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the following generations. Common symptoms of severe infections include color changes in the foliage, smaller leaves and spindle-like elongation. Sprouting also occurs at a slower rate than in unaffected potatoes. Infected tomatoes are slower to show symptoms which include stunted growth with a ‘bunchy top’ caused by shortened inter-nodes. Leaves become yellow or purple and often become curled and twisted. Necrosis eventually occurs in the veins of the bottom and middle leaves and the top leaves decrease in size. Fruit ripening is also affected leading to hard, small, dark green tomatoes.
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Different strains of PSTVd exist and symptoms range from mild to severe. Mild strains produce no obvious symptoms. Symptoms in severe strains are dependent on environmental conditions and are most severe in hot conditions. Symptoms may be mild in initial infections but become progressively worse in
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In the first experimental investigation on viroid systemic movement within an infected plant, Palukaitis (99) showed that PSTVd moved from a photoassimilate-source leaf into sink organs in a pattern consistent with phloem transport. This was supported by in situ localization of PSTVd in the phloem
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CUGGAGCG AACUGGCAAA 121 AAAGGACGGU GGGGAGUGCC CAGCGGCCGA CAGGAGUAAU UCCCGCCGAA ACAGGGUUUU 181 CACCCUUCCU UUCUUCGGGU GUCCUUCCUC GCGCCCGCAG GACCACCCCU CGCCCCCUUU 241 GCGCUGUCGC UUCGGCUACU ACCCGGUGGA AACAACUGAA GCUCCCGAGA ACCGCUUUUU 301 CUCUAUCUUA CUUGCUUCGG GGCGAGGGUG UUUAGCCCUU GGAACCGCAG
304:
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204:. Then in May seeds exported by a Dutch company were noticed to be infected. These seeds were shipped from the company, but had been originally bred to their specifications in two Asian countries.
232:, who is a plant pathologist at the U.S Department of Agriculture's Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland, and discovered it in 1971. He named it viroid because it is 1/80th size of a virus.
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679:"Pathogen and plant damage (potato spindle tuber)" Retrieved November 15, 2007, from George N. Agrois, Plant Pathology (3rd Ed) San Diego: Academic Press,(1988).
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194:). All potatoes and tomatoes are susceptible to PSTVd and there is no form of natural resistance. Natural infections have also been seen in
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and infections in other solanaceous crops have been induced in the laboratory. Until 2017 PSTVd was thought to be unable to infect
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1 CGGAACUAAA CUCGUGGUUC CUGUGGUUCA CACCUGACCU CCUGAGCAGA AAAGAAAAAA 61 GAAGGCGGCU CGGAGGAGCG CUUCAGGGAU CCCCGGG
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Putative secondary structure of the PSTVd viroid. The highlighted nucleotides are found in most other viroids.
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Nucleic Acids and
Proteins in Plants II : Structure, Biochemistry and Physiology of Nucleic Acids
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Diener TO (August 1971). "Potato spindle tuber "virus". IV. A replicating, low molecular weight RNA".
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Singh, R.P; Fletcher J.D.; "Background of disease (potato spindle tuber) and method of control"
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Sanger, H.L. (1982). "Biology, Structure, Functions and
Possible Origin of Viroids".
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Long distance spread of PSTVd usually occurs via infected seeds but transmission via
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258:). Mechanical transmission also occurs once it has been introduced to an area.
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Mink, G. I. (1993). "Pollen and Seed-Transmitted
Viruses and Viroids".
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Agriculture and Agri food Canada, Crop & Food
Research New Zealand
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458:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 383.
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Ding, Biao (2009). "The
Biology of Viroid-Host Interactions".
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Systemic movement within the infected host is through the
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Netherlands Food and
Consumer Product Safety Authority
377:"ARS Research Timeline - Tracking the Elusive Viroid"
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to be identified. PSTVd is a small, single stranded
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254:) also occurs but only in the presence of PLRV (
661:(3rd edition) San Diego: Academic Press, 1988.
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178:common to its genus. The natural hosts are
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174:. Present within the viroidal RNA is the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
262:Primary and secondary structure of PSTVd
32:This article includes a list of general
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423:"A Tiny Emissary From the Ancient Past"
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7:
602:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081927
554:10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.002111
847:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
508:, originating in Asia - June 2017"
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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170:molecule closely related to the
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585:Annual Review of Phytopathology
537:Annual Review of Phytopathology
176:Pospiviroid RY motif stem loop
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464:10.1007/978-3-642-68347-3_12
355:10.1016/0042-6822(71)90342-4
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727:Potato spindle tuber viroid
697:Potato spindle tuber viroid
671:Retrieved November 15, 2007
502:Potato spindle tuber viroid
156:potato spindle tuber viroid
145:Potato spindle tuber viroid
85:Potato spindle tuber viroid
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236:Strains and their symptoms
172:chrysanthemum stunt viroid
657:Agrios, George N., 1936-
640:Long-Distance Trafficking
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216:in tomato. it contains
506:Solanum sisymbriifolium
220:without protein coat.
201:Solanum sisymbriifolium
53:more precise citations.
421:(September 25, 2014).
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256:potato leaf roll virus
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228:It was discovered by
504:(PSTVd) in seeds of
400:Discovery of Viroids
266:PSTVd comprises 359
192:Solanum lycopersicum
92:Virus classification
316:Course of infection
296:Secondary Structure
230:Theodor Otto Diener
218:single stranded RNA
675:DEFRA Plant Health
500:"First finding of
405:2016-03-03 at the
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689:Taxon identifiers
473:978-3-642-68349-7
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277:Primary Structure
210:Tomato bunchy top
184:Solanum tuberosum
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379:. 2006-03-02
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105:(unranked):
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721:Wikispecies
596:: 105–131.
548:: 375–402.
268:nucleotides
132:Pospiviroid
51:introducing
836:Categories
520:2020-11-30
383:2007-07-18
328:References
289:UUGGUUCCU
34:references
610:0066-4286
562:0066-4286
224:Discovery
139:Species:
59:July 2012
793:11460582
780:10540564
712:Q1134442
706:Wikidata
618:19400635
570:18643763
479:13 March
403:Archived
343:Virology
196:avocados
188:tomatoes
180:potatoes
115:Family:
842:Viroids
644:(144)."
363:5095900
212:and is
127:Genus:
47:improve
767:PSTVD0
754:540395
637:114, "
635:
616:
608:
568:
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470:
361:
322:phloem
286:GAA AC
246:aphids
186:) and
164:viroid
109:Viroid
36:, but
819:12892
806:43659
788:IRMNG
741:787PL
592:(1).
544:(1).
456:(PDF)
160:PSTVd
814:NCBI
775:GBIF
762:EPPO
614:PMID
606:ISSN
566:PMID
558:ISSN
481:2019
468:ISBN
436:2014
359:PMID
206:Pstv
154:The
801:ISC
749:EoL
736:CoL
598:doi
550:doi
460:doi
351:doi
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633:p.
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