Postmodern literature - Knowledge (XXG)

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modernism because of his friendship with James Joyce; however, his work helped shape the development of literature away from modernism. Joyce, one of the exemplars of modernism, celebrated the possibility of language; Beckett had a revelation in 1945 that, in order to escape the shadow of Joyce, he must focus on the poverty of language and man as a failure. His later work, likewise, featured characters stuck in inescapable situations attempting impotently to communicate whose only recourse is to play, to make the best of what they have. As

326: 1961: 1119: 2478:, features a character named Tim O'Brien; though O'Brien was a Vietnam veteran, the book is a work of fiction and O'Brien calls into question the fictionality of the characters and incidents throughout the book. One story in the book, "How to Tell a True War Story", questions the nature of telling stories. Factual retellings of war stories, the narrator says, would be unbelievable, and heroic, moral war stories don't capture the truth. 2897:

of this kind of fiction are the mingling and juxtaposition of the realistic and the fantastic or bizarre, skillful time shifts, convoluted and even labyrinthine narratives and plots, miscellaneous use of dreams, myths and fairy stories, expressionistic and even surrealistic description, arcane erudition, the element of surprise or abrupt shock, the horrific and the inexplicable. It has been applied, for instance, to the work of

1781:(1988), breaks down the barriers between drama, fiction, and poetry, with texts of the collection being almost entirely composed of echoes and reiterations of his previous work ... He was definitely one of the fathers of the postmodern movement in fiction which has continued undermining the ideas of logical coherence in narration, formal plot, regular time sequence, and psychologically explained characters. 2184:) are among the most recognizable aspects of postmodernism. Though the idea of employing these in literature did not start with the postmodernists (the modernists were often playful and ironic), they became central features in many postmodern works. In fact, several novelists later to be labeled postmodern were first collectively labeled black humorists: 3123:, (2014) Stefano Ercolino characterised maximalism as "an aesthetically hybrid genre of the contemporary novel that develops in the second half of the twentieth century in the United States, then 'emigrates' to Europe and Latin America at the threshold the twenty-first.". Ercolino singled out seven novels for particular attention: 3272:

the transforming power of science and technology, the control of information and art. These novels are also about the size and scale of contemporary experience: how multiplicity and magnitude create new relations and new proportions among persons and entities, how quantity affects quality, how massiveness is related to mastery."

3548:. Still there is a solution. He can say "As Barbara Cartland would put it, I love you madly". At this point, having avoided false innocence, having said clearly it is no longer possible to talk innocently, he will nevertheless say what he wanted to say to the woman: that he loves her in an age of lost innocence. 3388:

and everyday language combines with poetry and biblical references leading up to syntax disruption and distortion of grammar. A sense of alienation of character and world is created by a language medium invented to form a kind of intermittent syntax structure which complements the illustration of the

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in "range of reference, artistic sophistication, and desire for profound effect." LeClair wrote, "These seven novels are about mastery, about excesses of power, force, and authority in arenas small and large: the self's mastery of itself, economic and political hegemony, force in history and culture,

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in which simulations have replaced the real. In postmodernity people are inundated with information, technology has become a central focus in many lives, and one's understanding of the real is mediated by simulations of the real. Many works of fiction have dealt with this aspect of postmodernity with

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may be literary work marked by the use of still, sharply defined, smoothly painted images of figures and objects depicted in a surrealistic manner. The themes and subjects are often imaginary, somewhat outlandish and fantastic and with a certain dream-like quality. Some of the characteristic features

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Mostly concerned with what he saw as impossibilities in fiction (identity of characters; reliable consciousness; the reliability of language itself; and the rubrication of literature in genres) Beckett's experiments with narrative form and with the disintegration of narration and character in fiction

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to refer to a specific type of metafiction in which the story is about the process of creation. According to Fowler, "the poioumenon is calculated to offer opportunities to explore the boundaries of fiction and reality—the limits of narrative truth." In many cases, the book will be about the process

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Postmodernism ... can be used at least in two ways – firstly, to give a label to the period after 1968 (which would then encompass all forms of fiction, both innovative and traditional), and secondly, to describe the highly experimental literature produced by writers beginning with Lawrence Durrell

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Fragmentation is another important aspect of postmodern literature. Various elements, concerning plot, characters, themes, imagery and factual references are fragmented and dispersed throughout the entire work. In general, there is an interrupted sequence of events, character development and action

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is about the process of writing the novel and calls attention to his own presence throughout the novel. Though much of the novel has to do with Vonnegut's own experiences during the firebombing of Dresden, Vonnegut continually points out the artificiality of the central narrative arc which contains

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means to combine, or "paste" together, multiple elements. In Postmodernist literature this can be a homage to or a parody of past styles. It can be seen as a representation of the chaotic, pluralistic, or information-drenched aspects of postmodern society. It can be a combination of multiple genres

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It was in post-atomic America that pop influences on literature became something more than technical. About the time television first gasped and sucked air, mass popular U.S. culture seemed to become High-Art-viable as a collection of symbols and myth. The episcopate of this pop-reference movement

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in his 1990 essay "E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction" makes the connection between the rise of postmodernism and the rise of television with its tendency toward self-reference and the ironic juxtaposition of what's seen and what's said. This, he claims, explains the preponderance of pop

2524:. Thus, fabulation challenges some traditional notions of literature—the traditional structure of a novel or role of the narrator, for example—and integrates other traditional notions of storytelling, including fantastical elements, such as magic and myth, or elements from popular genres such as 1763:

is essentially a series of clichés taken from a language textbook. One of the most important figures to be categorized as both Absurdist and Postmodern is Samuel Beckett. The work of Beckett is often seen as marking the shift from modernism to postmodernism in literature. He had close ties with

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My ideal Postmodernist author neither merely repudiates nor merely imitates either his 20th-century Modernist parents or his 19th-century premodernist grandparents. He has the first half of our century under his belt, but not on his back. Without lapsing into moral or artistic simplism, shoddy

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can be characterized as a focus on a surface description where readers are expected to take an active role in the creation of a story. The characters in minimalist stories and novels tend to be unexceptional. Generally, the short stories are "slice of life" stories. Minimalism, the opposite of

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Temporal distortion is a common technique in modernist fiction: fragmentation and nonlinear narratives are central features in both modern and postmodern literature. Temporal distortion in postmodern fiction is used in a variety of ways, often for the sake of irony. Historiographic metafiction

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in particular provides prime examples of playfulness, often including silly wordplay, within a serious context. For example, it contains characters named Mike Fallopian and Stanley Koteks and a radio station called KCUF, while the novel as a whole has a serious subject and a complex structure.

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and assorted franc-and latinophiles only later comprised by "postmodern". The erudite, sardonic fictions of the Black Humorists introduced a generation of new fiction writers who saw themselves as sort of avant-avant-garde, not only cosmopolitan and polyglot but also technologically literate,

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says, "these fragments I have shored against my ruins". Modernist literature sees fragmentation and extreme subjectivity as an existential crisis, or Freudian internal conflict, a problem that must be solved, and the artist is often cited as the one to solve it. Postmodernists, however, often

1223:, which has been seen as a symptom of the fact that this style of literature first emerged in the context of political tendencies in the 1960s. This inspiration is, among other things, seen through how postmodern literature is highly self-reflexive about the political issues it speaks to. 1358:

claimed in "How to Make a Dadaist Poem" that to create a Dadaist poem one had only to put random words in a hat and pull them out one by one. Another way Dadaism influenced postmodern literature was in the development of collage, specifically collages using elements from advertisement or

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Several themes and techniques are indicative of writing in the postmodern era. These themes and techniques are often used together. For example, metafiction and pastiche are often used for irony. These are not used by all postmodernists, nor is this an exclusive list of features.

2599:(1962), in which the narrator, Kinbote, claims he is writing an analysis of John Shade's long poem "Pale Fire", but the narrative of the relationship between Shade and Kinbote is presented in what is ostensibly the footnotes to the poem. Similarly, the self-conscious narrator in 3041:, the belief that there's an ordering system behind the chaos of the world is another recurring postmodern theme. For the postmodernist, no ordering is extremely dependent upon the subject, so paranoia often straddles the line between delusion and brilliant insight. Pynchon's 3544:, a way of operating. ... I think of the postmodern attitude as that of a man who loves a very cultivated woman and knows that he cannot say to her "I love you madly", because he knows that she knows (and that she knows he knows) that these words have already been written by 3091:

has generated controversy on the "purpose" of a novel as narrative and the standards by which it should be judged. The postmodern position is that the style of a novel must be appropriate to what it depicts and represents, and points back to such examples in previous ages as

3414:" and in 1980 published "The Literature of Replenishment" in order to clarify the earlier essay. "The Literature of Exhaustion" was about the need for a new era in literature after modernism had exhausted itself. In "The Literature of Replenishment" Barth says: 1890:

is a style popular among Latin American writers (and can also be considered its own genre) in which supernatural elements are treated as mundane (a famous example being the practical-minded and ultimately dismissive treatment of an apparently angelic figure in

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approaches, making the artificiality of art or the fictionality of fiction apparent to the reader and generally disregards the necessity for "willing suspension of disbelief". For example, postmodern sensibility and metafiction dictate that works of

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in Paris in 1959 and in America in 1961; this is considered by some the first truly postmodern novel because it is fragmentary, with no central narrative arc; it employs pastiche to fold in elements from popular genres such as detective fiction and

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details his main thesis on this shift, although many postmodern works have developed out of modernism, modernism is characterised by an epistemological dominant while postmodern works are primarily concerned with questions of ontology.

3513:. I don't think any one of us even knew any of the others. Certainly I didn't know them. Whatever forces were at work shaping a trend in art were affecting not just me, but all of us. The feelings of helplessness and persecution in 3625:

and John Fowles in the 1960s and reaching to the breathless works of Martin Amis and the "Chemical (Scottish) Generation" of the fin-de-siècle. In what follows, the term 'postmodernist' is used for experimental authors (especially

3293:, attack the maximalist novel as being disorganized, sterile and filled with language play for its own sake, empty of emotional commitment—and therefore empty of value as a novel. Yet there are counter-examples, such as Pynchon's 2885:, the author presents multiple possible events occurring simultaneously—in one section the babysitter is murdered while in another section nothing happens and so on—yet no version of the story is favored as the correct version. 1872:" technique, a technique (similar to Tzara's "Dadaist Poem") in which words and phrases are cut from a newspaper or other publication and rearranged to form a new message. This is the technique he used to create novels such as 1324:

and others. The third category is the "cultural postmodernism", which includes film, literature, visual arts, etc. that feature postmodern elements. Postmodern literature is, in this sense, part of cultural postmodernism.

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is: can novels do without people? And the answer I would give is: not completely. The problem is, perhaps, that the part of our minds that responds to old-fashioned novels hasn't changed as fast as the world around it."

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Metafiction is often employed to undermine the authority of the author, for unexpected narrative shifts, to advance a story in a unique way, for emotional distance, or to comment on the act of storytelling. For example,

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Although Ercolino's "maximalist" examples overlapped with LeClair's earlier systems novel examples, Ercolino did not see "mastery" as a defining feature. According to Ercolino, "it would make more sense to speak of an

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is a term sometimes used interchangeably with metafiction and relates to pastiche and Magic Realism. It is a rejection of realism which embraces the notion that literature is a created work and not bound by notions of

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Some further argue that the beginning of postmodern literature could be marked by significant publications or literary events. For example, some mark the beginning of postmodernism with the first publication of

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and drama won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969. His works published after 1969 are mostly meta-literary attempts that must be read in light of his own theories and previous works and the attempt to

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products of more than just one region, heritage, and theory, and citizens of a culture that said its most important stuff about itself via mass media. In this regard one thinks particularly of the

1397:, an important direct influence on many postmodernist fiction writers. He is occasionally listed as a postmodernist, although he started writing in the 1920s. The influence of his experiments with 3427:... The ideal Postmodernist novel will somehow rise above the quarrel between realism and irrealism, formalism and "contentism", pure and committed literature, coterie fiction and junk fiction... 2241:: the relationship between one text (a novel for example) and another or one text within the interwoven fabric of literary history. Intertextuality in postmodern literature can be a reference or 3384:, one of the major exponents of fragmentation in postmodern literature, an almost telegraphic style is adopted, devoid, in most part, of articles and conjunctions. The text is interspersed with 2488:

writes that the copyright page claims it is fiction only for legal purposes, and that everything within the novel is non-fiction. He employs a character in the novel named David Foster Wallace.

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demonstrate that this chaos is insurmountable; the artist is impotent, and the only recourse against "ruin" is to play within the chaos. Playfulness is present in many modernist works (Joyce's

1308:. Because of this fact, several people distinguish between several forms of postmodernism and thus suggest that there are three forms of postmodernism: (1) Postmodernity is understood as a 3374:

which can at first glance look modern. Fragmentation purports, however, to depict a metaphysically unfounded, chaotic universe. It can occur in language, sentence structure or grammar. In

5204: 1504:, for example) and they may seem very similar to postmodern works, but with postmodernism playfulness becomes central and the actual achievement of order and meaning becomes unlikely. 2237:

Since postmodernism represents a decentred concept of the universe in which individual works are not isolated creations, much of the focus in the study of postmodern literature is on

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commonly involves the mixing of genres, many other elements are also included (metafiction and temporal distortion are common in the broader pastiche of the postmodern novel). In

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craftsmanship, Madison Avenue venality, or either false or real naiveté, he nevertheless aspires to a fiction more democratic in its appeal than such late-Modernist marvels as

3047:, long-considered a prototype of postmodern literature, presents a situation which may be "coincidence or conspiracy – or a cruel joke". This often coincides with the theme of 1487:

is often cited as a means of distinguishing modern and postmodern literature. The poem is fragmentary and employs pastiche like much postmodern literature, but the speaker in

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was a collage; if not in structure, then in the ideology of the novel itself ... Without being aware of it, I was part of a near-movement in fiction. While I was writing

1614: 1835:). Though this is now a less common usage of "postmodern", references to these writers as "postmodernists" still appear and many writers associated with this group ( 1405:

was not fully realized in the Anglo-American world until the postmodern period. Ultimately, this is seen as the highest stratification of criticism among scholars.

1847:, and so on) appear often on lists of postmodern writers. One writer associated with the Beat Generation who appears most often on lists of postmodern writers is 2204:, etc. It is common for postmodernists to treat serious subjects in a playful and humorous way: for example, the way Heller and Vonnegut address the events of 1934:; like Beckett and Borges, Nabokov started publishing before the beginning of postmodernity (1926 in Russian, 1941 in English). Though his most famous novel, 1546:

was published before the original in 1964, two years before O'Brien died. Notwithstanding its dilatory appearance, the literary theorist Keith Hopper regards

2245:, an extended discussion of a work, or the adoption of a style. In postmodern literature this commonly manifests as references to fairy tales—as in works by 3357:

and then allows the reader's imagination to shape the story. Among those categorized as postmodernist, literary minimalism is most commonly associated with

2947:, 1999), commonly use magic realism in their work. A fusion of fabulism with magic realism is apparent in such early 21st-century American short stories as 1312:

from the mid-1960s to the present, which is different from the (2) theoretical postmodernism, which encompasses the theories developed by thinkers such as

2146:, herald either a new chapter of postmodernism or possibly post-postmodernism. Many of these authors emphasize a strong urge for sincerity in literature. 4990:

From Modernism to Postmodernism: Concepts and Strategies of Postmodern American Fiction: Postmodern Studies 38; Textxet Studies in Comparative Literature

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Though postmodernist literature does not include everything written in the postmodern period, several post-war developments in literature (such as the

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Paul B. Roth, Preface to Dimitris Lyacos, Bitter Oleander Special Feature. The Bitter Oleander Journal, Volume 22, No 1, Spring 2016, Fayetteville, NY

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and this is also the era when literary critics wrote some of the classic works of literary history, charting American postmodern literature: works by

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is a recent example of fragmentation, employing the technique to consider the effects of internet usage on quality of life and the creative process.

2130: 256: 301: 153: 1903:, a movement coterminous with postmodernism. Some of the major figures of the "Boom" and practitioners of Magic Realism (Gabriel García Márquez, 1522:

As with all stylistic eras, no definite dates exist for the rise and fall of postmodernism's popularity. 1941, the year in which Irish novelist

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claimed postmodern fiction as a whole could be characterized by the ironic quote marks, that much of it can be taken as tongue-in-cheek. This

4644: 4547: 4474: 2997: 4738: 3784: 2294: 1510: 1147: 2446: 3445:. Heller claimed his novel and many of the other American novels of the time had more to do with the state of the country after the war: 1702:) have significant similarities. These developments are occasionally collectively labeled "postmodern"; more commonly, some key figures ( 2765: 2617:, describes a week in the life of a poet and his creation of a poem which, by the last couple of pages, proves remarkably prophetic. In 897: 4616:

United States of Banana (2011), Elizabeth Costello (2003) and Fury (2001): Portrait of the Writer as the ‘Bad Subject’of Globalisation.

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etc.) are sometimes listed as postmodernists. This labeling, however, is not without its problems. In Spanish-speaking Latin America,

1896: 185: 113: 2406:. Pastiche can instead involve a compositional technique, for example the cut-up technique employed by Burroughs. Another example is 1540:

in 1939. It was rejected for publication and remained supposedly lost until published posthumously in 1967. A revised version called

5264: 5246: 5231: 5213: 5156: 5020: 4903: 4725: 4696: 4676: 4636: 4427: 4402: 4381: 4243: 4175: 4139: 4075: 268: 5066: 4889:’’Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Fiction’’. Ed. Larry McCaffery. Duke University Press, 1994. 5295: 2903: 2814: 2339: 2333: 1948: 5280: 3259:). LeClair's systems novels were all "long, large and dense" and all in some way striving for "mastery", showing similarity to 2348: 1375:

and the description of dreams should play a greater role in the creation of literature. He used automatism to create his novel

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has argued that postmodernism is an imported grand récit that is incompatible with the cultural production of Latin America.

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and used photographs to replace description as a parody of the overly-descriptive novelists he often criticized. Surrealist

5267:). This book's long and experimental first part is an application of Derridean "oto-biography" to postmodern life-writing. 2913: 2542: 1968:

is one of several contemporary authors who represent the latest movement in post-modern literature which some have deemed

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using a telephone for example. Time may also overlap, repeat, or bifurcate into multiple possibilities. For example, in

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who argues that it was not until the 1980s that the term "postmodern" caught on as the label for this style of writing.

1594: 2908: 1892: 1719: 1483:. In addition, both modern and postmodern literature explore fragmentariness in narrative- and character-construction. 2943: 2719: 1823:, and so on. These writers have occasionally also been referred to as the "Postmoderns" (see especially references by 1635: 1289: 294: 98: 3953: 3819:

The Progression of Postmodern Irony: Jennifer Egan, David Foster Wallace and the Rise of Post-Postmodern Authenticity

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ostmodernism ... not a trend to be chronologically defined, but, rather, an ideal category – or better still a

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main character's subconscious fears and paranoia in the course of his exploration of a seemingly chaotic world.

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presents characters who are bombarded with a "white noise" of television, product brand names, and clichés. The

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Sponsler, Claire (1992). "Cyberpunk and the Dilemmas of Postmodern Narrative: The Example of William Gibson".

2589:, which is about the narrator's frustrated attempt to tell his own story. A significant postmodern example is 605: 5049: 4898:’’Virtual Geographies: Cyberpunk at the Intersection of Postmodern and Science Fiction’’. Ed. Sabine Heuser. 2631:

purports to be merely the translator of a "chrononaut's" handed down Homeric Greek science fiction epic, the

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Late 19th and early 20th century playwrights whose work influenced the aesthetics of postmodernism include

3848: 3833: 3354: 3053: 2933: 2907:(1935) is considered a bridge between modernism and postmodernism in world literature. Colombian novelist 2627:'s protagonist hears the sound of a typewriter and voices that later may transform into the novel itself. 2605: 2555: 1807: 1630: 1266:(1957), but postmodern literature was particularly prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 21st century, 1087: 529: 287: 247: 1557:"post", however, does not necessarily imply a new era. Rather, it could also indicate a reaction against 1419: 3730: 3638: 2695: 2655: 2344: 1816: 1794: 1738: 1691: 1602: 1590: 1372: 1053: 1018: 973: 478: 251: 180: 158: 133: 5144: 3725: 3617: 1765: 3449:

The antiwar and anti government feelings in the book belong to the period following World War II: the

1860:; it's full of parody, paradox, and playfulness; and, according to some accounts, friends Kerouac and 1811:. More broadly, "Beat Generation" often includes several groups of post-war American writers from the 5118: 3593: 3553: 3385: 3191: 3125: 3099: 3088: 3043: 2769: 2734: 2609:

parallels the creation of his book to the creation of chutney and the creation of independent India.

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explains his idea of postmodernism as a kind of double-coding, and as a transhistorical phenomenon:

3332: 2722:" to refer to works that fictionalize actual historical events or figures; notable examples include 3007: 2859: 2820: 2665: 2456: 2089: 2055: 2028: 1900: 1566: 1536: 1457:, turning from external reality to examine inner states of consciousness, in many cases drawing on 1267: 1227: 1172: 1133: 992: 700: 620: 595: 499: 199: 195: 123: 2729: 2569:

of creating the book or includes a central metaphor for this process. Common examples of this are

4792: 4200: 4014: 3911: 3766: 3668: 3610: 3453:, the cold war of the 1950s. A general disintegration of belief took place then, and it affected 3251: 3221: 3201: 3137: 2982:" implies that society has moved past the industrial age and into the information age. Likewise, 2791: 2690: 2416:; it was released in a box with no binding so that readers could assemble it however they chose. 2390: 2286: 2201: 1969: 1899:"). Though the technique has its roots in traditional storytelling, it was a center piece of the 1844: 1641: 1582: 1570: 1561:

in the wake of the Second World War (with its disrespect for human rights, just confirmed in the

1558: 1542: 1458: 1432: 1068: 997: 982: 892: 752: 682: 677: 645: 635: 600: 473: 225: 190: 128: 77: 4742: 1753:. The plays of the Theatre of the Absurd parallel postmodern fiction in many ways. For example, 4292: 2560: 1940:(1955), could be considered a modernist or a postmodernist novel, his later work (specifically 5260: 5242: 5227: 5209: 5152: 5016: 4899: 4819: 4784: 4721: 4692: 4689:

Techniques of subversion in modern literature: transgression, abjection, and the carnivalesque

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into what he called "spontaneous prose" to create a maximalistic, multi-novel epic called the

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Borges is arguably the great bridge between modernism and post-modernism in world literature.

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Metafictions, Migrations, Metalives: Narrative Innovations and Migrant Women's Aesthetics in

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Paula Geyh (2003) "Assembling Postmodernism: Experience, Meaning, and the Space In-Between".

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both died, is sometimes used as a rough boundary for postmodernism's start. Irish novelist

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characteristic irony and pastiche. For example, the virtual reality of "empathy boxes" in

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and the general concept of "play" (related to Derrida's concept or the ideas advocated by

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Sometimes the term "postmodernism" is used to discuss many different things ranging from

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Tactical Readings: Feminist Postmodernism in the Novels of Kathy Acker and Angela Carter

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is essentially writing about writing or "foregrounding the apparatus", as is typical of

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The Maximalist Novel: From Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow to Roberto Bolano's 2666.

3707: 3572: 3494: 3466: 3420: 3362: 3256: 3236: 3216: 3196: 3016: 2992: 2960: 2938: 2795: 2753: 2715: 2643: 2638: 2619: 2600: 2570: 2537: 2529: 2521: 2242: 2219: 2193: 2175: 2163: 2142: 2121: 2097: 2074: 2033: 1981: 1861: 1774: 1730: 1703: 1597:). It could also imply a reaction to significant post-war events: the beginning of the 1586: 1527: 1505: 1494: 1475: 1470: 1450: 1347: 1313: 1247: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1028: 932: 747: 670: 559: 466: 173: 163: 108: 62: 57: 3121:

The Maximalist Novel: From Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow to Roberto Bolano's 2666

5274: 4961: 4796: 4668: 4268:. London: Routledge, 1987 and "Constructing Postmodernism" New York: Routledge, 1992. 3915: 3663: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3598: 3504: 3436: 3301: 3231: 3226: 3206: 3170: 3131: 3080: 3058: 3048: 3001:

in which a new technology-based religion called Mercerism arises. Another example is

2928: 2893: 2876: 2854: 2773: 2757: 2739: 2685: 2660: 2633: 2484: 2451: 2441: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2385: 2365: 2254: 2197: 2189: 2109: 2011: 1887: 1824: 1802: 1798: 1742: 1699: 1578: 1402: 1377: 1355: 1284: 1196: 1188: 1102: 942: 902: 650: 625: 610: 549: 220: 48: 33: 2911:

is also regarded as a notable exponent of this kind of fiction—especially his novel

4511: 3474: 3432: 3113: 2987: 2868: 2624: 2494: 2205: 2070: 1915:

refer to early 20th-century literary movements that have no direct relationship to

1874: 1836: 1832: 1790: 1746: 1726: 1678: 1297: 1257: 817: 742: 544: 444: 432: 168: 72: 67: 5259:(Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; 4780: 2010:(1959). It then rose to prominence in the 1960s and 1970s with the publication of 1777:

literary forms and genres. ... Beckett's last text published during his lifetime,

4537: 4515: 4061: 3116:

hails as the exemplar of the polytropic audience and its engagement with a work.

1183:, and which often thematizes both historical and political issues. This style of 4764: 4582: 3673: 3650: 3630: 3567: 3563: 3533: 3479: 3323: 3182: 3166: 3143: 3084: 3002: 2809: 2670: 2649: 2475: 2424: 2377: 2328: 2316: 2303: 2272: 2262: 2171: 2117: 2113: 2101: 2093: 2078: 2060: 2050: 2006: 1965: 1924: 1865: 1828: 1670: 1657: 1651: 1523: 1480: 1466: 1427: 1398: 1274: 1262: 1232: 1212: 1168: 964: 803: 793: 691: 534: 404: 394: 367: 230: 17: 2281:

takes on the form of a detective novel and makes references to authors such as

3899: 3785:"Looking Back at 'A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius' (Published 2019)" 3450: 3407: 3376: 3350: 3345: 3284: 3246: 3076: 2761: 2512: 2492:

also has a namesake character and uses metafiction and pastiche in her novels

2185: 1973: 1437: 1364: 1301: 1271: 1216: 1164: 954: 876: 732: 710: 352: 317: 5002:

Leith, Sam. "Is the ‘systems novel’ the future of fiction?" GQ 4 January 2022

4823: 4788: 4196: 4010: 3977: 3907: 3817: 3796: 3762: 4848:

Minority Theatre on the Global Stage: Challenging Paradigms from the Margins

4569:

Modernidad literaria puertoriqueña (San Juan: Isla Negra, 2005), 257–58, 260

3484: 3358: 3327: 3313: 3261: 3094: 3012: 2956: 2777: 2595: 2399: 2380:

uses detective fiction, fairy tales, and science fiction, and so on. Though

2282: 2218:", and the narrative is structured around a long series of similar ironies. 1942: 1750: 1618: 1360: 1220: 1097: 494: 399: 357: 41: 5122:(translated by William Weaver). London: Secker and Warburg, 1985, pp 65–67. 3653:) while "post- modern" is applied to authors who have been less innovative. 2853:

is an example of this. Distortions in time are central features in many of

2046:

postmodern novel, redefining both postmodernism and the novel in general."

1980:

Some of the earliest examples of postmodern literature are from the 1950s:

1661:

in 1959. For others the beginning is marked by moments in critical theory:

5050:

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/172059/4/chapter%20i.pdf

2927:, 1949) is another described as a "magic realist". Postmodernists such as 2857:'s nonlinear novels, the most famous of which is perhaps Billy Pilgrim in 1453:. In character development, both modern and postmodern literature explore 4522: 4466:

Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms

3884:"Strindberg's A Dream Play: Postmodernist Visions on the Modernist Stage" 3441: 3038: 3033: 2360: 2210: 2049:

The 1980s, however, also saw several key works of postmodern literature.

2016: 1598: 987: 927: 717: 362: 342: 4048:

Postmodernism and Literature // The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism

4018: 3998: 3770: 3746: 2536:. Strong examples of fabulation in contemporary literature are found in 2461:

obviously fictional elements such as aliens and time travel. Similarly,

4915:"The Crying of Lot 49." "Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr.: Spermatikos Logos" 4204: 3241: 3104: 2517: 2454:

also commonly used this technique: the first chapter of his 1969 novel

1930:

Along with Beckett and Borges, a commonly cited transitional figure is

1351: 959: 836: 722: 705: 586: 554: 539: 524: 382: 4765:"Janus-Headed Postmodernism: The Opening Lines of Slaughterhouse-Five" 2337:. Another example of intertextuality in postmodernism is John Barth's 1441:(1929) have also been identified as important "postmodern precursor". 3930:"Postmodernity And Brecht In Contemporary Theatre Film Studies Essay" 2433: 2398:

interacting with historical figures and fictional characters such as

1996: 1936: 1869: 1722:) are cited as significant contributors to the postmodern aesthetic. 1554: 1192: 949: 922: 871: 866: 841: 826: 439: 411: 372: 4188: 3747:""You're Putting Me on": Jack Kerouac and the Postmodern Emergence" 3083:, the sprawling canvas and fragmented narrative of such writers as 5148: 3109: 2825: 2167: 1959: 1550:

as one of the first of that genre they call the postmodern novel.

846: 831: 727: 504: 456: 427: 347: 4132:

Flann O'Brien: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Post-Modernist

3331:. Leith wrote, "The question ultimately posed, or pointed to, by 1745:

to describe a tendency in theatre in the 1950s; he related it to

4238:

McHale, Brian (1987) Postmodernist Fiction. London: Routledge, (

3155: 1305: 1270:

still features a strong current of postmodern writing, like the

851: 377: 4629:

Metafiction: the theory and practice of self-conscious fiction.

3305:

where postmodern narrative coexists with emotional commitment.

3031:

Perhaps demonstrated most famously and effectively in Heller's

2978:

called postmodernism the "cultural logic of late capitalism". "

2450:

is about a reader attempting to read a novel of the same name.

1864:

edited the book guided by chance. He is also noted, along with

1449:

Postmodern literature represents a break from the 19th century

5257:

On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture

4880:, and Andrew Levy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. 4320:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. p. 14. 3211: 1293:(2011). These works also further develop the postmodern form. 861: 4219:"Hypertext fiction: The latest in postmodern literary theory" 4420:

The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory

4281:. Aalborg: Department of Language and Culture, 2007. p. 244. 3280:

relationship between maximalist narrative forms and power."

2364:

to create a unique narrative or to comment on situations in

4963:

The Art of Excess: Mastery in Contemporary American Fiction

3834:

Ned med oprøret! - David Foster Wallace og det postironiske

3499: 3457:

in that the form of the novel became almost disintegrated.

3309: 3179:

The Art of Excess: Mastery in Contemporary American Fiction

1789:" was the youth of America during the materialistic 1950s; 1737:

and so on also influenced the work of playwrights from the

5065:(in Vietnamese). Khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn. Archived from 4469:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. "Parody", p. 604. 3312:

article, "Is the 'systems novel' the future of fiction?",

2804:

also employs this concept; for example, a scene featuring

1385:'s experiments with signification are used as examples by 4539:

Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History since 1898

3605:, in which Eisenhower buggers Nixon on-air, and his 1968 5205:

Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism

5031:

H.T Lehmann, Postdramatic Theatre, p. 88. Rutledge 2005.

3620:

offers this approach to defining postmodern literature:

5147:, A History of British, Irish and American Literature, 3079:

by some critics, and overlapping with the related term

2828:" outlook in the way the novel seeks to represent both 2315:

is a common reference with postmodernists, for example

4846:

Gonzalez, Madelena; Laplace-Claverie, Hélène (2012).

4348:

A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction.

4318:

Dissident Postmodernists: Barthelme, Coover, Pynchon

1508:'s playful experiment with metafiction and genre in 4581:(2004), Introduction to the Italian translation of 3431:Many of the well-known postmodern novels deal with 2394:, Coover mixes historically inaccurate accounts of 2372:uses science fiction, detective fiction, westerns; 1359:illustrations from popular novels (the collages of 5239:The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence 1982–1985 5090:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. 3177:, exploring the concept further in his 1989 book, 2986:claimed postmodernity was defined by a shift into 5086:John Barth. "The Literature of Replenishment" in 4291:Pöhlmann, Sascha Nico Stefan. (24 October 2006). 4134:, 2nd edn. Cork University Press, Cork, Ireland ( 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 3877: 3875: 3185:, Tom LeClair chose seven novels as the focus of 2637:. Other postmodern examples of poioumena include 1741:. The term "Theatre of the Absurd" was coined by 4605:. International Journal of the Humanities, 2012. 3954:"Modernism and Post-Modernism History - HISTORY" 4874:Postmodern American Fiction: A Norton Anthology 4536:Ayala, César J.; Bernabe, Rafael (2009-06-23). 3622: 3559: 3538: 3447: 3416: 1770: 3175:In the Loop: Don DeLillo and the Systems Novel 4542:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 331. 4415: 4413: 4411: 3557:culture references in postmodern literature: 2812:deals similarly with the Victorian period in 2474:, about one platoon's experiences during the 1141: 295: 8: 3181:. Having introduced the term in relation to 1686:Post-war developments and transition figures 1371:, the founder of Surrealism, suggested that 1226:Precursors to postmodern literature include 5189:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4934: 4932: 4930: 3978:"Andre Breton, Nadja – Writing with Images" 2832:from World War II while, at the same time, 2824:has been said to feature a metafictional, " 2756:(which features such historical figures as 2528:. By some accounts, the term was coined by 2504:about the collapse of the American empire. 1514:(1933) has been interpreted as postmodern. 5135:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1997. 5133:A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4363:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1995. 4337:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1995. 2311:with its references to Medieval romances. 1793:, who coined the term, developed ideas of 1148: 1134: 775: 582: 483: 313: 302: 288: 29: 5241:. Ed. Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas. ( 5131:David Foster Wallace. "E Unibus Pluram". 4655: 4653: 4153:Postmodern American Fiction: An Anthology 2794:and various real life political figures. 2436:should parody the idea of parody itself. 2301:, a story with significant references to 1575:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1350:. Another precursor to postmodernism was 1280:A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius 4850:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Program. 4359:Barth, John. "Postmodernism Revisited." 3435:, one of the most famous of which being 1408:Other early 20th-century novels such as 1363:, for example). Artists associated with 5199:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 4440:"Acker: Don Quixote | The Modern Novel" 3700: 2836:the very notion of doing exactly that. 2359:Related to postmodern intertextuality, 1063: 1010: 972: 914: 884: 816: 778: 769: 690: 585: 576: 516: 486: 419: 332: 316: 238: 207: 85: 47: 32: 27:20th-century literary form and movement 4812:"Borges on the Couch (Published 2004)" 2376:uses science fiction and fairy tales; 1952:in 1969) are more clearly postmodern. 1923:in English. Finding it anachronistic, 5107:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. 4691:. University Press of Florida, 1991. 4395:Intertextuality: debates and contexts 1445:Comparisons with modernist literature 1191:in the 1960s through the writings of 7: 4810:Wallace, David Foster (2004-11-07). 4329:John Barth. "Very Like an Elephant: 3527:Reflections on 'The Name of the Rose 3380:, a fictional diary by Greek writer 2998:Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 2554:Poioumenon (plural: poioumena; from 2295:Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote 2084:A new generation of writers—such as 1511:The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas 1167:that is characterized by the use of 5013:An Introduction to Literary Studies 4966:University of Illinois Press, 1989. 4924:. The Modern Word. 4 February 2008. 4618:Contemporary British Studies (2014) 4163:, Chapter 6: Technoculture, p. 510. 2871:deals playfully with anachronisms, 2766:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 2214:is the irony of the now-idiomatic " 1393:. Foucault also uses examples from 5063:"Văn chương hậu hiện đại (phần I)" 3395:'s 2021 Booker-shortlisted novel, 3071:Maximalism and the "Systems Novel" 3051:and hyperreality. For example, in 2261:, for example, links Pinocchio to 2208:. The central concept of Heller's 1897:A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings 1649:, 1955), the first publication of 1639:in 1949, the first performance of 25: 4710:The History of English Literature 4661:The History of English Literature 4463:Makaryk, Irene Rima, ed. (1993). 2728:by Gabriel García Márquez (about 2564:, "product") is a term coined by 2447:If on a winter's night a traveler 2243:parallel to another literary work 1219:. Postmodernists often challenge 269:Social construction of technology 4741:. www.westga.edu. Archived from 4121:. Bucknell University Press: 21. 4100:. Jansvenungsson.com. 1999-04-18 3283:Many modernist critics, notably 2904:Historia universal de la infamia 2848: 2331:'s post-modern detective story, 2307:which is also a good example of 1949:Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle 1669:" lecture in 1966 or as late as 1117: 324: 5237:Lyotard, Jean-François (1988). 4860:Things That Fall From the Sky, 3816:Leal, Carissa M. (2017-08-10). 3714:London: Routledge, pp. 202-203. 3490:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 3169:had previously coined the term 2863:becoming "unstuck in time". In 2808:smoking marijuana is included. 2159:Irony, playfulness, black humor 5219:Lyotard, Jean-François (1984) 2971:Technoculture and hyperreality 2790:which makes references to the 2321:Don Quixote: Which Was a Dream 1964:American author and publisher 1: 5116:Eco, Umberto. Reflections on 4781:10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546 4763:Jensen, Mikkel (2016-01-02). 2914:One Hundred Years of Solitude 2815:The French Lieutenant's Woman 2543:Haroun and the Sea of Stories 1615:rise of the personal computer 264:Social construction of gender 258:Social construction of nature 5099:Heller, Joseph. "Reeling in 4517:Isaac Julien in Conversation 4060:McHale, Brian (2004-06-19). 3882:Berg, Klaus van den (1999). 3724:Campbell, Ian (2012-04-10). 3532:, the novelist and theorist 3412:The Literature of Exhaustion 3397:No One Is Talking About This 2725:The General in His Labyrinth 2150:Common themes and techniques 1675:The Dismemberment of Orpheus 1595:Japanese American internment 1473:, or explorative poems like 4977:Postmodern Narrative Theory 3712:A Poetics of Postmodernism. 3299:and David Foster Wallace's 2944:The Ground Beneath Her Feet 2846: 2720:historiographic metafiction 2711:Historiographic metafiction 2140:, and the fiction pages of 1868:, for the creation of the " 1290:A Visit from the Goon Squad 5347: 5195:Postmodern American Poetry 5192:Hoover, Paul. ed. (1994). 5182:, New York: Hill and Wang. 5175:, New York: Hill and Wang. 4920:December 14, 2007, at the 4159:December 25, 2006, at the 4117:Pitchford, Nicola (2002), 3832:Tore Rye Andersen (2001) " 3745:Johnson, Ronna C. (2000). 3689:List of postmodern writers 3679:List of postmodern critics 2559: 2128:—and publications such as 2032:in 1969, and many others. 5202:Jameson, Fredric (1991). 5185:Foucault, Michel (1983). 4502:. London: Routledge, 2001 4397:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. 4297:The Literary Encyclopedia 4098:"Text by Jan Svenungsson" 3997:Keiser, Graciela (1995). 3900:10.1017/S0040557400003550 3684:List of postmodern novels 3562:were the post-Nabokovian 3319:The Making of Incarnation 2924:The Kingdom of This World 2882:Pricksongs & Descants 2879:'s "The Babysitter" from 2026:in 1968, Kurt Vonnegut's 1821:San Francisco Renaissance 1667:Structure, Sign, and Play 5222:The Postmodern Condition 5178:Barthes, Roland (1968). 5173:The Pleasure of the Text 5171:Barthes, Roland (1975). 4718:Cambridge, Massachusetts 4714:Harvard University Press 4665:Harvard University Press 4526:, Issue 43, 2004, p. 29. 3316:compared Tom McCarthy's 2967:'s "The Mourning Door". 2830:actual historical events 2787:Koolaids: The Art of War 2181:The Pleasure of the Text 2042:is "often considered as 1881:The Ticket That Exploded 1300:to historical theory to 1187:emerged strongly in the 5296:20th-century literature 5224:: A Report on Knowledge 4279:Det etiske spejlkabinet 4176:Contemporary Literature 2501:United States of Banana 2471:The Things They Carried 1611:Postcolonial literature 1463:stream of consciousness 1185:experimental literature 154:International relations 5281:Science fiction genres 4444:www.themodernnovel.org 4130:Hopper, Keith (2009), 4050:. NY: Routledge, 2002. 3726:"Retroview: Our Hero?" 3655: 3615: 3550: 3523: 3429: 3403:Different perspectives 3054:Breakfast of Champions 2934:The Baron in the Trees 2909:Gabriel García Márquez 2020:in 1961, John Barth's 1977: 1893:Gabriel García Márquez 1851:. Burroughs published 1831:anthologies edited by 1808:In Search of Lost Time 1783: 1720:Gabriel García Márquez 1518:Shift to postmodernism 248:Social constructionism 5291:Postmodern literature 4979:. NY: Palgrave, 1998. 4500:Postmodernist Fiction 4266:Postmodernist Fiction 4065:Postmodernist Fiction 3731:The American Interest 3591:, and the Pynchon of 2349:poem of the same name 2327:can also be found in 1963: 1901:Latin American "boom" 1739:Theatre of the Absurd 1692:Theatre of the Absurd 1603:Civil Rights Movement 1591:fire-bombing of Tokyo 1526:and English novelist 1415:Impressions d'Afrique 1161:Postmodern literature 1124:Literature portal 252:social constructivism 5197:: A Norton Anthology 5119:The Name of the Rose 4350:NY: Routledge, 2004. 3594:The Crying of Lot 49 3554:David Foster Wallace 3290:A Reader's Manifesto 3163:by Babette Factory. 3089:David Foster Wallace 3044:The Crying of Lot 49 2770:Booker T. Washington 2480:David Foster Wallace 2370:William S. Burroughs 2278:The Name of the Rose 2225:The Crying of Lot 49 2086:David Foster Wallace 2023:Lost in the Funhouse 1849:William S. Burroughs 1813:Black Mountain poets 1708:William S. Burroughs 1173:unreliable narration 898:Groups and movements 5331:2010s in literature 5326:2000s in literature 5321:1990s in literature 5316:1980s in literature 5311:1970s in literature 5306:1960s in literature 5301:1950s in literature 5180:Writing Degree Zero 4988:Hoffmann, Gerhard. 4938:Ercolino, Stefano, 4614:Gonzalez, Madelena, 4563:Historias tremendas 4376:. Routledge, 2000. 4331:Reality vs. Realism 4293:"Gravity's Rainbow" 4277:Tore Rye Andersen. 3613:runs for president. 3589:The Sot-Weed Factor 3585:The End of the Road 3517:are very strong in 2963:'s "Exposure", and 2860:Slaughterhouse-Five 2840:Temporal distortion 2821:Slaughterhouse-Five 2666:The Golden Notebook 2606:Midnight's Children 2457:Slaughterhouse-Five 2340:The Sot-Weed Factor 2259:Pinocchio in Venice 2090:William T. Vollmann 2029:Slaughterhouse-Five 1729:, the Surrealists, 1567:the rape of Nanjing 1548:The Third Policeman 1537:The Third Policeman 1268:American literature 1228:Miguel de Cervantes 517:Short prose fiction 420:Major written forms 5187:This is Not a Pipe 5105:Catch as Catch Can 4876:. Ed. Paula Geyh, 4816:The New York Times 4737:Fowler, Alastair. 4708:Fowler, Alastair. 4659:Fowler, Alastair. 4221:. Findarticles.com 3867:College Literature 3853:2016-08-18 at the 3839:2016-08-18 at the 3789:The New York Times 3751:College Literature 3669:Hysterical realism 3252:Always Coming Home 3222:The Public Burning 3202:Something Happened 2818:. Kurt Vonnegut's 2792:Lebanese Civil War 2691:Gilbert Sorrentino 2391:The Public Burning 2287:Arthur Conan Doyle 2202:Bruce Jay Friedman 1978: 1970:post-postmodernism 1845:Gilbert Sorrentino 1749:'s concept of the 1642:En attendant Godot 1583:bombing of Dresden 1571:Bataan Death March 1543:The Dalkey Archive 1433:Giorgio de Chirico 1334:Notable influences 1011:Lists and outlines 487:Long prose fiction 226:Post-postmodernism 78:Post-structuralism 5145:Hans-Peter Wagner 5015:. Marion Klarer. 4862:The Village Voice 4687:M. Keith Booker. 4645:978-0-203-13140-4 4549:978-0-8078-9553-5 4476:978-0-8020-6860-6 4346:Hutcheon, Linda. 3618:Hans-Peter Wagner 3607:A Political Fable 3425:Texts for Nothing 3393:Patricia Lockwood 3296:Mason & Dixon 3268:Absalom, Absalom! 3192:Gravity's Rainbow 3187:The Art of Excess 3173:in his 1987 book 3126:Gravity's Rainbow 3100:François Rabelais 2899:Jorge Luis Borges 2806:George Washington 2735:Flaubert's Parrot 2718:coined the term " 2701:S. D. Chrostowska 2467:short story cycle 2429:deconstructionist 2343:which deals with 2299:Jorge Luis Borges 2039:Gravity's Rainbow 2002:William Burroughs 1841:Richard Brautigan 1766:Hans-Peter Wagner 1712:Jorge Luis Borges 1647:Waiting for Godot 1623:Hypertext fiction 1563:Geneva Convention 1461:examples in the " 1395:Jorge Luis Borges 1340:August Strindberg 1310:historical period 1256:(1833–1834), and 1158: 1157: 910: 909: 765: 764: 572: 571: 312: 311: 186:Political science 16:(Redirected from 5338: 5286:Postmodern works 5253:Magliola, Robert 5159: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5114: 5108: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5010: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4958: 4945: 4944:Bloomsbury, 2014 4936: 4925: 4912: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4871: 4865: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4830: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4734: 4728: 4706: 4700: 4685: 4679: 4657: 4648: 4631:Routledge, 1984 4627:Patricia Waugh. 4625: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4602:Giannina Braschi 4596: 4590: 4579:Daniele Luttazzi 4576: 4570: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4533: 4527: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4436: 4430: 4417: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4282: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4170: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4023: 4022: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3721: 3715: 3705: 3603:A Public Burning 3577:The Recognitions 3546:Barbara Cartland 3530: 3161:2005 dopo Cristo 2993:Philip K. Dick's 2984:Jean Baudrillard 2965:Elizabeth Graver 2949:Kevin Brockmeier 2919:Alejo Carpentier 2865:Flight to Canada 2852: 2782:Rabih Alameddine 2744:Gustave Flaubert 2615:David R. Slavitt 2591:Vladimir Nabokov 2563: 2490:Giannina Braschi 2413:The Unfortunates 2323:. References to 2251:Donald Barthelme 2066:New York Trilogy 1992:Vladimir Nabokov 1987:The Recognitions 1932:Vladimir Nabokov 1756:The Bald Soprano 1735:Luigi Pirandello 1423: 1344:Luigi Pirandello 1177:self-reflexivity 1150: 1143: 1136: 1122: 1121: 1120: 776: 583: 484: 328: 314: 304: 297: 290: 259: 30: 21: 18:Postmodern novel 5346: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5271: 5270: 5168: 5166:Further reading 5163: 5162: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5115: 5111: 5098: 5094: 5088:The Friday Book 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4970: 4959: 4948: 4937: 4928: 4922:Wayback Machine 4913: 4909: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4878:Fred G. Leebron 4872: 4868: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4828: 4826: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4739:"Postmodernism" 4736: 4735: 4731: 4707: 4703: 4686: 4682: 4658: 4651: 4626: 4622: 4613: 4609: 4598:L.M. Popovich. 4597: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4565:de Pedro Cabiya 4561: 4557: 4550: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4510: 4506: 4498:McHale, Brian. 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4418: 4409: 4392: 4388: 4374:Intertextuality 4371: 4367: 4361:Further Fridays 4358: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4335:Further Fridays 4328: 4324: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4264:McHale, Brian. 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4189:10.2307/1208645 4172: 4171: 4167: 4161:Wayback Machine 4150: 4146: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4067:. Methuen, 1987 4063:McHale, Brian. 4059: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4026: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3958:www.history.com 3952: 3951: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3855:Wayback Machine 3841:Wayback Machine 3831: 3827: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3660: 3609:, in which the 3583:, the Barth of 3568:Metafictionists 3564:Black Humorists 3528: 3405: 3382:Dimitris Lyacos 3371: 3361:and especially 3342: 3287:in his polemic 3150:The Corrections 3073: 3037:, the sense of 3029: 3021:Neal Stephenson 2980:Late capitalism 2976:Fredric Jameson 2973: 2891: 2873:Abraham Lincoln 2842: 2801:Mason and Dixon 2713: 2681:William Golding 2586:Tristram Shandy 2581:Laurence Sterne 2576:Sartor Resartus 2566:Alastair Fowler 2552: 2526:science fiction 2510: 2422: 2374:Margaret Atwood 2368:: for example, 2357: 2309:intertextuality 2268:Death in Venice 2247:Margaret Atwood 2239:intertextuality 2235: 2233:Intertextuality 2161: 2152: 2126:Jonathan Lethem 2106:Chuck Palahniuk 1958: 1858:science fiction 1817:New York School 1801:in the mold of 1787:Beat Generation 1779:Stirrings Still 1696:Beat Generation 1688: 1663:Jacques Derrida 1607:postcolonialism 1520: 1447: 1417: 1410:Raymond Roussel 1391:Michel Foucault 1387:Jacques Derrida 1336: 1331: 1322:Michel Foucault 1318:Jacques Derrida 1253:Sartor Resartus 1243:Tristram Shandy 1238:Laurence Sterne 1181:intertextuality 1154: 1118: 1116: 1049:Literary awards 915:Dramatic genres 656:science fiction 334:Oral literature 308: 276:Linguistic turn 257: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5344: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5250: 5235: 5217: 5200: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5151:2003, p. 211. 5137: 5124: 5109: 5092: 5079: 5054: 5042: 5033: 5024: 5005: 4994: 4981: 4975:Currie, Mark. 4968: 4960:LeClair, Tom, 4946: 4926: 4907: 4891: 4882: 4866: 4853: 4838: 4802: 4769:The Explicator 4755: 4729: 4701: 4680: 4649: 4620: 4607: 4591: 4587:Complete Prose 4571: 4555: 4548: 4528: 4504: 4491: 4482: 4475: 4455: 4431: 4422:. J.A.Cuddon. 4407: 4386: 4372:Graham Allen. 4365: 4352: 4339: 4322: 4316:Maltby, Paul. 4309: 4283: 4270: 4257: 4255:Wagner, p. 194 4248: 4231: 4210: 4165: 4144: 4123: 4110: 4089: 4076: 4070:. p. 66. 4052: 4046:Lewis, Barry. 4024: 4005:(115): 39–48. 3989: 3969: 3945: 3921: 3888:Theatre Survey 3871: 3858: 3825: 3808: 3791:. 2019-03-22. 3776: 3737: 3716: 3708:Linda Hutcheon 3699: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3611:Cat in the Hat 3495:Thomas Pynchon 3471:The Ginger Man 3467:J. P. Donleavy 3404: 3401: 3370: 3367: 3363:Samuel Beckett 3341: 3338: 3333:systems novels 3257:Ursula Le Guin 3237:Joseph McElroy 3217:William Gaddis 3197:Thomas Pynchon 3072: 3069: 3028: 3025: 3017:William Gibson 2972: 2969: 2961:Jacob M. Appel 2939:Salman Rushdie 2890: 2887: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2796:Thomas Pynchon 2754:E. L. Doctorow 2716:Linda Hutcheon 2712: 2709: 2639:Samuel Beckett 2620:The Comforters 2601:Salman Rushdie 2571:Thomas Carlyle 2551: 2548: 2538:Salman Rushdie 2534:The Fabulators 2530:Robert Scholes 2522:verisimilitude 2509: 2506: 2444:'s 1979 novel 2421: 2418: 2410:'s 1969 novel 2388:'s 1977 novel 2383: 2356: 2353: 2345:Ebenezer Cooke 2234: 2231: 2220:Thomas Pynchon 2194:William Gaddis 2176:Roland Barthes 2164:Linda Hutcheon 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2143:The New Yorker 2122:Richard Powers 2098:Michael Chabon 2075:Linda Hutcheon 2045: 2036:'s 1973 novel 2034:Thomas Pynchon 1982:William Gaddis 1957: 1954: 1905:Julio Cortázar 1862:Allen Ginsberg 1761:Eugène Ionesco 1731:Antonin Artaud 1716:Julio Cortázar 1704:Samuel Beckett 1687: 1684: 1655:in 1956 or of 1587:Katyn massacre 1528:Virginia Woolf 1519: 1516: 1506:Gertrude Stein 1495:Finnegans Wake 1489:The Waste Land 1485:The Waste Land 1476:The Waste Land 1471:Virginia Woolf 1446: 1443: 1348:Bertolt Brecht 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1314:Roland Barthes 1248:Thomas Carlyle 1209:Philip K. 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They were: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171:systems novel 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3132:Infinite Jest 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081:systems novel 3078: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3059:Kurt Vonnegut 3056: 3055: 3050: 3049:technoculture 3046: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2959:'s "Big Me", 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2937:, 1957), and 2936: 2935: 2930: 2929:Italo Calvino 2926: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2894:Magic realism 2889:Magic realism 2888: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2877:Robert Coover 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855:Kurt Vonnegut 2850: 2839: 2837: 2834:problematizes 2833: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774:Sigmund Freud 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Harry Houdini 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2740:Julian Barnes 2737: 2736: 2731: 2730:Simón Bolívar 2727: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2696:Mulligan Stew 2692: 2688: 2687: 2686:The Paper Men 2682: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2661:Doris Lessing 2658: 2657: 2656:The Unnamable 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2634:Astronautilia 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2556:Ancient Greek 2549: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2485:The Pale King 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2452:Kurt Vonnegut 2449: 2448: 2443: 2442:Italo Calvino 2437: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408:B. S. Johnson 2405: 2404:Betty Crocker 2401: 2397: 2396:Richard Nixon 2393: 2392: 2387: 2386:Robert Coover 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366:postmodernity 2362: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2334:City of Glass 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255:Robert Coover 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:Kurt Vonnegut 2195: 2191: 2190:Joseph Heller 2187: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2170:, along with 2169: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:Jennifer Egan 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012:Joseph Heller 2009: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1921:postmodernism 1918: 1914: 1913:posmodernismo 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1888:Magic realism 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825:Charles Olson 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1803:Marcel Proust 1800: 1799:Duluoz Legend 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743:Martin Esslin 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:magic realism 1697: 1693: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579:the Holocaust 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1532:Flann O'Brien 1529: 1525: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1403:magic realism 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:René Magritte 1380: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1356:Tristan Tzara 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285:Jennifer Egan 1282: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1246:(1760–1767), 1245: 1244: 1239: 1236:(1605–1615), 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:Kurt Vonnegut 1194: 1190: 1189:United States 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163:is a form of 1162: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 979: 978: 975: 971: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 944: 941: 939: 936: 935: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 919: 918: 913: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 888: 883: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 823: 822: 819: 815: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 784: 781: 777: 774: 773: 770:Poetry genres 768: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 702: 699: 698: 697: 696: 693: 689: 684: 681: 679: 676: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 621:coming-of-age 619: 617: 614: 613: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 592: 591: 588: 584: 581: 580: 575: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 550:Flash fiction 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 520: 515: 510: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 485: 480: 477: 475: 472: 468: 465: 464: 463: 460: 458: 455: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 441: 438: 434: 431: 430: 429: 426: 425: 424: 423: 418: 413: 410: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 396: 393: 391: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 339: 338: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322: 319: 315: 305: 300: 298: 293: 291: 286: 285: 283: 282: 277: 274: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 255: 254: 253: 249: 245: 244: 243: 242: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 221:Metamodernism 219: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211: 206: 201: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 144: 143:Picture books 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 90: 89: 84: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 54: 53: 50: 49:Postmodernity 46: 43: 39: 38: 35: 34:Postmodernism 31: 19: 5256: 5238: 5220: 5203: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5087: 5082: 5071:. 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