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the following generations. Common symptoms of severe infections include color changes in the foliage, smaller leaves and spindle-like elongation. Sprouting also occurs at a slower rate than in unaffected potatoes. Infected tomatoes are slower to show symptoms which include stunted growth with a ‘bunchy top’ caused by shortened inter-nodes. Leaves become yellow or purple and often become curled and twisted. Necrosis eventually occurs in the veins of the bottom and middle leaves and the top leaves decrease in size. Fruit ripening is also affected leading to hard, small, dark green tomatoes.
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Different strains of PSTVd exist and symptoms range from mild to severe. Mild strains produce no obvious symptoms. Symptoms in severe strains are dependent on environmental conditions and are most severe in hot conditions. Symptoms may be mild in initial infections but become progressively worse in
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In the first experimental investigation on viroid systemic movement within an infected plant, Palukaitis (99) showed that PSTVd moved from a photoassimilate-source leaf into sink organs in a pattern consistent with phloem transport. This was supported by in situ localization of PSTVd in the phloem
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CUGGAGCG AACUGGCAAA 121 AAAGGACGGU GGGGAGUGCC CAGCGGCCGA CAGGAGUAAU UCCCGCCGAA ACAGGGUUUU 181 CACCCUUCCU UUCUUCGGGU GUCCUUCCUC GCGCCCGCAG GACCACCCCU CGCCCCCUUU 241 GCGCUGUCGC UUCGGCUACU ACCCGGUGGA AACAACUGAA GCUCCCGAGA ACCGCUUUUU 301 CUCUAUCUUA CUUGCUUCGG GGCGAGGGUG UUUAGCCCUU GGAACCGCAG
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215:. Then in May seeds exported by a Dutch company were noticed to be infected. These seeds were shipped from the company, but had been originally bred to their specifications in two Asian countries.
243:, who is a plant pathologist at the U.S Department of Agriculture's Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland, and discovered it in 1971. He named it viroid because it is 1/80th size of a virus.
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690:"Pathogen and plant damage (potato spindle tuber)" Retrieved November 15, 2007, from George N. Agrois, Plant Pathology (3rd Ed) San Diego: Academic Press,(1988).
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205:). All potatoes and tomatoes are susceptible to PSTVd and there is no form of natural resistance. Natural infections have also been seen in
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and infections in other solanaceous crops have been induced in the laboratory. Until 2017 PSTVd was thought to be unable to infect
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1 CGGAACUAAA CUCGUGGUUC CUGUGGUUCA CACCUGACCU CCUGAGCAGA AAAGAAAAAA 61 GAAGGCGGCU CGGAGGAGCG CUUCAGGGAU CCCCGGG
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Putative secondary structure of the PSTVd viroid. The highlighted nucleotides are found in most other viroids.
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Nucleic Acids and
Proteins in Plants II : Structure, Biochemistry and Physiology of Nucleic Acids
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Diener TO (August 1971). "Potato spindle tuber "virus". IV. A replicating, low molecular weight RNA".
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Singh, R.P; Fletcher J.D.; "Background of disease (potato spindle tuber) and method of control"
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Sanger, H.L. (1982). "Biology, Structure, Functions and
Possible Origin of Viroids".
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Long distance spread of PSTVd usually occurs via infected seeds but transmission via
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269:). Mechanical transmission also occurs once it has been introduced to an area.
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Mink, G. I. (1993). "Pollen and Seed-Transmitted
Viruses and Viroids".
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Agriculture and Agri food Canada, Crop & Food
Research New Zealand
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469:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 383.
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Ding, Biao (2009). "The
Biology of Viroid-Host Interactions".
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Systemic movement within the infected host is through the
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Netherlands Food and
Consumer Product Safety Authority
388:"ARS Research Timeline - Tracking the Elusive Viroid"
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to be identified. PSTVd is a small, single stranded
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265:) also occurs but only in the presence of PLRV (
672:(3rd edition) San Diego: Academic Press, 1988.
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189:common to its genus. The natural hosts are
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185:. Present within the viroidal RNA is the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
273:Primary and secondary structure of PSTVd
43:This article includes a list of general
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434:"A Tiny Emissary From the Ancient Past"
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613:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081927
565:10.1146/annurev.py.31.090193.002111
858:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
519:, originating in Asia - June 2017"
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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181:molecule closely related to the
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596:Annual Review of Phytopathology
548:Annual Review of Phytopathology
187:Pospiviroid RY motif stem loop
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475:10.1007/978-3-642-68347-3_12
366:10.1016/0042-6822(71)90342-4
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738:Potato spindle tuber viroid
708:Potato spindle tuber viroid
682:Retrieved November 15, 2007
513:Potato spindle tuber viroid
167:potato spindle tuber viroid
156:Potato spindle tuber viroid
96:Potato spindle tuber viroid
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247:Strains and their symptoms
183:chrysanthemum stunt viroid
668:Agrios, George N., 1936-
651:Long-Distance Trafficking
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227:in tomato. it contains
517:Solanum sisymbriifolium
231:without protein coat.
212:Solanum sisymbriifolium
64:more precise citations.
432:(September 25, 2014).
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267:potato leaf roll virus
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239:It was discovered by
515:(PSTVd) in seeds of
411:Discovery of Viroids
277:PSTVd comprises 359
203:Solanum lycopersicum
103:Virus classification
327:Course of infection
307:Secondary Structure
241:Theodor Otto Diener
229:single stranded RNA
686:DEFRA Plant Health
511:"First finding of
416:2016-03-03 at the
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700:Taxon identifiers
484:978-3-642-68349-7
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288:Primary Structure
221:Tomato bunchy top
195:Solanum tuberosum
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27:Species of viroid
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16:(Redirected from
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390:. 2006-03-02
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116:(unranked):
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732:Wikispecies
607:: 105–131.
559:: 375–402.
279:nucleotides
143:Pospiviroid
62:introducing
847:Categories
531:2020-11-30
394:2007-07-18
339:References
300:UUGGUUCCU
45:references
621:0066-4286
573:0066-4286
235:Discovery
150:Species:
70:July 2012
804:11460582
791:10540564
723:Q1134442
717:Wikidata
629:19400635
581:18643763
490:13 March
414:Archived
354:Virology
207:avocados
199:tomatoes
191:potatoes
126:Family:
853:Viroids
655:(144)."
374:5095900
223:and is
138:Genus:
58:improve
778:PSTVD0
765:540395
648:114, "
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333:phloem
297:GAA AC
257:aphids
197:) and
175:viroid
120:Viroid
47:, but
830:12892
817:43659
799:IRMNG
752:787PL
603:(1).
555:(1).
467:(PDF)
171:PSTVd
825:NCBI
786:GBIF
773:EPPO
625:PMID
617:ISSN
577:PMID
569:ISSN
492:2019
479:ISBN
447:2014
370:PMID
217:Pstv
165:The
812:ISC
760:EoL
747:CoL
609:doi
561:doi
471:doi
362:doi
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644:p.
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