Ponce de Minerva - Knowledge (XXG)

749:) from Ferdinand. The treaty named three vassals among whom these lands could be distributed: Ponce de Minerva, Ponce de Cabrera, and Osorio Martínez. To the end of the surviving record of the treaty is appended a list of those who "swore on the side of King Ferdinand", and Ponce is listed among them. Contrary to the Toledan historian's confused account, Ponce de Minerva was unswervingly loyal to Ferdinand II during the lifetime of Sancho III, although the presence of his name alongside the grieved Ponce de Cabrera and Osorio has raised suspicions. On 1 July he and the newly reconciled Ponce de Cabrera confirmed Ferdinand's grant to Rodrigo Sebastiánez, a monk of 481: 1075:

retinues, although their sons, daughters, or grandchildren could be sent in their place. The amount of produce to be used for these feasts is specified: three rams, one pig, twelve hens, 160 loaves of bread, and large quantities of barley and wine. If none of Ponce's kin attended in a given year, the settlers were exempted from the tribute, which is what the meal was taken to be. Ponce has been described as an "absentee landlord with a vengeance", although no different from his fellow twelfth-century European aristocrats.

1193: 17: 342:(military retinue). This office was usually reserved for the scions of noble houses and other young and aspiring aristocrats. At the time of his advent in León in 1127 he would therefore have been placed in an aristocratic household capable of raising him, and the king's sister is known to have raised at least one other young nobleperson in her court: Urraca Rodríguez, daughter of 123: 945:

defeated at Zorita". Alfonso VIII continued to besiege the town in which his two generals were being held until at least 14 May, when a royal charter of donation was drawn up "about (i.e., around) Zorita, at that time when Count Nuño and Count Ponce were being held captive there by the most evil Lope de Arenas". The donation was made to the military

1006:, and by 10 May that year he had been raised to the post of majordomo of the royal household. This was probably in an effort by the king to relieve himself of some of the influence of the overbearing former regent Nuño. The last record of Ponce in that office dates to 28 June 1173, and shortly thereafter he was reconciled to Ferdinand II. 695:, Ferdinand came to believe certain false rumours about Ponce de Minerva spread by his enemies at court. In response he confiscated Ponce's fiefs, and those of some other noblemen, and sent them into exile. They went to the court of Sancho III seeking redress, whereupon Sancho marched an army into León. The two kings met at 1047:

León, for it states that if Ponce was away in the north, either "in the kingdom of Alfonso or in the kingdom of Ferdinand", then the would-be seller had to notify Ponce's majordomo of his intention to sell and wait forty days for Ponce to exercise his option to buy, after which the settler could sell the land to anyone.

1481:

quando domino imperatore adduxit suam coniugem imperatricem adduxit cum ea comite Poncio de Menerva et desponsauit eum cum comitissa domna Stephania, filia comite Ramiro et dedit ei medietatem de karrizo, que erat rengalengo, ut dedisset sponsam suam pro arras. . . Et alian medietaten de karrizo erat

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Ponce de Minerva was throughout this period one of Ferdinand's most trusted advisors and a major recipient of his largesse. In 1159, he was among those who accompanied Ferdinand II into Galicia when he made peace with the Portuguese. On 14 June, while the court was staying at Sahagún, he and his wife

2422:

Do et concedo uillam que dicitur Karrizu, cum omnibus directuris et pertinentiis suis, integre; et uillam Sancti Petri de Paramis, totam et integram, et uillam de Groleros et de Argaualones, et de meis directuris et pertinentiis suis; quas uillas ego habeo de mea ganantia et de meis arris et de meis

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in Galicia "for the soul of the count Don Ponce" and that a monastery might be built there. On 10 September 1176, she founded a convent "for the soul of my husband, the lord count Ponce", at Carrizo, including in her donation the palace they had owned there. She dedicated it to the Virgin and placed

1103:, where the king officially declared their reconciliation by granting "to you, my beloved Count Ponce, and your wife, the countess Doña Estefanía" a privilege exempting the couple from taxes on all their lands and exempting all their vassals from taxes also. On 18 November, Ponce met Alfonso VIII at 798:

Ponce's frequent presence at court necessitated the devolution of government in his tenancies to subordinates. Thus, in 1162, one "Juan Martínez, under the hand of the lord Ponce de Minerva, holding the towers of León". By 1164 Juan was holding León without any indication of Ponce's superiority. In

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later that summer. There is no contemporary record of his presence with the royal army after Andújar, On 18 November 1153, Alfonso VII granted "to my faithful vassal for the good and faithful service which you did me in Almería and in many other places in both the Christian and Muslim regions", the

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Ponce's last appearance in any surviving document from León for this period is dated 9 April 1168, which is also the last royal document confirmed by his son Ramiro, who appears to have entered an exile from court at the same time as his father. By 20 September the tenancies of León and Mayorga had

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Since our father divided the kingdom between us, both you and I are held to share the land and its produce with our magnates, with whose help our forefathers possessed the lost land and repulsed the Arabs. Therefore, as the other magnates, whom you deprived, have returned their fiefs to count Ponce

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The charter is accepted as genuine by some, and as having some basis in fact by others. Ponce was very young at the time of his arrival in León is probable in light of the contours of his subsequent career. His first appearance in a court document dates to 9 September 1140, when he witnessed an act

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requires that any settler who wished to sell his property and leave the area had to give Ponce the first option to buy, even if he was away on campaign in the south, in which case the would-be seller had to await his return. Another clause gives an indication of his reconciliation with the King of

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Ponce's service to the Crown in the Castile lasted five years. At the time of his arrival, and even during the siege of Zorita, Alfonso VIII was a minor whose regency was held by Nuño Pérez. By the fall, however, he had come of age and begun to rule in his own right. Shortly after, on 11 November,

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founded by his father. By 19 May, Zorita had surrendered and the two captives been freed. A royal charter issued that day "was made in Zorita, at the time when Count Nuño and Count Ponce were liberated from captivity there". These last two charters indicate the part likely played by the knights of

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in Latin), the highest title in the kingdom after the king's. This promotion constituted a recognition that Ponce was one of the leading magnates of the kingdom, and one of the most powerful. This promotion did not take place until after the death of Count Ponce de Cabrera (1162/63). By 27 October

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Under Alfonso VII Ponce was "a curial personage of stature" who "enjoyed the fullest confidence of the crown", yet despite his residence at court "he was of secondary rank" and generally his confirmation of royal acts was not sought. Of the six hundred royal charters surviving from Alfonso's reign

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trocó el Conde esta mortal vida, para goçar el premio de sus heroycas obras, como queda dicho, era de mil doscientos y doce, dejando acabado el monasterio de S. doval y la Capella mayor de la yglesia, porque lo demas, despues de sus dias lo acabo D. Diego Martinez de Villamayor, su hierno, y bien

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of Azaña contains one of the best surviving descriptions of this practice from the twelfth century, and it also indicates Ponce's expectation of continued itinerancy between his various properties and tenancies. The settlers were required each year to prepare a feast for him or his wife and their

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in the initial attack, which was a failure. Later, Ponce and Nuño went to negotiate with the castellan, Lope de Arenas, but were betrayed and arrested. There is a private document from 25 April by which these events are dated, for it was redacted "at the time when Count Nuño and Count Ponce were

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that Ferdinand had founded. By that date, Ferdinand had already removed Ponce from his post as majordomo and replaced him with Ermengol. The arrival of Ermengol thus appears to have marked a shift in the king's favour from the one Catalan to the other. Ponce continued with the Leonese court from

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Sometime in the first half of 1173, Ermengol VII left the service of Ferdinand II, for reasons unknown. His absence may have opened up the possibility of reconciliation to Ponce de Minerva, who had returned to the city of León by October, when he rejoined the court after five years of voluntary

1902:

Cum pater noster regnum nobis diuiserit, et uos uestris et ego meis et prouentus et terram tenemur magnatibus impartiri, quorum auxilio patres nostri et terram perditam habuerunt et Arabes repulerunt. Reddatis ergo pheuda sua comiti Poncio de Minerba et aliis magnatibus, quos priuastis, et non

1152:. The archives of this convent, Santa María de Carrizo, are an important source for the lives and careers of Ponce and his wife. They contain the authentic charter of foundation of Estefanía, wherein she describes her gift to the monastery of the lands comprising her bridewealth from Ponce: 708:

This account, however, is based on a confusion between Ponce de Minerva and Ponce de Cabrera. There is some confusion even among modern historians between these two Ponces. Derek Lomax notes that "the personalities, relationships and activities of these minor Catalan nobles are difficult to

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disentangle, but it is clear that they were extremely active in the politics of central Spain throughout the twelfth century, and that they built up their lordships primarily in the region of Salamanca and Valladolid." The first modern historian to differentiate the two Ponces was the

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Ponce's support for the young king was rewarded with several lordships in western Castile, along the border with León. From 1170 he was ruling Saldaña, the town to which he had first come for the marriage of Berenguela and Alfonso VII some forty-three years prior. From 1171 he ruled

936:, son of Sancho III, which had moved to the fortress of Abia possibly to receive the defecting count. The court was at Sahagún on 29 August when Ponce first makes an appearance there in the surviving records. In April 1169 he played a leading role in the siege of the town of 484:

Ponce's zone of influence was in the immediate vicinity of León, which he held from the crown between 1148 and 1168. He also governed Mayorga (by 1144), Villalís (by 1150), Castrotierra (by 1152), and Melgar de Arriba (by 1161). He had properties at Astorga, Cifuentes, and

389:). It may be supposed that the forged eighteenth-century charter was designed to replace an authentic lost charter. This document aside, the earliest reference to Ponce's marriage to Estefanía is from 13 February 1146, when Alfonso VII rewarded them with a grant of land at 514:), consisted in the fortified royal citadel ("fortress-palace") that guarded the northern gate of the city. There are ten royal documents from the reign of Alfonso VII that show Ponce holding this "most sensitive post". Both of these tenancies had previously been held by 408:

sometime between 26 June and 9 September 1140 until his replacement sometime after 19 December 1144 and before March 1145, Ponce de Minerva was a constant presence at the royal court and on all of Alfonso VII's military campaigns. He took part in the expedition against

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to govern. There is no reference in any surviving royal charter to Ponce's rule in Mayorga, rather it is cited in no less than fifteen private charters dated between 23 January 1144 and 3 May 1157. By 1148 he had also received the government of the royal city

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In September 1173 Ponce was still in Castile when he granted some land at Azaña to some settlers: "In the name of God and his grace, I, Count Ponce, give to the settlers that half of Azaña that fell to me". The "charter of rights and obligations" (called a

924:, an exile from Castile. Owing to ignorance of the exact chronology of Ponce's defection, it is unclear whether his replacement as majordomo by Ermengol and his replacement in the fiefs of León and Mayorga by Fernando were a consequence or an incitement. 468:, places he did not conquer until 1147, and they list Martin, Archbishop of Santiago, as confirming. They nevertheless contain a kernel of truth. More securely datable is Alfonso's grant to Ponce the village of Villaverde de Sandoval, on the bank of the 1200:

Of Ponce's children, Ramiro was his primary heir, even claiming, without any apparent royal approval, his father's title of count, but he never returned to favour in León. Ponce's daughters, Sancha and María, usually surnamed Ponce as a

1123:(a calendar of annual commemorations) of the nunnery of Carrizo. That the year was 1175 is obvious from his sudden disappearance from contemporary documentation after June of that year. He was buried in Sandoval. In the archives of the 214:

When the lord emperor brought his wife the empress, he also brought along the count Ponce de Minerva and married him to the countess Doña Estefanía, daughter of Count Ramiro, and gave him half of Carrizo, which was royal fiscal land

76:(1141), and Castile (1162 and 1163), as well as one famous campaign against some Castilian rebels, in which he was captured. He acquired landed wealth largely through royal preferment—even in the major cities of the realm, such as 794:

in Melgar and Ponce de Minerva in the other Melgar". In 1162, Ponce de Minerva took part in Ferdinand's expedition into Castile, where he captured Toledo. In 1163, he was again with the royal Leonese army that invaded Castile.

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after 1140, Ponce confirmed only 141 of them. After the death of Alfonso VII on 21 August 1157, the kingdoms of León and Castile were separated. The former, where Ponce's tenancies were located, went to Alfonso's second son,

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of 1207. The second is the donation of San Pedro del Páramo, which it is known that Ponce gave to his wife as part of her bridewealth. The above charters are classified as spurious because they name Alfonso VII as ruling in

871:), the highest office associated with the royal court and the pre-eminent position in the realm: he had reached "the zenith of his power in León" and was "one of the most powerful lay figures of the realm". His eldest son, 1127:

are two charters both dated 30 July, only a few days after Count Ponce's death, which record the donation received from his widow and children of lands at Quintanilla and Mayorga (in the first transaction) and lands at

518:, who had been disgraced sometime in the first half of 1142. Despite his greater responsibility in the kingdom that kept him away from court, Ponce continued to take part in all of Alfonso VII's major military actions. 654:. Ponce initially gravitated to the court of Ferdinand II, where he was present from at least 9 October 1157. On this date, Ferdinand issued the earliest of his surviving charters, by which he granted some estates to 302:

The charter provides no date for Ponce's betrothal or marriage, but a document dated 30 May 1140 records a grant given by the king's sister, Sancha Raimúndez, to Ponce on the occasion of his marriage: the village of

1180:. Besides properties he received from Alfonso VII and Ferdinand II, which was a total of ten donations between 1148 and 1174, Ponce and Estefanía acquired lands at Mayorga on the Esla, and at Quintanilla and 1156:

I give and concede the village that is called Carrizo, with all its environs and attached territories, integral; and the village of San Pedro del Páramo, whole and integral, and the village of Grulleros and

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There is abundant contemporary documentary evidence of Ponce de Cabrera's exile to Castile, while Ponce de Minerva clearly remained on good terms with Ferdinand II throughout 1158. He was with the court at

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On 26 February 1189, according to a document of Santa María de Sandoval, Ponce's daughters, Sancha and María, got together to divide their inheritance, which included properties in the city of León and at

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Ponce's rewards for these various services were extensive. There are two false documents dated to 25 January and 14 June 1141 which purport to record royal donations to Ponce. The first is the donation of

182:(1148–83), who also hailed from Minerve and was also a protégé and perhaps a relative of Berenguela. It is likely that he was raised and educated for a time at the court of Alfonso VII's sister, the 630:, suggesting that Ponce was Lope's replacement. In 1155, Ponce was with Alfonso for the capture of Andújar. The last reference to Ponce holding Cea, site of a royal castle, dates from 28 June 1156. 950:

Calatrava in the capture of Zorita and the liberation of Ponce de Minerva, and it is probably therefore in gratefulness that Ponce soon after gaining his freedom made over to the Order some

573:, Alfonso awarded Ponce, called "our faithful vassal", with the village of Grulleros, which he later gave to his wife. Later that year, according to documents in the cathedral archives of 39:, he came as a young man to León (1127), where he was raised probably in close connection to the royal family. His public career, first as a courtier and knight in the military retinue of 1062:, as they are called in the surviving charter: two for sowing and one for either threshing or ploughing in Ponce's fields. The tenants also owed Ponce tribute or rent in the form of one 2705:

Pascua Echegaray, Esther (1989). "Hacia la formación política de la monarquía medieval: las relaciones entre la monarquía y la Iglesia castellanoleonesa en el reinado de Alfonso VII".

1161:, and its environs and attached territories that belong to me; which villages I have from my acquisitions and my bridewealth and my scattered estates, which my husband gave to me. 194:

Ponce does not appear in contemporary records until 1140, but his presence in the following of the Catalan princess is established by a charter in the archives of the convent of

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exile. The remainder of his life was characterised by intinerancy between the courts of León and Castile and between his possessions and governorships in the two kingdoms.

162:, but his genealogy has been disputed since the seventeenth century. The name of either of his parents is unknown. He arrived in León in November 1127 in the entourage of 844:

1164 Ponce de Minerva had been deprived of the government of the city of León. He was still without it on 6 May 1166, but by 11 November he had regained control of it.

307:"at your marriage, because I nourished you". This document survives only in a copy from 1716 that has clearly been altered. For instance, it anachronistically cites 2451:, 159, 192–93. For Rodrigo's decision, cf. José María Canal Sánchez-Pagín, "El conde don Rodrigo Álvarez de Sarria, fundador de la orden militar de Monte Gaudio", 219:), and he gave it to her as bridewealth. . . And the other half of Carrizo belonged to Count Ramiro, and he gave it to him with his daughter in marriage. . . 2508:

Barton, Simon F. (1992). "Two Catalan Magnates in the Courts of the Kings of León-Castile: The Careers of Ponce de Cabrera and Ponce de Minerva Re-Examined".

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meo fideli vasallo ... pro bono et fideli servicio quod mihi fecistis in Almaria et in aliis locis multis in partibus scilicet christanorum atque sarracenorum

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and a portion of produce for every parcel of land they owned. The document lists twenty-three peasant farmers and their land tenures, totalling eighty-eight

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In February 1174, Ponce was with the court of Alfonso VIII at Toledo for a major gathering the kingdom's leading men. In June, he and Estefanía visited the

1228:, was installed as the first abbess of her mother's foundation at Carrizo in 1184, a position she held until her death in 1191. She inherited an estate at 151: 1172:

of León, which he himself governed from 1148 to 1165 and again from 1167 to 1168. He had many estates in the valleys of the rivers Esla, Porma,

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Family tree showing Ponce's relationship, through his wife, to the royal house of Navarre, and the marriages and descendants of his children.

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In 1165, for a second time Ponce was with Ferdinand in Galicia to make peace with Portugal, and he was given the tenancy of Coyanza, modern

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may have been "a local estate manager rather than the count's household official". This person was also in charge of organising the annual

963: 312: 1022:) that he gave to the settlers exists as a thirteenth-century copy in a cartulary of the cathedral of Toledo. Ponce kept a few fields—two 670:. This charter shows that Ferdinand had brought together most of the leading magnates of León in the first months of his reign; even the 622:

and relatively near to the city itself, whose government he continued to hold throughout the period. The lordship of Cea was shared with

85: 741:. The Treaty stipulated that certain lands conquered by Sancho from his brother in the recent conflict were to be returned and held in 682:, where the king rewarded his follower Velasco Menéndez. Ponce was still in attendance. Villalpando was at one time governed by Ponce. 2789: 323:, leaving finished the monastery of Sandoval and the greater chapel of the church, with the rest being finished after his days by Don 167: 58:

Ponce had a long and distinguished military career. He participated in at least twelve campaigns, more than half of them campaigns of

40: 2563:

Canal Sánchez-Pagín, José María (1984). "Don Pedro Fernández, primer maestre de la Orden Militar de Santiago: su familia, su vida".

1849:, 185–86. He is cited in three private charters as ruling Villalba on 8 January 1150 and Gatón 20 November 1155 and 1 February 1156. 1217:, a Galician, respectively; both were wealthy and powerful men. Sancha, by Pedro, had a son, Gonzalo Pérez, who became the abbot of 908:

sometime after his dismissal as majordomo: he was present at León, still his tenancy, on 11 December, and in 1168 he was present at

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Ponce's younger daughter, María, separated from her husband by mutual agreement since late 1173 or early 1174, when he founded the

308: 287:, between Carrizo and Quintanilla. To this his future father-in-law added the other half of Carrizo, which had been a part of his 2794: 1058:

of the settlers and was responsible for supplying them with food and drink during that period. This boon work consisted in three

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Ponce acquired a vast wealth in lands after his migration to León. His principal estates all lay within fifty kilometres of the

577:, he was at the siege of Jaén and the second siege of Baeza, which had been lost again. In 1152, he took part in the assault on 921: 607: 324: 175: 410: 940:, which was being held by the relatives and supporters of Fernando Rodríguez de Castro against Alfonso VIII. He joined with 710: 346:, whom she remembered in her (undated) will as "Urraca, daughter of Count Rodrigo, whom I raised". Likewise, the village of 1397:

listing Ponce's relations, titles, offices, tenancies, religious and economic transactions, with dates and primary sources.

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at Villaverde, which had been granted him by Alfonso VII in 1142. Sometime before 15 July 1167, Ferdinand II appointed him

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The Count exchanged this mortal life in order to enjoy the prize of his heroic works, as was said, in the year 1212 of the

778:(or de Suso) as well. On 15 March 1161, while the court was at Malgrado, Ferdinand again rewarded Ponce with an estate at 1236:(pact) between her and the tenants of her estate there in the archives of Carrizo. The pact stipulates that annually on 602:

on 18 November 1153, has survived, and is one of possibly ten charters of Alfonso VII to have been authenticated with a

27:(1114/1115 – 27 July 1175) was a nobleman, courtier, governor, and general serving, at different times, the kingdoms of 767: 2616: 2510: 895:(knightly retinue) had arrived in the service of Ferdinand II, whom he had assisted in the capture of the fortress of 480: 734: 574: 343: 548:. According to Manuel Recuero Astray, the recipient was Ponce de Minerva, but more likely it was his namesake Count 1361:(Toledo: 1620), and the Marqués de Mondéjar, "Memorias históricas i genealógicas de la casa de los Ponce de León", 1124: 860: 686: 540: 535:, witnessing a royal charter issued on 17 July, but it is not clear if he participated in the successful sieges of 359: 97: 2531:

Barton, Simon F. (1996). "The Count, the Bishop and the Abbot: Armengol VI of Urgel and the Abbey of Valladolid".

626:, according to a private charter of 23 June 1152. Another charter of 27 March 1150 shows Ermengol sharing it with 2533: 655: 581:. On 18 December that year he was one of the select magnates whom Alfonso took counsel with before modifying the 1066:

each of wheat and barley per field and portions of the produce of their vineyards and orchards. They also owed

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in November 1144 "as the emperor arrived from the fortification that he had made against Córdoba and Granada".

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In Dei nomine et eius gratia. Ego Poncius Comes dono populatoribus illam medietatem de Façania que me contigit

991: 941: 1655: 974:. According to a document in the church archives, on 23 June 1171 Ponce divided the village of Azaña (modern 210:

to the convent in light of a donation made by Ponce. It mentions how Ponce had come to León with Berenguela:

2761:. Madrid: Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Estudios Históricos. 2193:

Facta carta in Zorita, tunc temporis quando comes Nunio et comes Pontius a captiuitate inde fuerunt liberati

1096: 933: 640: 390: 268: 195: 163: 52: 48: 2756: 887:

At some point in 1168, for reasons unknown, Ponce went into exile in Castile. In the summer of 1167, Count

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Fernández, Luis (1962). "La abadía de Santa María de Benevívere en la Edad Media: su historia, la regla".

888: 807:(old cartulary) of Santa María de Carrizo. In September of the latter year, during the court's sojourn at 489:

A change in Ponce's career began with his long absences from court in 1145, after he had left the post of

382: 1290:, all in the region around the city. They had also received lands in Toledo and Azaña in Castile, and at 51:, but he was generally loyal to the latter, although from 1168 to 1173 he was in voluntary exile serving 2779: 2747: 1283: 852: 651: 623: 545: 418: 147: 44: 903:, which fortress Ferdinand granted to him as a fief on 21 November, as recorded in the archives of the 856: 493:. He only attended the court on a few occasions in 1144, and by that year he had received the tenancy ( 203: 1181: 737:, for which he stood as a surety for Ferdinand II, along with his father-in-law, a certain Abril, and 527:

for the Iberian Christians because of Alfonso VII's summer campaign, Ponce was with the royal army at

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by 1155. His territorial lordships, however, were generally scattered, although they were all in the

280: 171: 105: 909: 536: 350:

must have been acquired by Ponce sometime before his marriage, since he gave it to his bride as her

2611: 1092: 1003: 983: 967: 937: 619: 554: 426: 414: 188: 143: 73: 43:, began in 1140. By later historians he was implicated in the strife between Alfonso's successors, 872: 704:

de Minerva, and you would not believe the rumours against them, I am returning behind my borders.

2083: 1914:

Lomax, "Catalans in the Leonese Empire", 194–95, completely intertwines their respective careers.

1641:, 164. Though once thought to be an original, a private charter of 22 March 1145 is not reliable. 1298:

in León's far west. They accomplished the division by drawing lots to avoid sharp disagreements.

1271: 1144: 946: 691: 675: 667: 528: 179: 159: 155: 101: 69: 32: 1214: 1140: 1136:

with the Hospital de Don García (in the second transaction) for the redemption of Ponce's soul.

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In 1150, Ponce probably took part in the failed siege of Córdoba, since he was with the king at

515: 28: 1511: 1263: 1192: 363: 2672: 1794:

The document is found in J. Guallart and M. P. Laguzzi, "Algunos documentos reales leoneses",

1279: 1225: 1177: 904: 644: 566: 436: 272: 131: 2091: 1133: 1107:, perhaps remaining with the court until 9 May 1175, when he was definitely in attendance at 730: 659: 174:. He was probably a young man of about twelve years at the time. He may have been related to 2691: 2646: 2625: 2542: 2519: 2082:, and Coyanza under Ferdinand are generally found in the cartularies of monasteries such as 1149: 1108: 1091:

monastery at Sahagún, in Castile near the border with León, where they donated an estate at

775: 671: 549: 800: 783: 507: 469: 295:), which was later given to the monastery there, and stood to the right of the "old gate" ( 77: 2741: 2576:

Canal Sánchez-Pagín, José María (1989). "Casamientos de los condes de Urgel en Castilla".

1034:), but the rest of the land he rented out to twenty-five settlers. Each received a field ( 951: 787: 523: 431: 2604:

Un magnate catalán en la corte de Alfonso VII: Comes Poncius de Cabreira, princeps Çemore

819:, where he possessed other estates. Also in 1164, Ponce's governorship was extended over 552:. Another twentieth-century historian mistakenly believed that the "Count Ponce" of the 1242: 1229: 1104: 1100: 979: 562: 498: 139: 2718:

Recuero Astray, Manuel (1986). "Donaciones de Alfonso VII a sus fieles y servidores".

2677:: una aportación al estudio de la organización territorial de los reinos occidentales" 2773: 2629: 2523: 999: 770:

in the vicinity of León. By this month he had also been trusted with the lordship of

738: 603: 444: 81: 565:

immediately after the siege was lifted. By that year he had received the tenancy of

2614:(1976). "Diplomatic and the Cid Revisited: The Seals and Mandates of Alfonso VII". 808: 611: 461: 896: 455:, which occurred on the occasion of his betrothal according to the account of the 2696: 2758:

Cartulario del Monasterio de Vega, con documentos de San Pelayo y Vega de Oviedo

2650: 1291: 1267: 1129: 1088: 995: 962:. In September 1170, Ponce attended the wedding festivities of Alfonso VIII and 812: 718: 679: 355: 320: 288: 224: 207: 60: 1510:

Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171, calls her the "Condesa de

558:, a poetic retelling of the conquest of Almería in 1147, was Ponce de Minerva. 16: 2345:

vobis dilecto meo comiti Poncio, et uxori vestrae comitissae domnae Stephaniae

1202: 816: 696: 532: 465: 334: 122: 65: 2743:

La nobleza castellana en la plena Edad Media: el linaje de Lara (SS. XI–XIII)

2546: 472:

near the possessions which he had given his wife at their marriage, in 1142.

2206:

Crónica de las tres Órdenes y caballerías de Santiago, Calatrava y Alcántara

1237: 1055: 864: 570: 374: 315:

even though he was not consecrated until 1156. Of Ponce de Minerva it says:

135: 93: 36: 2269:, Appendix 3, no. XV, 325–27. The translated excerpt in Latin is (p. 325): 2074:

The earliest records of the acquisitions of the fiefs of Valderas, Melgar,

2037:

sub eius imperio comes Pontius in Melgar, Pontius de Minerva in alio Melgar

1287: 1173: 2658:

Luengo, José María (1944). "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo (León)".

2050:

Iohanne Martini, sub manu domni Poncii de Minerua, turres Legionis tenente

443:

in 1144. This last (obscure) campaign is mentioned in a charter issued at

2141:

Quoted in both Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 262, and Sánchez de Mora,

2087: 1218: 900: 779: 771: 722: 643:. The latter, where Ponce possessed some lands on the river Tagus in the 228: 1669:

quando imperator venit de fossata quam fecit contra Corduvam et Granatam

2158:

Quoted in Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 262–63, and Sánchez de Mora,

1111:. The last records of Ponce alive date from June, when he was in León. 1031: 440: 184: 1357:

The two sides of the debate are represented by P. Salazar de Mendoza,

327:, his son-in-law and a benefactor of that house, where he was buried. 2147:

in tempore quando uincti erant comite Nuno et comite Poncio in Zorita

1651: 959: 750: 742: 591: 578: 358:), along with all his lands at Carrizo, San Pedro del Páramo (modern 1038:), some additional land for planting vines and orchards, and eight 606:. At the same time, Ponce was rewarded with further governorships: 2209: 1424: 1406:

This is based on a later tradition, but is plausible, cf. Reilly,

1370: 1295: 1191: 1165:

Estefanía died in 1183 or 1184 and was buried beside her husband.

832: 726: 599: 595: 583: 479: 227:

region ruled by the counts of Barcelona, he is often considered a

121: 110: 89: 15: 913: 276: 20:

The monastery of Sandoval, founded by Ponce and his kin in 1167.

2204:

The unpublished donation is referred to in F. Rades y Andrada,

1572:. Barton, 250, says that the document is dated 30 January 1140. 2733:

The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157

1903:

credatis susurronibus contra eos, et ego in continenti recedo

1658:, respectively (cf. Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 250 n91). 1482:

de comite Ramiro et dedit eam ad illum cum filia in casamento

1344: 1342: 1139:

On 17 February 1176, Countess Estefanía granted her land at

932:

Ponce, following his fall from favour, went to the court of

859:. On 16 February he and his family founded the monastery of 725:, where Ferdinand II rewarded Ponce with some lands between 531:

the week of 4–9 June. He was still with the royal forces at

393:"for the service to me which you have done and are doing". 96:, in both Castile and León. In 1167 he founded a monastery, 2591:

Miscelánea Comillas: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales

699:, where, according to Rodrigo, Sancho said to his brother: 267:

of 1207 also notes how Ponce was subsequently betrothed to

84:—and an advantageous marriage—his wife was a descendant of 2637:

Lomax, Derek W. (1982). "Catalans in the Leonese Empire".

733:. On 23 May Ponce was present for the ratification of the 510:. Specifically this tenancy, called the "towers of León" ( 2187:

Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 263 and Sánchez de Mora,

429:, and he probably also accompanied the royal forces on a 1769: 1767: 1581:

Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171–72:

1099:. By October he had joined the court of Ferdinand II at 598:. The original document recording this grant, issued at 2684:

Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval

2124: 2122: 1359:

Cronico de la excelentissima casa de los Ponces de León

1240:(11 November) the inhabitants should pay a rent of two 590:

During this time he was rewarded further, first with a

790:. On 28 March, Ponce de Cabrera was ruling "under his 721:

in Galicia on 15 February. In March, the court was at

713:(died 1708), who believed them to be closely related. 685:

According to the thirteenth-century Toledan historian

88:—and he rose to hold the highest rank in the kingdom, 1858:

Barton, "The Count, the Bishop and the Abbot", 92 n2.

1773:

Pascua Echegaray, "Hacia la formación política", 424.

1748:

Recuero Astray, "Donaciones de Alfonso VII", 904–05:

1479:

Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171:

1410:, 185–86, and Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 248–54. 1095:(part of the tenancy of Mayorga) in exchange for the 2372:

Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 173.

2284:

in regno regis Aldefonsi uel in regno regis Fernandi

1470:

Luengo, "Monasterio de Santa María de Carrizo", 171.

1421:

Origen de las dignidades seglares de Castilla y León

831:. By 23 October he had been promoted to the rank of 678:, was present. On 13 October the court had moved to 338:, that is, armiger and standard-bearer of the royal 2556:

The Aristocracy in Twelfth-century León and Castile

1213:), married Pedro Garcés de Lerma, a Castilian, and 2170:et comes Pontius a nequissimo illo Lupo de Arenas 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1348:Montenegro Valentín, "Merinos y tenentes", 164–65. 2735:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1594: 1592: 1332: 1330: 855:, as recorded in the archives of the hospital of 104:. In 1173 he re-populated half of the village of 2296: 2294: 2292: 2220: 2218: 2048:Montenegro Valentín, "Merinos y tenentes", 154: 1841: 1839: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 198:. This document, dated 13 March 1207, records a 2094:(cf. Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 261 n151). 1626:propter seruicium quod mihi fecistis et facitis 1613:Urrace, filie comitis Roderici, quam ego creaui 851:. In 1167, he was rewarded with the tenancy of 2368: 2366: 1781: 1779: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 1923:Lomax, "Catalans in the Leonese Empire", 195. 1551: 1549: 1535: 1533: 1466: 1464: 1462: 569:. The following year, on 30 January 1151, at 206:to determine what was owed by the village of 8: 1584:hechor de aquella casa, donde está sepultado 782:near León, but this time also with lands at 166:, daughter of Raymond Berengar III, who wed 2602:Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Ernesto (1991). 1436:Fernández, "Santa María de Benevívere", 34. 1050:The majordomo referred to in the surviving 994:, a town associated with his allies of the 417:in 1141. He definitely participated in the 1002:. By 1172 he was governing the tenancy of 146:") in southern France, then a part of the 2695: 2409:pro anima mariti mei comitis domni Poncii 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 811:, Ferdinand also awarded him property at 381:was located near Grulleros, just west of 2558:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2423:directuris, quas dedit mihi maritus meus 2282:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 263–64: 1833:Fletcher, "Diplomatic and the Cid", 313. 1739:Fletcher, "Diplomatic and the Cid", 319. 1419:The age given in P. Salazar de Mendoza, 1119:Ponce died on 27 July, according to the 521:In 1147, which has been described as an 2022:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 260–65. 1891:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 255–58. 1785:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 245–46. 1628:. This charter is edited on pp. 265–66. 1336:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 248–54. 1306: 231:. His name, in contemporary Latin, was 2313:For a different interpretation of the 1570:in tuo cassamento propter quod te alui 2420:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 250: 2407:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 249: 2343:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 264: 1958:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 258: 1900:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 255: 1811:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 251: 1667:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 251: 1624:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 250: 1611:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 249: 1568:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 249: 799:1164, Ponce was granted an estate at 658:, who in turn donated the village of 7: 2381:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 234. 2103:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 261. 1761:Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates", 247. 404:From the time of his appointment as 313:Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela 2671:Montenegro Valentín, Julia (1999). 202:(inquest) carried out by orders of 1960:ex parte regis Fernandi iurauerunt 762:were rewarded "for good service" ( 370:). According to a document in the 275:, and endowed by Alfonso VII with 158:. He may have been related to the 14: 2740:Sánchez de Mora, Antonio (2003). 2164:super Zoritam, tunc temporis quo 1454:Cartulario del Monasterio de Vega 100:, and he was also a donor to the 1501:, uses the form Pons de Minerva. 283:and an estate at a place called 2492:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2479:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2466:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2449:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2436:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2392:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2358:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2332:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2302:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2267:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2259:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2226:Aristocracy in León and Castile 2114:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1796:Cuadernos de Historia de España 1728:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1715:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1702:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1600:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1557:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1541:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1525:Aristocracy in León and Castile 1391:Aristocracy in León and Castile 928:Service to the Crown in Castile 774:, and by 1161 he was governing 41:Alfonso VII of León and Castile 2578:Anuario de Estudios Medievales 2565:Anuario de Estudios Medievales 2396:pro anima comitis domni Poncii 1079:Itinerancy in Castile and León 875:, also served Ferdinand II as 279:lands: half of the village of 239:, transformed in Castilian to 134:indicates, Ponce was from the 92:, and the highest civil post, 1: 291:. Carrizo included a palace ( 259:Marriage to Estefanía Ramírez 86:García Sánchez III of Navarre 68:, but also campaigns against 2697:10.14198/medieval.1999.12.07 2639:Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 2630:10.1016/0304-4181(76)90028-2 2524:10.1016/0304-4181(92)90022-q 1650:Recorded in the archives of 1363:Real Academia de la Historia 998:, also mutual rivals of the 958:Ponce was with his court at 922:Fernando Rodríguez de Castro 650:, passed to his eldest son, 476:Acquisition of governorships 421:in 1142, as recorded in the 325:Diego Martínez de Villamayor 247:, and also transformed into 150:, one of the possessions of 2731:Reilly, Bernard F. (1998). 2651:10.1080/1475382822000359191 2617:Journal of Medieval History 2511:Journal of Medieval History 2061:Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, 1932:Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, 1232:, and there is preserved a 126:Minerve, in southern France 118:Move from Occitania to León 2811: 2673:"Merinos y tenentes en el 2606:. Madrid: Iberoamericanas. 978:) between himself and the 883:Fall from favour and exile 766:) with a grant of land at 757:Counsellor of Ferdinand II 223:Because he hailed from an 2790:People of the Reconquista 2755:Serrano, Luciano (1927). 2554:Barton, Simon F. (1997). 2534:English Historical Review 413:in 1140 and that against 411:García Ramírez of Navarre 243:, the form used here, or 114:(charter of privileges). 634:Controversies of 1157–58 344:Rodrigo González de Lara 263:The record of the royal 2795:Occitan-speaking people 2660:Archivo español de arte 2317:, cf. Sánchez de Mora, 1656:San Paio de Antealtares 1125:monastery of Benevívere 1042:of seed for wheat. The 934:Alfonso VIII of Castile 861:Santa María de Sandoval 687:Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada 544:castle of Albuher near 360:San Pedro de las Dueñas 164:Berenguela of Barcelona 98:Santa María de Sandoval 53:Alfonso VIII of Castile 2675:territorivm legionense 2547:10.1093/ehr/cxi.440.85 1813:nostri fideli vassallo 1197: 1163: 1121:tablas de aniversarios 1097:Hospital de Don García 889:Ermengol VII of Urgell 823:and two places called 768:Santa María del Páramo 706: 656:Rodrigo Pérez de Traba 486: 391:Villamoros de Mansilla 383:Villaverde de Sandoval 329: 221: 196:Santa María de Carrizo 127: 21: 2748:University of Seville 2720:En la España Medieval 2265:is edited in Barton, 2208:(Toledo: 1572), f. 14 1423:(Toledo: 1618), f. 39 1393:, 286–87, contains a 1195: 1154: 984:Santa María de Toledo 912:on 10 January and at 853:Castroverde de Campos 815:in the valley of the 701: 624:Ermengol VI of Urgell 546:Villamanrique de Tajo 483: 317: 212: 148:County of Carcassonne 125: 45:Sancho III of Castile 19: 2612:Fletcher, Richard A. 2455:, 28 (1983), 373–97. 1143:to the monastery of 982:of the cathedral of 976:Numancia de la Sagra 972:Eleanor of Aquitaine 954:he owned in Toledo. 849:Valencia de Don Juan 662:to the monastery of 332:of Alfonso VII's as 281:Carrizo de la Ribera 152:Raymond Berengar III 49:Ferdinand II of León 1093:Villalba de la Loma 1070:(hospitality). The 1004:Boadilla de Rioseco 968:Henry II of England 938:Zorita de los Canes 803:, according to the 711:Marqués de Mondéjar 575:Santa María de León 555:Prefatio de Almaria 435:of the environs of 427:Cathedral of Zamora 425:, cartulary of the 64:fought against the 2063:Un magnate catalan 1934:Un magnate catalan 1198: 1145:Sobrado dos Monxes 947:Order of Calatrava 942:Nuño Pérez de Lara 857:San Marcos de León 692:De rebus Hispaniae 676:Afonso I Henriques 487: 180:Bishop of Palencia 160:Counts of Toulouse 156:Count of Barcelona 128: 102:Order of Calatrava 35:. Originally from 22: 2319:El linaje de Lara 2239:El linaje de Lara 2237:Sánchez de Mora, 2189:El linaje de Lara 2160:El linaje de Lara 2143:El linaje de Lara 2130:El linaje de Lara 2128:Sánchez de Mora, 2033:El linaje de Lara 2031:Sánchez de Mora, 1947:El linaje de Lara 1945:Sánchez de Mora, 1367:Colección Salazar 1226:Order of Mountjoy 905:Order of Santiago 764:pro bono servitio 735:Treaty of Sahagún 269:Estefanía Ramírez 138:("de Minerva" is 132:toponymic surname 108:and granted it a 2802: 2762: 2751: 2736: 2727: 2714: 2701: 2699: 2681: 2667: 2654: 2633: 2607: 2598: 2585: 2572: 2559: 2550: 2527: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2412: 2405: 2399: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2255: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2213: 2202: 2196: 2185: 2179: 2156: 2150: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2029: 2023: 2020: 1963: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1872: 1869:King Alfonso VII 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847:King Alfonso VII 1843: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1724: 1718: 1711: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1689:King Alfonso VII 1685: 1672: 1665: 1659: 1648: 1642: 1639:King Alfonso VII 1635: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1609: 1603: 1596: 1587: 1579: 1573: 1566: 1560: 1553: 1544: 1537: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1495:King Alfonso VII 1491: 1485: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1457: 1450: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1417: 1411: 1408:King Alfonso VII 1404: 1398: 1395:curriculum vitae 1387: 1374: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1337: 1334: 1254:for the abbess. 1205:(from the Latin 1182:Villalba de Loma 1150:Cistercian Order 1115:Death and legacy 1109:Medina del Campo 776:Melgar de Arriba 672:King of Portugal 620:province of León 550:Ponce de Cabrera 225:Occitan-speaking 189:Sancha Raimúndez 25:Ponce de Minerva 2810: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2754: 2739: 2730: 2717: 2713:(172): 397–441. 2704: 2679: 2670: 2657: 2636: 2610: 2601: 2588: 2575: 2562: 2553: 2541:(440): 85–103. 2530: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2256: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2216: 2203: 2199: 2186: 2182: 2173:ibi tenebantur 2157: 2153: 2140: 2136: 2127: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2030: 2026: 2021: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824:Barton, 138–39. 1823: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1802:(1944), 368–69. 1793: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1686: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1590: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1547: 1538: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1509: 1505: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1388: 1377: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1308: 1304: 1215:Rodrigo Álvarez 1190: 1117: 1081: 1015: 930: 885: 788:Picos de Europa 759: 636: 616:Gatón de Campos 524:annus mirabilis 516:Osorio Martínez 512:turres Legionis 478: 402: 261: 120: 12: 11: 5: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2763: 2752: 2737: 2728: 2715: 2702: 2690:(12): 153–69. 2668: 2655: 2634: 2624:(4): 305–438. 2608: 2599: 2586: 2573: 2560: 2551: 2528: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2483: 2470: 2457: 2453:Compostellanum 2440: 2427: 2413: 2400: 2383: 2374: 2362: 2349: 2336: 2323: 2306: 2288: 2275: 2243: 2230: 2214: 2197: 2180: 2151: 2134: 2118: 2105: 2096: 2067: 2054: 2041: 2024: 1964: 1951: 1938: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1893: 1873: 1860: 1851: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1804: 1787: 1775: 1763: 1754: 1741: 1732: 1719: 1706: 1693: 1673: 1660: 1643: 1630: 1617: 1604: 1588: 1574: 1561: 1545: 1529: 1516: 1503: 1486: 1472: 1458: 1438: 1429: 1412: 1399: 1375: 1350: 1338: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1189: 1186: 1184:on the Porma. 1116: 1113: 1101:Ciudad Rodrigo 1080: 1077: 1030:—for himself ( 1014: 1008: 966:, daughter of 929: 926: 910:Castro Mazamud 884: 881: 879:in the 1160s. 758: 755: 635: 632: 477: 474: 419:Siege of Coria 401: 400:of Alfonso VII 395: 297:portería vieja 273:Ramiro Fróilaz 271:, daughter of 260: 257: 170:that month at 119: 116: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2807: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2669: 2666:(63): 171–78. 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645:(3): 191–97. 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518:(3): 233–66. 2517: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1294:on the river 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 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