50:
59:
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573:, in the form of lexical implication rules. These are rules that describe how words, in one lexical context, can then be used, in a different form, in a related context. A crude example of such a rule is the pastoral idea of "verbizing one's nouns": that certain nouns, used in certain contexts, can be converted into a verb, conveying a related meaning.
453:
One group of polysemes are those in which a word meaning an activity, perhaps derived from a verb, acquires the meanings of those engaged in the activity, or perhaps the results of the activity, or the time or place in which the activity occurs or has occurred. Sometimes only one of those meanings is
301:
is helpful in determining polysemy but not the only solution; as words become lost in etymology, what once was a useful distinction of meaning may no longer be so. Some seemingly unrelated words share a common historical origin, however, so etymology is not an infallible test for polysemy, and
1214:
416:: while the different meanings of homonyms (which are semantically unrelated) tend to interfere or compete with each other during comprehension, this does not usually occur for the polysemes that have semantically related meanings. Results for this contention, however, have been mixed.
584:" conveys the meaning of "parked" from "car" to the property of "I possess a car". This avoids incorrect polysemous interpretations of "parked": that "people can be parked", or that "I am pretending to be a car", or that "I am something that can be parked". This is supported by the
234:); whereas homonymy is a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. In discerning whether a given set of meanings represent polysemy or homonymy, it is often necessary to look at the history of the word to see whether the two meanings are historically related.
449:
definition stipulates three elements: (i) the various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin, (ii) the links between these senses form a network, and (iii) understanding the 'inner' one contributes to understanding of the 'outer' one.
297:. Since the test for polysemy is the vague concept of the relatedness, judgments of polysemy can be difficult to make. Because applying pre-existing words to new situations is a natural process of language change, looking at words'
559:
meanings. But originally they were polysemous, since
Italian borrowed the word from a Germanic language. The Proto-Germanic cognate for "bank" is *bankiz. A river bank is typically visually bench-like in its
370:
yet seem related, then it is probable that they are polysemous. This test again depends on speakers' judgments about relatedness, which means that it is not infallible, but merely a helpful conceptual aid.
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dictionary writers also often defer to speakers' intuitions to judge polysemy in cases where it contradicts etymology. English has many polysemous words. For example, the verb "to get" can mean "procure" (
49:
338:
In non-linear polysemy, the original sense of a word is used figuratively to provide a different way of looking at the new subject. Alan Cruse identifies three types of non-linear polysemy:
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458:, and sometimes multiple meanings are intended at the same time. Other types are derivations from one of the other meanings that leads to a verb or activity.
1174:"earthen incline, edge of a river", c. 1200, probably in Old English but not attested in surviving documents, from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse
1299:
Kawamoto AH, Farrar WT, Kello CT (1994). "When two meanings are better than one: Modeling the ambiguity advantage using a recurrent distributed network".
592:" does not mean that there are multiple cars; rather, that there are multiple passengers (having the property of being in possession of a car).
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1224:
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321:, and are sometimes called autohyponyms. For example, 'dog' can be used for 'male dog'. Alan Cruse identifies four types of linear polysemy:
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in the 14th century. Psycholinguistic experiments have shown that homonyms and polysemes are represented differently within people's mental
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366:, it is probable that the contexts bring out different polysemes of the same word. If the two senses of the same word do not seem to
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autohyperonymy or autosuperordination, where the basic sense leads to a wider sense (from "(female) cow" to "cow (of either sex)")
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Joordens S, Besner D (1994). "When banking on meaning is not (yet) money in the bank: Explorations in connectionist modeling".
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autoholonymy, where the basic sense leads to a larger sense (from "leg (thigh and calf)" to "leg (thigh, calf, knee and foot)")
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580:—the reassignment of a property to an object that would not otherwise inherently have that property. Thus, the expression "
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Disambiguating the ambiguity advantage effect in word recognition: An advantage for polysemous but not homonymous words
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423:, polysemy means that, "each text is seen to generate a potentially infinite range of meanings," making, according to
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autohyponymy, where the basic sense leads to a specialised sense (from "drinking (anything)" to "drinking (alcohol)")
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Jastrzembski JE (1981). "Multiple meanings, number of related meanings, frequency of occurrence, and the lexicon".
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The relatedness-of-meaning effect for ambiguous words in lexical-decision tasks: When does relatedness matter?
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automeronymy, where the basic sense leads to a subpart sense (from "door (whole structure)" to "door (panel)")
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meaning "verification" are considered homonyms, while they originated as a single word derived from
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In linear or vertical polysemy, one sense of a word is a subset of the other. These are examples of
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This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a
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Rubenstein H, Garfield L, Millikan (1970). "Homographic entries in the internal lexicon".
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Proceedings of the First SIGLEX Workshop on
Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation
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246:) and enter homonyms as separate headwords (usually with a numbering convention such as
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to deposit money or have an account in a bank (e.g. "I bank at the local credit union")
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889:"On the distinction between metonymy and vertical polysemy in encyclopaedic semantics"
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Ambiguity and relatedness effects in semantic tasks: Are they due to semantic coding?
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Borowsky R, Masson ME (1996). "Semantic ambiguity effects in word identification".
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Predictable
Meaning Shift: Some Linguistic Properties of Lexical Implication Rules
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other construals (for example, from "month (of the year)" to "month (30 days)")
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844:"Making sense of semantic ambiguity: Semantic competition in lexical access"
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197:) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have several
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The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fourth Edition)
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483:(As a verb) to operate or constitute a vehicle or machine (To man a ship)
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Jennifer Rodd; M Gareth
Gaskell & William Marslen-Wilson (2004).
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
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The effects of homonymy and polysemy on lexical access: AN MEG study
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can separate a polysemous word into separate homonyms. For example,
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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the physical building where a financial institution offers services
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Paper has been my ruin: Conceptual relations of polysemous senses
933:"Modelling the effects of semantic ambiguity in word recognition"
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Rodd, Jennifer; Gaskell, Gareth; Marslen-Wilson, William (2002).
821:“The most complicated word in English is only three letters long”
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362:: if one word seems to exhibit zeugma when applied in different
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A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related,
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Canadian
Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 180-196.
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a supply of something held in reserve: such as "banking"
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There are several tests for polysemy, but one of them is
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as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1.
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Beretta, A., Fiorentino, R., & Poeppel, D. (2005).
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Falkum, Ingrid
Lossius; Vicente, Agustin (2020-02-26),
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is a native English word. Today they can be considered
439:—changes the whole basis of creating social meaning".
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Capacity for a sign to have multiple related meanings
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Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. boy)
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37:"Polysemia" redirects here. For the moth genus, see
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1063:Hino, Y., Pexman, P.M., & Lupker, S.J. (2006).
1043:Hino, Y., Kusunose, Y., & Lupker, S.J. (2010).
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1409:Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies
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1137:Polysemy: Theoretical and computational approaches
569:A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by
804:“Has 'run' run amok? It has 645 meanings… so far”
576:Another clarification of polysemy is the idea of
474:The human species (i.e., man vs. other organisms)
916:Cruse, D Alan (2000). "Contextual variability".
477:Males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman)
1027:. Journal of Memory and Language, 47, 548-570.
1007:. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 259-282.
1372:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
222:similarity between two or more words (such as
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1067:Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 247-273.
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1396:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
963:Klepousniotou, E., & Baum, S.R. (2007).
382:define polysemes within a single dictionary
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1133:"Describing polysemy: The case of "crawl""
967:. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20, 1-24.
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1213:Kumar, Raman; Paiva, Sara (2020-06-12).
1023:Klein, D.E., & Murphy, G.L. (2002).
1003:Klein, D.E., & Murphy, G.L. (2001).
547:, a money lender's bench, while a river
1106:. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
987:. Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 57-65.
709:
1433:Lexis, E-Journal in English Lexicology
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1186:"slope," cognate with *bankiz "shelf".
1005:The representation of polysemous words
263:, the three most polysemous words in
207:, where a word has a single meaning.
7:
1216:Applications in Ubiquitous Computing
911:
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177: 'sign') is the capacity for a
1691:International scientific vocabulary
1686:English lexicology and lexicography
1135:. In Ravin, Y; Leacock, C (eds.).
25:
1182:"sandbank," from Proto-Germanic *
993:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.12.006
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1405:O'Sullivan; et al. (1994).
1195:Nicholas Ostler, B.T.S. Atkins "
1088:Subculture: The Meaning of Style
973:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.02.001
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71:exhibiting dense polysemic value
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1701:Lexicographic information cost
848:Journal of Memory and Language
771:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0259
1:
1464:The dictionary definition of
1450:The dictionary definition of
1384:10.1016/s0022-5371(70)80091-3
1033:10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00020-7
742:. Oxford Dictionaries Online.
623:Essentially contested concept
1355:10.1016/0010-0285(81)90011-6
950:10.1016/j.cogsci.2003.08.002
201:. Polysemy is distinct from
1427:Jamet, Denis (Ed.) (2008) "
1313:10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1233
1292:10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1051
764:, Oxford University Press,
543:1 is borrowed from Italian
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920:. Oxford University Press.
525:"I'm your friend, you can
210:Polysemy is distinct from
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29:
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1334:10.1037/0278-7393.22.1.63
1073:10.1016/j.jml.2006.04.001
378:and polysemes is subtle.
260:Oxford English Dictionary
228:the animal, and the verb
170: 'many' and
1716:Specialized lexicography
740:"definition of polysemy"
687:Syncretism (linguistics)
531:). It is different, but
30:Not to be confused with
1706:Linguistic prescription
1141:Oxford University Press
503:a financial institution
454:intended, depending on
396:as in "bank check" (or
374:The difference between
1766:Philosophy of language
1614:Hypernymy and hyponymy
1242:"Transfers of Meaning"
1104:Studying Popular Music
1013:10.1006/jmla.2001.2779
893:Sussex Research Online
860:10.1006/jmla.2001.2810
724:. 2000. Archived from
638:Interlingual homograph
590:We are parked out back
523:for 'rely upon' (e.g.
319:hyponymy and hypernymy
1681:Controlled vocabulary
1619:Meronymy and holonymy
1413:. London: Routledge.
887:Koskela, Anu (2005).
1343:Cognitive Psychology
1261:10.1093/jos/12.2.109
1249:Journal of Semantics
1090:. New York: Metheun.
618:Dog-whistle politics
582:I am parked out back
557:completely different
1696:Lexicographic error
1219:. Springer Nature.
1143:. pp. 91–110.
918:Meaning in Language
692:Syntactic ambiguity
680:Euphemism treadmill
429:signifying practice
304:I'll get the drinks
1776:Semantic relations
1732:Linguistics portal
1240:Nunberg G (1995).
1203:, Springer-Verlag.
1100:Middleton, Richard
819:Brandon Specktor,
578:predicate transfer
236:Dictionary writers
1771:Psycholinguistics
1761:Lexical semantics
1738:
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1629:Lexical semantics
1420:978-0-415-06173-5
1226:978-3-030-35280-6
937:Cognitive Science
781:978-0-19-977281-0
613:Ambiguous grammar
608:Aberrant decoding
425:Richard Middleton
310:), "understand" (
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257:According to the
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1125:Fillmore, C J
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161:Ancient Greek
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19:
1519:Lexical item
1466:
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896:. Retrieved
892:
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871:. Retrieved
851:
847:
824:
815:
795:
785:, retrieved
761:
734:
726:the original
721:
718:"polysemous"
712:
665:Pronoun game
589:
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556:
548:
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488:
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421:Dick Hebdige
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77:
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1512:Major terms
1084:Hebdige, D.
762:Linguistics
238:often list
199:word senses
159:; from
1745:Categories
1711:Morphology
1505:Lexicology
943:: 89–104.
873:2023-06-25
787:2022-06-06
758:"Polysemy"
704:References
628:Heterosemy
586:morphology
220:accidental
1653:Functions
1644:Troponymy
1602:relations
1328:: 63–85.
1199:" (1991)
868:0749-596X
697:Troponymy
633:Homograph
603:Amphiboly
560:flatness.
299:etymology
289:Polysemes
240:polysemes
216:homophony
69:statuette
1756:Homonymy
1751:Polysemy
1665:Headword
1609:Antonymy
1600:Semantic
1575:Morpheme
1560:Grapheme
1543:Elements
1467:polyseme
1453:polysemy
1429:Polysemy
1363:54346331
1131:(2000).
1086:(1979).
660:Polytely
655:Monosemy
650:Metonymy
596:See also
553:homonyms
541:However:
533:related,
491:taxonomy
462:Examples
437:semiosis
376:homonyms
364:contexts
349:metaphor
343:metonymy
312:I get it
244:headword
212:homonymy
204:monosemy
187:morpheme
181:(e.g. a
78:Polysemy
67:Ancient
32:Polysomy
18:Polyseme
1639:Synonym
1580:Phoneme
1550:Chereme
1524:Lexicon
1184:bangkon
898:30 June
521:synonym
456:context
433:process
414:lexicon
314:) etc.
265:English
193:, or a
168:(polý-)
1674:Fields
1590:Sememe
1570:Lexeme
1555:Glyphs
1417:
1361:
1223:
1147:
1110:
866:
778:
529:on me"
398:Cheque
360:zeugma
295:senses
279:, and
195:phrase
183:symbol
175:(sêma)
1624:Idiom
1565:Lemma
1529:Lexis
1359:S2CID
1245:(PDF)
1180:banke
1176:banki
645:Idiom
555:with
545:banco
410:chess
406:check
402:check
393:check
384:lemma
252:²bear
248:¹bear
166:πολύ-
163:
1585:Seme
1534:Word
1415:ISBN
1398:link
1221:ISBN
1172:Bank
1145:ISBN
1108:ISBN
900:2014
864:ISSN
776:ISBN
549:bank
527:bank
497:Bank
445:and
419:For
368:fit,
267:are
250:and
231:bear
225:bear
214:—or
191:word
189:, a
185:, a
179:sign
173:σῆμα
1380:doi
1351:doi
1330:doi
1309:doi
1288:doi
1257:doi
1069:doi
1049:doi
1029:doi
1009:doi
989:doi
969:doi
945:doi
856:doi
808:NPR
766:doi
670:Pun
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469:Man
435:of
400:),
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276:put
270:run
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118:or
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105:ɪ
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