Powhatan - Knowledge (XXG)

2643:, the head of the vital Statistics office, directed all state and local registration offices to use only the terms "white" or "colored" to denote race on official documents. This eliminated all traceable records of Virginia Indians. All state documents, including birth certificates, death certificates, marriage licenses, tax forms, and land deeds, thus bear no record of Virginia Indians. Plecker oversaw the Vital Statistics office in the state for more than 30 years, beginning in the early 20th century, and took a personal interest in eliminating traces of Virginia Indians. Plecker surmised that no true Virginia Indians were remaining as years of intermarriage had "diluted the race". Over his years of service, he conducted a campaign to reclassify all biracial and multiracial individuals as Black, believing such persons were fraudulently attempting to claim their race to be Indian or white. The effect of his reclassification has been described by tribal members as "paper genocide". 1041:

handsome physiques. The women were shorter, and strong because of the hours they spent tending crops, pounding corn into meals, gathering nuts, and performing other domestic chores. When the men undertook extended hunts, the women went ahead of them to construct hunting camps. The Powhatan domestic economy depended on the labor of both sexes." Powhatan women would form work parties to accomplish tasks more efficiently. Women were also believed to serve as barbers, decorate homes, and produce decorative clothing. Overall, Powhatan women maintained a significant measure of autonomy in both their work lives and sexual lives. After a long day, the Powhatan people would celebrate and burn off any last energy they had by dancing and singing. This also allowed them to release any tensions they had from working with others.

835:". They also gave Powhatan many European gifts, such as a pitcher, feather mattress, bed frame, and clothes. The coronation went badly because they asked Powhatan to kneel to receive the crown, which he refused to do. As a powerful leader, Powhatan followed two rules: "he who keeps his head higher than others ranks higher," and "he who puts other people in a vulnerable position, without altering his own stance, ranks higher." To finish the "coronation", several English colonists had to lean on Powhatan's shoulders to get him low enough to place the crown on his head, as he was a tall man. Afterward, the English colonists might have thought that Powhatan had submitted to King James, whereas Powhatan likely thought nothing of the sort. 800:, and during this battle, he tied his Indigenous guide to his body and used him as a human shield. Although Smith was wounded in the leg and also had many arrows in his clothing he was not deathly injured, soon after he was captured by the Opechancanough. After Smith was captured the Natives had him ready for execution until he gave them a compass which they saw as a sign of friendliness so they did not kill him, instead took him to a more popular chief, followed by a ceremony. Smith first was introduced to Powhatan's brother, which was a chief under Powhatan to run a smaller portion of the tribe. Later Smith was introduced to Powhatan himself. Smith was captured by 922:. The Powhatans were frightened by the influx of immigrants, the expansion of new villages on traditional farming lands, the subsequent need to purchase food from the settlers, and the enforced placement of Indian youth in "colleges." In March 1622, they attacked the Jamestown plantations killing hundreds. The settlers quickly sought retaliation, killing hundreds of tribesmen and their families, burning fields, and spreading smallpox. In 1644 the Powhatans again attacked English colonial settlements to force them from Powhatan territories, which was again met with strong reprisals from the colonists, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe. The 751: 816: 2087:, according to Strachey these were defeated by the Powhatan tribes in 1608, 24 warriors were killed and all women and children were taken captive, the area and the villages were then repopulated with former inhabitants of Kecoughtan; Smith gives two numbers: in 1608 about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members, and in 1624 about 50-60 warriors or 165-200 tribal members, according to Strachey about 40-50 warriors or 135-200 tribal members – according to Feest possibly up to 300 tribal members. (1608 / 1611). 1861:

Chickahominy as neighbors, since 1609 the second capital of the Powhatan Confederation called "Orapaks/ Orapax/Orapakes" - Werowocomoco had been abandoned due to the colonists' pressure to settle - was located in their area, this was built for better defense in a swamp area in western New Kent County on the north bank of the Upper Chickahominy River, chief Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) resided here (about 1609 - 1611/1614); approx. 50 warriors or 165 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1607 / 1611)

1474:(he could hold to his position even after submission of the tribe to Wahunsanocock/Powhatan); 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members - according to Smith and Strachey) - but Feest believes that these numbers are too low, quoting George Percy (1607: 139-140), who informed that the Paspahegh chieftain visited the British with "one hundred Sauages armed" and the next day "fortie of his men with a Deere." sent. (1607 / 1610) - now extinct as tribe. 3902:– far exceed the usual populations for the Powhatan tribes. According to Feest Strachey's population numbers for the York and Mattaponi Rivers are to prefer over those of Smith (especially with regard to the mighty Mattaponie) – but are probably too high for the tribes along the Pamunkey River (the given 400 warriors or 1,300 tribal members for the Pamareke and Kaposecock(s) are questionable – since both tribes are often regarded as 175: 990: 785:), his father Wahunsenacawh, who ruled the confederacy. Settlers coming into the region needed to befriend as many Native Americans as possible due to the unfamiliarity with the land. Not too long after settling down, they realized the huge potential for tobacco. To grow more and more tobacco, they had to impede on Native territory. There were immediate issues that result in 14 years of warfare. 1534:, another son of Wahunsanocock (Powhatan); about 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members - according to Smith) or 50 warriors (and 165 tribal members - according to Strachey), according Feest up to 300 tribal members is likely due to the number of settlements. (1607 / 1670) - now extinct as a tribe - Not the same as the Powhatan Renape Nation of New Jersey, a state-recognized tribe of New Jersey. 1079: 4374: 1719:. After 1623 the settlements Tanx (Little) Weanock north and Great Weanock south of the James River are mentioned and at least until 1627 there were still two Weanock villages; their chief was Kaquothocun; about 100 warriors (or 335 tribal members according to Smith) or 150 warriors (or 500 tribal members according to Strachey, which adds 50 warriors for 47: 812:

Powhatan adoption ceremonies and that an execution ritual is different from known rites of passage. Other historians, such as Helen Rountree, have questioned whether there was any risk of execution. They note that Smith failed to mention it in his 1608 and 1612 accounts, and only added it to his 1624 memoir after Pocahontas had become famous.

2775:. The most common was likely Powhatan. Its use became dormant due to the widespread deaths and social disruption suffered by the people. Much of the vocabulary bank is forgotten. Attempts have been made to reconstruct the vocabulary of the language using sources such as word lists provided by Smith and by the 17th-century writer 1707:“) as well two not named villages on the north bank of the James River - Archer (1607a: 82) adds another village on the north bank -, south of the James River he tells of three more villages (the second of them is Tindall's "Wynough", perhaps identical with Zuñiga's "Weanock"), Strachey (1953: 64) mentions an additional Weanock " 724:(aka "The Laughing King"). Half a million Native Americans were living in the Allegheny Mountains around the year 1600. 30,000 of those 500,000 lived in the Chesapeake region under Powhatan’s rule, by 1677 only five percent of his population remained. The huge jump in deaths was caused by exposure and contact with Europeans. 858:", and tried to get West's men to live in it. Both these attempts at settling beyond Jamestown soon failed, due to Powhatan resistance. Smith left Virginia for England in October 1609, never to return, because of an injury sustained in a gunpowder accident. Soon afterward, English colonists established a second fort, 977:

Educational programs established through the creation of the Indian School at the College of William and Mary in 1691 were a driving force behind cultural change. The College provided Powhatan boys with skills considered to be of little use by their people, however, literacy was generally viewed as a

949:

The Treaty of 1646 marked the effective dissolution of the United Confederacy, as white colonists were granted an exclusive enclave between the York and Blackwater Rivers. This physically separated the Nansemonds, Weyanokes, and Appomattox, who retreated southward, from the other Powhatan tribes then

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may derive from ″Nadawa″ or ″Nadowessioux″ (widely translated as "poisonous snake"), an Algonquian-language term which speakers used to refer to members of competing language families, specifically the Iroquoian- or Siouan-speaking tribes. Because the Algonquian occupied the coastal areas, they were

2646:

After the United States entered WWII many Powhatans volunteered to serve in the military. Powhatan men fought to be regarded separately from the Black community by the Selective Service. In 1954, Powhatans were given partial legal recognition by the General Assembly through a law stating that people

1032:

The region occupied by the Powhatan was bounded approximately by the Potomac River to the north, the Fall Line to the west, the Virginia-North Carolina border to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Generally peaceful interactions with the Pamlicos and Chowanocs occurred along the southern

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as a direct neighbor of the Moraughtachand/Moratico to the northwest and the Wicocomoco/Wighcocomoco to the north – their territory bordered the Rappahannock River to the south and the Chesapeake Bay to the east; 30 warriors or 100 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 / 1656).

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and stumps. A village became unusable as soil productivity gradually declined and local fish and game were depleted. The inhabitants then moved on to allow the depleted area to revitalize, the soil to replenish, the foliage to grow, and the number of fish and game to increase. With every location

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Lived in at least ten villages along the south bank of the Patawomeck (Potomac) River; approx. 160 warriors or 540 tribal members (1612) or about 200 warriors or 670 tribal members (1624 – both according to Smith), according to Strachey about 160 warriors or 540 tribal members. (1608 / 1668). In

1860:

Lived between the upper reaches of the Chickahominy River and the Pamunkey River in the north, on their western border lived the hostile Eastern Sioux tribes, south of them lived the real Powhatan tribe, and north of them the Youghtanund, and directly downstream they had the powerful autonomous

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The Powhatan Confederacy was where English colonists established their first permanent settlement in North America. Conflicts began immediately between the Powhatan people and English colonists; the colonists fired shots as soon as they arrived (due to a bad experience they had with the Spanish

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Powhatans made offerings and prayed at sunrise. Although, they also prayed and made offerings to specific gods, who were believed to be in control of the harvest. They used the land differently, and their religion was a Native one. Significantly, one of the major duties of Powhatan priests was

811:

Some researchers have asserted that a mock execution of Smith was a ritual intended to adopt Smith into the tribe, but other modern writers dispute this interpretation, noting that many of Smith's stories do not line up with the known facts. They point out that nothing is known of 17th-century

1684:; about 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members according to Smith) or 60 warriors (and 200 tribal members according to Strachey), some banded together with splinter groups of Quiyoughcohannock and Nansemond to form a new tribe, the short-lived Potchiack (1585/1627) who are now extinct as a tribe. 1040:

According to research by the National Park Service, Powhatan "men were warriors and hunters, while women were gardeners and gatherers. English colonial accounts described the men, who ran and walked extensively through the woods in pursuit of enemies or game, as tall and lean and possessed of

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the first tribes met by the English colonists, who often adopted the use of such Algonquian ethnonyms, names for other tribes, not realizing at first that these differed from the tribes' autonyms or names for themselves. The Nottoway called themselves in their tongue Nottaway (Dar-sun-ke)

1851:

was, however, only one of the largest villages within the mighty Pamunkey tribe and therefore tributary to the leading chief (Werowance) of the Pamunkey; However, Strachey gives them to him about 400 warriors and 1,300 tribal members. (1608 / 1611) - now extinct as a tribe.

1057:

change, the people used fire to clear new land. They left more cleared land behind. Native people also used fire to maintain extensive areas of open game habitat throughout the East, later called "barrens" by European colonists. The Powhatan also had rich fishing grounds.

892:, Powhatan's new capital. After he had sailed up the Pamunkey River to trade there, a fight broke out between the colonists and the Powhatan. All of the English colonists ashore were killed, including Ratcliffe, who was tortured by the women of the tribe. Those aboard the 718:, but they managed to preserve their autonomy from the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom. The Accawmacke, located on the Eastern Shore across the Chesapeake Bay, were nominally tributary to the Powhatan Chiefdom but enjoyed autonomy under their own Paramount Chief or "Emperor", 978:

benefit of this Western education, and Powhatan boys who had received education at William and Mary sent their sons to the school. The increasing marriage of Powhatans to non-Indigenous people in the 17th century is also believed to have contributed to cultural change.

2589:; but only about 80 warriors or 270 tribal members (according to Smith) – more recent archaeological/historical studies and comparisons with other sources make a much larger population more likely; in the late 17th century were mostly referred to by the colonists as 333:, who unsuccessfully tried to repel encroaching English colonists. His 1622 and 1644 attacks against the invaders failed, and the English almost eliminated the confederacy. By 1646, the Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom had been decimated, not just by warfare but from the 1782:; about 40-50 warriors (or 135-170 tribal members - according to Smith & Strachey). (1607 / 1677) - now extinct as a tribe, the remaining Kiskiack appear to have merged and intermarried with other groups, probably the Pamunkey, Chickahominy, or Rappahannock. 486:

Powhatan, used by English colonists, is believed to have been derived from the name of this site. Although the specific site of his home village is unknown, in modern times the Powhatan Hill neighborhood in the East End portion of the modern-day city of

1590:; estimates range from 25 warriors (or 85 tribal members - according to Smith), 60 warriors (or 200 tribal members - according to Strachey) up to about 300 and even more tribal members (according to Feest), some banded together with splinter groups of 375:

for labor. By 1700, the colonies had about 6,000 enslaved Africans, one-twelfth of the population. Enslaved people would at times escape and join the surrounding Powhatan. Some white indentured servants were also known to have fled and joined the

1802:

Were living along the York River upriver to the confluence of the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers - since the first capital of the Powhatan Confederation lay in their territory, this tribe was known by the same name as the capital - it was called

1988:

on the Pamunkey River in what is now King William County, other smaller villages were along Totopotmoy Creek (Manskin Creek) and possibly along the Mattaponi River, presumably these villages all belonged to a subtribe of the Pamunkey – the

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In 1608, Captain Newport realized that Powhatan's friendship was crucial to the survival of the small Jamestown colony. In the summer of that year, he tried to "crown" the paramount Chief, with a ceremonial crown, to transform him into a

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11 tribes, beginning with the Mattaponi and Pamunkey since its establishment. In the 1980s, Virginia recognized six more tribes, also descended from the Powhatan Confederacy. In 2010, Virginia recognized three more tribes; one being the

877: 1526:, the capital of Virginia, besides, they inhabited at least three smaller, not known, villages (according to Smith), Archer (1607a: 86) adds another village on Mayo Island in James River opposite of their capital, which he called 737:

estimated that the Powhatan Confederacy occupied about 8,000 square miles (20,000 km) of territory, with a population of about 8,000 people, of whom 2400 were warriors. Later scholars estimated the total population of the

1723:, the Weanock-province). By the 18th century, they had fully integrated with the Nottoways and were speaking their language, their former presence visible only in the surname "Wineoak" (1607/1707), now extinct as a tribe. 1891:

had several main villages, with about 300 warriors and 1000 tribal members the largest and most powerful tribe within the Confederacy (according to Smith & Strachey), Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) and his daughter Matoaka

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and their main hunting grounds were south of the river. Due to their military strength and geographical distance from the center of the Powhatan Confederation, they were able to obtain partial autonomy; their chief was

1374:

near the mouth of the Appomattox River; 60 warriors (or 200 tribal members - according to Smith) or 20 warriors / 100 warriors (or 65 / 335 tribal members according to Strachey). (1607 / 1705) - now extinct as a tribe.

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1666, the Governor's Council of Virginia called for the "utter destruction" of the Patawomeck. After a devastating attack by the English, the surviving Patawomeck converted to Christianity and remained in the area of

4930: 1254:. According to William Strachey, they were destroyed as a nation before 1607 based on a vision by the Powhatan, their villages were resettled, by members of other Powhatan tribes; their then-installed chief was 1036:

The Powhatans primarily used fires to heat their sleeping rooms. As a result, less bedding was needed, and bedding materials could be easily stored during daytime hours. Couples typically slept head to foot.

915:, in 1614. Within a few years, both Powhatan and Pocahontas were dead. Powhatan died in Virginia, but Pocahontas died in England. Meanwhile, the English settlers continued to encroach on Powhatan territory. 2809:(1998). Some of the current members of Powhatan-descended tribes complained about the Disney film. Roy Crazy Horse of the Powhatan Renape Nation said the Disney movie "distorts history beyond recognition". 1139:(1572 - 1621). Usually, only the number of the warriors of the individual tribes is known, the stem number will therefore be determined with a ratio of 1: 3, 1: 3,3, or the last 1: 4, and the studies of 4320:

Sakas, Karliana. "The indigenous authorship of the narratives of the Spanish Jesuit mission of Ajacan (1570-1572)." EHumanista, vol. 19, 2011, p. 511+. Gale Academic Onefile, Accessed 14 Nov. 2019.

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Lived between the north bank of the Pamunkey River to the Mattaponi River, their territory was most likely upstream (and thus northwest) of the mighty Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes; their chief was

4837: 930:'s forces captured Opechancanough, thought to be between 90 and 100 years old. While a prisoner, Opechancanough was killed, shot in the back by a soldier assigned to guard him. He was succeeded as 2031:

Lived along the central reaches of the Pamunkey and the Mattaponi Rivers until their confluence with the York River in today King William and King and Queen Counties, their main village was named

1246:. West of them lived the Nansemond tribe; originally not a member of the Chiefdom, archaeological evidence suggests that the original Chesapeake people belonged to another Algonquian group - the 4168: 1033:

boundary, while the western and northern boundaries were more contested. Conflicts occurred with Monacans and Mannahoacs along the western boundary and Massawomecks along the northern boundary.

1319:; about 200 warriors (665 tribal members - according to Smith; Strachey) - according to their descendants, they numbered about 300 warriors (or 1,200 tribal members). (1585 - today one of the 880:

Red line shows the boundary between the Virginia Colony and Tributary Indian tribes, as established by the Treaty of 1646. The red dot on the river shows Jamestown, capital of Virginia Colony.

380:. African slaves and indentured European servants often worked and lived together, and while marriage was not always legal, some Native people lived, worked, and had children with them. After 2302:

after a murder committed by tribal members the entire tribe (including some refugees of neighboring tribes – with the exception of the Portobago/Portobacco and Rappahannock) were deported to

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Tribal name meaning is disputed: it may mean ″at a big river″, ″great water″ or it might have just referred to a village located at the bay's mouth. The Chesapeake lived in the region of the

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During that next year, the tribe attacked and killed many Jamestown residents. The residents fought back, but only killed twenty. However, the arrival at Jamestown of a new Governor,

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as successor there, while resettling some of the tribe at the Piankatank River. Powhatan annihilated the inhabitants at Piankatank in 1608. (1607 / 1610) - now extinct as a tribe.

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on the east bank of the Chickahominy as three villages not known by name - including their main village or capital - on the west bank, their villages were the closest to

628:. This site of Werowocomoco was rediscovered in the early 21st century; it was central to the tribes of the Confederacy. The improvements discovered at the site during 2869: 250: 1401:; about 100 warriors (or 200 tribal members - according to Smith and Strachey) - Feest estimated at least 300 tribal members. (1607 / 1611) - now extinct as a tribe. 1143:

are decisive. The last-mentioned figures refer to the first mention as well as the last mention of the respective tribes - e.g. 1585/1627 for the Chesapeake (Source:

601:, the individual tribes of this grouping were recognized by English colonists as falling under the greater authority of the centralized power led by the chiefdom of 4659: 2516: 2712: 438: 4761: 3540: 4925: 4806: 2402:, with about 30 warriors or 100 tribal members (according to Smith), other sources about 435 tribal members (according to Smith and Strachey). (1608 / 1660). 4614: 4520: 2843: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4832: 4751: 2551:

near today's Roosevelt Island; about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey), probably too low a population. (1607 / 1675).

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By the mid-17th century, English colonist were desperate for labor to develop the land. Almost half of the European immigrants to Virginia arrived as

1017:, but they also fished and hunted in the great forest in their area. Villages consisted of many related families organized in tribes led by a chief ( 64: 56: 2047:; approximately 30 warriors or 100 tribal members (according to Smith) or 140 warriors or 465 tribal members (according to Strachey) (1607 – now as 804:, the younger brother of Wahunsenacawh. Smith became the first English colonist to meet the paramount chief Powhatan. According to Smith's account, 571:

were honorific names established years later, in locations west of the area populated by the Powhatan peoples. The county was formed in March 1777.

2632: 357: 3016: 1013:, by bending saplings and placing woven mats or bark over top of the saplings. They supported themselves primarily by growing crops, especially 2616:, the brother of Debedeavon, and therefore probably politically subject to the Accomac Confederation; about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members. 549:, were named after Queen Anne). The only water body in Virginia to retain a name related to the Powhatan people is Powhatan Creek, located in 4905: 4433: 3360: 3223: 3049: 2879: 2805: 4401: 2350:

and its estuary into the Chesapeake Bay; According to Stephen Potter, their main village was on the upper reaches and slightly north of the

1972:; about 60 warriors or 200 tribal members (according to Smith) or 70 warriors or 235 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1607 / 1611). 4570: 4285: 3941: 2133:; ca. 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 – now one of the state-recognized tribes of Virginia). 4018: 3967:"Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail - Rappahannock River Basin - Indian Towns & Natural Resources They Relied On" 3906:

of the mighty Pamunkey – which according to Smith & Strachey could raise itself about 300 warriors or 1,000 Tribal members counted).

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The Pamunkey Indian Tribe was the first to gain federal recognition in 2016. Then the other six were recognized by Congress through the

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tribes in North Carolina, the shore of the James River was the northern boundary of Warraskoyack territory; their chief (weroance) was

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were usually only nominally members of the Powhatan Confederation from the mainland, as they were geographically separated from it by

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Pocahontas: Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April 1614, with John Rolph, Gentleman

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upriver of the Quiyoughcohannock and Paspahegh and south of the Arrohateck and Appamatuck, to the north of their territory lived the

4811: 3805: 3390: 3104: 2789: 1421: 1118: 904: 317: 309: 178: 31: 4071:"Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail – Lower Eastern Shore – Indian Towns & Natural Resources They Relied On" 965:

In 1665, the House of Burgesses passed stringent laws requiring the Powhatan to accept chiefs appointed by the governor. After the

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Wahunsenacawh had inherited control over six tribes but dominated more than 30 by 1607 when the English settlers established their

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language, also known as Virginia Algonquian. In 1607, an estimated 14,000 to 21,000 Powhatan people lived in eastern Virginia when

2949: 4858: 4701: 3742:- "People at the Fork of the Stream" (because they lived in the region of the Nottaway, Blackwater River, and Chowan River - all 3637:"Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail - James River Basin - Indian Towns & Natural Resources They Relied On" 759: 353:

to Europe and Asia for centuries. At least 75 percent of the Powhatan people died from these diseases in the 17th century alone.

3782:"Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail - York River Basin - Indian Towns & Natural Resources They Relied On" 1703:, while independent, the Chickahominy were at times allied to the Powhatan tribes; according to Smith their capital (Tindall's „ 4664: 2462: 2399: 2359: 2195: 1571: 1223: 4242:

Hatch, p. 42; Waldrup, p. 186; For a genealogy of Pocahontas' elite slave-holding settler descendants, see Wyndham Robertson,

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with one-fourth or more Indian ancestry and one-sixteenth or less African ancestry were to be recognized as tribal Indians.

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research have confirmed that Powhatan had a paramount chiefdom over the other tribes in the power hierarchy. Anthropologist

4385: 3193: 3169: 1432:, according to William Strachey, Chief Powhatan had slain the weroance at Kecoughtan in 1597, appointing his own young son 958:

lifted the northern one on September 1, 1649. Waves of new immigrants quickly flooded the peninsular region, then known as

4945: 4935: 4776: 4726: 3990: 2754: 2415: 2203: 1884: 1696: 1347: 1835:; about 40 warriors (or 135 tribal members - according to Smith & Strachey). (1607 / 1611) - now extinct as a tribe. 911:. A brief period of peace came only after the capture of Pocahontas, her baptism, and her marriage to a tobacco planter, 4940: 4731: 4711: 2636: 2470: 2323: 2263: 2199: 1677: 1631: 1627: 981:

The Powhatans had begun gambling, smoking tobacco, and consuming alcohol recreationally by the end of the 17th century.

815: 518: 388:

abolished the enslavement of Native peoples; however, many Powhatans were held in servitude well into the 18th century.

4137: 2278:; since the middle of the 17th century scattered Nantaughtacund, Patawomeck, Matchotic/Mattehatique, Rappahannock, the 4900: 2700: 2009:(possibly meaning Opechancanough); about 300 warriors or 1,000 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). 1824: 1655: 1507: 1002: 927: 918:

After Wahunsenacawh's death, his younger brother, Opitchapam, briefly became chief, followed by their younger brother

648: 426: 962:, and restricted the dwindling tribes to lesser tracts of land that became some of the earliest Indian reservations. 1370:(referred to by English colonists as ″Queen of Appamattuck/Hattica″) was female chief (Weroansqua) of the main town 4801: 3039: 2928: 2848:

More than an estimated 100,000 people today descend from Pocahontas' son Thomas Rolfe. Notable descendants include

2223: 2150: 2072: 1897: 1635: 1351: 1195: 851: 771:

The settlers had hoped for friendly relations and had planned to trade with the Virginia Indians for food. Captain

404: 1498:; in 1669 about 30 warriors (or 100 tribal members - according to Hening). (1661 /1669) - now extinct as a tribe. 1089: 4766: 2814: 2707: 2586: 2458: 2259: 2227: 1948:

Lived either on both sides of the Mattaponi River or along the north bank of the Pamunkey River; their chief was

1888: 1131:

The number of tribes listed and the number of warriors are based on estimates or reports which mostly go back to

1096: 885: 560: 546: 433: 35: 4415: 4169:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs" 2581:("The Laughing King", died 1657) when they first came into contact with English colonists in 1608, lived on the 4226: 3863: 2727: 2466: 1486:, were formed and emerged as a new tribal polity at the beginning of the 17th century from scattered groups of 1390: 1211: 908: 768:

before their arrival). Within two weeks of the arrival of English colonists at Jamestown, deaths had occurred.

526: 492: 453: 1794:; about 100 warriors (or 335 tribal members - according to Strachey). (1608 / 1629) - now extinct as a tribe. 893: 846:

to build a fort at the James River Falls. He purchased the nearby fortified Powhatan village (present site of

316:. Their territory was called Tsenacommacah ("densely inhabited Land"). English colonists called Wahunsenacawh 1896:) belonged to this tribe. (1607 – today one of the state-recognized tribes of Virginia and since 2015 also a 1226:

of the Elizabeth River in downtown Norfolk. Other evidence suggests it was located in the Pine Beach area of

838:

After John Smith became president of the colony, he sent a force under Captain Martin to occupy an island in

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is also a title among the Powhatan people. English colonial historians often used this meaning of the term.

4462: 3462: 2884: 2717: 2677: 1320: 534: 443: 4396: 4593: 4335:, ed. by Sergei A. Kan and Pauline Turner Strong, pp. 433–455. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2799: 2684: 2267: 1483: 1429: 954:. While the southern frontier demarcated in 1646 was respected for the remainder of the 17th century, the 651:. Research work continues at Werowocomoco and elsewhere that deepens understanding of the Powhatan world. 554: 522: 329:

After Wahunsenacawh died in 1618, hostilities with colonists escalated under the chiefdom of his brother,

2732: 2722: 2351: 2242:

Lived from the north bank of the Rappahannock River to the south bank of the Potomac River, between the

1759: 1732: 1450:

along the north bank of the James River to the junction of the James and Chickahominy Rivers in today's

1132: 793: 625: 598: 458: 448: 312:

forged a political confederacy by uniting 30 tributary tribes, whose territory included much of eastern

3024: 1819:, "settlement" - literally: ″settlement of the leader or chief″, the capital of the Powhatan Chiefdom 4842: 4378: 4070: 3709: 2794: 2772: 2486: 2383: 2040: 1869:

Lived along the south bank of the Pamunkey River - sometimes attributed to Pamunkey; their chief was

1831:- here resided Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) until 1609 when he moved his capital to a new location named 1639: 1582:

was appointed by Wahunsonacock (Powhatan) - further known leaders were the Weroansqua (female chief)

1417: 1343: 1339: 1280: 1207: 1203: 1048:. They periodically moved their villages from site to site. Villagers cleared the fields by felling, 994: 715: 691: 381: 277: 254: 4410: 4309: 2378:

had also joined them) and as a common new tribe under the leadership of the English-appointed chief

4706: 4680: 4649: 4583: 3896:

Cantauncack,'Menapacunt, Pataunck, Ochahannauke, Kaposecock(e), Pamareke, Shamapa, Orapaks, Chepeco

3756: 2520: 2431: 2166:, lived between the Rappahannock River and the Patawomeck (Potomac) River, north of them lived the 2115: 1994: 1790:

Lived along the north bank of the York River, between Carter and Cedarbush Creeks; their chief was

1700: 1659: 1619: 1467: 1451: 1247: 897: 871: 854:, who wrote a rare firsthand account of the Powhatan ways of life. Smith then renamed the village " 823: 772: 754:'John Smith taking the King of Pamunkey prisoner', a fanciful image of Opechancanough from Smith's 695: 664: 617: 365: 334: 285: 134: 4391: 1574:), they were often mistakenly referred to as the "Tappahannock" after the capital of the northern 4608: 4578: 3586: 3503: 3444: 3229: 2582: 2560: 2503: 2121: 2096: 1828: 1763: 1523: 1169: 1006: 955: 847: 789: 633: 568: 514: 503: 499: 498:"Powhatan" was also the name used by the Natives to refer to the river where the town sat at the 488: 385: 377: 346: 262: 166: 4299: 3660: 2923: 2826:. The Powhatan people generally criticize the film for continuing the myth of a romance between 1238:, both near the Chesapeake Bay in what is now the independent city of Virginia Beach. Of these, 4771: 4721: 4588: 4525: 4475: 3879: 3486:

Rountree, Helen C. (1998). "Powhatan Indian Women: The People Captain John Smith Barely Saw".

3436: 3419:

Rountree, Helen C. (1998). "Powhatan Indian Women: The People Captain John Smith Barely Saw".

3396: 3386: 3356: 3282: 3219: 3045: 2899: 2766: 2670: 1662: 1455: 1425: 1394: 1276: 1227: 1199: 1176: 762: 616:

In 1607, when the first permanent English colonial settlement in North America was founded at

550: 273: 118: 4044: 3300: 2386:; about 130 warriors or 435 tribal members (according to Smith and Strachey). (1608 / 1719). 2334:; about 20 warriors or 70 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 / 1611). 2314:, about 150 warriors or 500 tribal members (according to Smith and Strachey). (1608 / 1705). 1307:, English colonists burned the sanctuary and the settlement in 1609; their leading chief was 758:(1624). The image of Opechancanough is based on a 1585 painting of another Native warrior by 4796: 4510: 3743: 3578: 3495: 3428: 3274: 3211: 2776: 2739: 2661: 2490: 2104: 2068: 1965: 1961: 1744: 1510:

on both sides of the Powhatan (James) River and north of the Kingsland Creek, their capital

1367: 1335: 1243: 1136: 966: 781:

of the Powhatan proper. English colonists initially mistook him for the paramount Powhatan (

734: 644: 530: 491:

is thought by many to be in the general vicinity of the original village. Tree Hill Farm in

411: 372: 361: 196: 154: 122: 4340:

Settling With the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640

2124:

settled in 13 villages on both sides of the river named after them, their main village was

4716: 4530: 4515: 4485: 4470: 4230: 4112: 3875: 3253: 2953: 2819: 2605: 2577:

Were organized into a confederation of about 2,000 tribal members under the leadership of

2307: 2183: 1740: 1689: 1673: 1665: 1570:, there were also two other not known villages along Chippoak Creek (in the area of today 1543: 1269: 1191: 1140: 1053: 775:

led the first colonial exploration party up the James River in 1607 when he met Parahunt,

660: 507: 305: 3278: 3065: 2676:

Of these state-recognized tribes who identify as being Powhatan descendants, all but the

1883:

Lived on both sides of the Pamunkey River above its mouth into the York River in today's

1458:, they maintained a number of settlements on both sides upriver the Chickahominy River - 584:

Various tribes each held some individual powers locally, and each had a chief known as a

4354:

Nature and History in the Potomac Country: From Hunter-Gatherers to the Age of Jefferson

2234:; 80 warriors or 270 tribal members (according to Smith & Strachey). (1608 / 1669). 1416:, they had only one settlement, its location is disputed - it is assumed at present-day 510:

in honor of the king, as well as for his three children, Elizabeth, Henry, and Charles.

174: 4598: 3966: 3859: 3636: 2946: 2853: 2640: 2571: 2564: 2508: 2002: 1736: 1681: 1161: 1058: 919: 842:

territory and drive the inhabitants away. At the same time, he sent another force with

801: 797: 629: 330: 281: 4411:

UNC Charlotte linguist Blair Rudes restores lost language, culture for 'The New World'

3781: 3541:"Gale General OneFile - Document - Pocahontas celebrates: a Powhatan harvest festival" 3130: 2822:, which had actors speaking a reconstructed Powhatan language devised by the linguist 345:

newly introduced to North America by Europeans. The Native Americans did not have any

4894: 4786: 4736: 4550: 4331:

Gleach, Frederic W. (2006) "Pocahontas: An Exercise in Mythmaking and Marketing", In

3611: 3233: 2904: 2889: 2857: 2544: 2528: 2498: 2450: 2347: 2343: 2108: 2100: 1873:; about 400 warriors or 1,300 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). 1550:

was the spiritual center of the Powhatan Chiefdom, three villages are known by name:

1413: 1389:

Lived in six villages east of the Powhatan tribe on both sides of the James River in

1183: 951: 859: 542: 538: 422:

are the only two peoples who have retained reservation lands from the 17th century.

258: 4257: 4628: 2849: 2680:

and the Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia have since gained federal recognition.

2382:

to settle in a reservation (approximately 18 km2) near Dividing Creek south of the

2021:; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). 1960:

Lived northwest of the Pamunkey, along the Pamunkey River to the confluence of the

1940:; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). 1928:; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). 1820: 1669: 1258:, about 100 warriors (335 tribal members). (1585 / 1627) - now extinct as a tribe. 989: 843: 707: 621: 400: 182: 162: 138: 4333:

New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, and Representations

3041:

A Brave and Cunning Prince: The Great Chief Opechancanough and the War for America

1952:; about 40 warriors or 135 tribal members (according to Strachey). (1608 / 1611). 638:

The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. The Transition to Statehood in the New World

3567:"Powhatan priests and English rectors: world views and congregations in conflict" 2434:. Their descendants were recognized as a tribe by the state of Virginia in 2010. 640:(1981), deeply explores the political structure of the chiefdom and confederacy. 478:, is the name of the Native American village or town of Wahunsenacawh. The title 30:

This article is about the Algonquian people in Virginia. For the individual, see

4633: 4505: 4490: 3521:

Brown, Hutch (Summer 2000). "Wildland Burning by American Indians in Virginia".

2823: 2609: 2598: 2536: 2454: 2439: 2083:

and to the north lived directly on the other side of the Rappahannock River the

1913: 1615: 1187: 1165: 1078: 1045: 943: 939: 935: 739: 672: 564: 4425: 4304: 926:

that followed the 1644 incident ended in 1646 after Royal Governor of Virginia

667:. The original six tribes under Wahunsenacawh were: the Powhatan (proper), the 4781: 4654: 4500: 4233:

by Roy Crazy Horse, Powhatan Renape Nation website, accessed November 28, 2009

3890:

The information on the number of warriors (and hereby the population) for the

3871: 2894: 2831: 2827: 2688: 2578: 2423: 2395: 1893: 1406: 1384: 1380: 1328: 912: 805: 720: 668: 396: 392: 3440: 3339:

Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown

3286: 4756: 4560: 4361:

Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries

3400: 3383:

Pocahontas's people: the Powhatan Indians of Virginia through four centuries

3215: 2746: 2639:

which mandated every person who had any African heritage be deemed "black",

2026: 1985: 1758:

Lived in several villages along the south bank of the York River in today's

1441: 1263: 839: 711: 703: 684: 680: 419: 3942:"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Upper Mattaponi" 3746:), but the meaning of the name Cheroenhaka is uncertain and still disputed. 3529:(3). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 30–33. 2753:, still retain their reservations from the 17th century and are located in 1695:

Lived on both sides of James River on Weyanoke Peninsula or Weanoc Neck in

414:

eight Native tribes with ancestral ties to the Powhatan Confederation. The

4373: 2322:

Lived along the north bank of the Upper Rappahannock River in what is now

4879: 4555: 4535: 4480: 4261: 2750: 2612:

north of Accomac Confederation in Virginia; were under the leadership of

1878: 1810: 1752: 1708: 1049: 777: 699: 676: 586: 415: 342: 322: 313: 105: 4019:"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Rappahannock" 3023:. National Institute of American History & Democracy. Archived from 2812:

An attempt at a more historically accurate representation was the drama

1518:(literally ″village at the rapids″) was close to the waterfalls (called 876: 808:, Chief Powhatan's daughter, prevented her father from executing Smith. 403:, who has more than an estimated 100,000 descendants today. Many of the 17: 4545: 3590: 3326:

Before and After Jamestown: Virginia's Powhatans and Their Predecessors

2303: 1990: 1583: 1251: 1103: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 425:

Today many descendants of the Powhatan Confederacy are enrolled in six

369: 350: 338: 150: 3507: 3448: 2214:

Lived on the north bank of the Rappahannock River south of the mighty

1924:

Lived along the southern banks of the Pamunkey River; their chief was

506:. The English colonists named many features in the early years of the 4495: 3917:"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Mattaponi" 3685:"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Nansemond" 1366:

on the northside of Wighwhippoc Creek (now: Swift Creek), his sister

832: 391:

English and Powhatan people often married, with the best-known being

158: 4223: 4093:

Fiske, Warren. "The Black-and-White World of Walter Ashby Plecker",

3806:"VDOE :: Virginia's First People Past & Present - Pamunkey" 3582: 1546:

on both sides of the James River in several villages, their capital

3499: 3432: 2771:

The tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy spoke mutually intelligible

1993:, which also maintained close ties to the Youghtanand – during the 714:. Another closely related tribe of the same language group was the 4200:"State affirms status of Powhatan Renape, Ramapough Lenape tribes" 2987:

We're Still Here: Contemporary Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories

1843:

Lived along the north bank of the Pamunkey River; their chief was

1014: 988: 875: 814: 749: 173: 3854:

not to be confused with the small chieftain, also referred to as

3355:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABL-CLIO, Inc. pp. Introduction: l-li. 3206:

Rabow-Edling, Susanna (2018). "The civic concept of the nation".

2418:; about 100 warriors or 335 tribal members (according to Smith). 2367: 2299: 1052:, or firing trees at the base and then using fire to reduce the 4429: 4326:

Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures.

3661:"WE HAVE A STORY TO TELL - Native Peoples of Chesapeake Region" 2043:(at the confluence of Pamunkey and Mattaponi); their chief was 1977:

Cattachiptico / Cattachipico / Cakkiptico / Chepecho / Chepeco

1358:

in south-central Virginia; their leading chief (Werowance) was

1283:, four villages are known by name (the main village or capital 694:

to his fold by 1598. Some other affiliated groups included the

384:

in 1676, the colony enslaved Indians for control. In 1691, the

326:(leader, commander), all of whom paid tribute to the Powhatan. 3995:, Old Dominion University, Model United Nations Society, 2015" 2188:

Tauxenent (Doeg), Patawomeck (Potomac), Cuttatawomen, Pissasec

1198:

to the Chesapeake Bay, their territory encompassed the cities

1072: 850:) from Parahunt for some copper and an English colonist named 241: 40: 2956:, Virginia Council on Indians, Commonwealth of Virginia, 2009 2310:

and thus ceased to exist as an ethnic group; their chief was

1566:, which was led by the former Quiyoughcohannock tribal chief 907:, (Lord Delaware) in June 1610 signaled the beginning of the 643:

Powhatan (and his several successors) ruled what is called a

502:. The English colonists chose to name it after their leader, 205: 4931:

Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands

4397:

A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century

3830: 3614:

Seventeenth Century Virginia Algonquian Population Estimates

3247:

Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson, Thomas, 1743-1826

3105:"New project to identify descendants of Pocahontas underway" 2391:

Chicacoan / Sekakawon / Sekakawoni / Seccawoni / Cekakawwon

1762:(formerly Charles River County) in the northern part of the 513:

Although portions of Virginia's longest river upstream from

3831:"Pampatike Farm - From Opechancanough to Col Thomas Carter" 3353:

Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History

2803:(1995). They also appeared in the straight-to-video sequel 2787:

The Powhatan people are featured in MGM's live-action film

2742:

Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017.

1945:

Quackohamaock / Quackohowaon / Ochahannanke / Ochahannauke

1778:

was about 15 miles (24 km) from Jamestown; their chief was

1638:), the main Warraskoyak village was located in present-day 211: 3710:"Chesapeake Bay - Native Americans - The Mariners' Museum" 2374:

to join forces with the Wicocomoco (between 1656/1659 the

2067:

Lived in several villages - Smith names three - along the

1916:); about 10 warriors or 35 tribal members. (1608 / 1611). 4421:

The Indigenous Maps and Mapping of North American Indians

2969:, Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1992 2691:

who identify as descendants of the Powhatan Confederacy.

1230:. The Chesapeake also had two other towns (or villages), 320:. Each of the tribes within the confederacy was led by a 235: 220: 2673:

who were loosely connected to the Powhatan Confederacy.

2330:, and directly on the south side of the river lived the 1676:

with 19 villages the most numerous and powerful of the

1393:, their main village was at the James River in today's 68: 2989:. Richmond: Palari Publishing, 2006 (revised edition). 1069:

Tribes of the paramount chiefdom and their territories

1025:

if female). They paid tribute to the paramount chief (

3341:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005 2282:

from Maryland, and smaller groups such as the cities

2258:

Lived on both sides of the Rappahannock River in the

1061:

had migrated to this area by the early 15th century.

470:

The name "Powhatan" (also transcribed by Strachey as

223: 199: 3463:""The Chesapeake Bay Region and its People in 1607"" 2942: 2940: 2938: 969:

in 1684, the Powhatan Confederacy all but vanished.

521:

of Great Britain, in modern times, it is called the

407:

have both English and Virginia Algonquian ancestry.

238: 217: 202: 4867: 4851: 4820: 4689: 4673: 4642: 4621: 4607: 4569: 4461: 3066:"1700: Virginia Native peoples succumb to smallpox" 2985:Sandra F. Waugaman and Danielle Moretti-Langholtz. 2635:laws in the early 20th century, and ultimately the 2398:, a tributary of the Potomac River, in what is now 2358:near the mouth and south of the Little Wicomico in 1936:Lived south of the Pamunkey River; their chief was 1539:Quiyoughcohannock / Quiockohannock / Coiacohanauke 1346:as its head of navigation in adjoining counties of 232: 229: 214: 208: 144: 128: 111: 98: 4258:"How actor Edward Norton is related to Pocahontas" 2339:Wicocomoco / Wicocomico / Wighcocomoco / Wicomico 1823:itself lay on the north bank of the York River in 1807:- the name ″Werowocomoco″ comes from the Powhatan 1654:. To the southwest and west the north bank of the 4246:(J W Randolph & English, Richmond, VA, 1887). 3328:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. 3170:"US Recognizes 6 Virginia Native American Tribes" 2703:of Powhatan people today, all based in Virginia. 2604:Lived along Accohannock Creek in the counties of 1968:, which form the Pamunkey River; their chief was 1149: 624:, which was located on the northern shore of the 4347:Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia 2997: 2995: 2870:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 1650:was on Burwell's Bay under a sub-weroance named 796:wrote that he fought a small battle between the 251:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 27:Indigenous Algonquian tribes from Virginia, U.S. 3324:Rountree, Helen C. and E. Randolph Turner III. 2574:/ Accomac / Accawmack / Accawmacke / Accowmack 1268:They called their land along both sides of the 4762:Iron Hill Cut Jasper Quarry Archeological Site 1912:(originally aleading chief (Werowance) of the 1242:was known to have been located in the present 4807:Walker Prehistoric Village Archeological Site 4441: 300:In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, a 8: 3301:"Smith, Generall Historie of Virginia, 1624" 2844:Category:American people of Powhatan descent 2326:, to the north their territory bordered the 746:English settlers in the land of the Powhatan 93: 4833:Magothy Quartzite Quarry Archeological Site 4752:Heath Farm Jasper Quarry Archeological Site 4416:How a linguist revived 'New World' language 2967:First People: The Early Indians of Virginia 2669:, who identify as being descendants of the 2075:, to the west their territory bordered the 1607:Warraskoyack / Warrosquyoake / Warrascocke 1482:Lived along the James River in the area of 1275:and encompassed the areas of the cities of 1044:All of Virginia's Native peoples practiced 605:(c. 1545 – c. 1618), whose proper name was 265:whose historic territories were in eastern 4448: 4434: 4426: 4167:Indian Affairs Bureau (January 12, 2023). 3098: 3096: 3017:"Jamestown from a Non-Western Perspective" 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2713:Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division 1908:Along the Pamunkey River; their chief was 1618:down to its mouth into the James River in 1602:. (1607 / 1627) - now extinct as a tribe. 439:Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division 92: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3015:Capossela, Julie Ann (February 2, 2006). 2178:is identified; sometimes the tribal name 1840:Caposepock(e) / Kaposecocke / Kupkipcock 1774:to the east, their capital also known as 1119:Learn how and when to remove this message 3194:"Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity" 2174:– further upstream another group called 2035:according to Smith, another village was 1153: 4875:Native American place names in Maryland 4117:Secretary of the Commonwealth Kelly Gee 2916: 2830:and John Smith. Her actual husband was 1646:was at Pagan Point, and another called 1303:were their temples and the seat of the 1218:may have been near the junction of the 1179:/ Chesepian / Cassapecock / Chesepiooc 4386:Chronology of Powhatan Indian Activity 4328:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4107: 4105: 4103: 3565:Rountree, Helen C. (August 28, 1992). 3208:Liberalism in Pre-Revolutionary Russia 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 2255:Nantaughtacund /Nausatico / Nanzatico 2014:Menapacunt / Mummapacune / Mummapacun 2005:then paramount chief; their chief was 1598:to form a new tribe - the short-lived 993:Reconstructed Powhatan village at the 973:Changing society and English expansion 788:On a hunting and trade mission on the 609:or (in 17th century English spelling) 545:, a tributary of the James River, and 4256:Halpert, Madeline (January 5, 2023). 4138:"Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia" 3414: 3412: 3410: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3168:Hilleary, Cecily (January 31, 2018). 2880:Native Americans in the United States 2834:, whom she married on April 5, 1614. 2806:Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World 7: 4926:Native American tribes in New Jersey 4838:National Archives Archeological Site 4043:Wolfe, Brendan (February 17, 2021). 3279:10.1001/jama.279.17.1409-jbk0506-6-1 3103:Gruenke, Jonathan (March 22, 2019). 2445:Lived in four villages north of the 2442:/ Taux / Tacci / Doag / Dogue/ Dogi 2294:are known under the anglicized name 1101:adding citations to reliable sources 533:Rivers near the present-day town of 525:. It forms at the confluence of the 99:Regions with significant populations 69:move details into the article's body 2965:Keith Egloff and Deborah Woodward. 2667:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia 1984:was located on the site of today's 1815:, meaning "leader" in English; and 1642:, while a satellite village called 1188:Powhatan River (later: James River) 950:occupying the Middle Peninsula and 253:who belong to member tribes of the 4921:Native American tribes in Maryland 4916:Native American tribes in Virginia 4911:Extinct languages of North America 4792:Nolands Ferry I Archeological Site 4747:Heath Farm Camp Archeological Site 4697:Aisquith Farm E Archeological Site 3003:The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail 2875:Black Indians in the United States 1866:Pamareke / Pamuncoroy / Pamakeroy 1368:Opossunoquonuske (Opussoquionuske) 1145:Handbook of North American Indians 1009:. They built their houses, called 25: 4812:Willin Village Archeological Site 3870:of Maryland, which was under the 3038:Horn, James (November 16, 2021). 2790:Captain John Smith and Pocahontas 2683:The Powhatan Renape Nation are a 2342:Lived at the southern tip of the 1921:Potaunk / Pataunck / Potawuncack 1530:(Powhatan Town); their chief was 1409:/ Kikotan / Kiccowtan / Kikowtan 1362:with his seat in the tribal town 905:Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr 647:, referred to by scholars as the 32:Powhatan (Native American leader) 4859:Baltimore American Indian Center 4702:Arundel Cove Archaeological Site 4372: 3894:tribes listed by Strachey – the 3385:. University of Oklahoma Press. 2631:After Virginia passed stringent 2451:Upper Patawomeck (Potomac) River 2370:the colonial rulers ordered the 2146:Lower Cuttatawomen / Corrotoman 2101:Patawomeck (Tidal Potomac) River 1077: 866:Anglo-Powhatan Wars and treaties 195: 185:(detail of John Smith map, 1612) 45: 4665:Shawnee Old Fields Village Site 2001:figured as the headquarters of 1692:/ Weyanock / Weanoc / Weyanoke 1572:Chippokes Plantation State Park 1088:needs additional citations for 1001:The Powhatan lived east of the 594:(female), meaning "commander". 4828:Broad Creek Soapstone Quarries 4742:Grear Prehistoric Village Site 3757:"GNIS Detail - Pamunkey River" 3072:. National Library of Medicine 2041:West Point (formerly Delaware) 1658:was the boundary to the enemy 730:Notes on the State of Virginia 1: 4777:McCandless Archeological Site 4727:Buckingham Archeological Site 4198:Walsh, Jim (March 18, 2019). 3571:The American Indian Quarterly 3210:. Routledge. pp. 18–37. 2755:King William County, Virginia 2660:The Commonwealth of Virginia 2250:in the north. (1608 / 1611). 1697:Charles City County, Virginia 1666:Nottoway (Cheroenhaka) people 896:escaped and told the tale at 4906:Eastern Algonquian languages 4732:Bumpstead Archeological Site 4456:Native Americans in Maryland 4310:Resources in other libraries 2637:Racial Integrity Act of 1924 2449:along the south bank of the 2346:along the south bank of the 2170:and south of them lived the 2081:Werowocomoco / Werowacomoco, 1857:Orapaks / Orapax / Orapakes 1799:Werowocomoco / Werowacomoco 1737:Youghtanund (Pamunkey) River 1678:Carolina Algonquian-speaking 655:Powhatan builds his chiefdom 368:imported growing numbers of 4463:Historic and present tribes 4324:Gleach, Frederic W. (1997) 3993:The Powhatan Chiefdom: 1606 3381:Rountree, Helen C. (1996). 3351:Grizzard, Frank E. (2007). 2701:federally recognized tribes 2695:Federally recognized tribes 2583:Southern Delmarva Peninsula 2561:Southern Delmarva Peninsula 2354:and another village called 1508:Atlantic Seaboard fall line 862:, in Kecoughtan territory. 756:General History of Virginia 649:Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom 427:federally recognized tribes 4962: 4802:Shoemaker III Village Site 2929:Collins English Dictionary 2841: 2764: 2601:/ Accohanoc / Occohannock 2211:Moraughtachund / Moratico 2126:Topahanocke / Tappahannock 2120:The dominant tribe in the 1957:Youghtanund / Youghtamund 1898:federally recognized tribe 1787:Cantauncack / Candaungack 1743:- as well as the southern 1152: 884:In November 1609, Captain 869: 820:The Coronation of Powhatan 792:in December 1607, Captain 620:, he ruled primarily from 590:(male) or, more rarely, a 580:Complex paramount chiefdom 517:were much later named for 405:First Families of Virginia 29: 4767:Katcef Archeological Site 4305:Resources in your library 3273:(17): 1409. May 6, 1998. 2850:Edith Bolling Galt Wilson 2745:Two of these tribes, the 2708:Chickahominy Indian Tribe 2587:Eastern Shore of Virginia 2535:on the north bank of the 2206:. (1608 / 1659 or 1669). 2162:Sometimes referred to as 2159:Matchotic / Mattehatique 2138:Opiscopank / Opiscatumek 2122:Rappahannock River Valley 2064:Payankatank / Piankatank 1995:Second Anglo-Powhatan War 1805:Werowocomoco/Werowacomoco 1711:" called Cecocomake near 1668:, to the south along the 1616:Pagan (Warraskoyak) River 1065:controlling the weather. 924:Second Anglo–Powhatan War 495:is also a possible site. 434:Chickahominy Indian Tribe 349:to these, which had been 149: 133: 116: 103: 36:Powhatan (disambiguation) 4821:Other prehistoric places 4521:Piscataway Indian Nation 3868:Prince George's Counties 2728:Rappahannock Tribe, Inc. 2244:Matchotic (Mattehatique) 2027:Mattaponi / Mattapanient 1905:Paraconosko / Paraconos 1391:Henrico County, Virginia 1331:/ Appamatuck / Apamatic 909:First Anglo-Powhatan War 454:Rappahannock Tribe, Inc. 4690:Prehistoric communities 4392:The Anglo-Powhatan Wars 4388:, National Park Service 4345:A. Bryant Nichols Jr., 3991:"Christopher Steadman: 3216:10.4324/9781315149509-2 3196:, National Park Service 2885:Tribe (Native American) 2718:Nansemond Indian Nation 2678:Mattaponi Indian Nation 2656:State-recognized tribes 2493:), other villages were 2057:state-recognized tribes 1833:Orapaks/Orapax/Orapakes 1755:/ Chisiack / Chiskiack 1610:Lived northwest of the 1479:Potchiack / Potchayick 1321:state-recognized tribes 1311:, further leaders were 597:As early as the era of 444:Nansemond Indian Nation 429:in Virginia. They are: 4594:Susquehannock language 3714:www.marinersmuseum.org 3135:www.virginiaplaces.org 2797:animated musical film 2685:state-recognized tribe 2077:Opiscopank/Opiscatumek 1747:and the Pamunkey Neck 1735:and its tributaries - 1430:Newport News, Virginia 1340:Tri-Cities of Virginia 1336:Lower Appomattox River 1313:Ampuetough, Weyingopo, 1166:Powhatan (James) River 998: 997:living-history museum. 881: 827: 764: 466:Naming and terminology 284:colonists established 186: 34:. For other uses, see 4381:at Wikimedia Commons 4229:July 5, 2013, at the 4051:. Virginia Humanities 4049:Encyclopedia Virginia 3523:Fire Management Today 2842:Further information: 2733:Upper Mattaponi Tribe 2723:Pamunkey Indian Tribe 2651:Powhatan tribes today 2543:on the south bank of 2473:, their main village 2426:/ Potomac / Potomack 2400:Northumberland County 2360:Northumberland County 2352:Little Wicomico River 2246:in the south and the 2239:Pissaseck / Pissasec 2204:Westmoreland Counties 2172:Chicacoan (Seccawoni) 1733:Pamunkey (York) River 1522:) in the vicinity of 992: 879: 818: 753: 706:, Quiyoughcohannock, 459:Upper Mattaponi Tribe 449:Pamunkey Indian Tribe 177: 145:Related ethnic groups 4946:Algonquian ethnonyms 4936:Powhatan Confederacy 4843:Old Colony Cove Site 4643:Historic communities 4571:Historical languages 4023:www.doe.virginia.gov 3946:www.doe.virginia.gov 3921:www.doe.virginia.gov 3810:www.doe.virginia.gov 3689:www.doe.virginia.gov 3027:on October 22, 2008. 2818:(2005), directed by 2773:Algonquian languages 2627:20th-century history 2471:King George Counties 2384:Great Wicomico River 2298:for this period, in 2280:Portobago/Portobacco 2276:Potomac (Patawomeck) 2248:Potomac (Patawomeck) 2103:and on the northern 1933:Shamapent / Shamapa 1770:in the west and the 1717:Prince George County 1640:Smithfield, Virginia 1580:Pepiscumah (Pipisco) 1418:Kecoughtan, Virginia 1097:improve this article 995:Jamestown Settlement 985:Culture and lifeways 942:and by his daughter 255:Powhatan Confederacy 4941:History of Virginia 4712:Beck Northeast Site 4707:Barton Village Site 4674:Prehistoric peoples 4650:Accokeek Creek Site 4609:Present territories 4584:Piscataway language 4406:National Geographic 4359:Helen C. Rountree, 4349:, Sea Venture, 2007 4224:The Pocahontas Myth 4095:The Virginian-Pilot 3337:Rountree, Helen C. 3305:history.hanover.edu 2838:Notable descendants 2740:Thomasina E. Jordan 2521:Montclair, Virginia 2416:Westmoreland County 2319:Upper Cuttatawomen 2079:, to the south the 1997:their main village 1991:Manaskint / Manskin 1701:Chickahominy people 1620:Warrosquyoake Shire 1503:Powhatan / Powatan 1468:Jamestown, Virginia 1456:James City Counties 1446:Lived opposite the 1248:Carolina Algonquian 872:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 824:John Gadsby Chapman 773:Christopher Newport 358:indentured servants 335:infectious diseases 135:Indigenous religion 95: 4901:Algonquian peoples 4579:Nanticoke language 4402:"American in 1607" 4113:"Virginia Indians" 4045:"Patawomeck Tribe" 3880:Piscataway (Conoy) 3252:2013-08-29 at the 3111:. Virginia Gazette 2952:2012-02-24 at the 2761:Powhatan languages 2633:racial segregation 2565:the Chesapeake Bay 2483:Miompse / May-Umps 2412:Upper Cuttatawomen 2376:Lower Cuttatawomen 2362:; their chief was 2328:Patawomeck/Potomac 2324:King George County 2272:Rappahannock tribe 2230:; their chief was 2220:Lower Cuttatawomen 2216:Rappahannock tribe 2097:Rappahannock River 2085:Lower Cuttatawomen 1764:Virginia Peninsula 1663:Iroquoian-speaking 1636:Brunswick Counties 1558:(perhaps Zuñiga's 1542:Lived east of the 1506:Lived east of the 1470:; their chief was 1397:; their chief was 1170:Virginia Peninsula 1135:(1580 - 1631) and 1133:Captain John Smith 1019:weroance/werowance 1007:Tidewater Virginia 999: 956:House of Burgesses 882: 848:Richmond, Virginia 828: 790:Chickahominy River 765: 634:Robert L. Carneiro 569:Powhatan, Virginia 537:, flowing east to 500:head of navigation 489:Richmond, Virginia 386:House of Burgesses 378:Indigenous peoples 263:Algonquian peoples 187: 181:in a longhouse at 167:Algonquian peoples 4888: 4887: 4772:Martins Pond Site 4722:Brinsfield I Site 4589:Powhatan language 4377:Media related to 4338:Karen Kupperman, 4286:Library resources 4097:, August 18, 2004 3835:www.pampatike.org 3761:geonames.usgs.gov 3744:Blackwater rivers 3600:– via Gale. 3362:978-1-85109-637-4 3225:978-1-315-14950-9 3051:978-1-5416-0003-4 2900:Powhatan language 2783:Powhatan in films 2767:Powhatan language 2671:Patawomeck people 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2414:in Nominy Bay in 2274:and south of the 2270:above the mighty 2228:Richmond Counties 2218:and north of the 2099:north toward the 1980:The main village 1966:South Anna Rivers 1889:New Kent Counties 1827:near the city of 1825:Gloucester County 1817:komakah (-comoco) 1586:and the Weroance 1568:Chopoke /Choapock 1552:Quiyoughcohannock 1548:Quiyoughcohannock 1496:Quiyoughcohannock 1426:Hampton, Virginia 1395:Henrico, Virginia 1224:Southern Branches 1186:along the Rivers 1129: 1128: 1121: 822:, oil on canvas, 698:, Moraughtacund, 551:James City County 382:Bacon's Rebellion 274:Powhatan language 172: 171: 86: 85: 65:length guidelines 16:(Redirected from 4953: 4797:Sandy Point Site 4622:Historic figures 4450: 4443: 4436: 4427: 4376: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4173:Federal Register 4164: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4109: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3999: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3913: 3907: 3888: 3882: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3753: 3747: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3378: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3265:"Encyclopedia". 3262: 3256: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3174:Voice of America 3165: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3100: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2990: 2983: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2947:"Writers' Guide" 2944: 2933: 2921: 2777:William Strachey 2662:state-recognized 2491:Washington, D.C. 2440:Tauxenent / Doeg 2394:Lived along the 2151:Lancaster County 2105:Middle Peninsula 2095:Lived along the 2073:Middlesex County 2069:Piankatank River 1745:Middle Peninsula 1672:lived the rival 1656:Blackwater River 1448:Quiyoughcohanock 1334:Lived along the 1244:Great Neck Point 1214:. Their capital 1154: 1150: 1137:William Strachey 1124: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1081: 1073: 967:Treaty of Albany 928:William Berkeley 735:Thomas Jefferson 645:complex chiefdom 474:), also spelled 412:state-recognized 399:. Their son was 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 96: 81: 78: 72: 63:Please read the 49: 48: 41: 21: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4863: 4847: 4816: 4717:Biggs Ford Site 4685: 4669: 4638: 4617: 4615:Tayac Territory 4603: 4565: 4457: 4454: 4370: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4280:Further reading 4277: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4231:Wayback Machine 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4166: 4165: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4111: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3889: 3885: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3583:10.2307/1185294 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3418: 3417: 3408: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3370: 3363: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3254:Wayback Machine 3245: 3241: 3226: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044:. Basic Books. 3037: 3036: 3032: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3001:Wood, Karenne. 3000: 2993: 2984: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2954:Wayback Machine 2945: 2936: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2866: 2846: 2840: 2820:Terrence Malick 2793:(1953) and the 2785: 2769: 2763: 2697: 2658: 2653: 2629: 2477:was located on 2457:in what is now 2410:Lived south of 2308:Lesser Antilles 2222:in what is now 2184:Collective noun 2176:Upper Matchotic 2164:Lower Matchotic 2141:(1608 / 1611). 2071:in what is now 2053:Upper Mattaponi 2039:in the area of 1741:Mattaponi River 1674:Chowanoc people 1420:(later called: 1372:Mattica/Hattica 1338:in the area of 1301:Dumpling Island 1270:Nansemond River 1196:Elizabeth River 1192:Nansemond River 1141:Christian Feest 1125: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1094: 1082: 1071: 987: 975: 938:, and later by 888:was invited to 874: 868: 748: 661:Virginia Colony 657: 582: 577: 561:Powhatan County 547:Fluvanna County 508:Virginia Colony 468: 364:continued, the 306:paramount chief 228: 198: 194: 191:Powhatan people 94:Powhatan people 91: 82: 76: 73: 62: 59:may be too long 54:This article's 50: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4599:Unami language 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4369: 4368:External links 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2485:(now known as 2463:Prince William 2443: 2436: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2419: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2332:Nantaughtacund 2320: 2316: 2315: 2268:Essex Counties 2256: 2252: 2251: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2232:Ottondeacommoc 2212: 2208: 2207: 2196:Northumberland 2160: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2059:of Virginia). 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019:Ottondeacommoc 2015: 2011: 2010: 2003:Opechancanough 1978: 1974: 1973: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914:Tauxenent/Doeg 1906: 1902: 1901: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1713:Powell's Creek 1693: 1686: 1685: 1682:Tackonekintaco 1608: 1604: 1603: 1578:; their chief 1540: 1536: 1535: 1528:Pawatahs Towre 1504: 1500: 1499: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1424:) or downtown 1422:Elizabeth City 1410: 1403: 1402: 1387: 1377: 1376: 1332: 1325: 1324: 1323:of Virginia). 1297:Mentoughquemec 1266: 1260: 1259: 1228:Sewell's Point 1212:Virginia Beach 1180: 1173: 1172: 1162:Chesapeake Bay 1158: 1127: 1126: 1085: 1083: 1076: 1070: 1067: 986: 983: 974: 971: 920:Opechancanough 886:John Ratcliffe 870:Main article: 867: 864: 802:Opechancanough 798:Opechancanough 747: 744: 656: 653: 630:archaeological 581: 578: 576: 573: 493:Henrico County 467: 464: 463: 462: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 331:Opchanacanough 276:is an Eastern 170: 169: 147: 146: 142: 141: 131: 130: 126: 125: 114: 113: 109: 108: 101: 100: 89: 84: 83: 53: 51: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4958: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Monocacy 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2816: 2815:The New World 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545:Hunting Creek 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:Neabsco Creek 2526: 2522: 2518: 2517:Powells Creek 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:Potomac River 2345: 2344:Northern Neck 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 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607:Wahunsenacawh 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 588: 579: 575:Early history 574: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543:Rivanna River 540: 539:Hampton Roads 536: 535:Clifton Forge 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 485: 481: 477: 473: 465: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 430: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 374: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 324: 319: 315: 311: 310:Wahunsenacawh 307: 303: 298: 296: 295: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 259:Tsenacommacah 256: 252: 246: 192: 184: 180: 176: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 140: 136: 132: 127: 124: 120: 117:Historically 115: 110: 107: 102: 97: 88: 80: 70: 66: 60: 58: 52: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 4868:Other topics 4852:Institutions 4629:Turkey Tayac 4540: 4405: 4371: 4360: 4353: 4352:James Rice, 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4300:Online books 4290: 4265:. 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