20:
147:, copper was the metal primarily used. Because it had to be hammered into shape rather than rolled and stamped, the surface was uneven. This did not provide the best surface for japanning, thus it has a greater tendency to flake off than the smoother English tinware. When the French made tinware it was often trimmed with bronze.
228:
The linseed oil was heated together with the umber and the asphaltum while the litharge and cobalt were added slowly. According to the recipe, the varnish was ready when a drop of varnish dripped onto cold glass remained in a ball. After cooling, the turpentine was added. There was also a pale clear
248:
and umber in approximately the same proportions as the
Pontypool recipe. (Watin, 1755) also describes the use of asphaltum as an addition to the well-known spirit varnishes of the day. It appears that the secret recipe for Pontypool japan had been in existence for some time before its use for
154:
These japanned metal objects are very stable so a great many still survive. Many pieces survive today with little rust. In most cases it is easy to ascertain the underlying metal because it can be seen in losses or scratches. If the japanning is intact, a
150:
The use of metal allowed a variety of forms that were required to withstand heat and water. Coffee pots, tea sets, candle sticks and other household items could all be japanned and decorated in the popular fashion.
162:
It is worth remembering the unavailability of effective paint, at this time. The surface finishes that did exist either had poor adhesion to their substrate, or required either a
159:
can be used to identify iron. Most iron trays show some rust on the back where only a single coating was applied. Even the tin plated iron objects show rust in some areas.
386:
Polygraphice, or, The arts of drawing, engraving, etching, limning, painting, vernishing, japaning, gilding, &c. : in two volumes ...
319:
182:. In his book on Pontypool japan (W. D. John, 1953), published one of the recipes the workmen had handed down through generations:
108:
In the late 17th century, there was a developing trade in metal goods made of thin iron sheet, spurred by the development of the
240:
published by both (Robert Dossie, 1764) and (Stalker and Parker, 1688). In that version, linseed oil is boiled together with
414:
419:
19:
229:
version which omitted the asphaltum and the cobalt. In modern tests, this varnish worked equally well on
43:
70:. Once applied to metal and heated the coating turned black and was extremely tough and durable.
230:
315:
424:
399:
167:
97:
89:
408:
24:
389:
218:
170:
substrate to bond to. Today's resin-based paints for metals had not been invented.
113:
109:
127:
While it was the growth of the iron foundries and tin plating that gave birth to
258:
187:
117:
77:
67:
63:
222:
179:
336:
131:
on metal, tin plated iron was not the only metal used. There are examples of
241:
205:
128:
85:
73:
59:
51:
47:
35:
396:
A Handbook on
Japanning and Enamelling for Cycles, Bedsteds, Tinware, Etc.
245:
199:
121:
39:
233:
and metal plates. Three coats produced a durable glossy black finish.
237:
211:
163:
156:
144:
140:
136:
193:
132:
18:
84:
and iron working. The iron used was produced by the furnaces of
81:
55:
93:
178:
Similar recipes or "secret varnishes" were also used in
23:
Red-japanned iron tray in
Cardiff Museum, commemorating
50:. In the late 17th century, during his search for a
124:, and British manufacturers needed to compete.
8:
290:
288:
352:John Stalker and George Parker (1971) .
299:. Newport, UK: The Ceramic Book Company.
341:. Vol. 1–2 (2nd ed.). London.
269:
354:A Treatise on Japanning and Varnishing
58:, he developed a recipe that included
100:, at the southern end of the valley.
7:
369:L'Art du peintre, doreur. vernisseur
312:Lacquer: Technology and Conservation
236:This recipe is similar to one for
92:" was actually produced in nearby
34:is a name given to the process of
14:
297:Pontypool and Usk Japanned Wares
88:to the north, and most of the "
42:and heat, which is credited to
281:. University of Chicago Press.
1:
27:, home of the Hanbury family
16:Varnish protection for iron
441:
314:. Butterworth Heinemann.
116:this iron was important.
338:The Handmaid to the Arts
76:is in a steep valley in
356:. London: Alec Tiranti.
335:Robert Dossie (1764) .
310:Webb, Marianne (2000).
143:used as substrates. In
54:-resistant coating for
38:with the use of an oil
371:. Paris: Leonce Laget.
120:had been developed in
28:
415:Industrial Revolution
22:
420:Corrosion prevention
295:W. D. John (1953).
279:Lacquer of the West
198:20 pounds of flake
367:J. Watin (1975) .
192:22 pounds of lump
186:448 pounds of raw
29:
249:japanning metal.
25:Kelmarsh Old Hall
432:
373:
372:
364:
358:
357:
349:
343:
342:
332:
326:
325:
307:
301:
300:
292:
283:
282:
274:
80:, surrounded by
440:
439:
435:
434:
433:
431:
430:
429:
405:
404:
398:, London 1901.
381:
379:Further reading
376:
366:
365:
361:
351:
350:
346:
334:
333:
329:
322:
309:
308:
304:
294:
293:
286:
276:
275:
271:
267:
255:
176:
106:
32:Pontypool japan
17:
12:
11:
5:
438:
436:
428:
427:
422:
417:
407:
406:
403:
402:
392:
388:, London 1701.
380:
377:
375:
374:
359:
344:
327:
320:
302:
284:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
254:
251:
226:
225:
217:406 pounds of
215:
208:
204:100 pounds of
202:
196:
190:
175:
172:
105:
102:
90:Pontypool ware
44:Thomas Allgood
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
437:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
410:
401:
397:
394:Brown, W. N.
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:
378:
370:
363:
360:
355:
348:
345:
340:
339:
331:
328:
323:
321:0-7506-4412-5
317:
313:
306:
303:
298:
291:
289:
285:
280:
277:Huth (1971).
273:
270:
264:
260:
257:
256:
252:
250:
247:
244:, asphaltum,
243:
239:
234:
232:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
207:
203:
201:
197:
195:
191:
189:
185:
184:
183:
181:
173:
171:
169:
165:
160:
158:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
395:
385:
368:
362:
353:
347:
337:
330:
311:
305:
296:
278:
272:
235:
231:papier mâché
227:
219:white spirit
210:5 pounds of
177:
161:
153:
149:
126:
114:Rustproofing
110:rolling mill
107:
72:
31:
30:
384:Salmon, W.
259:Japan black
188:linseed oil
118:Tin plating
78:South Wales
68:burnt umber
64:linseed oil
409:Categories
265:References
223:turpentine
180:Birmingham
104:Background
242:gum animi
238:gold size
206:asphaltum
129:japanning
86:Blaenavon
74:Pontypool
60:asphaltum
52:corrosion
48:Pontypool
36:japanning
253:See also
246:litharge
214:resinate
200:litharge
174:Recipes
168:organic
122:Germany
98:Newport
40:varnish
425:Paints
400:online
390:online
318:
212:cobalt
166:or an
164:porous
157:magnet
145:France
141:bronze
137:copper
194:umber
133:brass
316:ISBN
139:and
82:coal
66:and
56:iron
221:or
96:or
94:Usk
46:of
411::
287:^
135:,
112:.
62:,
324:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
