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modernism because of his friendship with James Joyce; however, his work helped shape the development of literature away from modernism. Joyce, one of the exemplars of modernism, celebrated the possibility of language; Beckett had a revelation in 1945 that, in order to escape the shadow of Joyce, he must focus on the poverty of language and man as a failure. His later work, likewise, featured characters stuck in inescapable situations attempting impotently to communicate whose only recourse is to play, to make the best of what they have. As
326:
1961:
1119:
2478:, features a character named Tim O'Brien; though O'Brien was a Vietnam veteran, the book is a work of fiction and O'Brien calls into question the fictionality of the characters and incidents throughout the book. One story in the book, "How to Tell a True War Story", questions the nature of telling stories. Factual retellings of war stories, the narrator says, would be unbelievable, and heroic, moral war stories don't capture the truth.
2897:
of this kind of fiction are the mingling and juxtaposition of the realistic and the fantastic or bizarre, skillful time shifts, convoluted and even labyrinthine narratives and plots, miscellaneous use of dreams, myths and fairy stories, expressionistic and even surrealistic description, arcane erudition, the element of surprise or abrupt shock, the horrific and the inexplicable. It has been applied, for instance, to the work of
1781:(1988), breaks down the barriers between drama, fiction, and poetry, with texts of the collection being almost entirely composed of echoes and reiterations of his previous work ... He was definitely one of the fathers of the postmodern movement in fiction which has continued undermining the ideas of logical coherence in narration, formal plot, regular time sequence, and psychologically explained characters.
2184:) are among the most recognizable aspects of postmodernism. Though the idea of employing these in literature did not start with the postmodernists (the modernists were often playful and ironic), they became central features in many postmodern works. In fact, several novelists later to be labeled postmodern were first collectively labeled black humorists:
3123:, (2014) Stefano Ercolino characterised maximalism as "an aesthetically hybrid genre of the contemporary novel that develops in the second half of the twentieth century in the United States, then 'emigrates' to Europe and Latin America at the threshold the twenty-first.". Ercolino singled out seven novels for particular attention:
3272:
the transforming power of science and technology, the control of information and art. These novels are also about the size and scale of contemporary experience: how multiplicity and magnitude create new relations and new proportions among persons and entities, how quantity affects quality, how massiveness is related to mastery."
3548:. Still there is a solution. He can say "As Barbara Cartland would put it, I love you madly". At this point, having avoided false innocence, having said clearly it is no longer possible to talk innocently, he will nevertheless say what he wanted to say to the woman: that he loves her in an age of lost innocence.
3388:
and everyday language combines with poetry and biblical references leading up to syntax disruption and distortion of grammar. A sense of alienation of character and world is created by a language medium invented to form a kind of intermittent syntax structure which complements the illustration of the
3271:
in "range of reference, artistic sophistication, and desire for profound effect." LeClair wrote, "These seven novels are about mastery, about excesses of power, force, and authority in arenas small and large: the self's mastery of itself, economic and political hegemony, force in history and culture,
2990:
in which simulations have replaced the real. In postmodernity people are inundated with information, technology has become a central focus in many lives, and one's understanding of the real is mediated by simulations of the real. Many works of fiction have dealt with this aspect of postmodernity with
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may be literary work marked by the use of still, sharply defined, smoothly painted images of figures and objects depicted in a surrealistic manner. The themes and subjects are often imaginary, somewhat outlandish and fantastic and with a certain dream-like quality. Some of the characteristic features
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Mostly concerned with what he saw as impossibilities in fiction (identity of characters; reliable consciousness; the reliability of language itself; and the rubrication of literature in genres) Beckett's experiments with narrative form and with the disintegration of narration and character in fiction
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to refer to a specific type of metafiction in which the story is about the process of creation. According to Fowler, "the poioumenon is calculated to offer opportunities to explore the boundaries of fiction and reality—the limits of narrative truth." In many cases, the book will be about the process
3624:
Postmodernism ... can be used at least in two ways – firstly, to give a label to the period after 1968 (which would then encompass all forms of fiction, both innovative and traditional), and secondly, to describe the highly experimental literature produced by writers beginning with
Lawrence Durrell
3373:
Fragmentation is another important aspect of postmodern literature. Various elements, concerning plot, characters, themes, imagery and factual references are fragmented and dispersed throughout the entire work. In general, there is an interrupted sequence of events, character development and action
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is about the process of writing the novel and calls attention to his own presence throughout the novel. Though much of the novel has to do with
Vonnegut's own experiences during the firebombing of Dresden, Vonnegut continually points out the artificiality of the central narrative arc which contains
2363:
means to combine, or "paste" together, multiple elements. In
Postmodernist literature this can be a homage to or a parody of past styles. It can be seen as a representation of the chaotic, pluralistic, or information-drenched aspects of postmodern society. It can be a combination of multiple genres
3561:
It was in post-atomic
America that pop influences on literature became something more than technical. About the time television first gasped and sucked air, mass popular U.S. culture seemed to become High-Art-viable as a collection of symbols and myth. The episcopate of this pop-reference movement
3556:
in his 1990 essay "E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction" makes the connection between the rise of postmodernism and the rise of television with its tendency toward self-reference and the ironic juxtaposition of what's seen and what's said. This, he claims, explains the preponderance of pop
2524:. Thus, fabulation challenges some traditional notions of literature—the traditional structure of a novel or role of the narrator, for example—and integrates other traditional notions of storytelling, including fantastical elements, such as magic and myth, or elements from popular genres such as
1763:
is essentially a series of clichés taken from a language textbook. One of the most important figures to be categorized as both
Absurdist and Postmodern is Samuel Beckett. The work of Beckett is often seen as marking the shift from modernism to postmodernism in literature. He had close ties with
3418:
My ideal
Postmodernist author neither merely repudiates nor merely imitates either his 20th-century Modernist parents or his 19th-century premodernist grandparents. He has the first half of our century under his belt, but not on his back. Without lapsing into moral or artistic simplism, shoddy
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can be characterized as a focus on a surface description where readers are expected to take an active role in the creation of a story. The characters in minimalist stories and novels tend to be unexceptional. Generally, the short stories are "slice of life" stories. Minimalism, the opposite of
2844:
Temporal distortion is a common technique in modernist fiction: fragmentation and nonlinear narratives are central features in both modern and postmodern literature. Temporal distortion in postmodern fiction is used in a variety of ways, often for the sake of irony. Historiographic metafiction
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in particular provides prime examples of playfulness, often including silly wordplay, within a serious context. For example, it contains characters named Mike
Fallopian and Stanley Koteks and a radio station called KCUF, while the novel as a whole has a serious subject and a complex structure.
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and assorted franc-and latinophiles only later comprised by "postmodern". The erudite, sardonic fictions of the Black
Humorists introduced a generation of new fiction writers who saw themselves as sort of avant-avant-garde, not only cosmopolitan and polyglot but also technologically literate,
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says, "these fragments I have shored against my ruins". Modernist literature sees fragmentation and extreme subjectivity as an existential crisis, or
Freudian internal conflict, a problem that must be solved, and the artist is often cited as the one to solve it. Postmodernists, however, often
1223:, which has been seen as a symptom of the fact that this style of literature first emerged in the context of political tendencies in the 1960s. This inspiration is, among other things, seen through how postmodern literature is highly self-reflexive about the political issues it speaks to.
1358:
claimed in "How to Make a
Dadaist Poem" that to create a Dadaist poem one had only to put random words in a hat and pull them out one by one. Another way Dadaism influenced postmodern literature was in the development of collage, specifically collages using elements from advertisement or
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Several themes and techniques are indicative of writing in the postmodern era. These themes and techniques are often used together. For example, metafiction and pastiche are often used for irony. These are not used by all postmodernists, nor is this an exclusive list of features.
2599:(1962), in which the narrator, Kinbote, claims he is writing an analysis of John Shade's long poem "Pale Fire", but the narrative of the relationship between Shade and Kinbote is presented in what is ostensibly the footnotes to the poem. Similarly, the self-conscious narrator in
3041:, the belief that there's an ordering system behind the chaos of the world is another recurring postmodern theme. For the postmodernist, no ordering is extremely dependent upon the subject, so paranoia often straddles the line between delusion and brilliant insight. Pynchon's
3544:, a way of operating. ... I think of the postmodern attitude as that of a man who loves a very cultivated woman and knows that he cannot say to her "I love you madly", because he knows that she knows (and that she knows he knows) that these words have already been written by
3091:
has generated controversy on the "purpose" of a novel as narrative and the standards by which it should be judged. The postmodern position is that the style of a novel must be appropriate to what it depicts and represents, and points back to such examples in previous ages as
3414:" and in 1980 published "The Literature of Replenishment" in order to clarify the earlier essay. "The Literature of Exhaustion" was about the need for a new era in literature after modernism had exhausted itself. In "The Literature of Replenishment" Barth says:
1890:
is a style popular among Latin American writers (and can also be considered its own genre) in which supernatural elements are treated as mundane (a famous example being the practical-minded and ultimately dismissive treatment of an apparently angelic figure in
3353:, is a representation of only the most basic and necessary pieces, specific by economy with words. Minimalist authors hesitate to use adjectives, adverbs, or meaningless details. Instead of providing every minute detail, the author provides a general
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approaches, making the artificiality of art or the fictionality of fiction apparent to the reader and generally disregards the necessity for "willing suspension of disbelief". For example, postmodern sensibility and metafiction dictate that works of
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in Paris in 1959 and in America in 1961; this is considered by some the first truly postmodern novel because it is fragmentary, with no central narrative arc; it employs pastiche to fold in elements from popular genres such as detective fiction and
3061:, the character Dwayne Hoover becomes violent when he's convinced that everyone else in the world is a robot and he is the only human. This theme is likewise present in the satirical dystopian science-fiction tabletop role-playing game
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details his main thesis on this shift, although many postmodern works have developed out of modernism, modernism is characterised by an epistemological dominant while postmodern works are primarily concerned with questions of ontology.
3513:. I don't think any one of us even knew any of the others. Certainly I didn't know them. Whatever forces were at work shaping a trend in art were affecting not just me, but all of us. The feelings of helplessness and persecution in
3625:
and John Fowles in the 1960s and reaching to the breathless works of Martin Amis and the "Chemical (Scottish) Generation" of the fin-de-siècle. In what follows, the term 'postmodernist' is used for experimental authors (especially
3293:, attack the maximalist novel as being disorganized, sterile and filled with language play for its own sake, empty of emotional commitment—and therefore empty of value as a novel. Yet there are counter-examples, such as Pynchon's
2885:, the author presents multiple possible events occurring simultaneously—in one section the babysitter is murdered while in another section nothing happens and so on—yet no version of the story is favored as the correct version.
1872:" technique, a technique (similar to Tzara's "Dadaist Poem") in which words and phrases are cut from a newspaper or other publication and rearranged to form a new message. This is the technique he used to create novels such as
1324:
and others. The third category is the "cultural postmodernism", which includes film, literature, visual arts, etc. that feature postmodern elements. Postmodern literature is, in this sense, part of cultural postmodernism.
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is: can novels do without people? And the answer I would give is: not completely. The problem is, perhaps, that the part of our minds that responds to old-fashioned novels hasn't changed as fast as the world around it."
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Metafiction is often employed to undermine the authority of the author, for unexpected narrative shifts, to advance a story in a unique way, for emotional distance, or to comment on the act of storytelling. For example,
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Although Ercolino's "maximalist" examples overlapped with LeClair's earlier systems novel examples, Ercolino did not see "mastery" as a defining feature. According to Ercolino, "it would make more sense to speak of an
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is a term sometimes used interchangeably with metafiction and relates to pastiche and Magic Realism. It is a rejection of realism which embraces the notion that literature is a created work and not bound by notions of
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Some further argue that the beginning of postmodern literature could be marked by significant publications or literary events. For example, some mark the beginning of postmodernism with the first publication of
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and drama won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969. His works published after 1969 are mostly meta-literary attempts that must be read in light of his own theories and previous works and the attempt to
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products of more than just one region, heritage, and theory, and citizens of a culture that said its most important stuff about itself via mass media. In this regard one thinks particularly of the
1397:, an important direct influence on many postmodernist fiction writers. He is occasionally listed as a postmodernist, although he started writing in the 1920s. The influence of his experiments with
3427:... The ideal Postmodernist novel will somehow rise above the quarrel between realism and irrealism, formalism and "contentism", pure and committed literature, coterie fiction and junk fiction...
2241:: the relationship between one text (a novel for example) and another or one text within the interwoven fabric of literary history. Intertextuality in postmodern literature can be a reference or
3384:, one of the major exponents of fragmentation in postmodern literature, an almost telegraphic style is adopted, devoid, in most part, of articles and conjunctions. The text is interspersed with
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writes that the copyright page claims it is fiction only for legal purposes, and that everything within the novel is non-fiction. He employs a character in the novel named David Foster Wallace.
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demonstrate that this chaos is insurmountable; the artist is impotent, and the only recourse against "ruin" is to play within the chaos. Playfulness is present in many modernist works (Joyce's
1308:. Because of this fact, several people distinguish between several forms of postmodernism and thus suggest that there are three forms of postmodernism: (1) Postmodernity is understood as a
3374:
which can at first glance look modern. Fragmentation purports, however, to depict a metaphysically unfounded, chaotic universe. It can occur in language, sentence structure or grammar. In
5204:
1504:, for example) and they may seem very similar to postmodern works, but with postmodernism playfulness becomes central and the actual achievement of order and meaning becomes unlikely.
2237:
Since postmodernism represents a decentred concept of the universe in which individual works are not isolated creations, much of the focus in the study of postmodern literature is on
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commonly involves the mixing of genres, many other elements are also included (metafiction and temporal distortion are common in the broader pastiche of the postmodern novel). In
3419:
craftsmanship, Madison Avenue venality, or either false or real naiveté, he nevertheless aspires to a fiction more democratic in its appeal than such late-Modernist marvels as
3047:, long-considered a prototype of postmodern literature, presents a situation which may be "coincidence or conspiracy – or a cruel joke". This often coincides with the theme of
1487:
is often cited as a means of distinguishing modern and postmodern literature. The poem is fragmentary and employs pastiche like much postmodern literature, but the speaker in
2253:, and many others—or in references to popular genres such as sci-fi and detective fiction. Often intertextuality is more complicated than a single reference to another text.
5062:
3461:
was a collage; if not in structure, then in the ideology of the novel itself ... Without being aware of it, I was part of a near-movement in fiction. While I was writing
1614:
1835:). Though this is now a less common usage of "postmodern", references to these writers as "postmodernists" still appear and many writers associated with this group (
1405:
was not fully realized in the Anglo-American world until the postmodern period. Ultimately, this is seen as the highest stratification of criticism among scholars.
1847:, and so on) appear often on lists of postmodern writers. One writer associated with the Beat Generation who appears most often on lists of postmodern writers is
2204:, etc. It is common for postmodernists to treat serious subjects in a playful and humorous way: for example, the way Heller and Vonnegut address the events of
1934:; like Beckett and Borges, Nabokov started publishing before the beginning of postmodernity (1926 in Russian, 1941 in English). Though his most famous novel,
1546:
was published before the original in 1964, two years before O'Brien died. Notwithstanding its dilatory appearance, the literary theorist Keith Hopper regards
2245:, an extended discussion of a work, or the adoption of a style. In postmodern literature this commonly manifests as references to fairy tales—as in works by
3357:
and then allows the reader's imagination to shape the story. Among those categorized as postmodernist, literary minimalism is most commonly associated with
2947:, 1999), commonly use magic realism in their work. A fusion of fabulism with magic realism is apparent in such early 21st-century American short stories as
1312:
from the mid-1960s to the present, which is different from the (2) theoretical postmodernism, which encompasses the theories developed by thinkers such as
2146:, herald either a new chapter of postmodernism or possibly post-postmodernism. Many of these authors emphasize a strong urge for sincerity in literature.
4990:
From Modernism to Postmodernism: Concepts and Strategies of Postmodern American Fiction: Postmodern Studies 38; Textxet Studies in Comparative Literature
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Though postmodernist literature does not include everything written in the postmodern period, several post-war developments in literature (such as the
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Paul B. Roth, Preface to Dimitris Lyacos, Bitter Oleander Special Feature. The Bitter Oleander Journal, Volume 22, No 1, Spring 2016, Fayetteville, NY
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and this is also the era when literary critics wrote some of the classic works of literary history, charting American postmodern literature: works by
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is a recent example of fragmentation, employing the technique to consider the effects of internet usage on quality of life and the creative process.
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256:
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153:
1903:, a movement coterminous with postmodernism. Some of the major figures of the "Boom" and practitioners of Magic Realism (Gabriel García Márquez,
1522:
As with all stylistic eras, no definite dates exist for the rise and fall of postmodernism's popularity. 1941, the year in which Irish novelist
4156:
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claimed postmodern fiction as a whole could be characterized by the ironic quote marks, that much of it can be taken as tongue-in-cheek. This
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4547:
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4738:
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1510:
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3445:. Heller claimed his novel and many of the other American novels of the time had more to do with the state of the country after the war:
1702:) have significant similarities. These developments are occasionally collectively labeled "postmodern"; more commonly, some key figures (
2765:
2617:, describes a week in the life of a poet and his creation of a poem which, by the last couple of pages, proves remarkably prophetic. In
897:
4616:
United States of Banana (2011), Elizabeth Costello (2003) and Fury (2001): Portrait of the Writer as the ‘Bad Subject’of Globalisation.
1367:, which developed from Dadaism, continued experimentations with chance and parody while celebrating the flow of the subconscious mind.
1907:
etc.) are sometimes listed as postmodernists. This labeling, however, is not without its problems. In Spanish-speaking Latin America,
1896:
185:
113:
2406:. Pastiche can instead involve a compositional technique, for example the cut-up technique employed by Burroughs. Another example is
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in 1939. It was rejected for publication and remained supposedly lost until published posthumously in 1967. A revised version called
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4889:’’Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Fiction’’. Ed. Larry McCaffery. Duke University Press, 1994.
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2903:
2814:
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1948:
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3259:). LeClair's systems novels were all "long, large and dense" and all in some way striving for "mastery", showing similarity to
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and the description of dreams should play a greater role in the creation of literature. He used automatism to create his novel
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has argued that postmodernism is an imported grand récit that is incompatible with the cultural production of Latin America.
798:
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and used photographs to replace description as a parody of the overly-descriptive novelists he often criticized. Surrealist
5267:). This book's long and experimental first part is an application of Derridean "oto-biography" to postmodern life-writing.
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is one of several contemporary authors who represent the latest movement in post-modern literature which some have deemed
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using a telephone for example. Time may also overlap, repeat, or bifurcate into multiple possibilities. For example, in
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who argues that it was not until the 1980s that the term "postmodern" caught on as the label for this style of writing.
1594:
2908:
1892:
1719:
1483:. In addition, both modern and postmodern literature explore fragmentariness in narrative- and character-construction.
2943:
2719:
1823:, and so on. These writers have occasionally also been referred to as the "Postmoderns" (see especially references by
1635:
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294:
98:
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The Progression of Postmodern Irony: Jennifer Egan, David Foster Wallace and the Rise of Post-Postmodern Authenticity
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ostmodernism ... not a trend to be chronologically defined, but, rather, an ideal category – or better still a
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main character's subconscious fears and paranoia in the course of his exploration of a seemingly chaotic world.
3023:, and many others use science fiction techniques to address this postmodern, hyperreal information bombardment.
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presents characters who are bombarded with a "white noise" of television, product brand names, and clichés. The
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Sponsler, Claire (1992). "Cyberpunk and the Dilemmas of Postmodern Narrative: The Example of William Gibson".
2589:, which is about the narrator's frustrated attempt to tell his own story. A significant postmodern example is
605:
5049:
4898:’’Virtual Geographies: Cyberpunk at the Intersection of Postmodern and Science Fiction’’. Ed. Sabine Heuser.
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purports to be merely the translator of a "chrononaut's" handed down Homeric Greek science fiction epic, the
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1960:
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1354:, which challenged the authority of the artist and highlighted elements of chance, whim, parody, and irony.
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142:
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Late 19th and early 20th century playwrights whose work influenced the aesthetics of postmodernism include
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2907:(1935) is considered a bridge between modernism and postmodernism in world literature. Colombian novelist
2627:'s protagonist hears the sound of a typewriter and voices that later may transform into the novel itself.
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1807:
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1266:(1957), but postmodern literature was particularly prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 21st century,
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529:
287:
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1557:"post", however, does not necessarily imply a new era. Rather, it could also indicate a reaction against
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The antiwar and anti government feelings in the book belong to the period following World War II: the
1860:; it's full of parody, paradox, and playfulness; and, according to some accounts, friends Kerouac and
1811:. More broadly, "Beat Generation" often includes several groups of post-war American writers from the
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parallels the creation of his book to the creation of chutney and the creation of independent India.
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explains his idea of postmodernism as a kind of double-coding, and as a transhistorical phenomenon:
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2722:" to refer to works that fictionalize actual historical events or figures; notable examples include
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of creating the book or includes a central metaphor for this process. Common examples of this are
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2982:" implies that society has moved past the industrial age and into the information age. Likewise,
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2416:; it was released in a box with no binding so that readers could assemble it however they chose.
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1969:
1899:"). Though the technique has its roots in traditional storytelling, it was a center piece of the
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in the wake of the Second World War (with its disrespect for human rights, just confirmed in the
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1753:. The plays of the Theatre of the Absurd parallel postmodern fiction in many ways. For example,
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1940:(1955), could be considered a modernist or a postmodernist novel, his later work (specifically
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Techniques of subversion in modern literature: transgression, abjection, and the carnivalesque
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3999:"Modernism/Postmodernism in "The Library of Babel": Jorge Luis Borges's Fiction as Borderland"
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into what he called "spontaneous prose" to create a maximalistic, multi-novel epic called the
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Borges is arguably the great bridge between modernism and post-modernism in world literature.
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Metafictions, Migrations, Metalives: Narrative Innovations and Migrant Women's Aesthetics in
3865:
Paula Geyh (2003) "Assembling Postmodernism: Experience, Meaning, and the Space In-Between".
2293:. An early 20th century example of intertextuality which influenced later postmodernists is "
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both died, is sometimes used as a rough boundary for postmodernism's start. Irish novelist
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characteristic irony and pastiche. For example, the virtual reality of "empathy boxes" in
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and the general concept of "play" (related to Derrida's concept or the ideas advocated by
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Sometimes the term "postmodernism" is used to discuss many different things ranging from
4119:
Tactical Readings: Feminist Postmodernism in the Novels of Kathy Acker and Angela Carter
4097:
2427:
is essentially writing about writing or "foregrounding the apparatus", as is typical of
4941:
The Maximalist Novel: From Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow to Roberto Bolano's 2666.
3707:
3572:
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1981:
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1597:). It could also imply a reaction to significant post-war events: the beginning of the
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3121:
The Maximalist Novel: From Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow to Roberto Bolano's 2666
5274:
4961:
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4268:. London: Routledge, 1987 and "Constructing Postmodernism" New York: Routledge, 1992.
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in which a new technology-based religion called Mercerism arises. Another example is
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2011:
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is also regarded as a notable exponent of this kind of fiction—especially his novel
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refer to early 20th-century literary movements that have no direct relationship to
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67:
5259:(Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1997; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000;
4780:
2010:(1959). It then rose to prominence in the 1960s and 1970s with the publication of
1777:
literary forms and genres. ... Beckett's last text published during his lifetime,
4537:
4515:
4061:
3116:
hails as the exemplar of the polytropic audience and its engagement with a work.
1183:, and which often thematizes both historical and political issues. This style of
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takes on the form of a detective novel and makes references to authors such as
3899:
3785:"Looking Back at 'A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius' (Published 2019)"
3450:
3407:
3376:
3350:
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also has a namesake character and uses metafiction and pastiche in her novels
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Leith, Sam. "Is the ‘systems novel’ the future of fiction?" GQ 4 January 2022
4823:
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4196:
4010:
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3907:
3817:
3796:
3762:
4848:
Minority Theatre on the Global Stage: Challenging Paradigms from the Margins
4569:
Modernidad literaria puertoriqueña (San Juan: Isla Negra, 2005), 257–58, 260
3484:
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3261:
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3012:
2956:
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uses detective fiction, fairy tales, and science fiction, and so on. Though
2282:
2218:", and the narrative is structured around a long series of similar ironies.
1942:
1750:
1618:
1360:
1220:
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399:
357:
41:
5122:(translated by William Weaver). London: Secker and Warburg, 1985, pp 65–67.
3653:) while "post- modern" is applied to authors who have been less innovative.
2853:
is an example of this. Distortions in time are central features in many of
2046:
postmodern novel, redefining both postmodernism and the novel in general."
1980:
Some of the earliest examples of postmodern literature are from the 1950s:
1661:
in 1959. For others the beginning is marked by moments in critical theory:
5050:
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/172059/4/chapter%20i.pdf
2927:, 1949) is another described as a "magic realist". Postmodernists such as
2857:'s nonlinear novels, the most famous of which is perhaps Billy Pilgrim in
1453:. In character development, both modern and postmodern literature explore
4522:
4466:
Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms
3884:"Strindberg's A Dream Play: Postmodernist Visions on the Modernist Stage"
3441:
3038:
3033:
2360:
2210:
2049:
The 1980s, however, also saw several key works of postmodern literature.
2016:
1598:
987:
927:
717:
362:
342:
4048:
Postmodernism and Literature // The Routledge Companion to Postmodernism
4018:
3998:
3770:
3746:
2536:. Strong examples of fabulation in contemporary literature are found in
2461:
obviously fictional elements such as aliens and time travel. Similarly,
4915:"The Crying of Lot 49." "Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr.: Spermatikos Logos"
4204:
3241:
3104:
2517:
2454:
also commonly used this technique: the first chapter of his 1969 novel
1930:
Along with Beckett and Borges, a commonly cited transitional figure is
1351:
959:
836:
722:
705:
586:
554:
539:
524:
382:
4765:"Janus-Headed Postmodernism: The Opening Lines of Slaughterhouse-Five"
2337:. Another example of intertextuality in postmodernism is John Barth's
1441:(1929) have also been identified as important "postmodern precursor".
3930:"Postmodernity And Brecht In Contemporary Theatre Film Studies Essay"
2433:
2398:
interacting with historical figures and fictional characters such as
1996:
1936:
1869:
1722:) are cited as significant contributors to the postmodern aesthetic.
1554:
1192:
949:
922:
871:
866:
841:
826:
439:
411:
372:
4188:
3747:""You're Putting Me on": Jack Kerouac and the Postmodern Emergence"
3083:, the sprawling canvas and fragmented narrative of such writers as
5148:
3109:
2825:
2167:
1959:
1550:
as one of the first of that genre they call the postmodern novel.
846:
831:
727:
504:
456:
427:
347:
4132:
Flann O'Brien: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Post-Modernist
3331:. Leith wrote, "The question ultimately posed, or pointed to, by
1745:
to describe a tendency in theatre in the 1950s; he related it to
4238:
McHale, Brian (1987) Postmodernist Fiction. London: Routledge, (
3155:
1305:
1270:
still features a strong current of postmodern writing, like the
851:
377:
4629:
Metafiction: the theory and practice of self-conscious fiction.
3305:
where postmodern narrative coexists with emotional commitment.
3031:
Perhaps demonstrated most famously and effectively in Heller's
2978:
called postmodernism the "cultural logic of late capitalism". "
2450:
is about a reader attempting to read a novel of the same name.
1864:
edited the book guided by chance. He is also noted, along with
1449:
Postmodern literature represents a break from the 19th century
5257:
On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture
4880:, and Andrew Levy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998.
4320:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. p. 14.
3211:
1293:(2011). These works also further develop the postmodern form.
861:
4219:"Hypertext fiction: The latest in postmodern literary theory"
4420:
The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory
4281:. Aalborg: Department of Language and Culture, 2007. p. 244.
3280:
relationship between maximalist narrative forms and power."
2364:
to create a unique narrative or to comment on situations in
4963:
The Art of Excess: Mastery in Contemporary American Fiction
3834:
Ned med oprøret! - David Foster Wallace og det postironiske
3499:
3457:
in that the form of the novel became almost disintegrated.
3309:
3179:
The Art of Excess: Mastery in Contemporary American Fiction
1789:" was the youth of America during the materialistic 1950s;
1737:
and so on also influenced the work of playwrights from the
5065:(in Vietnamese). Khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn. Archived from
4469:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. "Parody", p. 604.
3312:
article, "Is the 'systems novel' the future of fiction?",
2804:
also employs this concept; for example, a scene featuring
1385:'s experiments with signification are used as examples by
4539:
Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History since 1898
3605:, in which Eisenhower buggers Nixon on-air, and his 1968
5205:
Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism
5031:
H.T Lehmann, Postdramatic Theatre, p. 88. Rutledge 2005.
3620:
offers this approach to defining postmodern literature:
5147:, A History of British, Irish and American Literature,
3079:
by some critics, and overlapping with the related term
2828:" outlook in the way the novel seeks to represent both
2315:
is a common reference with postmodernists, for example
4846:
Gonzalez, Madelena; Laplace-Claverie, Hélène (2012).
4348:
A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction.
4318:
Dissident Postmodernists: Barthelme, Coover, Pynchon
1508:'s playful experiment with metafiction and genre in
4581:(2004), Introduction to the Italian translation of
3431:Many of the well-known postmodern novels deal with
2394:, Coover mixes historically inaccurate accounts of
2372:uses science fiction, detective fiction, westerns;
1359:illustrations from popular novels (the collages of
5239:The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence 1982–1985
5090:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
3177:, exploring the concept further in his 1989 book,
2986:claimed postmodernity was defined by a shift into
5086:John Barth. "The Literature of Replenishment" in
4291:Pöhlmann, Sascha Nico Stefan. (24 October 2006).
4134:, 2nd edn. Cork University Press, Cork, Ireland (
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
3877:
3875:
3185:, Tom LeClair chose seven novels as the focus of
2637:. Other postmodern examples of poioumena include
1741:. The term "Theatre of the Absurd" was coined by
4605:. International Journal of the Humanities, 2012.
3954:"Modernism and Post-Modernism History - HISTORY"
4874:Postmodern American Fiction: A Norton Anthology
4536:Ayala, César J.; Bernabe, Rafael (2009-06-23).
3622:
3559:
3538:
3447:
3416:
1770:
3175:In the Loop: Don DeLillo and the Systems Novel
4542:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 331.
4415:
4413:
4411:
3557:culture references in postmodern literature:
2812:deals similarly with the Victorian period in
2474:, about one platoon's experiences during the
1141:
295:
8:
3181:. Having introduced the term in relation to
1686:Post-war developments and transition figures
1371:, the founder of Surrealism, suggested that
1226:Precursors to postmodern literature include
5189:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4934:
4932:
4930:
3978:"Andre Breton, Nadja – Writing with Images"
2832:from World War II while, at the same time,
2824:has been said to feature a metafictional, "
2756:(which features such historical figures as
2528:. By some accounts, the term was coined by
2504:about the collapse of the American empire.
1514:(1933) has been interpreted as postmodern.
5135:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1997.
5133:A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4363:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1995.
4337:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1995.
2311:with its references to Medieval romances.
1793:, who coined the term, developed ideas of
1148:
1134:
775:
582:
483:
313:
302:
288:
29:
5241:. Ed. Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas. (
5131:David Foster Wallace. "E Unibus Pluram".
4655:
4653:
4153:Postmodern American Fiction: An Anthology
2794:and various real life political figures.
2436:should parody the idea of parody itself.
2301:, a story with significant references to
1575:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1350:. Another precursor to postmodernism was
1280:A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius
4850:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Program.
4359:Barth, John. "Postmodernism Revisited."
3435:, one of the most famous of which being
1408:Other early 20th-century novels such as
1363:, for example). Artists associated with
5199:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
4440:"Acker: Don Quixote | The Modern Novel"
3700:
2836:the very notion of doing exactly that.
2359:Related to postmodern intertextuality,
1063:
1010:
972:
914:
884:
816:
778:
769:
690:
585:
576:
516:
486:
419:
332:
316:
238:
207:
85:
47:
32:
27:20th-century literary form and movement
4812:"Borges on the Couch (Published 2004)"
2376:uses science fiction and fairy tales;
1952:in 1969) are more clearly postmodern.
1923:in English. Finding it anachronistic,
5107:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.
4691:. University Press of Florida, 1991.
4395:Intertextuality: debates and contexts
1445:Comparisons with modernist literature
1191:in the 1960s through the writings of
7:
4810:Wallace, David Foster (2004-11-07).
4329:John Barth. "Very Like an Elephant:
3527:Reflections on 'The Name of the Rose
3380:, a fictional diary by Greek writer
2998:Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
2554:Poioumenon (plural: poioumena; from
2295:Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote
2084:A new generation of writers—such as
1511:The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
1167:that is characterized by the use of
5013:An Introduction to Literary Studies
4966:University of Illinois Press, 1989.
4924:. The Modern Word. 4 February 2008.
4618:Contemporary British Studies (2014)
4163:, Chapter 6: Technoculture, p. 510.
2871:deals playfully with anachronisms,
2766:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
2214:is the irony of the now-idiomatic "
1393:. Foucault also uses examples from
5063:"Văn chương hậu hiện đại (phần I)"
3395:'s 2021 Booker-shortlisted novel,
3071:Maximalism and the "Systems Novel"
3051:and hyperreality. For example, in
2261:, for example, links Pinocchio to
2208:. The central concept of Heller's
1897:A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
1649:, 1955), the first publication of
1639:in 1949, the first performance of
25:
4710:The History of English Literature
4661:The History of English Literature
4463:Makaryk, Irene Rima, ed. (1993).
2728:by Gabriel García Márquez (about
2564:, "product") is a term coined by
2447:If on a winter's night a traveler
2243:parallel to another literary work
1219:. Postmodernists often challenge
269:Social construction of technology
4741:. www.westga.edu. Archived from
4121:. Bucknell University Press: 21.
4100:. Jansvenungsson.com. 1999-04-18
3283:Many modernist critics, notably
2904:Historia universal de la infamia
2848:
2331:'s post-modern detective story,
2307:which is also a good example of
1949:Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle
1669:" lecture in 1966 or as late as
1117:
324:
5237:Lyotard, Jean-François (1988).
4860:Things That Fall From the Sky,
3816:Leal, Carissa M. (2017-08-10).
3714:London: Routledge, pp. 202-203.
3490:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
3169:had previously coined the term
2863:becoming "unstuck in time". In
2808:smoking marijuana is included.
2159:Irony, playfulness, black humor
5219:Lyotard, Jean-François (1984)
2971:Technoculture and hyperreality
2790:which makes references to the
2321:Don Quixote: Which Was a Dream
1964:American author and publisher
1:
5116:Eco, Umberto. Reflections on
4781:10.1080/00144940.2015.1133546
4763:Jensen, Mikkel (2016-01-02).
2914:One Hundred Years of Solitude
2815:The French Lieutenant's Woman
2543:Haroun and the Sea of Stories
1615:rise of the personal computer
264:Social construction of gender
258:Social construction of nature
5099:Heller, Joseph. "Reeling in
4517:Isaac Julien in Conversation
4060:McHale, Brian (2004-06-19).
3882:Berg, Klaus van den (1999).
3724:Campbell, Ian (2012-04-10).
3532:, the novelist and theorist
3412:The Literature of Exhaustion
3397:No One Is Talking About This
2725:The General in His Labyrinth
2150:Common themes and techniques
1675:The Dismemberment of Orpheus
1595:Japanese American internment
1473:, or explorative poems like
4977:Postmodern Narrative Theory
3712:A Poetics of Postmodernism.
3299:and David Foster Wallace's
2944:The Ground Beneath Her Feet
2846:
2720:historiographic metafiction
2711:Historiographic metafiction
2140:, and the fiction pages of
1868:, for the creation of the "
1290:A Visit from the Goon Squad
5347:
5195:Postmodern American Poetry
5192:Hoover, Paul. ed. (1994).
5182:, New York: Hill and Wang.
5175:, New York: Hill and Wang.
4920:December 14, 2007, at the
4159:December 25, 2006, at the
4117:Pitchford, Nicola (2002),
3832:Tore Rye Andersen (2001) "
3745:Johnson, Ronna C. (2000).
3689:List of postmodern writers
3679:List of postmodern critics
2559:
2128:—and publications such as
2032:in 1969, and many others.
5202:Jameson, Fredric (1991).
5185:Foucault, Michel (1983).
4502:. London: Routledge, 2001
4397:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.
4297:The Literary Encyclopedia
4098:"Text by Jan Svenungsson"
3997:Keiser, Graciela (1995).
3900:10.1017/S0040557400003550
3684:List of postmodern novels
3562:were the post-Nabokovian
3319:The Making of Incarnation
2924:The Kingdom of This World
2882:Pricksongs & Descants
2879:'s "The Babysitter" from
2026:in 1968, Kurt Vonnegut's
1821:San Francisco Renaissance
1667:Structure, Sign, and Play
5222:The Postmodern Condition
5178:Barthes, Roland (1968).
5173:The Pleasure of the Text
5171:Barthes, Roland (1975).
4718:Cambridge, Massachusetts
4714:Harvard University Press
4665:Harvard University Press
4526:, Issue 43, 2004, p. 29.
3316:compared Tom McCarthy's
2967:'s "The Mourning Door".
2830:actual historical events
2787:Koolaids: The Art of War
2181:The Pleasure of the Text
2042:is "often considered as
1881:The Ticket That Exploded
1300:to historical theory to
1187:emerged strongly in the
5296:20th-century literature
5224:: A Report on Knowledge
4279:Det etiske spejlkabinet
4176:Contemporary Literature
2501:United States of Banana
2471:The Things They Carried
1611:Postcolonial literature
1463:stream of consciousness
1185:experimental literature
154:International relations
5281:Science fiction genres
4444:www.themodernnovel.org
4130:Hopper, Keith (2009),
4050:. NY: Routledge, 2002.
3726:"Retroview: Our Hero?"
3655:
3615:
3550:
3523:
3429:
3403:Different perspectives
3054:Breakfast of Champions
2934:The Baron in the Trees
2909:Gabriel García Márquez
2020:in 1961, John Barth's
1977:
1893:Gabriel García Márquez
1851:. Burroughs published
1831:anthologies edited by
1808:In Search of Lost Time
1783:
1720:Gabriel García Márquez
1518:Shift to postmodernism
248:Social constructionism
5291:Postmodern literature
4979:. NY: Palgrave, 1998.
4500:Postmodernist Fiction
4266:Postmodernist Fiction
4065:Postmodernist Fiction
3731:The American Interest
3591:, and the Pynchon of
2349:poem of the same name
2327:can also be found in
1963:
1901:Latin American "boom"
1739:Theatre of the Absurd
1692:Theatre of the Absurd
1603:Civil Rights Movement
1591:fire-bombing of Tokyo
1526:and English novelist
1415:Impressions d'Afrique
1161:Postmodern literature
1124:Literature portal
252:social constructivism
5197:: A Norton Anthology
5119:The Name of the Rose
4350:NY: Routledge, 2004.
3594:The Crying of Lot 49
3554:David Foster Wallace
3290:A Reader's Manifesto
3163:by Babette Factory.
3089:David Foster Wallace
3044:The Crying of Lot 49
2770:Booker T. Washington
2480:David Foster Wallace
2370:William S. Burroughs
2278:The Name of the Rose
2225:The Crying of Lot 49
2086:David Foster Wallace
2023:Lost in the Funhouse
1849:William S. Burroughs
1813:Black Mountain poets
1708:William S. Burroughs
1173:unreliable narration
898:Groups and movements
5331:2010s in literature
5326:2000s in literature
5321:1990s in literature
5316:1980s in literature
5311:1970s in literature
5306:1960s in literature
5301:1950s in literature
5180:Writing Degree Zero
4988:Hoffmann, Gerhard.
4938:Ercolino, Stefano,
4614:Gonzalez, Madelena,
4563:Historias tremendas
4376:. Routledge, 2000.
4331:Reality vs. Realism
4293:"Gravity's Rainbow"
4277:Tore Rye Andersen.
3613:runs for president.
3589:The Sot-Weed Factor
3585:The End of the Road
3517:are very strong in
2963:'s "Exposure", and
2860:Slaughterhouse-Five
2840:Temporal distortion
2821:Slaughterhouse-Five
2666:The Golden Notebook
2606:Midnight's Children
2457:Slaughterhouse-Five
2340:The Sot-Weed Factor
2259:Pinocchio in Venice
2090:William T. Vollmann
2029:Slaughterhouse-Five
1729:, the Surrealists,
1567:the rape of Nanjing
1548:The Third Policeman
1537:The Third Policeman
1268:American literature
1228:Miguel de Cervantes
517:Short prose fiction
420:Major written forms
5187:This is Not a Pipe
5105:Catch as Catch Can
4876:. Ed. Paula Geyh,
4816:The New York Times
4737:Fowler, Alastair.
4708:Fowler, Alastair.
4659:Fowler, Alastair.
4221:. Findarticles.com
3867:College Literature
3853:2016-08-18 at the
3839:2016-08-18 at the
3789:The New York Times
3751:College Literature
3669:Hysterical realism
3252:Always Coming Home
3222:The Public Burning
3202:Something Happened
2818:. Kurt Vonnegut's
2792:Lebanese Civil War
2691:Gilbert Sorrentino
2391:The Public Burning
2287:Arthur Conan Doyle
2202:Bruce Jay Friedman
1978:
1970:post-postmodernism
1845:Gilbert Sorrentino
1749:'s concept of the
1642:En attendant Godot
1583:bombing of Dresden
1571:Bataan Death March
1543:The Dalkey Archive
1433:Giorgio de Chirico
1334:Notable influences
1011:Lists and outlines
487:Long prose fiction
226:Post-postmodernism
78:Post-structuralism
5145:Hans-Peter Wagner
5015:. Marion Klarer.
4862:The Village Voice
4687:M. Keith Booker.
4645:978-0-203-13140-4
4549:978-0-8078-9553-5
4476:978-0-8020-6860-6
4346:Hutcheon, Linda.
3618:Hans-Peter Wagner
3607:A Political Fable
3425:Texts for Nothing
3393:Patricia Lockwood
3296:Mason & Dixon
3268:Absalom, Absalom!
3192:Gravity's Rainbow
3187:The Art of Excess
3173:in his 1987 book
3126:Gravity's Rainbow
3100:François Rabelais
2899:Jorge Luis Borges
2806:George Washington
2735:Flaubert's Parrot
2718:coined the term "
2701:S. D. Chrostowska
2467:short story cycle
2429:deconstructionist
2343:which deals with
2299:Jorge Luis Borges
2039:Gravity's Rainbow
2002:William Burroughs
1841:Richard Brautigan
1766:Hans-Peter Wagner
1712:Jorge Luis Borges
1647:Waiting for Godot
1623:Hypertext fiction
1563:Geneva Convention
1461:examples in the "
1395:Jorge Luis Borges
1340:August Strindberg
1310:historical period
1256:(1833–1834), and
1158:
1157:
910:
909:
765:
764:
572:
571:
312:
311:
186:Political science
16:(Redirected from
5338:
5286:Postmodern works
5253:Magliola, Robert
5159:
5142:
5136:
5129:
5123:
5114:
5108:
5097:
5091:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5010:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4986:
4980:
4973:
4967:
4958:
4945:
4944:Bloomsbury, 2014
4936:
4925:
4912:
4906:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4881:
4871:
4865:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4734:
4728:
4706:
4700:
4685:
4679:
4657:
4648:
4631:Routledge, 1984
4627:Patricia Waugh.
4625:
4619:
4612:
4606:
4602:Giannina Braschi
4596:
4590:
4579:Daniele Luttazzi
4576:
4570:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4533:
4527:
4509:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4460:
4454:
4453:
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4450:
4436:
4430:
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4385:
4370:
4364:
4357:
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4344:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
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4288:
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4275:
4269:
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4230:
4229:
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4215:
4209:
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4170:
4164:
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4143:
4128:
4122:
4115:
4109:
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4106:
4105:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4023:
4022:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3879:
3870:
3863:
3857:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3721:
3715:
3705:
3603:A Public Burning
3577:The Recognitions
3546:Barbara Cartland
3530:
3161:2005 dopo Cristo
2993:Philip K. Dick's
2984:Jean Baudrillard
2965:Elizabeth Graver
2949:Kevin Brockmeier
2919:Alejo Carpentier
2865:Flight to Canada
2852:
2782:Rabih Alameddine
2744:Gustave Flaubert
2615:David R. Slavitt
2591:Vladimir Nabokov
2563:
2490:Giannina Braschi
2413:The Unfortunates
2323:. References to
2251:Donald Barthelme
2066:New York Trilogy
1992:Vladimir Nabokov
1987:The Recognitions
1932:Vladimir Nabokov
1756:The Bald Soprano
1735:Luigi Pirandello
1423:
1344:Luigi Pirandello
1177:self-reflexivity
1150:
1143:
1136:
1122:
1121:
1120:
776:
583:
484:
328:
314:
304:
297:
290:
259:
30:
21:
18:Postmodern novel
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5271:
5270:
5168:
5166:Further reading
5163:
5162:
5143:
5139:
5130:
5126:
5115:
5111:
5098:
5094:
5088:The Friday Book
5085:
5081:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4996:
4987:
4983:
4974:
4970:
4959:
4948:
4937:
4928:
4922:Wayback Machine
4913:
4909:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4878:Fred G. Leebron
4872:
4868:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4828:
4826:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4748:
4746:
4739:"Postmodernism"
4736:
4735:
4731:
4707:
4703:
4686:
4682:
4658:
4651:
4626:
4622:
4613:
4609:
4598:L.M. Popovich.
4597:
4593:
4577:
4573:
4565:de Pedro Cabiya
4561:
4557:
4550:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4510:
4506:
4498:McHale, Brian.
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4418:
4409:
4392:
4388:
4374:Intertextuality
4371:
4367:
4361:Further Fridays
4358:
4354:
4345:
4341:
4335:Further Fridays
4328:
4324:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4264:McHale, Brian.
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4237:
4233:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4189:10.2307/1208645
4172:
4171:
4167:
4161:Wayback Machine
4150:
4146:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4112:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4067:. Methuen, 1987
4063:McHale, Brian.
4059:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4026:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3958:www.history.com
3952:
3951:
3947:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3864:
3860:
3855:Wayback Machine
3841:Wayback Machine
3831:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3801:
3799:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3660:
3609:, in which the
3583:, the Barth of
3568:Metafictionists
3564:Black Humorists
3528:
3405:
3382:Dimitris Lyacos
3371:
3361:and especially
3342:
3287:in his polemic
3150:The Corrections
3073:
3037:, the sense of
3029:
3021:Neal Stephenson
2980:Late capitalism
2976:Fredric Jameson
2973:
2891:
2873:Abraham Lincoln
2842:
2801:Mason and Dixon
2713:
2681:William Golding
2586:Tristram Shandy
2581:Laurence Sterne
2576:Sartor Resartus
2566:Alastair Fowler
2552:
2526:science fiction
2510:
2422:
2374:Margaret Atwood
2368:: for example,
2357:
2309:intertextuality
2268:Death in Venice
2247:Margaret Atwood
2239:intertextuality
2235:
2233:Intertextuality
2161:
2152:
2126:Jonathan Lethem
2106:Chuck Palahniuk
1958:
1858:science fiction
1817:New York School
1801:in the mold of
1787:Beat Generation
1779:Stirrings Still
1696:Beat Generation
1688:
1663:Jacques Derrida
1607:postcolonialism
1520:
1447:
1417:
1410:Raymond Roussel
1391:Michel Foucault
1387:Jacques Derrida
1336:
1331:
1322:Michel Foucault
1318:Jacques Derrida
1253:Sartor Resartus
1243:Tristram Shandy
1238:Laurence Sterne
1181:intertextuality
1154:
1118:
1116:
1049:Literary awards
915:Dramatic genres
656:science fiction
334:Oral literature
308:
276:Linguistic turn
257:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5250:
5235:
5217:
5200:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5151:2003, p. 211.
5137:
5124:
5109:
5092:
5079:
5054:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5005:
4994:
4981:
4975:Currie, Mark.
4968:
4960:LeClair, Tom,
4946:
4926:
4907:
4891:
4882:
4866:
4853:
4838:
4802:
4769:The Explicator
4755:
4729:
4701:
4680:
4649:
4620:
4607:
4591:
4587:Complete Prose
4571:
4555:
4548:
4528:
4504:
4491:
4482:
4475:
4455:
4431:
4422:. J.A.Cuddon.
4407:
4386:
4372:Graham Allen.
4365:
4352:
4339:
4322:
4316:Maltby, Paul.
4309:
4283:
4270:
4257:
4255:Wagner, p. 194
4248:
4231:
4210:
4165:
4144:
4123:
4110:
4089:
4076:
4070:. p. 66.
4052:
4046:Lewis, Barry.
4024:
4005:(115): 39–48.
3989:
3969:
3945:
3921:
3888:Theatre Survey
3871:
3858:
3825:
3808:
3791:. 2019-03-22.
3776:
3737:
3716:
3708:Linda Hutcheon
3699:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3611:Cat in the Hat
3495:Thomas Pynchon
3471:The Ginger Man
3467:J. P. Donleavy
3404:
3401:
3370:
3367:
3363:Samuel Beckett
3341:
3338:
3333:systems novels
3257:Ursula Le Guin
3237:Joseph McElroy
3217:William Gaddis
3197:Thomas Pynchon
3072:
3069:
3028:
3025:
3017:William Gibson
2972:
2969:
2961:Jacob M. Appel
2939:Salman Rushdie
2890:
2887:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2796:Thomas Pynchon
2754:E. L. Doctorow
2716:Linda Hutcheon
2712:
2709:
2639:Samuel Beckett
2620:The Comforters
2601:Salman Rushdie
2571:Thomas Carlyle
2551:
2548:
2538:Salman Rushdie
2534:The Fabulators
2530:Robert Scholes
2522:verisimilitude
2509:
2506:
2444:'s 1979 novel
2421:
2418:
2410:'s 1969 novel
2388:'s 1977 novel
2383:
2356:
2353:
2345:Ebenezer Cooke
2234:
2231:
2220:Thomas Pynchon
2194:William Gaddis
2176:Roland Barthes
2164:Linda Hutcheon
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2143:The New Yorker
2122:Richard Powers
2098:Michael Chabon
2075:Linda Hutcheon
2045:
2036:'s 1973 novel
2034:Thomas Pynchon
1982:William Gaddis
1957:
1954:
1905:Julio Cortázar
1862:Allen Ginsberg
1761:Eugène Ionesco
1731:Antonin Artaud
1716:Julio Cortázar
1704:Samuel Beckett
1687:
1684:
1655:in 1956 or of
1587:Katyn massacre
1528:Virginia Woolf
1519:
1516:
1506:Gertrude Stein
1495:Finnegans Wake
1489:The Waste Land
1485:The Waste Land
1476:The Waste Land
1471:Virginia Woolf
1446:
1443:
1348:Bertolt Brecht
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1314:Roland Barthes
1248:Thomas Carlyle
1209:Philip K. Dick
1205:William Gaddis
1201:Thomas Pynchon
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
977:
976:
970:
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
946:
945:
940:
930:
925:
917:
916:
912:
911:
908:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
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886:
882:
881:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
821:
820:
814:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
783:
782:
772:
771:
767:
766:
763:
762:
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760:
755:
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745:
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730:
725:
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708:
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686:
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628:
623:
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603:
598:
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579:
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569:
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552:
547:
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537:
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527:
519:
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422:
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409:
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387:
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365:
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228:
223:
218:
210:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
193:
188:
183:
178:
177:
176:
174:Postpositivism
171:
166:
156:
151:
146:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
88:
87:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
65:
63:Hypermodernity
60:
58:Deconstruction
52:
51:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5343:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5266:
5265:0-7885-0296-4
5262:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:0-8166-2211-6
5244:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:0-8166-1173-4
5229:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5214:0-8223-1090-2
5211:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5157:3-88476-410-1
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5069:on 2014-10-29
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5021:0-415-33382-2
5018:
5014:
5009:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4904:90-420-0986-1
4901:
4895:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4867:
4864:, May 7, 2002
4863:
4857:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4756:
4745:on 2006-09-14
4744:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4726:0-674-39664-2
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4697:0-8130-1065-9
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:0-674-39664-2
4674:
4670:
4669:Cambridge, MA
4666:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:0-203-13140-1
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4459:
4456:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4428:0-14-051363-9
4425:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4403:0-7456-3121-5
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4382:0-415-17474-0
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:0-4150-4513-4
4241:
4235:
4232:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:(4): 625–44.
4182:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4140:9781859184479
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4079:
4077:9780203393321
4073:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3990:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3809:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Postmodernism
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:Robert Coover
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3505:Kurt Vonnegut
3502:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3437:Joseph Heller
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3369:Fragmentation
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:Infinite Jest
3298:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3232:Women and Men
3228:
3227:Robert Coover
3224:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3207:Joseph Heller
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3189:. They were:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:systems novel
3168:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:Infinite Jest
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:systems novel
3078:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3059:Kurt Vonnegut
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:technoculture
3046:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:'s "Big Me",
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2937:, 1957), and
2936:
2935:
2930:
2929:Italo Calvino
2926:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:Magic realism
2889:Magic realism
2888:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2877:Robert Coover
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:Kurt Vonnegut
2850:
2839:
2837:
2834:problematizes
2833:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:Sigmund Freud
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:Harry Houdini
2755:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2740:Julian Barnes
2737:
2736:
2731:
2730:Simón Bolívar
2727:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2696:Mulligan Stew
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:The Paper Men
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:Doris Lessing
2658:
2657:
2656:The Unnamable
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:Astronautilia
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:Ancient Greek
2549:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2485:The Pale King
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2452:Kurt Vonnegut
2449:
2448:
2443:
2442:Italo Calvino
2437:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2408:B. S. Johnson
2405:
2404:Betty Crocker
2401:
2397:
2396:Richard Nixon
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:Robert Coover
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:postmodernity
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:City of Glass
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:Robert Coover
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:Kurt Vonnegut
2195:
2191:
2190:Joseph Heller
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2170:, along with
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:Jennifer Egan
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:Joseph Heller
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:postmodernism
1918:
1914:
1913:posmodernismo
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1888:Magic realism
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:Charles Olson
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:Marcel Proust
1800:
1799:Duluoz Legend
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:Martin Esslin
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:magic realism
1697:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:the Holocaust
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:Flann O'Brien
1529:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:magic realism
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:René Magritte
1380:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:Tristan Tzara
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:Jennifer Egan
1282:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1246:(1760–1767),
1245:
1244:
1239:
1236:(1605–1615),
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Kurt Vonnegut
1194:
1190:
1189:United States
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:is a form of
1162:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
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1091:
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1081:
1079:
1076:
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1074:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
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1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
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1037:
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1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
978:
975:
971:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
913:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
819:
815:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
785:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
770:Poetry genres
768:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
698:
697:
696:
693:
689:
684:
681:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:coming-of-age
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
575:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Flash fiction
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
424:
423:
418:
413:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
285:
283:
282:
277:
274:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
255:
254:
253:
249:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
221:Metamodernism
219:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
144:
143:Picture books
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:Postmodernity
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:Postmodernism
31:
19:
5256:
5238:
5220:
5203:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5140:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5087:
5082:
5071:. Retrieved
5067:the original
5057:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5012:
5008:
4997:
4989:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4962:
4940:
4910:
4894:
4885:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4856:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4827:. Retrieved
4815:
4805:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4747:. Retrieved
4743:the original
4732:
4709:
4704:
4699:. pg. 81–82.
4688:
4683:
4660:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4538:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4512:Richard Dyer
4507:
4499:
4494:
4485:
4465:
4458:
4447:. Retrieved
4443:
4434:
4419:
4394:
4389:
4373:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4296:
4286:
4278:
4273:
4265:
4260:
4251:
4234:
4223:. Retrieved
4213:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4152:
4147:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4113:
4102:. Retrieved
4092:
4081:. Retrieved
4066:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4002:
3992:
3981:. Retrieved
3972:
3961:. Retrieved
3957:
3948:
3937:. Retrieved
3934:UKEssays.com
3933:
3924:
3894:(2): 43–70.
3891:
3887:
3866:
3861:
3847:, 37, 13-25.
3844:
3828:
3818:
3811:
3800:. Retrieved
3788:
3779:
3757:(1): 22–38.
3754:
3750:
3740:
3729:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3623:
3616:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3560:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3526:
3524:
3519:Cat's Cradle
3518:
3514:
3510:Cat's Cradle
3508:
3507:was writing
3498:
3497:was writing
3488:
3487:was writing
3478:
3477:was writing
3475:Jack Kerouac
3470:
3469:was writing
3462:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3440:
3433:World War II
3430:
3424:
3417:
3406:
3391:
3375:
3372:
3343:
3326:
3324:Dave Eggers'
3317:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:Nancy Felson
3103:
3093:
3074:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3006:
2996:
2988:hyperreality
2974:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2917:. The Cuban
2912:
2902:
2901:, author of
2892:
2880:
2869:Ishmael Reed
2864:
2858:
2843:
2826:Janus-headed
2819:
2813:
2799:
2785:
2747:
2733:
2723:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2641:'s trilogy (
2632:
2629:Jan Křesadlo
2625:Muriel Spark
2618:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2553:
2541:
2533:
2532:in his book
2511:
2499:
2495:Yo-Yo Boing!
2493:
2483:
2469:
2455:
2445:
2438:
2423:
2411:
2389:
2358:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2302:
2276:
2266:
2258:
2236:
2223:
2209:
2206:World War II
2179:
2162:
2153:
2141:
2137:The Believer
2135:
2129:
2083:
2071:Brian McHale
2064:
2054:
2048:
2037:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2005:
2000:(1955), and
1995:
1985:
1979:
1947:
1946:in 1962 and
1941:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1886:
1879:
1875:Nova Express
1873:
1852:
1837:John Ashbery
1833:Donald Allen
1806:
1791:Jack Kerouac
1784:
1778:
1771:
1754:
1747:Albert Camus
1727:Alfred Jarry
1725:The work of
1724:
1689:
1679:Brian McHale
1674:
1673:'s usage in
1656:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1636:The Cannibal
1634:
1627:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1521:
1509:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1465:" styles of
1455:subjectivism
1448:
1436:
1431:(1914), and
1426:
1413:
1407:
1376:
1369:André Breton
1337:
1298:architecture
1295:
1288:
1283:(2000), and
1278:
1261:
1258:Jack Kerouac
1251:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1160:
1159:
1002:
683:Encyclopedic
661:supernatural
577:Prose genres
433:closet drama
138:
104:Architecture
94:Anthropology
73:Posthumanism
68:Hyperreality
40:Preceded by
4775:(1): 8–11.
4589:. Bompiani.
4583:Woody Allen
4003:Hispanófila
3869:30:2, 1-29.
3674:Metafiction
3651:Martin Amis
3639:Brooke-Rose
3597:... Here's
3542:Kunstwollen
3534:Umberto Eco
3480:On the Road
3183:Don DeLillo
3167:Tom LeClair
3144:White Teeth
3085:Dave Eggers
3015:fiction of
3008:White Noise
3003:Don DeLillo
2953:The Ceiling
2810:John Fowles
2671:John Fowles
2650:Malone Dies
2613:(1970), by
2476:Vietnam War
2463:Tim O'Brien
2425:Metafiction
2420:Metafiction
2378:Umberto Eco
2329:Paul Auster
2325:Don Quixote
2317:Kathy Acker
2313:Don Quixote
2304:Don Quixote
2273:Umberto Eco
2263:Thomas Mann
2172:black humor
2131:McSweeney's
2118:Carole Maso
2114:Neil Gaiman
2102:Zadie Smith
2094:Dave Eggers
2079:Paul Maltby
2061:Paul Auster
2056:White Noise
2051:Don DeLillo
2007:Naked Lunch
1966:Dave Eggers
1925:Octavio Paz
1866:Brion Gysin
1853:Naked Lunch
1775:deconstruct
1671:Ihab Hassan
1658:Naked Lunch
1631:John Hawkes
1613:), and the
1524:James Joyce
1498:or Woolf's
1481:T. S. Eliot
1467:James Joyce
1428:Locus Solus
1425:(1910) and
1418: [
1399:metafiction
1275:Dave Eggers
1263:On the Road
1233:Don Quixote
1221:authorities
1213:Kathy Acker
1169:metafiction
1088:Composition
965:Tragicomedy
804:Verse novel
692:Non-fiction
596:Speculative
535:Short story
405:spoken word
395:Performance
368:heroic epic
231:Remodernism
114:Criminology
99:Archaeology
5275:Categories
5073:2014-06-21
5052:, page 15.
4829:2020-10-13
4749:2009-09-11
4449:2020-10-20
4393:Mary Orr.
4384:. pg. 200.
4225:2014-06-21
4104:2014-06-21
4083:2014-06-21
3983:2020-10-20
3963:2020-10-20
3939:2020-10-20
3802:2020-10-20
3695:References
3451:Korean War
3408:John Barth
3377:Z213: Exit
3351:maximalism
3346:minimalism
3340:Minimalism
3308:In a 2022
3285:B.R. Myers
3247:John Barth
3138:Underworld
3077:maximalism
2762:Henry Ford
2705:Permission
2561:ποιούμενον
2513:Fabulation
2508:Fabulation
2186:John Barth
1974:post-irony
1909:modernismo
1795:automatism
1565:, through
1534:completed
1438:Hebdomeros
1373:automatism
1365:Surrealism
1329:Background
1302:philosophy
1272:postironic
1217:John Barth
1165:literature
1003:Postmodern
938:historical
877:Villanelle
758:Travelogue
753:Persuasive
733:Journalism
711:philosophy
678:Historical
646:paranormal
606:Children's
479:Electronic
353:fairy tale
318:Literature
181:Psychology
159:Philosophy
139:Literature
134:Television
4824:0362-4331
4797:162509316
4789:0014-4940
4712:, p. 372
4663:, p. 372
4647:. pg. 19.
4197:1548-9949
4011:0018-2206
3916:194135190
3908:1475-4533
3822:(Thesis).
3797:0362-4331
3763:0093-3139
3552:Novelist
3485:Ken Kesey
3359:Jon Fosse
3344:Literary
3328:The Every
3314:Sam Leith
3278:ambiguous
3262:Moby-Dick
3095:Gargantua
3013:cyberpunk
2957:Dan Chaon
2778:Carl Jung
2596:Pale Fire
2550:Poioumena
2400:Uncle Sam
2319:'s novel
2283:Aristotle
1943:Pale Fire
1917:modernism
1677:in 1971.
1645:in 1953 (
1619:Cyberpunk
1559:modernism
1459:modernist
1361:Max Ernst
1098:Narrative
1083:Magazines
1078:Sociology
1069:criticism
1039:Movements
998:Modernist
988:Classical
780:Narrative
616:adventure
560:Religious
530:Novelette
495:Anthology
450:narrative
400:audiobook
358:folk play
216:Criticism
208:Reactions
164:Anarchism
42:Modernism
5255:(1997),
5101:Catch-22
4918:Archived
4523:Wasafiri
4489:Hutcheon
4302:17 March
4157:Archived
4019:43807005
3851:Archived
3837:Archived
3771:25112494
3658:See also
3601:'s 1966
3515:Catch-22
3463:Catch-22
3459:Catch-22
3455:Catch-22
3442:Catch-22
3112:, which
3102:and the
3064:Paranoia
3039:paranoia
3034:Catch-22
3027:Paranoia
2676:Mantissa
2611:Anagrams
2465:'s 1990
2382:pastiche
2361:pastiche
2355:Pastiche
2271:. Also,
2216:catch-22
2211:Catch-22
2017:Catch-22
1990:(1955),
1827:and the
1599:Cold War
1195:such as
1093:Language
1024:Glossary
993:Medieval
928:Libretto
857:Limerick
809:National
799:Dramatic
789:Children
718:Anecdote
701:Academic
641:military
462:Nonsense
363:folksong
343:Folklore
200:Religion
196:Theology
124:Feminism
4720:(1989)
4671:(1989)
4514:(2004)
4205:1208645
3845:Passage
3710:(1988)
3647:Ackroyd
3627:Durrell
3525:In his
3421:Beckett
3386:lacunae
3355:context
3242:LETTERS
3105:Odyssey
3075:Dubbed
2780:), and
2749:Ragtime
2742:(about
2518:mimesis
1501:Orlando
1451:realism
1352:Dadaism
1193:authors
1034:Writers
1019:Outline
983:Ancient
974:History
960:Tragedy
837:Epigram
723:Epistle
706:history
666:western
651:romance
636:fantasy
601:Realist
587:Fiction
555:Parable
540:Drabble
525:Novella
509:romance
474:Ergodic
390:Oration
383:proverb
239:Related
191:Theatre
169:Marxism
141: (
5263:
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3566:, the
3503:, and
3249:) and
3159:, and
2995:novel
2776:, and
2699:; and
2644:Molloy
2579:, and
2434:parody
2291:Borges
2289:, and
2285:, Sir
2077:, and
1997:Lolita
1937:Lolita
1870:cut-up
1819:, the
1815:, the
1768:says:
1751:absurd
1698:, and
1694:, the
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1593:, and
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1581:, the
1573:, the
1569:, the
1555:prefix
1346:, and
1215:, and
1108:Estate
1065:Theory
1054:poetry
1044:Cycles
955:Script
950:Satire
923:Comedy
872:Sonnet
867:Qasida
842:Ghazal
827:Ballad
748:Nature
738:Letter
671:horror
631:erotic
565:Wisdom
545:Sketch
500:Serial
440:Poetry
412:Saying
373:legend
250:" and
86:Fields
5149:Trier
4793:S2CID
4567:, in
4201:JSTOR
4015:JSTOR
3912:S2CID
3843:" in
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3529:'
3322:with
3110:Homer
2849:above
2847:(see
2297:" by
2168:irony
1956:Scope
1829:Grove
1785:The "
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1378:Nadja
1029:Books
943:moral
903:Poets
885:Lists
847:Haiku
832:Elegy
818:Lyric
728:Essay
626:crime
611:Genre
505:Novel
467:verse
457:Prose
445:lyric
428:Drama
348:fable
149:Music
119:Dance
5261:ISBN
5243:ISBN
5228:ISBN
5210:ISBN
5153:ISBN
5017:ISBN
4900:ISBN
4820:ISSN
4785:ISSN
4722:ISBN
4693:ISBN
4673:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4633:ISBN
4544:ISBN
4471:ISBN
4424:ISBN
4399:ISBN
4378:ISBN
4304:2013
4240:ISBN
4193:ISSN
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4072:ISBN
4007:ISSN
3904:ISSN
3793:ISSN
3759:ISSN
3587:and
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3265:and
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1621:and
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1306:film
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1103:Feud
1067:and
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893:Epic
852:Hymn
794:Epic
743:Life
378:myth
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129:Film
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