremely complicated Georgian verb morphology, these are some simple polypersonal verbs (hyphens indicate morpheme boundaries):
676:
963:(the case for the indirect object of a transitive verb). A dative (along with the absolutive) can also be cross-referenced on an intransitive verb without a direct object in a "dative of interest" type of construction (cf. English "My car broke down on me"), as well as in constructions involving intransitive verbs of perception or feeling. Synthetic verbs take affixes directly onto their stems, while analytical verbs use a
738:
604:
that may indicate (as applicable) the subject, the direct object, the indirect or secondary object, the beneficiary of the verb action, etc. This polypersonal marking may be compulsory or optional (the latter meaning that some agreement
1116:‘They can take them to us’ (‘d…zki’ standing for ‘them’, ‘ieza’ being a form of the auxiliary ‘izan’, ‘gu’ standing for ‘to us’, ‘te’ for ‘they’, and ‘ke’ being a potential marker)
686:
544:
1139:, or in poetic forms of Hebrew, a pronominal direct object can be incorporated into a verb's conjugation rather than included as a separate word. For example,
990:‘do’. Unlike Georgian, Basque has only two really synthetic tenses able to take these affixes: present simple and past simple. Here are a few examples:
1445:
that are part of the verbal morphology and therefore cannot be found separated from the verb. These morphemes are not to be confused with pronominal
537:
1522:
1460:) have evolved into inseparable parts of the verb in the colloquial use, and so, suggested that French could be analyzed as polypersonal.
1387:
While agreement with a verbal subject is compulsory, agreement with an object is required only when the object is omitted. Many other
716:
1421:
indicates a first person singular subject and a second person (either singular or plural) object. The most prominent example is
530:
924:) conveys the meaning 'my'. In Georgian this construction is very common with intransitive verbs; the possessive adjective (
1479:
698:
506:
1536:
Bonami, Olivier; Boyé, Gilles (2005). "French
Pronominal Clitics and the Design of Paradigm Functional Morphology".
978:
which is either strictly transitive or intransitive. Some common auxiliaries used to conjugate analytical verbs are
241:
947:
with a polypersonal verbal system comprising two sub-types of verbs, synthetic and analytical. The following three
751:
592:
In non-polypersonal languages, the verb either shows no agreement at all or agrees with the primary argument (in
291:
178:
158:
755:
582:
374:
317:
312:
130:
78:
1503:
972:
570:
484:
369:
322:
211:
1217:, direct and indirect pronominal objects may be incorporated into the verb as object infixes. For example:
1469:
1202:
1194:
1176:
1164:
612:
461:
422:
402:
357:
352:
221:
616:
362:
125:
1152:
296:
286:
22:
1427:"I love you". The second person singular object may be omitted but the plural requires the pronoun (
1373:
968:
454:
382:
46:
1406:
955:(the case for the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs), the
659:
647:
246:
226:
171:
147:
120:
1190:. A number of modern Arabic dialects incorporate both direct and indirect object pronouns, e.g.
1484:
1381:
1365:
1187:
768:
745:
635:
606:
597:
449:
442:
432:
397:
387:
327:
261:
201:
183:
71:
1556:
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1198:
948:
944:
759:
593:
392:
256:
41:
1474:
1453:
1400:
1388:
1191:
1183:
1136:
952:
940:
655:
651:
643:
631:
627:
437:
306:
268:
108:
90:
66:
61:
1442:
975:
964:
639:
501:
332:
251:
135:
56:
1147:
indicating a masculine, singular, second-person direct object, is a poetic way to say
1079:
1037:
1550:
956:
888:
An example of a polypersonal verb that has the genitive meaning incorporated can be:
578:
216:
1080:
1038:
932:, etc.) is omitted before the subject, and the verb takes up the genitive meaning.
466:
301:
115:
83:
51:
960:
558:
620:
516:
511:
496:
427:
236:
142:
98:
206:
103:
601:
231:
1214:
36:
1065:
1446:
600:). In a language with polypersonal agreement, the verb has agreement
163:
1348:
1507:
1538:
On-Line
Proceedings of the Fifth Mediterranean Morphology Meeting
1010:
585:
feature of a language, and languages that display it are called
574:
1069:
1026:
1014:
1050:
1006:
669:
1328:
1316:
1256:
1244:
1054:
1304:
1401:
Hungarian verbs § Definite and indefinite conjugations
615:
often includes polypersonalism, which in turn is a form of
626:
Examples of languages with polypersonal agreement are the
1293:
1232:
662:
and many other Native
American and Australian languages.
959:(the case for the subject of transitive verbs), and the
1504:"The Georgian language: An outline grammatical summary"
1151:("I loved you"). This also changes the position of the
694:
919:
913:
897:
879:
866:
853:
840:
823:
806:
793:
780:
918:) means 'hands'. The second morpheme in the verb (
654:), as well as most polysynthetic languages, like
619:. Polypersonalism has also been correlated with
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
907:
892:
884:'you would make us make him jump (towards us)'
874:
861:
848:
835:
818:
801:
788:
775:
683:The examples and perspective in this section
538:
8:
581:(usually up to four). Polypersonalism is a
701:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
545:
531:
18:
1357:he.SUBJ- PAST- it.OBJ- me.OBJ- tell -APPL
717:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Grammatical feature of certain languages
1495:
756:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
21:
951:are cross-referenced on the verb: the
1201:the equivalent would be three words:
7:
1103:Analytical or semi-synthetic forms:
845:'he will give it to him (as a gift)'
609:if the full argument is expressed).
1456:pronominal clitics (common to all
1197:"he didn't write them to me". (In
971:meaning of the verb, along with a
14:
858:'he will congratulate him on it'
736:
674:
172:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
881:gad-mo-gv-a-xtun-eb-in-eb-di-t
798:'they hide you (sing. or pl.)'
136:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
1:
1274:I.SUBJ- it.OBJ- you.OBJ- give
1452:Some have observed that the
1122:‘They get to you (pl)’ from
1095:‘They took them to us’ from
1523:"A Brief Grammar of Basque"
1364:In the second example, the
1110:‘We'll bring it to him/her’
920:
914:
898:
880:
867:
854:
841:
824:
807:
794:
781:
697:, discuss the issue on the
252:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
1573:
1398:
1114:Eraman d-ieza-zki-gu-ke-te
577:with more than one of its
1441:Polypersonalism involves
1182:The same is true also of
908:
893:
875:
871:'They are making him run'
862:
849:
836:
819:
802:
789:
776:
1087:‘We bring it to him/her’
375:Serial verb construction
607:morphemes can be elided
313:Honorifics (politeness)
1470:Morphological typology
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1391:exhibit this feature.
1372:converts the (usually
1354:y- a- ki- n- gamb -ira
1078:3.ABS.PRS- bring:PRS -
967:form that carries the
899:xelebi ga-m-i-tsiv-d-a
744:This section contains
587:polypersonal languages
563:polypersonal agreement
490:Polypersonal agreement
1195:/ma-katab-hum-ˈliː-ʃ/
876:გადმოგვახტუნებინებდით
646:, to a lesser extent
126:Genitive construction
1120:Iristen z-a-izki-zue
695:improve this section
685:may not represent a
652:definite conjugation
379:Traditional grammar
347:Syntax relationships
23:Grammatical features
1159:puts the stress on
1093:z-erama-zki-gu-te-n
902:'My hands got cold'
815:you (sing. or pl.)'
297:Comparison (degree)
47:Dative construction
1360:'he told it to me'
1277:'I give it to you'
1143:, with the suffix
1075:d- akar -ki -o -gu
247:Grammatical aspect
1485:Pro-drop language
1458:Romance languages
1131:Semitic languages
1108:Ekarriko d-i-o-gu
993:Synthetic forms:
752:rendering support
727:
726:
719:
555:
554:
450:Topic and Comment
433:Thematic relation
328:Reflexive pronoun
242:Tense–aspect–mood
202:Associated motion
184:Universal grinder
1564:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1506:. Archived from
1500:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1350:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1295:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1204:
1203:/mākataba-humlī/
1199:Classical Arabic
1196:
1178:
1166:
1083:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1008:
945:language isolate
923:
917:
911:
910:
901:
896:
895:
894:ხელები გამიცივდა
883:
878:
877:
870:
868:a-rb-en-in-eb-en
865:
864:
857:
852:
851:
844:
839:
838:
828:'he is doing it
827:
822:
821:
810:
805:
804:
797:
792:
791:
784:
779:
778:
760:Georgian letters
758: instead of
740:
739:
722:
715:
711:
708:
702:
678:
677:
670:
547:
540:
533:
281:General features
196:Related to verbs
31:Related to nouns
19:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1475:Clitic doubling
1466:
1443:bound morphemes
1439:
1437:Clitic pronouns
1403:
1397:
1389:Bantu languages
1362:
1352:
1341:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1298:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1222:
1211:
1192:Egyptian Arabic
1137:Biblical Hebrew
1133:
1089:
1084:-3.DAT -1PL.ERG
1073:
1058:
1043:
1030:
1019:
1000:
938:
765:
764:
763:
750:Without proper
741:
737:
732:
723:
712:
706:
703:
692:
679:
675:
668:
628:Bantu languages
567:polypersonalism
551:
522:
521:
480:
472:
471:
418:
410:
409:
348:
340:
339:
309:(verbal number)
307:Pluractionality
282:
274:
273:
197:
189:
188:
168:
109:Collective noun
91:Construct state
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1510:on 2002-10-15.
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1438:
1435:
1399:Main article:
1396:
1393:
1374:monotransitive
1342:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1299:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1059:
1044:
1031:
1020:
1001:
998:d-akar-ki-o-gu
996:
995:
937:
934:
904:
903:
886:
885:
872:
859:
855:mi-u-lots-av-s
846:
833:
816:
811:'they hide it
799:
786:
754:, you may see
742:
735:
734:
733:
731:
728:
725:
724:
689:of the subject
687:worldwide view
682:
680:
673:
667:
664:
553:
552:
550:
549:
542:
535:
527:
524:
523:
520:
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502:Empty category
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372:
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349:
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335:
333:Reflexive verb
330:
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57:Quirky subject
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39:
33:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1569:
1558:
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1539:
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1529:
1524:
1521:Itziar Laka.
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Incorporation
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
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1425:
1419:
1413:
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1394:
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1313:
1308:
1302:
1297:
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1272:
1271:n- ki- ku- wa
1268:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1218:
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1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:/a.hav'ti.xa/
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:‘get, arrive’
1125:
1121:
1118:
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1104:
1098:
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985:
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946:
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935:
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916:
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891:
890:
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873:
869:
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856:
847:
843:
834:
831:
826:
825:gv-i-ket-eb-s
817:
814:
809:
808:g-i-mal-av-en
800:
796:
787:
783:
774:
773:
772:
770:
761:
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753:
749:
747:
729:
721:
718:
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671:
665:
663:
661:
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649:
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637:
633:
629:
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618:
614:
613:Polysynthesis
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595:
590:
588:
584:
583:morphological
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Incorporation
505:
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500:
498:
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482:
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245:
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240:
238:
235:
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223:
220:
218:
217:Evidentiality
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
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177:
173:
170:
165:
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137:
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128:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
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100:
97:
96:
95:Countability
94:
92:
89:
85:
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81:
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73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
44:
43:
40:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
24:
20:
1537:
1531:
1516:
1508:the original
1498:
1451:
1440:
1404:
1386:
1382:ditransitive
1377:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1323:
1314:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1285:yakiŋŋambira
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1212:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1149:ahavti otkha
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1024:
1021:
1005:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
986:‘have’, and
983:
979:
939:
929:
925:
905:
887:
829:
812:
766:
743:
713:
704:
684:
625:
617:head-marking
611:
591:
586:
566:
562:
556:
489:
467:Veridicality
358:Transitivity
302:Egophoricity
116:Definiteness
84:Measure word
72:Instrumental
52:Dative shift
1409:the suffix
1366:applicative
1171:puts it on
863:არბენინებენ
842:a-chuk-eb-s
795:g-mal-av-en
785:'I see him'
559:linguistics
403:Predicative
323:Reciprocity
292:Boundedness
212:Conjugation
179:Specificity
1540:: 291–322.
1491:References
1165:/a'hav.ti/
973:conjugated
965:non-finite
953:absolutive
707:March 2022
621:ergativity
517:Markedness
512:Inflection
497:Declension
428:Mirativity
237:Mirativity
143:Noun class
131:Possession
99:Count noun
79:Classifier
67:Comitative
62:Nominative
1424:szeretlek
1407:Hungarian
1395:Hungarian
1169:ahavtikha
1141:ahavtikha
976:auxiliary
850:მიულოცავს
820:გვიკეთებს
803:გიმალავენ
782:v-khed-av
699:talk page
660:Inuktitut
648:Hungarian
602:morphemes
579:arguments
571:agreement
485:Agreement
479:Phenomena
417:Semantics
383:Predicate
370:Branching
207:Clusivity
104:Mass noun
1551:Category
1464:See also
1188:Akkadian
1155:; while
1081:DAT_FLAG
1039:DAT_FLAG
957:ergative
790:გმალავენ
769:Georgian
746:Georgian
730:Georgian
693:You may
666:Examples
636:Georgian
462:Volition
423:Contrast
353:Argument
318:Polarity
232:Telicity
222:Modality
155:Singular
1557:Grammar
1447:clitics
1430:titeket
1376:) verb
1368:suffix
1224:nkikuwa
969:lexical
837:აჩუქებს
598:subject
594:English
569:is the
443:Patient
398:Adjunct
388:Subject
363:Valency
37:Animacy
1454:French
1184:Arabic
1157:ahavti
1153:stress
1124:iritsi
1099:‘take’
1097:eraman
1025:bring:
982:‘be’,
961:dative
941:Basque
936:Basque
915:xelebi
909:ხელები
906:Here,
777:ვხედავ
656:Mohawk
644:Magahi
632:Basque
596:, the
393:Object
287:Affect
227:Person
164:Plural
148:Number
121:Gender
1380:to a
1378:gamba
1215:Ganda
1209:Ganda
949:cases
943:is a
748:text.
650:(see
640:Hadza
573:of a
455:Focus
438:Agent
269:Voice
262:Tense
1418:-lek
1412:-lak
1370:-ira
1349:APPL
1344:-ira
1339:tell
1336:gamb
1305:PAST
1294:SUBJ
1267:give
1255:you.
1233:SUBJ
1186:and
1145:-kha
1022:akar
988:egin
984:ukan
980:izan
930:your
813:from
575:verb
257:Mood
159:Dual
42:Case
1433:).
1415:or
1405:In
1329:OBJ
1327:me.
1317:OBJ
1315:it.
1312:ki-
1292:he.
1282:ex:
1257:OBJ
1252:ku-
1245:OBJ
1243:it.
1240:ki-
1221:ex:
1213:In
1205:.)
1179:).
1167:),
1161:hav
1135:In
1070:ERG
1066:1PL
1061:-gu
1055:DAT
1033:-ki
1027:PRS
1015:PRS
1011:ABS
921:-m-
832:us'
830:for
767:In
565:or
557:In
1553::
1449:.
1384:.
1324:n-
1301:a-
1289:y-
1264:wa
1231:I.
1228:n-
1173:ti
1046:-o
1003:d-
928:,
926:my
658:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
623:.
589:.
561:,
1525:.
1347:-
1331:-
1319:-
1307:-
1296:-
1259:-
1247:-
1235:-
1175:(
1163:(
1068:.
1064:-
1053:.
1051:3
1049:-
1036:-
1017:-
1013:.
1009:.
1007:3
912:(
762:.
720:)
714:(
709:)
705:(
691:.
546:e
539:t
532:v
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