857:(1947), Palestine and Jordan (1948), Dakar (1948), Pakistan (1950) and Thailand (1957). New nunciatures were established in Uruguay (1939), Lebanon (1947), the Philippines (1951), China (1946), Indonesia (1950), Egypt (1947), India (1948), Liberia (1951), Pakistan (1951), Japan (1952), Syria (1953), Iran (1953), and Ethiopia (1957). A personal representative of the president of the United States of America was accredited at the Vatican since December 1939. Representatives of the Vatican were sent to several United Nations Organizations, such as UNESCO and ILO.
302:. To assist the pope in the many calls for his help and charity, Pascalina organized and led the Magazino, a private papal charity office, which began with 40 helpers and continued until 1959. "It started from modest beginnings and became a gigantic charity". Lehnert organized truck caravans filled with medicine, clothing, shoes and food to prison camps and hospitals, provided first aid, food and shelter for bomb victims, fed the hungry population of Rome, answered emergency calls for aid to the Pope, sent care packages to
155:, who was ambassador to the Vatican in the last two years of the war. The U.S. nuncio appealed to commute the sentences of several Germans convicted by the occupation authorities. The Vatican, opposed to the death penalty, asked for a blanket pardon for all those who had received death sentences after the ban on execution of war criminals was lifted in 1948. After the war, the Vatican continued its information services. Vatican Radio began a daily hour for prisoners and interned to
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his city. As German troops withdrew from the South of Italy, he helped to negotiate an open city agreement, by which German military circumvented Rome and thus did not offer military targets there. After the
Germans left, the Roman population flocked to St. Peter's square to thank the "Savior of Rome" One of them was Pietro Nenni, the socialist leader who first refused to kneel down, until his wife forced him to. Later, Pope Pius was named saviour of the city and of civilisation.
801:. Spellman was the first American ever to work in the Secretariat. In 1931, Pacelli consecrated him to be the first American bishop in Saint Peter's Basilica. Spellman was elevated to the seat of New York immediately after the election of Pope Pius XII. Spellman, who accompanied a groups of American pilgrims to Rome in October 1958, was also the last American and one of the last foreign dignitaries to see Pope Pius before his death on 9 October 1958.
20:
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developed culture of their own, is to teach and form them so that they are ready to accept willingly and in a practical manner the principles of
Christian life and morality; principles, I might add, that fit into any culture, provided it be good and sound, and which give that culture greater force in safeguarding human dignity and in gaining human happiness.
501:, issued on 2 June 1951 and 21 April 1957, respectively, increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions and recognition of local culture, especially in Africa. Continuing the line of his predecessors, Pius supported the establishment of local administration and a reduction of colonial influence in Church affairs: In 1950, the hierarchy of
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she was upholding in times of tyrannic repression the rights and dignity of every person. In vain, she fed the population of
Eternal Rome in times of need and massive hunger. The Church which helped, is now allegedly responsible for the impoverisation and proletarisation of the masses, which in times of need she assisted and continues to assist."
116:. In his war-time message, Pius had called for an international order and the establishment of international organizations. He therefore welcomed the creation of such organizations after the war, and appointed papal representatives or observers to them. Pacelli supported a unification of Europe. In 1957, following the signing of the
852:"We turn to the leaders of people, in order for the Church to live in freedom. Concordats are legal instruments. Taking into consideration the best for the population and the State, they are intended to create the space, in which the Catholic Church and the Catholics of a given country can freely live their faith and develop it".
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Catholic who was a
Communist candidate in the parliamentary elections. It specifically did not include persons, who distributed Communist books, papers or leaflets, although those actions were condemned as well. Azione Cattolica very actively supported the Christian Democratic Party. In 1949, the Holy Office issued the
385:
The herald of the Gospel and messenger of Christ is an apostle. His office does not demand that he transplant
European civilization and culture, and no other, to foreign soil, there to take root and propagate itself. His task in dealing with these peoples, who sometimes boast of a very old and highly
477:
missions, including basic health stations but also specialized hospitals and universities. WWII had been a disaster for
Catholic missions, educational and health institutes in Asia and Africa. In Europe, the houses of various orders and congregations, which prepare candidates for work oversees, were
376:
The Church of Rome is subjected these days to public denunciations and the most unjust attacks. In vain, the Church multiplied its charities to this city, the centre of
Christianity. In vain, the Church accepted, protected, and saved persons of all kinds, including its most ardent opponents. In vain
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As Bishop of Rome he increased papal soup kitchen rations from three million annually to forty million by 1947. At
Christmas 1944, he personally gave gift packages to three thousand Roman children and delivered another four thousand to children on the Feast of Epiphany, two weeks later. By Christmas
322:
and other countries. After the war, the calls for papal help continued in war-torn Europe: Madre
Pascalina organized emergency aid to displaced persons, prisoners of war, victims of floods, and many victims of the war. Pascalina distributed also hundreds of religious items to needy priests. In later
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The Church is not afraid of the light of truth, not for its past, nor its present, nor for its future. The time will come, conditions and human emotions permitting, when unpublished documents about this terrible war will be made public. Then the foolishness of all accusations will become obvious in
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We know full well, that the bare text of international law does not impose on the conquerors the obligation to liberate the prisoners of war, before peace is made. But the spiritual and moral needs of the prisoners themselves and of their relatives, the sacred rights of marriage and family, speak a
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But due to the international climate, and the communist persecution of the Church in the East, relations between the
Vatican and Communism soured. The 1948 were seen as a watershed for the future of Italy and Europe and became a fight between the Catholic Church and the Communist Party of Italy. In
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became battlefields. Catholic churches, hospitals and schools were destroyed or closed. Under Japanese occupation, many missionaries were living in concentration camps and were mistreated. After the war, Pius helped rebuild the institutional presence and accelerated the pace of turning over control
872:
It seems desirable to us, to secure a new domicile in oversees countries for many of these people, who in the latter years were exiled from their land, or who live in over-populated countries, in which neither agriculture nor industry can give sufficient livelihood even in normal times. And we are
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published a degree which excommunicated those who propagate "the materialistic and anti-Christian teachings of communism", which was widely interpreted as an excommunication of the Communist Party of Italy, which however, was not mentioned in the decree. The excommunication extended to any Italian
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During the War, the Roman-born Pontiff was very concerned with the question, how to save the eternal city from the fate of destruction. He decided to stay day and night in Rome as not to give an excuse for bombings in his absence. He also communicated with FDR and Churchill regarding a sparing for
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issued an urgent call for charity. The Pope described the misery of millions of people in war-torn areas, and insisted that all persons must help. He was especially concerned with the millions of small children without families, food or shelter. As in the war years, the Pope offered material help.
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The natural law even more than mere compassion compels he states to secure people a chance of immigration, because the creator demands that the goods of this world should be at the service of all mankind. Therefore, no state whose territory is in a condition to feed more people, has the right to
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Pius concluded some thirty concordats and state treaties during his pontificate. Treaties were concluded with Brazil (1950), Canada (1951), France (1952), Great Britain (1953), the Netherlands (1957) and the United States of America (1957). New apostolic delegations were established in Indonesia
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The government of China established diplomatic relations with the Vatican within a short interval. The papal degree changed the ecclesiastical situation in China in an almost revolutionary way. As the Church began to flourish, Pius established a local ecclesiastical hierarchy and received the
79:
and other places, continued to propagate peace and aid the afflicted, especially in war-torn Europe. Pius XII began a process of worldwide reconstruction of war-damaged Catholic institutions. He promoted the internationalization of the Church with reforms of the Church, internationalizing the
605:
due to the diplomatic deadlock with those (then) Soviet-bloc nations. His material assistance from the Commissione Di Assistenza reached many. He did not support changes of borders. Throughout his pontificate, he refused to engage in border issues, such as the Polish-German border disputes.
448:
In 1947 when Pope Pius XII sent the first apostolic delegate, Father Patrick James Byrne to Korea, shortly after the liberation of Korea from Japanese dominion. By sending a permanent delegate, the Holy See was one of the first countries to recognize Korea as an independent nation after the
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The papal Commissione di Assistenza to the most needy populations of Europe delivered more than ninety thousand crates. They were shipped by rail from Vatican station to dozens of countries In 1946, the Pontiff invited 50,000 children to receive a full meal after which the Pope thanked the
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customs of honouring deceased family members. The Vatican regarded these as religious exercises which conflicted with Catholic dogma. As a result, the Church made little progress in China. Within months of his election, Pope Pius issued a dramatic change in policies. On 8 December 1939 the
199:
officials benefited from these Red Cross or Vatican papers, issued in the grand chaos of 1945–1947. Most certainly, neither the Red Cross nor the Vatican had the time or resources to check individual identity claims at the time. This situation was possibly exploited by the controversial
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Pius invited Americans, Europeans, Africans and Asians in the Italian-dominated Vatican Curia. He encouraged young Americans to enter Vatican service. To provide better training and international exposure of American theology students, he welcomed the establishment of a large
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to secure people a chance of immigration, because the Creator demands that the goods of this world should be at the service of all mankind. Therefore, no state whose territory is in a condition to feed more people, has the right to refuse admission to
705:
countries at this historic occasion. On 13 June 1957 he demanded a united Europe, aware of its foundations, with common institutions, a common foreign policy, and a strong European parliament to control the institutions and the council of ministers.
456:
In those years, the South Korean government sent a delegation to the Paris conference in 1948 to be recognized as the only government of the Korean peninsula. At that time the Holy See and the Apostolic Nuncio in Paris (then Angelo Roncalli, later
187:. The DPs created often special problems, because many thousands of them did not have any identification. Preliminary identity papers and food were distributed to long lines of persons, waiting for hours. Identity papers were issued throughout
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774:, which had refused to approve a papal minister in 1868, thus de facto closing the doors for an American presence at the Vatican. He privately protested repeated American bombings of Rome. After the war, Pius supported the Truman and
439:
Diplomatic relations with the Japanese government were established in 1942, during the war. Following the defeat of the Japanese Empire, these relations were broken, but were reestablished in 1952 as Japan regained its independence.
371:
awarded Pope Pius XII with the "Prince Carl Medal", given annually to the person with the most outstanding record in charity in the world. Pope Pius responded in his Easter message to Communist leaders who attacked his policies:
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emptying. Priests and lay brothers, teachers and nurses, were called home from oversees to participate in military duty. Missionaries with the "wrong" passport were interned or expelled from the countries they worked in. After
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believed that permanent peace can only be achieved on a Christian basis, and informed the Pope, "Your Holiness, we are a Christian Nation, as the US Supreme Court decided more than half a century ago" and re-appointed
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was founded in Rome in 1957, the last year of Pius XII's papacy. As Europe recovered, Pius had encouraged European unification attempts and the foundation of the EU. He addressed the heads of State and governments from
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issued at the request of Pius XII new instructions, by which Chinese customs were no longer considered superstitious but rather an honourable way of esteeming one's relatives, and therefore permitted by Catholics.
545:, a program subject to stringent conditions until its premature termination. After the war, Pius devoted special attention to the subcontinent, addressing in each country virtually every major Church meeting over
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585:
with documentation, and was repeatedly quoted in the proceedings against Nazi war criminals. One year after the German capitulation, in June 1946 he challenged the Allies to finally close the
873:
confident, that the states which still dispose of ample possibilities of existence, will not fail to open their frontiers for immigration, because this is a sublime form of Christian charity.
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in the years 1946–1958. Concerned about the continuing lack of clergy in Latin America, he formed in 1958 the foundation of the permanent Papal Commission for Latin America. Several orders,
1876:
1844:
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He had meetings with President Roosevelt which ... led to a resumption of de facto diplomatic relations between the Vatican and the US, which had been in limbo since 1868.
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1953:
657:"There is no room in our conscience for faint-heartedness, for comfort, for the indecisiveness of many who, in this crucial hour, believe they can serve two masters."
100:, some 60,000,000 Catholics were under the influence of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Relations with the United States were cordial. Faced with a war in the
2037:
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In 1933, Pacelli met the president of "Pan-Europe" Count Coudenhove-Kalergi, giving his support to the idea of a European federation. He embraced the initiative of
1881:
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liberation from the Japanese colonization. Patrick James Byrne, American missionary of the Maryknoll's fathers, was consecrated Bishop in 1949, but when the
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Latin America had independent Catholic hierarchies in 1939, when Pius XII was elected as Pope. During the war years, the governments and faithful of
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years, priests with very large parishes received small cars or motor bikes." The Pope was personally involved, constantly asking bishops from the
589:, which they had kept running to accommodate POWs and DPs. Pius did not protest the expulsion of millions of Germans from their homes by Poland,
2006:
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2042:
1901:
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loader and stronger voice than all judicial texts, and demand that we bring the system of war prisoners and concentration camps to an end.
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was his second guest. In 1936, then Cardinal Pacelli was the first Pope to ever visit the United States. He toured the nation with Bishop
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For more than a hundred years, the Church has been building up infrastructures for education and health services in large parts of their
2001:
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During the war, some 200,000 messages were sent via Vatican identifying displaced persons and prisoners to their respective families.
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exclusively for Americans in Rome. It was opened and blessed by him in the presence of virtual all American bishops. He was close to
1986:
401:
For centuries, access to the people of China was difficult for the Catholic Church, because it did not recognize the ancient local
298:. Madre Pascalina Lehnert was asked by the Pope to direct his personal charity efforts, officially under Monsignore Montini, later
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1929:
840:. To fulfill its mission under changing circumstances, the Vatican insisted on freedom of religion for Catholics. Already under
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2016:
1911:
1834:
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With 49% of the vote, the elections of 18 April 1948 went in favor of the anti-Communist Christian Democrats. On 15 July 1948,
208:, but by also many persons of other persuasions, who wanted to start a new life under a new name away from friends and family.
759:, visiting twelve of sixteen ecclesiastical provinces and meeting with seventy-nine bishops. He gave a policy address at the
573:". Pointing to the enormous crimes committed, he demanded punishment of the guilty and stiff penalties for persons guilty of
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The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, International Socialist Review Issue 29, May–June 2003, USA Today, 6/17/2003
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Pius had left the initiative to the American president, realizing the complicated situation he faced in the American
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in 1949 put these early advances on hold and led to the persecution of thousands of clergy and faithful in China.
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supports immigration rights. Conversely, no state which can support additional people, has a right to close its
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We have remarked on previous occasions, that women should receive equal pay for equal work and equal results.
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1958:
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ASIA/SOUTH KOREA – A Bishop represents Korea to celebrate 70 years of diplomatic relations with the Holy See
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848:, a record number of new concordats were concluded. To Pius XII, Church freedom was the ultimate priority:
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had been helpful, with large shipments of food items and clothing for Vatican charity services such as the
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became independent dioceses in 1955. They remained financially dependent, however, from Western resources.
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461:) greatly helped the Korean delegation to obtain recognition from many delegations of Catholic countries.
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Primo Mazzolari, La Carita Del Papa, Pio XII.e la ricostruzione dell’Italia, Edizione Paoline, 1991)
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Pope Pius XII, Easter Message 1948, Herder Korrespondenz, Orbis Catholicus, FreiburgiBr. 1947–1948
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freely visited Madre Pascalina, who by now was nicknamed "Virgo Potens" (:Powerful Virgin").
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104:, Pius called for mutual respect for and between the three major religions, Christianity,
672:, which excommunicated any Catholic who joined or collaborated with the Communist Party.
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and duty. In 1946, he declared, that all people have a right to immigration, because the
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for a "Congress of Europe" in 1948, and sent a papal delegate to the Hague meeting. The
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Pius dealt with the human tragedies by organizing a two-tier papal charity. Monsignore
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After WWI, the Church was confronted with a variety of short-lived government styles,
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In his 1944 speech to the directors of the Pontifical Missionary Society, he stated:
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Statement by the President on Myron Taylor's Mission to the Vatican. August 15, 1947
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In a well-publicized appeal, he wrote to President Eisenhower to spare the lives of
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was the first Cardinal invited by the new Pope after his election. Cardinal
727:. Vatican relations with America were cordial and largely free of conflict.
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focused on material aid to war-torn Europe, the internationalization of the
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Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958
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Alan Woods, "America after 1945 and McCarthyism", Marxism in the USA, 2005
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clear daylight. Their origin is not ignorance but contempt of the Church.
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representatives. Forty years later, controversy arose as to whether some
785:, sentenced to death because of alleged espionage for the Soviet Union.
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Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City 1939–1959
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120:, he received the heads of government and State of the newly founded
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refuse admission to foreigners without good and acceptable reasons.
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administrations to rebuild war-torn Europe and to defend freedom.
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USATODAY.com – 50 years later, Rosenberg execution is still fresh
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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Pascalina Lehnert, Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Naumann, WĂĽrzburg, 1986
112:. He insisted on their free access to Holy Sites, especially in
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Pius was an outspoken advocate of clemency for those accused of
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735:, attended the papal coronation as representative of President
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without any home or place to go, wandered all over the Europe,
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his Easter homily of 1948, Pius appealed to the Roman people:
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1945, Pope Pius had forty thousand packages. The Swedish King
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in two consistories. For working women he repeatedly demanded
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933:, London & Dublin, Burns Oates & Washbourne, 1950
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Schulte, E., "The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg",
919:, November 1958. Repr. in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959
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broke out in 1950, he was kidnapped and died in prison.
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himself demands access to material goods. In addition,
124:, to express his gratification and give his blessings.
1129:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
561:, made foundations there at the request of the Pope.
1234:
The Public Papers of President Harry S. Truman, 1947
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Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
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International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
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71:After 1946, Church policies, with wars ongoing in
988:Acta Apostolica Sedis, XLI, 1949, pp. 69–71
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894:Acta Apostolica Sedis, Vatican City, 1946, 1949
204:, who was later dismissed from his posts, the
1403:
569:After the war, Pius rejected the concept of "
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1364:Acta Apostolica Sedis, XLI, 1949, pp. 69-71
294:started on behalf of the pope the official
1410:
1396:
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2216:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
482:declared war, much of Asia including the
1115:
1113:
902:Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace
805:Concordats and treaties of Pope Pius XII
945:
491:to local authorities. His encyclicals,
255:even more than mere compassion compels
543:visa program for "non-Aryan" Catholics
133:Displaced persons and prisoners of war
926:, Butzon & Becker, Kevelaer, 1986
397:Pope Pius XII and the Church in China
128:Papal charity: policies and practices
7:
541:. Pius XII negotiated with Brazil a
296:Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza
264:without good and acceptable reasons.
1373:21 October 1945, AAS, XXXVII, 1945
1292:The International Socialist Review
137:On 6 January 1946, the encyclical
34:Church policies after World War II
14:
2038:Apostolic constitutions and bulls
191:by Vatican charity officials and
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904:. Farrar, Straus and Young. 1954
18:
347:and other countries for help."
1:
1578:Communium interpretes dolorum
1892:Pontifical Relief Commission
1641:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus
1068:Herder Korrespondenz, p. 303
1444:Cardinal Secretary of State
913:Robert Leiber, "Pius XII."
861:Quotations of Pope Pius XII
723:as a representative to the
686:European Economic Community
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1887:Jewish orphans controversy
1585:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
1510:
1006:Lehnert, Pascalina. p. 104
783:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
624:
613:
394:
279:
2209:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
1425:
1294:, Issue 29, May–June 2003
539:Commissione Di Assistenza
505:became independent, 1951
60:, and relations with the
2176:Three Popes and the Jews
1809:Ad Apostolorum principis
1795:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes
1683:Sempiternus Rex Christus
1599:Deiparae Virginis Mariae
1557:Mystici Corporis Christi
670:Decree against Communism
627:Pope Pius XII and Poland
616:Pope Pius XII and Russia
587:Nazi concentration camps
86:equal pay for equal work
1902:Alleged kidnapping plot
1564:Divino afflante Spiritu
844:, but especially under
741:William Henry O'Connell
579:crimes against humanity
423:. The establishment of
2202:Under His Very Windows
1897:1942 Christmas address
1634:In multiplicibus curis
1517:
1454:Saint Peter's Basilica
838:democratic governments
642:informed its readers:
415:Archbishop of Peking,
363:for their generosity.
244:doors without reason.
1852:Persecution of Church
1760:Luctuosissimi eventus
1516:
1149:Discorsi, 1945, p. 68
737:Franklin D. Roosevelt
42:Roman Catholic Church
1697:Orientales Ecclesias
1571:Orientalis Ecclesiae
1343:L'Osservatore Romano
1195:L'Osservatore Romano
1057:L'Osservatore Romano
1044:L'Osservatore Romano
776:Dwight D. Eisenhower
664:L'Osservatore Romano
639:L'Osservatore Romano
509:and 1953 in British
421:College of Cardinals
153:Ernst von Weizsäcker
82:College of Cardinals
77:Mandate of Palestine
1867:Catholic Resistance
1690:Ingruentium malorum
1676:Evangelii praecones
922:Herbert Schambeck,
761:National Press Club
581:. He supported the
494:Evangelii praecones
417:Thomas Tien Ken-sin
359:benefactors of the
288:Ferdinando Baldelli
2183:Actes et documents
2048:Apostolic writings
2022:Fátima and Balazar
1882:Ustaše involvement
1845:conversion of Jews
1536:Summi Pontificatus
1518:
1332:See: AAS 1939–1959
1323:AAS, 1957, p. 1033
290:, Carlo Egger and
212:Immigration rights
26:Catholicism portal
2248:
2247:
2161:Works on Pius XII
2007:Eastern canon law
1942:Post–World War II
1922:Foreign relations
1877:Occupied dioceses
1857:German Resistance
1732:Ad Sinarum gentem
1704:Doctor Mellifluus
1495:Illness and death
1355:Smit, pp. 232-233
1254:Padellaro, p. 346
1224:Schambeck, p. 97.
1158:Schambeck, p. 158
1086:Smit, pp. 186-187
1047:, 27 January 1946
952:AAS, XXXVII (1945
729:Joseph P. Kennedy
682:Winston Churchill
282:Pascalina Lehnert
64:and the emerging
2268:
1987:Social teachings
1788:Invicti athletae
1767:Laetamur admodum
1739:Ad Caeli Reginam
1725:Ecclesiae fastos
1718:Sacra virginitas
1627:Auspicia quaedam
1606:Fulgens radiatur
1543:Sertum laetitiae
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1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:Smit, pp. 82-83.
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:Halecki, p. 294.
1213:
1207:
1206:Halecki, p. 293.
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1167:Schambeck, p. 56
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
986:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
953:
950:
929:Smit, Jan Olav,
916:Stimmen der Zeit
842:Pope Benedict XV
836:as well as some
799:Domenico Tardini
795:Francis Spellman
765:Washington, D.C.
757:Francis Spellman
749:George Mundelein
583:Nuremberg trials
571:collective guilt
429:communist regime
419:, SVD, into the
271:Charitable works
28:
23:
22:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2228:
2223:The Pope's Jews
2156:
2103:
2057:
2026:
1973:
1935:Reichskonkordat
1916:
1912:Bombing of Rome
1862:Nazi euthanasia
1821:
1816:Meminisse iuvat
1802:Miranda prorsus
1774:Datis nuperrime
1753:Haurietis aquas
1620:Optatissima pax
1550:Saeculo exeunte
1527:
1525:
1519:
1508:
1459:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1386:
1382:AAS XXXV (1943)
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1281:Halecki, p. 184
1280:
1276:
1272:Halecki, p. 372
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:Lehnert, p. 103
1023:
1019:
1015:Lehnert, p. 104
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
983:
978:
974:
969:
965:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
900:Oskar Halecki,
891:
863:
807:
733:John F. Kennedy
721:Myron C. Taylor
712:
678:
676:A United Europe
645:
634:
629:
623:
618:
612:
567:
531:
507:Southern Africa
467:
465:Africa and Asia
459:Pope John XXIII
446:
437:
399:
393:
284:
278:
276:Madre Pascalina
273:
216:As millions of
214:
135:
130:
94:
92:Church policies
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:Beatifications
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:Musicae sacrae
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1711:Fulgens corona
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1669:Mirabile illud
1665:
1662:Humani generis
1658:
1655:Summi maeroris
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1524:Encyclicals in
1521:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1296:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1197:, 15 July 1948
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1109:
1100:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1059:, 1 March 1947
1049:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
927:
920:
911:
908:
905:
898:
895:
890:
887:
886:
885:
881:
878:
874:
869:
868:
862:
859:
854:
853:
806:
803:
797:, a friend of
711:
708:
677:
674:
659:
658:
636:In July 1940,
633:
630:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
614:Main article:
611:
608:
599:Czechoslovakia
566:
563:
530:
527:
511:Eastern Africa
503:Western Africa
466:
463:
445:
442:
436:
433:
395:Main article:
392:
389:
388:
387:
379:
378:
361:United Nations
312:Czechoslovakia
280:Main article:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
224:insisted that
213:
210:
134:
131:
129:
126:
122:European Union
118:Treaty of Rome
93:
90:
66:European Union
50:Eastern Europe
30:
29:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2273:
2262:
2261:Pope Pius XII
2259:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:Hitler's Pope
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Galeazzi-Lisi
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Canonizations
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:The Holocaust
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:chronological
1522:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:Pope Pius XII
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1346:, 2 June 1946
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1033:Smit, p. 234
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
935:
932:
931:Pope Pius XII
928:
925:
921:
918:
917:
912:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
892:
888:
882:
879:
875:
871:
870:
865:
864:
860:
858:
851:
850:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:military rule
812:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
786:
784:
779:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
710:United States
709:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
675:
673:
671:
666:
665:
656:
655:
654:
650:
646:
643:
641:
640:
631:
628:
620:
617:
609:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
557:and even the
556:
552:
548:
547:Vatican Radio
544:
540:
536:
535:Latin America
529:Latin America
528:
526:
524:
523:French Africa
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
464:
462:
460:
454:
452:
443:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
412:
409:
404:
398:
390:
384:
383:
382:
375:
374:
373:
370:
364:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:United States
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
275:
270:
263:
258:
254:
253:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:natural right
227:
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:North America
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:Belgian Congo
158:
154:
150:
145:
142:
141:
132:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:
89:
87:
83:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
62:United States
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:Pope Pius XII
35:
27:
21:
16:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2062:Appointments
1954:Persecutions
1941:
1933:
1930:Nazi Germany
1872:Roman razzia
1827:World War II
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1613:Mediator Dei
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1505:Canonization
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1176:Smit, P. 216
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1140:Smit, p. 187
1136:
1103:
1098:Smit, p. 188
1082:
1077:Evangelii 60
1073:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
979:Smit, p. 233
975:
966:
961:Smit, p. 230
957:
948:
930:
923:
914:
901:
855:
846:Pope Pius XI
808:
787:
780:
769:
731:, father of
716:Harry Truman
713:
679:
662:
660:
651:
647:
644:
637:
635:
603:Soviet Union
568:
538:
532:
498:
492:
468:
455:
447:
438:
413:
400:
380:
365:
357:
300:Pope Paul VI
285:
250:
215:
169:North Africa
157:South Africa
151:, including
146:
138:
136:
98:World War II
95:
70:
33:
31:
2053:Magisterium
2043:Encyclicals
1781:Fidei donum
1592:Quemadmodum
1490:Later years
1456:(1930–1939)
1446:(1930–1939)
1440:(1935–1939)
1434:(1939–1958)
499:Fidei donum
484:Philippines
337:Switzerland
292:Otto Faller
252:Natural law
242:immigration
226:immigration
202:Alois Hudal
140:Quemadmodum
102:Middle East
46:persecution
2169:The Deputy
1907:Yad Vashem
1840:statements
1648:Anni sacri
1475:Nunciature
1470:Early life
1450:Archpriest
1438:Camerlengo
941:References
831:right-wing
811:monarchies
714:President
701:, and the
575:war crimes
551:Dominicans
451:Korean War
425:Mao Zedong
262:foreigners
238:compassion
149:war crimes
2240:Pius Wars
2099:Cardinals
2069:Tisserant
1992:Mariology
1500:Testament
1464:Biography
1107:Smit 188.
970:Smit, 231
827:left-wing
823:communism
559:Trappists
488:Indochina
403:Confucian
349:Cardinals
329:Argentina
193:Red Cross
173:Australia
114:Jerusalem
2255:Category
2147:Spellman
2109:Advisers
2089:Orsenigo
2074:Maglione
2031:Writings
1979:Theology
1948:Ratlines
1485:Election
1480:US visit
1236:, p. 178
924:Pius XII
791:seminary
772:Congress
725:Holy See
601:and the
369:Gustav V
222:Pius XII
218:refugees
206:rat line
2233:Related
2152:Spiazzi
2132:Lehnert
2084:Tardini
2079:Montini
2002:Liturgy
1997:Judaism
889:Sources
834:regimes
819:fascism
753:Chicago
703:Benelux
699:Germany
595:Romania
591:Hungary
555:Jesuits
515:Finland
471:African
353:bishops
320:Austria
316:Germany
234:Creator
181:England
106:Judaism
58:Vietnam
2142:Nogara
2137:Leiber
2094:Muench
1969:Russia
1964:Poland
825:, and
745:Boston
695:France
621:Poland
610:Russia
565:Europe
345:Mexico
341:Canada
333:Brazil
308:Poland
304:France
257:States
96:After
75:, the
44:, its
1959:China
1528:order
1185:HK359
691:Italy
632:Italy
519:Burma
480:Japan
475:Asian
444:Korea
435:Japan
391:China
228:is a
189:Italy
177:India
165:Kenya
110:Islam
73:Korea
54:China
2127:Kaas
1432:Pope
829:and
521:and
497:and
486:and
473:and
351:and
197:Nazi
183:and
108:and
56:and
32:The
2117:Bea
1452:of
763:in
751:of
743:of
577:or
427:'s
48:in
36:of
2257::
1112:^
1091:^
821:,
817:,
813:,
739:.
697:,
693:,
597:,
593:,
553:,
517:,
513:.
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
179:,
175:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
88:.
68:.
52:,
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