211:. According to Jozef Keulartz the PNS concept of "extended peer community" influenced how Norton's developed his 'convergence hypothesis'. The hypothesis posits that ecologists of different orientation will converge once they start thinking 'as a mountain', or as a planet. For Norton this will be achieved via deliberative democracy, which will pragmatically overcome the black and white divide between conservationists and preservationists. More recently it has been argued that conservation science, embedded as it is in a multi-layered governance structures of policy-makers, practitioners, and stakeholders, is itself an 'extended peer community', and as a result conservation has always been âpost-normalâ.
179:. Reflexivity is realised through the extension of accepted âfactsâ beyond the supposedly objective productions of traditional research. Also, the new participants in the process are not treated as passive learners at the feet of the experts, being coercively convinced through scientific demonstration. Rather, they will form an âextended peer communityâ, sharing the work of quality assurance of the scientific inputs to the process, and arriving at a resolution of issues through debate and dialogue. The necessity to embrace complexity in a post-normal perspective to understand and face
146:"At birth Post-normal science was conceived as an inclusive set of robust insights more than as an exclusive fully structured theory or field of practice". Some of the ideas underpinning PNS can already be found in a work published in 1983 and entitled "Three types of risk assessment: a methodological analysis" This and subsequent works show that PNS concentrates on few aspects of the complex relation between science and policy: the communication of uncertainty, the assessment of quality, and the justification and practice of the extended peer communities.
1568:
Gelcich, Stefan; Jouffray, Jean-Baptiste; Leach, Melissa; Le
Tissier, Martin; MartĂn-LĂłpez, Berta; Louder, Elena; Loutre, Marie-France; Meadow, Alison M.; Nagendra, Harini; Payne, Davnah; Peterson, Garry D.; Reyers, Belinda; Scholes, Robert; Speranza, Chinwe Ifejika; Spierenburg, Marja; Stafford-Smith, Mark; Tengö, Maria; van der Hel, Sandra; van Putten, Ingrid; Ăsterblom, Henrik (March 2020). "Principles for knowledge co-production in sustainability research".
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63:. It is a problem-solving strategy appropriate when "facts uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent", conditions often present in policy-relevant research. In those situations, PNS recommends suspending temporarily the traditional scientific ideal of truth, concentrating on quality as assessed by internal and extended peer communities.
155:
appropriate for these settings which cannot be âpeer-reviewedâ, and where the skills and the tacit knowledge of a practitioner are needed at the forefront, e.g. in a surgery room, or in a house on fire. Here a surgeon or a firefighter takes a difficult technical decision based on her or his training and appreciation of the situation (the Greek concept of â
250:
of the peer community has taken place in the climate science community, transforming climate scientists into âstealth advocatesâ, while scientists working on energy security â without PNS, would still maintain their credentials of neutrality and objectivity. Another criticism is that the extended peer community's use undermines the
102:. For Carrozza PNS can be "framed in terms of a call for the âdemocratization of expertiseâ", and as a "reaction against long-term trends of âscientizationâ of politicsâthe tendency towards assigning to experts a critical role in policymaking while marginalizing laypeople". For Mike Hulme (2007), writing on
303:
In relation to mathematical modelling post-normal science suggests a participatory approach, whereby âmodels to predict and control the futureâ are replaced by âmodels to map our ignorance about the futureâ, in the process exploring and revealing the metaphors embedded in the model. PNS is also known
228:
As summarized in a recent work "the ideas and concepts of post normal science bring about the emergence of new problem solving strategies in which the role of science is appreciated in its full context of the complexity and the uncertainty of natural systems and the relevance of human commitments and
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Norström, Albert V.; Cvitanovic, Christopher; Löf, Marie F.; West, Simon; Wyborn, Carina; Balvanera, Patricia; Bednarek, Angela T.; Bennett, Elena M.; Biggs, Reinette; de
Bremond, Ariane; Campbell, Bruce M.; Canadell, Josep G.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Folke, Carl; Fulton, Elizabeth A.; Gaffney, Owen;
249:
A criticism of post-normal science is offered by
Weingart (1997) for whom post-normal science does not introduce a new epistemology but retraces earlier debates linked to the so-called "finalization thesis". For Jörg Friedrichs â comparing the issues of climate change and peak energy â an extension
232:
For Peter
Gluckman (2014), chief science advisor to the Prime Minister of New Zealand, post-normal science approaches are today appropriate for a host of problems including "eradication of exogenous pests , offshore oil prospecting, legalization of recreational psychotropic drugs, water quality,
154:
with a fourfold challenge: âfacts uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgentâ. For applied research science's own peer quality control system will suffice (or so was assumed at the moment PNS was formulated in the early nineties), while professional consultancy was considered
108:, climate change seems to fall into the category of issues which are best dealt with in the context of PNS and notes that âDisputes in post-normal science focus as often on the process of science - who gets funded, who evaluates quality, who has the ear of policy - as on the facts of scienceâ.
236:
Recent reviews of the history and evolution of PNS, its definitions, conceptualizations, and uses can be found in
Turnpenny et al., 2010, and in The Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics (Nature and Society). There has been recently an increased reference to post-normal science, e.g. in
149:
Coming to the PNS diagram (figure above) the horizontal axis represents âSystems
Uncertaintiesâ and the vertical one âDecision Stakesâ. The three quadrants identify Applied Science, Professional Consultancy, and Post-Normal Science. Different standards of quality and styles of analysis are
197:
In PNS extended peer communities are spaces where perspectives, values, styles of knowing and power differentials are expressed in a context of inequalities and conflict. Resolutions, compromises and knowledge co-production are contingent and not necessarily achievable.
262:
It has been argued that post-normal science scholars have been prescient in anticipating the present crisis in science's quality control and reproducibility. A group of scholars of post-normal science orientation has published in 2016 a volume on the topic, discussing
324:. The piece argues that the COVID-19 emergency has all the elements of a post-normal science context, and notes that "this pandemic offers society an occasion to open a fresh discussion on whether we now need to learn how to do science in a different way".
78:, a new paradigm in the Kuhnian sense, or an attempt to reach a new ânormalâ. It is instead, a set of insights to guide actionable and robust knowledge production for policy decision making and action in challenges like pandemics, ecosystems collapse,
664:
J. R. Ravetz, "Post-Normal
Science Symposium: Address by Jerome Ravetz Reflections on âinformed critical resistance, reform and the making of futures,â" University of Oxford, Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, 2018. . Available:
386:'s Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities between 2014 and 2016. The issue includes also two extended commentaries on the present crisis in science and the post-fact/post-truth discourse, one from Europe and one from Japan.
233:
family violence, obesity, teenage morbidity and suicide, the ageing population, the prioritization of early-childhood education, reduction of agricultural greenhouse gases, and balancing economic growth and environmental sustainability".
423:
Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R., 1991. "A New
Scientific Methodology for Global Environmental Issues", in Costanza, R. (ed.), Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability: 137â152. New York: Columbia University
66:
PNS can be considered as complementing the styles of analysis based on risk and cost-benefit analysis prevailing at that time and integrating concepts of a new critical science developed in previous works by the same authors.
373:, was entitled "Post normal times" in 2011. This was a selection of papers from the symposium "Post Normal Science â perspectives & prospectives 26-27th June 2009, Oxford." A summary of the abstracts can be found on the
436:
Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R., 1992. "Three types of risk assessment and the emergence of postnormal science", in
Krimsky, S. and Golding, D. (eds.), Social theories of risk: 251â273. Westport, Connecticut:
206:
Beside its dominating influence in the literature on 'futures', PNS is considered to have influenced the ecological âconservation versus preservation debateâ, especially via its reading by
American pragmatist
2034:"Commentary: New Currents in Science: The Challenge of Quality, examining the discrepancies and incongruities between Japanese techno-scientific policy and the citizens' science movement in post-3/11 Japan"
698:
Funtowicz, S. O. and Ravetz, J. R. (1985), Three types of risk assessment: a methodological analysis, in C. Whipple and V. T. Covello (Eds), Risk Analysis in the Private Sector, pp 217-232 (Plenum, New
138:
and encompassing the topics of Futures studies, Foresight, Forecasting and Anticipation Practice identifies the same paper as "the all-time publication that received the highest number of citations".
214:
Other authors attribute to PNS the role of having stimulated the take up of transdisciplinary methodological frameworks, reliant on the social constructivist perspective embedded in PNS.
304:
for its definition of garbage in, garbage out (GIGO): in modelling GIGO occurs when the uncertainties in the inputs must be suppressed, lest the outputs become completely indeterminate.
119:. In this respect Michael Egan defines PNS as a 'survival science'. More recently PNS has been defined as a movement of âinformed critical resistance, reform and the making of futuresâ.
2245:
150:
appropriate to different regions in the diagram, i.e. post-normal science does not claim relevance and cogency on all of science's application but only on those defined by the PNS's
568:
Carrozza, Chiara (January 2015). "Democratizing Expertise and Environmental Governance: Different Approaches to the Politics of Science and their Relevance for Policy Analysis".
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Post-normal science is intended as applicable to most instances where the use of evidence is contested due to different norms and values. Typical instances are in the use of
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when it published the article âScience for the post-normal ageâ presently the most cited paper of the journal. A recent review of academic literature conducted on the
680:
Thomas Gauthier, Sylvaine Mercuri Chapuis, 2018, An Investigation of Futures Studies Scholarly Literature, In: Poli R. (eds) Handbook of Anticipation. Springer, Cham
2138:
511:
1202:
Turnpenny, John; Jones, Mavis; Lorenzoni, Irene (May 2011). "Where Now for Post-Normal Science?: A Critical Review of its Development, Definitions, and Uses".
175:). In PNS, complexity is respected through its recognition of a multiplicity of legitimate perspectives on any issue; this is close to the meaning espoused by
2238:
2088:
111:
From the ecological perspective post-normal science can be situated in the context of 'crisis disciplines' â a term coined by the conservation biologist
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Saltelli, Andrea; Benini, Lorenzo; Funtowicz, Silvio; Giampietro, Mario; Kaiser, Matthias; Reinert, Erik; van der Sluijs, Jeroen P. (April 2020).
1003:
Heaslip, Eimear; Fahy, Frances (November 2018). "Developing transdisciplinary approaches to community energy transitions: An island case study".
1236:
Strand, R., 2017, Post normal Science, The Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics (Nature and Society) Edited by Clive L. Spash, p. 288-297.
1743:
392:
2098:
1930:
931:
898:
708:
Scott, J. C. (1999). Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (0 edition). Yale University Press.
176:
2739:
2453:
914:
Keulartz, Jozef (2018). "Does Deliberation Promote Ecological Citizenship? The Convergence Hypothesis and the Reality of Polarization".
1144:
The bioaccumulation of uranium in sheep heart and kidney: the impact of contaminated traditional food sources on the Navajo Reservation
3003:
1961:
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Benessia, A., Funtowicz, S., Giampietro, M., GuimarĂŁes Pereira, A., Ravetz, J., Saltelli, A., Strand, R., van der Sluijs, J., 2016.
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The third special issue on post-normal science was in 2017. This special issue contains a selection of papers discussed at the
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2254:
718:
666:
2971:
2801:
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2429:
2358:
2147:
2108:
Ravetz, Jerome R. (September 1987). "Usable Knowledge, Usable Ignorance: Incomplete Science with Policy Implications".
612:
1860:"The technique is never neutral. How methodological choices condition the generation of narratives for sustainability"
492:
1978:
Davies, M.W., Editor, 2011, Special Issue: Postnormal Times Futures, Volume 43, Issue 2, Pages 135-228 (March 2011).
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288:
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918:. The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics. Vol. 26. pp. 189â212.
192:
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in the field of social metabolism. A work where these approaches are suggested for sustainability is in.
254:'s use of empiricism and that its goal would be better addressed by providing greater science education.
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2523:
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2310:
985:
218:
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Friedrichs, Jörg (May 2011). "Peak energy and climate change: The double bind of post-normal science".
634:"Survival Science: Crisis Disciplines and the Shock of the Environment in the 1970s1: Survival science"
115:
to indicate approaches addressing fears, emerging in the seventies, that the world was on the verge of
279:
Among the quantitative styles of analysis which make reference to post-normal science one can mention
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2608:
2603:
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2270:
1946:
Funtowicz, Silvio; Ravetz, Jerry (October 1990). "Post-normal science: A new science for new times".
1871:
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2014:
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Strand, R. (2017). Post-Normal Science. In Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics. Routledge.
1028:
970:
593:
471:
363:
355:
27:
Approach to the use of science on urgent issues involving uncertainty in facts and moral values
3034:
2998:
2633:
2568:
2538:
2094:
1926:
1832:
1621:
Weingart, Peter (December 1997). "From 'Finalization' to 'Mode 2': old wine in new bottles?".
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978:
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370:
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251:
156:
79:
32:
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1979:
1918:
890:
454:
Funtowicz, Silvio O.; Ravetz, Jerome R. (September 1993). "Science for the post-normal age".
343:
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2004:
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127:
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60:
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Ravetz, J. R., 1971. Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems. Oxford University Press.
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172:
123:
880:
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Ravetz, Jerry (19 November 2019). "Stop the science training that demands 'don't ask'".
1581:
1527:
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1447:
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1402:
Ravetz, Jerry (21 November 2019). "Stop the science training that demands 'don't ask'".
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Funtowicz, Silvio O; Ravetz, Jerome R (November 1997). "The poetry of thermodynamics".
135:
775:
667:
https://www.insis.ox.ac.uk/article/post-normal-science-symposium-address-jerome-ravetz
316:, a group of scholars of post-normal orientation published on the blog section of the
167:
There are important linkages between PNS and complexity science, e.g. system ecology (
40:
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2545:
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2018:
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1032:
597:
475:
467:
359:
347:
168:
75:
840:"A global environmental justice movement: Mapping ecological distribution conflicts"
558:
T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, 1962.
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617:
317:
208:
104:
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2009:
1992:
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1083:
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855:
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2060:
1884:
1859:
989:
923:
717:
Rees, M., 2017, Black holes are simpler than forests and science has its limits,
589:
2831:
2528:
2498:
2483:
2348:
2343:
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1921:. In Kasemir, Bernd; JĂ€ger, Jill; Jaeger, Carlo C.; Gardner, Matthew T. (eds.).
1142:
839:
791:"Zoonoses, One Health and complexity: wicked problems and constructive conflict"
320:(for Social, Technological and Environmental Pathways to Sustainability) at the
99:
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1462:
1423:
1024:
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2759:
2704:
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2320:
1733:. The Consortium for Science, Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University.
1589:
748:
222:
98:, the name "post-normal science" echoes the seminal work on modern science by
1991:
Dankel, Dorothy J.; Vaage, Nora S.; van der Sluijs, Jeroen P. (August 2017).
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131:
71:
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17:
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Another special issue on post-normal science was published on the journal
374:
965:
948:
292:
180:
2216:
Centre for Postnormal Policy and Futures Studies, East West University (
1962:"Post-normal pandemics: Why COVID-19 requires a new approach to science"
1463:"The importance of distinguishing climate science from climate activism"
1372:
974:
864:
2285:
1784:
1598:
1057:"What is wrong with evidence based policy, and how can it be improved?"
536:, Edited ByNoel Castree, Mike Hulme, James D. Proctor, 2018, Routledge.
151:
1894:
1744:
How should we treat science's growing pains? The Guardian, 8 June 2016
1682:
R. A. Pielke, Jr, The Honest Broker. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
795:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
397:
2918:
2217:
1758:"Why science's crisis should not become a political battling ground"
1328:
1303:
1272:
1247:
1179:
1162:
1073:
280:
39:
31:
2163:
949:"Avoiding a Post-truth World: Embracing Post-normal Conservation"
2227:
267:
what this community perceive as the root causes of the present
1512:"A short comment on statistical versus mathematical modelling"
291:
for exploring multiple frames in a quantitative analysis, and
1106:
Schwandt, Thomas A. (July 2019). "Post-normal evaluation?".
44:
Jerome Ravetz and Silvio Funtowicz, circa 1988, at Sheffield
1980:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00163287/43/2
1923:
Public Participation in Sustainability Science: A Handbook
532:
Funtowicz, S. and Ravetz, J., "Post-normal science", in
491:
EJOLT. (2023). EJAtlas | Mapping Environmental Justice.
338:
devoted several specials issues to post-normal science.
2170:
496:
1359:
Dietl, Gregory P. (January 2016). "Different worlds".
2917:
2703:
2472:
2407:
2319:
2284:
2261:
1731:
The Rightful Place of Science: Science on the Verge
1697:Saltelli, Andrea; Funtowicz, Silvio (August 2017).
1055:Saltelli, Andrea; Giampietro, Mario (August 2017).
879:FĂ©aux de la Croix, Jeanne (2023). "Collaboration".
1163:"Policy: The art of science advice to government"
916:A Sustainable PhilosophyâThe Work of Bryan Norton
1692:
1690:
1688:
1156:
1154:
2142:. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands.
1925:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62â77.
570:Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning
2239:
2139:Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy
689:Funtowicz, S., 2016, personal correspondence.
512:Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy
82:and, in general, sustainability transitions.
70:PNS is not a new scientific method following
8:
2090:Scientific knowledge and its social problems
882:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology
549:, Edited By Clive L. Spash, 2017, Routledge.
2176:Introductory lecture to Post Normal Science
844:Disjuntiva. CrĂtica de les CiĂšncies Socials
676:
674:
487:
485:
356:Post-Normal Scienceâan insight now maturing
287:for indicators and mathematical modelling,
2246:
2232:
2224:
547:Routledge Handbook of Ecological Economics
2059:
2049:
2008:
1893:
1883:
1783:
1773:
1714:
1597:
1543:
1486:
1327:
1271:
1178:
1082:
1072:
964:
863:
814:
649:
2136:Funtowicz, S.O. and J.R. Ravetz (1990).
1699:"What is science's crisis really about?"
1248:"Rethink our approach to assessing risk"
737:International Journal of General Systems
514:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
346:and included two editorial pieces, from
1204:Science, Technology, & Human Values
409:
393:Science, Technology, & Human Values
891:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.174
545:Strand, R., "Post-Normal Science", in
506:
504:
449:
447:
445:
443:
432:
430:
419:
417:
415:
413:
312:On 25 March 2020, in the midst of the
183:is argumented by David Waltner-Toews.
789:Waltner-Toews, David (19 July 2017).
7:
1005:Energy Research & Social Science
510:Funtowicz, S. and Ravetz, J., 1990.
369:The second special issue, edited by
177:Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)
2740:Digital media use and mental health
2454:Sociology of the history of science
1510:Saltelli, Andrea (27 August 2019).
1864:Environmental Science & Policy
1756:Andrea, Saltelli (December 2018).
1473:(1). Nature Publishing Group: 36.
534:Companion to Environmental Studies
25:
2449:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2294:History and philosophy of science
2276:Economics of scientific knowledge
2218:http://eastwestaffairs.org/cppfs/
2032:Tsukahara, Togo (1 August 2017).
1993:"Post-normal science in practice"
1246:Grinnell, Frederick (June 2015).
733:"Complexity as a System Property"
3042:
3041:
3016:
2149:The No nonsense guide to science
159:â as discussed by J. C. Scott.)
130:(PNT). Sardar was the editor of
55:) was developed in the 1990s by
2152:. Oxford: New Internationalist.
632:Egan, Michael (February 2017).
3095:Science and technology studies
2255:Science and technology studies
2093:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
1161:Gluckman, Peter (March 2014).
947:Rose, David Christian (2018).
1:
2051:10.1016/j.futures.2017.04.008
2010:10.1016/j.futures.2017.05.009
1775:10.1016/j.futures.2018.07.006
1716:10.1016/j.futures.2017.05.010
1670:10.1016/j.futures.2010.12.004
1084:10.1016/j.futures.2016.11.012
856:10.14198/DISJUNTIVA2020.1.2.6
838:MartĂnez Alier, Joan (2020).
776:10.1016/S0016-3287(97)00059-1
611:Hulme, Mike (14 March 2007).
2802:Normalization process theory
2359:Philosophy of social science
2178:(requires Internet Explorer)
1885:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.01.008
924:10.1007/978-3-319-92597-4_12
590:10.1080/1523908X.2014.914894
468:10.1016/0016-3287(93)90022-L
90:According to its proponents
1141:Lister, Andee Rose (2018).
493:Environmental Justice Atlas
364:What is Post-Normal Science
283:for numerical information,
36:Post-normal science diagram
3111:
2425:construction of technology
2196:The Conversation (website)
2146:Ravetz, Jerome R. (2005).
2122:10.1177/107554708700900104
2087:Ravetz, Jerome R. (1979).
1829:10.1038/d41586-019-03527-y
1635:10.1177/053901897036004002
1623:Social Science Information
1536:10.1038/s41467-019-11865-8
1488:10.1038/s44168-024-00126-0
1461:BĂŒntgen, U. (8 May 2024).
1424:10.1038/d41586-019-03527-y
1025:10.1016/j.erss.2018.07.013
613:"The appliance of science"
190:
3012:
2957:Politicization of science
1590:10.1038/s41893-019-0448-2
1314:(7592): 7â8. March 2016.
749:10.1080/03081077708934768
289:Quantitative storytelling
126:developed the concept of
2364:Philosophy of technology
2212:Special issue on Futures
1216:10.1177/0162243910385789
1120:10.1177/1356389019855501
953:Conservation and Society
171:) and hierarchy theory (
651:10.1111/1600-0498.12149
275:Quantitative approaches
193:Extended peer community
187:Extended peer community
2437:Sociology of knowledge
1917:Ravetz, Jerry (2003).
807:10.1098/rstb.2016.0171
731:Rosen, Robert (1977).
299:Mathematical modelling
241:and related journals.
45:
37:
3090:Philosophy of science
3004:Transition management
2994:Technology assessment
2962:Regulation of science
2937:Evidence-based policy
2822:Sociotechnical system
2671:Traditional knowledge
2551:Psychology of science
2524:Mapping controversies
2430:shaping of technology
2389:Social constructivism
2354:Philosophy of science
2311:History of technology
2061:20.500.14094/90005640
1919:"Models as metaphors"
1570:Nature Sustainability
1516:Nature Communications
258:The crisis of science
219:evidence based policy
43:
35:
2909:Women in engineering
2755:Financial technology
2735:Digital anthropology
2504:Criticism of science
2417:Actorânetwork theory
2379:Religion and science
2271:Economics of science
2202:More articles on PNS
966:10.4103/cs.cs_17_131
497:https://ejatlas.org/
384:University of Bergen
322:University of Sussex
285:sensitivity auditing
2750:Engineering studies
2720:Cyborg anthropology
2509:Demarcation problem
2394:Social epistemology
1948:Scientific European
1876:2020ESPol.106...87S
1821:2019Natur.575..417R
1582:2020NatSu...3..182N
1528:2019NatCo..10.3870S
1479:2024npjCA...3...36B
1416:2019Natur.575..417R
1373:10.1038/nature16329
1320:2016Natur.531R...7.
1264:2015Natur.522..257G
1017:2018ERSS...45..153H
582:2015JEPP...17..108C
117:ecological collapse
49:Post-normal science
3030:History of science
2947:Funding of science
2817:Skunkworks project
2514:Double hermeneutic
2299:History of science
1742:Ravetz, J., 2016,
1467:npj Climate Action
801:(1725): 20160171.
46:
38:
3085:Scientific method
3072:
3071:
2999:Technology policy
2730:Dematerialization
2539:black swan events
2198:26 September 2016
2165:Post-Normal Times
2100:978-0-19-519721-1
1950:. pp. 20â22.
1932:978-0-521-52144-4
1173:(7491): 163â165.
933:978-3-319-92596-7
900:978-0-19-085458-4
371:Merryl Wyn Davies
342:The first was in
314:COVID-19 pandemic
252:scientific method
80:biodiversity loss
16:(Redirected from
3102:
3045:
3044:
3020:
2972:Right to science
2952:Horizon scanning
2927:Academic freedom
2827:Technical change
2688:Women in science
2683:Unity of science
2464:Strong programme
2248:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2153:
2133:
2104:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1968:. 25 March 2020.
1958:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1694:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1304:"Future present"
1300:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1000:
994:
993:
968:
944:
938:
937:
911:
905:
904:
876:
870:
869:
867:
835:
829:
828:
818:
786:
780:
779:
759:
753:
752:
728:
722:
719:AEON, 1 December
715:
709:
706:
700:
696:
690:
687:
681:
678:
669:
662:
656:
655:
653:
629:
623:
622:
608:
602:
601:
565:
559:
556:
550:
543:
537:
530:
524:
521:
515:
508:
499:
489:
480:
479:
451:
438:
434:
425:
421:
352:Silvio Funtowicz
269:science's crisis
128:Postnormal Times
122:Moving from PNS
113:Michael E. Soulé
96:Jerome R. Ravetz
92:Silvio Funtowicz
61:Jerome R. Ravetz
57:Silvio Funtowicz
21:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3008:
2967:Research ethics
2913:
2812:Reverse salient
2706:
2699:
2475:
2468:
2459:Sociotechnology
2403:
2315:
2280:
2257:
2252:
2160:
2145:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1367:(7584): 29â30.
1358:
1357:
1353:
1329:10.1038/531007b
1302:
1301:
1297:
1273:10.1038/522257a
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1180:10.1038/507163a
1160:
1159:
1152:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1002:
1001:
997:
946:
945:
941:
934:
913:
912:
908:
901:
878:
877:
873:
837:
836:
832:
788:
787:
783:
761:
760:
756:
730:
729:
725:
716:
712:
707:
703:
697:
693:
688:
684:
679:
672:
663:
659:
631:
630:
626:
610:
609:
605:
567:
566:
562:
557:
553:
544:
540:
531:
527:
522:
518:
509:
502:
490:
483:
453:
452:
441:
435:
428:
422:
411:
406:
330:
310:
301:
277:
260:
247:
209:Bryan G. Norton
204:
195:
189:
173:Arthur Koestler
165:
144:
124:Ziauddin Sardar
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2977:Science policy
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Digital divide
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:Technological
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Design studies
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2661:Scientometrics
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2534:Paradigm shift
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2374:Postpositivism
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Antipositivism
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:and technology
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:About MUSIASEM
2204:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2159:
2158:External links
2156:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2134:
2105:
2099:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2024:
1983:
1971:
1953:
1938:
1931:
1909:
1850:
1799:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1684:
1675:
1664:(4): 469â477.
1648:
1629:(4): 591â613.
1613:
1576:(3): 182â190.
1559:
1502:
1453:
1394:
1351:
1295:
1238:
1229:
1210:(3): 287â306.
1194:
1150:
1133:
1114:(3): 317â329.
1098:
1047:
1038:
995:
959:(4): 518â524.
939:
932:
906:
899:
871:
830:
781:
770:(9): 791â810.
754:
743:(4): 227â232.
723:
710:
701:
691:
682:
670:
657:
644:(1â2): 26â39.
624:
603:
576:(1): 108â126.
560:
551:
538:
525:
516:
500:
481:
462:(7): 739â755.
439:
426:
408:
407:
405:
402:
388:
387:
379:
378:
367:
329:
328:Special issues
326:
309:
306:
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297:
276:
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259:
256:
246:
243:
203:
200:
191:Main article:
188:
185:
164:
161:
143:
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136:Web of Science
87:
84:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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3028:
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3019:
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3000:
2997:
2995:
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2988:
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2910:
2907:
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2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:Technoscience
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Media studies
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Early adopter
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Co-production
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:communication
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Pseudoscience
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Boundary-work
2492:
2490:
2489:Bibliometrics
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2399:Transhumanism
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:14 March 2007
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:(1): 87â116.
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:(7783): 417.
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:(7783): 417.
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:(7556): 257.
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
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1190:
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1181:
1176:
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1168:
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1155:
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1137:
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1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
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1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
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1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
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967:
962:
958:
954:
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925:
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896:
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884:
883:
875:
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