985:, North Yorkshire. By the 18th century, the landscape of northeast Yorkshire had been devastated by this process, which involved constructing 100-foot (30 m) stacks of burning shale and fuelling them with firewood continuously for months. The rest of the production process consisted of quarrying, extraction, steeping of shale ash with seaweed in urine, boiling, evaporating, crystallisation, milling and loading into sacks for export. Quarrying ate into the cliffs of the area, the forests were felled for charcoal and the land polluted by sulfuric acid and ash.
1335:
1090:
277:
179:
483:
46:
3461:
486:
488:
37:
534:
2429:: "On the contrary, I was surprised in an unexpected manner, by discovering in it another constituent part, consisting of a substance, the existence of which, certainly, no one person would have conjectured within the limits of the mineral kingdom .... This constituent part of leucite ... is no other than
1239:
and then exposed to the action of air for a considerable time. During this exposure it is kept continually moistened with water, so that it ultimately falls to a very fine powder. This powder is then lixiviated with hot water, the liquor decanted, and the alum allowed to crystallize.
2825:
762:, wood, and possibly hair. A tanning process using potassium alum is described in tablets from the first millennium BCE. When Levey wrote his article in 1958, no description of the dyeing process had been found, so it is not known how potassium alum was used in it. In
950:(which was one of England's primary industries, the value of which increased significantly if dyed). These sources were unreliable, however, and there was a push to develop a source in England especially as imports from the Papal States ceased following the
745:
According to the expert on Middle
Eastern history of chemistry Martin Levey, potassium alum is one of the few compounds known to the ancients that can be found relatively pure in nature, as well as one of only a few chemicals used in
2340:"Expériences qui concernent la régénération de l'alun de sa propre terre, l'aprÚs avoir séparé par l'acide vitriolique ; avec quelques compositions artificielles de l'alun par moyen d'autres terres, et dudit acide"
2571:
Otto
Helmboldt, L. Keith Hudson, Chanakya Misra, Karl Wefers, Wolfgang Heck, Hans Stark, Max Danner, Norbert Rösch "Aluminium Compounds, Inorganic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007, Wiley-VCH,
3243:"Storm water treatment will strip phosphorus from Arboretum pond, College of Engineering @ the University of Wisconsin-Madison, initiatives in energy, health, nanotechnology, security, and information technology"
2445:. ... This discovery, which I think of great importance, cannot fail to occasion considerable changes in the systems of natural history ...". The discovery of potassium in lepidolite is mentioned on
2141:"Color in Relation to the Political and Economic History of the Western World" by Sidney M Edelstein, Proceedings of the Perkin Centennial, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, September 1956
3361:
1614:
Potassium alum has been used since remote antiquity for purification of turbid liquids. It is still widely used in the purification of water for drinking and industrial processes water, treatment of
3099:
1073:. Given Marggraf and Bergman's experiments, he suspected that this alkali constituted an essential ingredient of natural alum. In 1797 he published a dissertation demonstrating that alum is a
3142:
2202:
136:
487:
2278:
Chymische
Untersuchungen, welche fĂŒrnehmlich von der Lithogeognosia oder ErkĂ€ntniĂ und Bearbeitung der gemeinen einfacheren Steine und Erden ingleichen von Feuer und Licht handeln
2092:
547:
2669:
2171:
1813:
1799:
1081:
published the analysis of four different kinds of alum, namely, Roman alum, Levant alum, British alum and alum manufactured by himself, confirming
Vauquelin's results.
2459:"Sur la nature de l'Alun du commerce, sur l'existence de la potasse dans ce sel, et sur diverses combinaisons simples ou triples de l'alumine avec l'acide sulfurique"
1625:
of alum for household wastewater, often more for industrial wastewater, is added to the water so that the negatively charged colloidal particles clump together into "
489:
750:
chemical technology that can be identified with certainty. Both native and imported potassium alum was used. Together with other agents, potassium alum was used in
3345:
3220:
917:, and many locations in Italy, and later in England, required alum to stabilize the dyes onto the fabric (make the dyes "fast") and also to brighten the colors.
497:
4686:
3511:
3322:
313:
3481:
3406:
5558:
5159:
2468:(On the nature of commercial alum, on the existence of potash in this salt, and on various simple or triple compounds of alumina with sulfuric acid). In
2638:
2485:
2461:
2405:
2394:
2342:
2301:
4755:
1127:
When heated to nearly a red heat, it gives a porous, friable mass, which is known as "burnt alum". It fuses at 92 °C (198 °F) in its own
993:
In the early 1700s, Georg Ernst Stahl claimed that reacting sulfuric acid with limestone produced a sort of alum. The error was soon corrected by
961:
With state financing, attempts were made throughout the 16th century, but without success until the early 17th century. An industry was founded in
3428:
Gallego, H.; Lewis, E. J.; Crutchfield, C. E. III (July 1999). "Crystal deodorant dermatitis: Irritant dermatitis to alum-containing deodorant".
1956:
511:
3034:
2980:
Li, G.; Zhao, X.; Wu, S.; Hua, H.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Z. (June 2017). "Dietary exposure to aluminium in the popular
Chinese fried bread youtiao".
3126:
1714:
Alum is an ingredient in some recipes for homemade modeling compounds, often called "play clay" or "play dough", intended for use by children.
1398:, as it has a significant drying effect to the area and reduces the irritation felt at the site. It has been used to stop bleeding in cases of
1196:), mined from sulfur-containing volcanic sediments. Alunite is an associate and likely potassium and aluminium source. It has been reported at
781:, in the fireproofing of wood, and in the separation of silver and gold, but that there is no evidence that these uses existed in Mesopotamia.
3385:
3316:
2194:
1902:
2252:
AusfĂŒhrliche
Betrachtung und zulÀnglicher Beweiss von den Saltzen, daà diesselbe aus einer zarten Erde, mit Wasser innig verbunden, bestehen
2401:(Contributions to chemical knowledge of mineral substances). Decker and Co., Posen, and Heinrich August Rottmann, Berlin; pp. 45â46 and
2368:
2255:
2089:
1981:
2281:
1804:
3355:
2155:
4679:
3504:
3279:
3242:
3214:
3136:
3109:
2852:
2615:
1821:
857:
Potassium alum is mentioned in
Ayurvedic texts namely Charak Samhita, Sushurta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya with the name such as
291:
1637:
from the liquid, prior to further filtration and disinfection of the water. Like other similar salts, it works by neutralizing the
2014:
trade section. Henry broke the Pope's monopoly by financing shipping bootstrapping a trading system with the
Ottoman Empires mines
1926:
5183:
3476:
2679:
2167:
1456:
no longer recognized it as a wetness reducer, but it is still available and used in several other countries, primarily in Asia.
6835:
4487:
2785:
Aguilar, T. N.; Blaug, S. M.; Zopf, L. C. (July 1956). "A study of the antibacterial activity of some complex aluminum salts".
2262:(Detailed treatment and adequate proof of salts, that they consist of a subtile earth intimately bound with water) WĂ€ysenhaus,
2229:
1452:). Today, potassium or ammonium alum is sold commercially for this purpose as a "deodorant crystal". Beginning in 2005 the US
639:
O. It crystallizes in an octahedral structure in neutral solution and cubic structure in an alkali solution with space group Pa
5551:
4170:
2858:
1841:
5469:
5227:
4304:
4208:
4000:
1897:. Plymouth, Michigan: School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology / Hayden-McNeil Publishing.
1367:
are rods composed of potassium alum or aluminum sulfate, used topically to reduce bleeding in minor cuts (especially from
1871:
554:
6825:
6820:
4672:
4256:
4194:
3497:
1453:
870:
226:
2545:
2483:"Comparée des quatre principales sortes d'Alun connues dans le commerce; et Observations sur leur nature et leur usage"
1778:
6845:
5448:
4858:
4232:
4220:
3744:
3297:"The use of organic flocculants and flocculating aids in the treatment of industrial water and industrial waste water"
3204:
1334:
255:
3296:
1529:
643:
and lattice parameter of 12.18 Ă
. The compound is the most important member of the generic class of compounds called
2519:
1485:
In the 1950s, men sporting crewcut or flattop hairstyles sometimes applied alum to their hair, as an alternative to
5254:
5207:
4534:
4266:
4139:
1809:
1746:
1217:
998:
982:
3347:
Painted Prints: The
Revelation of Color in Northern Renaissance & Baroque Engravings, Etchings, & Woodcuts
6815:
5544:
5414:
5134:
4990:
4280:
1002:
3402:
1520:
Alum was used by bakers in
England during the 1800s to make bread whiter. This was theorized by some, including
1379:, and to relieve pain from stings and bites. Potassium alum blocks are rubbed over the wet skin after shaving.
6830:
6777:
6579:
5431:
5282:
4626:
4430:
4418:
4111:
1128:
1052:
5976:
5772:
4642:
5767:
4471:
2880:
Mbow, M. Lamine; De Gregorio, Ennio; Ulmer, Jeffrey B. (2011). "Alum's adjuvant action: Grease is the word".
2701:
Kennedy, C.; Snell, M. E.; Witherow, R. E. (1984). "Use of Alum to Control Intractable Vesical Haemorrhage".
2646:
2402:
6417:
6086:
5968:
5799:
5010:
4738:
3988:
3952:
3768:
2482:
2458:
2389:
1638:
1506:
1089:
1066:
1028:
Marggraf also showed that perfect crystals with properties of alum can be obtained by dissolving alumina in
6761:
6531:
4455:
4063:
4016:
2339:
2298:
174:
6711:
6698:
6643:
6627:
6615:
5139:
4793:
4719:
4714:
4394:
4386:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4040:
4028:
3964:
3699:
3557:
2446:
2426:
2073:
A. Archontidou 2005, "Un atelier de preparation de l'alun a partir de l'alunite dans l'isle de Lesbos" in
1652:
1539:
Potassium alum, under the name "alum powder", is found in the spice section of many grocery stores in the
6515:
5600:
3870:
3269:
6693:
6659:
6353:
6262:
6159:
6126:
6102:
6074:
5929:
5907:
5884:
5755:
5745:
5723:
4956:
4931:
4822:
4709:
4606:
4091:
3976:
3825:
3784:
3752:
3632:
3612:
3570:
2982:
Food Additives & Contaminants â Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment
1718:
1509:
is more commonly used for that purpose). For example, potassium alum is frequently used in leavening of
974:
955:
58:
5790:
1440:. Alum's antiperspirant and antibacterial properties contribute to its traditional use as an underarm
6024:
1952:
1683:. Alum solution can be used to dissolve steel tool bits that have become lodged in machined castings.
6442:
6254:
6238:
6134:
6114:
6046:
5997:
5984:
5899:
5823:
5691:
5624:
5394:
4985:
4948:
4724:
4439:
3800:
3674:
3539:
3023:
2823:, Francis Verdan, "Cosmetic assembly defined by encased stick of alum", issued 1995-05-21
2492:(Comparison of the four main types of commercial alum; and observations on their nature and use). In
2011:
1460:
1399:
1078:
1006:
994:
272:
5811:
2150:"Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance", Lisa Jardine, 1996, Norton&Co, pages 114â116
1051:
At the time, potassium ("potash") was believed to be exclusively found on plants. However, in 1797,
733:
in the Western desert and reportedly used it as early as 1500 BCE to reduce the visible cloudiness (
6732:
6547:
6274:
6218:
6062:
6054:
6019:
6009:
5989:
5915:
5863:
5850:
5836:
5090:
5022:
4977:
4972:
4940:
4923:
4907:
4801:
4695:
4562:
4374:
4123:
4079:
3943:
3858:
3849:
3736:
3716:
3657:
3622:
3604:
3520:
1825:
1472:
1468:
1109:
694:
94:
6786:
6495:
6198:
6029:
5943:
5785:
5612:
5358:
5114:
5102:
5078:
4866:
4850:
4817:
4785:
4729:
4590:
4406:
4099:
4008:
3882:
3837:
3816:
3662:
3562:
3552:
3534:
3171:
3084:
3005:
2905:
2767:
2056:
1722:
1318:
655:
5498:
4182:
1317:
with sulfuric acid. If much iron should be present in the sulfate then it is preferable to use
3080:
Adulterations detected; or, Plain instructions for the discovery of frauds in food and medicine
6607:
6555:
6450:
6282:
6246:
6230:
6037:
6014:
5894:
5875:
5711:
5686:
5657:
5588:
5374:
5325:
5305:
5122:
5062:
5050:
4895:
4890:
4874:
4842:
4834:
4574:
4546:
4522:
4514:
4362:
3935:
3927:
3902:
3724:
3704:
3690:
3682:
3627:
3617:
3583:
3578:
3547:
3437:
3351:
3312:
3275:
3210:
3132:
3105:
2997:
2962:
2944:
2897:
2848:
2802:
2759:
2718:
2611:
2363:
2250:
2151:
1989:
1898:
1817:
1622:
1571:
1302:
1298:
1045:
970:
774:
755:
578:
2605:
2276:
6345:
6337:
6210:
5960:
5955:
5841:
5703:
5567:
4882:
3596:
3591:
3304:
2989:
2952:
2936:
2889:
2794:
2749:
2710:
2573:
2108:
2048:
1533:
1104:
with flattened corners and is very soluble in water. The solution is slightly acidic and is
846:
797:. This site was abandoned in the 7th century but dates back at least to the 2nd century CE.
751:
445:
420:
336:
242:
235:
104:
6840:
6688:
6599:
6503:
6487:
6361:
6329:
6321:
5889:
5858:
5740:
5735:
5648:
5038:
4748:
3919:
3911:
3648:
3389:
2674:
2489:
2465:
2425:. T. Cadell, Jr. & W. Davies, London. His finding of potassium in leucite appears on
2409:
2398:
2372:
2346:
2305:
2285:
2259:
2233:
2100:
2096:
1391:
1156:
1140:
1041:
951:
814:
682:
276:
178:
111:
3246:
3165:
3078:
845:â were often applied to other products with vaguely similar properties or uses, such as
156:
6591:
6475:
6377:
6313:
5920:
5750:
5681:
2957:
2924:
2714:
2263:
1918:
1603:
1556:
1425:
1364:
1014:
906:
890:
525:
45:
6809:
6389:
5669:
3472:
3467:
2754:
2737:
1679:
Alum solution has the property of dissolving steels while not affecting aluminium or
1656:
1649:
1540:
1498:
1421:
1403:
1029:
726:
709:
671:
409:
399:
167:
3066:. Vol. 22. Church Pastoral-aid Society, London. JanuaryâJune 1847. p. 355.
3009:
2771:
2224:
1444:. It has been used for this purpose in Europe, Mexico, Thailand (where it is called
5777:
2909:
2195:"Was alum the first example of the north-east's 'dirty' industries? | UK news"
1692:
1668:
1626:
1467:, and has been used since the 1920s. But it has been almost completely replaced by
935:
702:
3392:
AvE demonstrates use of alum to remove a broken stud from an aluminium engine head
2993:
2577:
215:
3059:
2842:
1409:
It is used in dentistry (especially in gingival retraction cords) because of its
6680:
2423:
Analytical Essays Towards Promoting the Chemical Knowledge of Mineral Substances
1837:
1774:
1696:
1680:
1579:
1575:
1395:
1376:
1221:
1074:
978:
931:
822:
763:
747:
698:
681:. It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an aftershave treatment and as a
3382:
2830:
1863:
1734:
1634:
1414:
1410:
1358:
1350:
1339:
1209:
1205:
1148:
1105:
1093:
1077:, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash. In the same journal volume,
1060:
433:
359:
2948:
1704:
1641:
surrounding very fine suspended particles, allowing them to join into flocs.
977:. One of the oldest historic sites for the production of alum from shale and
6748:
6305:
5938:
5580:
3485:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 766â767.
2541:
1667:
Aluminum hydroxide from potassium alum serves as a base for the majority of
1645:
1521:
1502:
1479:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1372:
1305:. The aluminium sulfate is usually obtained by treating minerals like alum
1213:
1152:
1101:
962:
885:
In the 13th and 14th centuries, alum (from alunite) was a major import from
778:
734:
730:
693:
Historically, potassium alum was used extensively in the wool industry from
612:
608:
36:
3441:
3001:
2966:
2901:
2820:
2806:
2798:
2763:
17:
2722:
2403:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066422746;view=1up;seq=213
6719:
2515:
1630:
1615:
1544:
1433:
1314:
1248:
1236:
1197:
1144:
1069:
then conjectured that potassium was likewise an ingredient in many other
902:
767:
675:
582:
510:
503:
496:
469:
194:
186:
6467:
6434:
5636:
5575:
2893:
2237:
1838:"Material Safety Data Sheet - Aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate"
1591:
1568:
1525:
1512:
1464:
1368:
1354:
1310:
1291:
1244:
1232:
1163:
1070:
1056:
1037:
1010:
943:
893:
in Byzantium) by Genoans and Venetians (and was a cause of war between
886:
790:
667:
659:
624:
604:
389:
202:
4664:
3489:
3308:
2060:
2036:
773:
According to Levey, potassium alum was used in "classical times" as a
6190:
5828:
1708:
1486:
1383:
1306:
1033:
914:
898:
794:
759:
663:
2940:
524:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
5536:
2052:
1655:; this makes the glaze more readily adherent and slows its rate of
6401:
6300:
3466:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1333:
1201:
1088:
1018:
966:
910:
894:
300:
InChI=1S/Al.K.2H2O4S/c;;2*1-5(2,3)4/h;;2*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+3;+1;;/p-4
147:
135:
125:
1096:
potassium alum crystal with unequal distribution of the face area
504:
5246:
1751:
1644:
The same principle is exploited when using alum to increase the
1599:
1547:
recipes, to preserve and add crispness to fruit and vegetables.
1387:
1225:
1044:
observed the need for potassium or ammonium sulfates to convert
1022:
947:
644:
379:
5540:
4668:
3493:
2351:
Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin
2310:
Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin
2090:
Alumen, and the Several Varieties of it; Thirty-eight Remedies.
1618:
and post-storm treatment of lakes to precipitate contaminants.
766:
potassium alum was used extensively, for example against itch,
3271:
Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater treatment
2925:"Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action of aluminium"
1595:
1448:), throughout Asia and in the Philippines (where it is called
939:
706:
1582:, alum doesn't bind to the hide and can be washed out of it.
1478:
Alum may be used in depilatory waxes used for the removal of
2923:
Marrack, Philippa; McKee, Amy S.; Munks, Michael W. (2009).
260:
1725:. It has now been replaced in that use by other chemicals.
1559:
to render cloth, wood, and paper materials less flammable.
913:
in the Papal States (1461). The textile dyeing industry in
2587:
2585:
2322:
2320:
2318:
3083:. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts. p.
2107:, book 35, chapter 52; on the Perseus Digital Library at
930:
Potassium alum was imported into England mainly from the
481:
414:
Decomposes at 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K)
404:
92 to 95 °C (198 to 203 °F; 365 to 368 K)
3301:
Symposium on Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
2841:
Baki, Gabriella; Alexander, Kenneth S. (27 April 2015).
3128:
Bookbinding & Conservation by Hand: A Working Guide
1517:, a traditional Chinese fried bread, throughout China.
542:
2379:, I. G. MĂŒller, Leipzig, 1788), volume 1, pp. 306â307.
1482:
or applied to freshly waxed skin as a soothing agent.
1297:
Potassium alum is now produced industrially by adding
1290:
Potassium alum historically was mainly extracted from
1055:
discovered the presence of potassium in the minerals
187:
3209:(2nd ed.). Chelsea, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press.
3024:"On the adulteration of bread as a cause of rickets"
2736:
Kanlayavattanakul, M.; Lourith, N. (1 August 2011).
1342:
in pharmacies in India (where it is widely known as
1108:
to the taste. Neutralizing a solution of alum with
6710:
6679:
6466:
6433:
6298:
6188:
5574:
5298:
5245:
4810:
4778:
4747:
4702:
4507:
4163:
4056:
3895:
3641:
3527:
2844:
Introduction to Cosmetic Formulation and Technology
2738:"Body malodours and their topical treatment agents"
2391:
BeitrÀge zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper
1717:Potassium alum was formerly used as a hardener for
1699:were dissolved in water, forming a liquid known as
1633:to the bottom of the liquid, or can be more easily
1162:In the past, potassium alum has been obtained from
1139:Potassium alum dodecahydrate occurs in nature as a
1048:into alum, while sodium or calcium would not work.
2787:Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association
1982:"Alum Block for Shaving â When and How to Use One"
1147:, typically as encrustations on rocks in areas of
770:, some eye condition, and unidentified ailments.
1800:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
909:, alunite (the source of alum) was discovered at
829:and other names applied to this substance â like
1382:Potassium alum is also used topically to remove
1349:Potassium alum is used in medicine mainly as an
214:
1976:
1974:
1946:
1944:
1536:c. 63) prevented this and other adulterations.
934:, and, from the late 15th century onwards, the
485:
110:
103:
1808:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK):
1629:", which then float to the top of the liquid,
1497:Potassium alum may be an acidic ingredient of
1112:will begin to cause the separation of alumina
938:for hundreds of years. Its use there was as a
598:
592:
586:
5552:
4680:
3505:
1510:
8:
2610:. New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks. p. 12.
1769:
1767:
1402:and is used in some countries as a cure for
973:, and made an important contribution to the
805:Potassium alum was described under the name
3383:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqZYgReuywM
2639:"Canker Sores â Treatment & Prevention"
1721:(films and papers), usually as part of the
793:is archaeologically attested on the island
585:names in Ayurvedic medicinal texts such as
6430:
5559:
5545:
5537:
5242:
4744:
4687:
4673:
4665:
3512:
3498:
3490:
2567:
2565:
2563:
1988:. Blake'n Blade Shave Shop. Archived from
1021:, and is one of the ingredients in common
366:474.37 g/mol (dodecahydrate)
275:
177:
28:
3098:Harampolis, Alethea; Rizzo, Jill (2013).
2956:
2753:
2742:International Journal of Cosmetic Science
2308:(Experiments made on the earth of alum),
2037:"Alum in Ancient Mesopotamian Technology"
1432:, acting by inhibiting the growth of the
1005:obtained when an alkali is poured into a
241:
234:
5234:
5230:
4311:
4307:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4201:
4197:
3203:Faust, Samuel D.; Aly, Osman M. (1999).
3198:
3196:
2591:
2441:, and has, on this account, been called
2326:
2299:"Expériences faites sur la terre d'alun"
2129:
2085:
2083:
1893:Bottomley, L.; Bottomley, L. A. (2010).
1040:to the concentrated solution. In 1767,
3187:The Art of Marbling on Paper and Fabric
2516:"Alum-(K) mineral data and information"
2496:, 1st series, volume 22, pages 280â296.
2472:, 1st series, volume 22, pages 258â279.
1763:
1574:, in order to remove moisture from the
1100:Potassium alum crystallizes in regular
318:
296:
271:
2847:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 324.
1707:), and used as an undercoat for paper
1602:. It is also used for this purpose in
1590:Alum has been used since antiquity as
969:, which contained the key ingredient,
789:The production of potassium alum from
603:; is chemically defined as the double
168:
2861:from the original on 16 February 2017
2168:"How alum shaped the Yorkshire coast"
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1505:phase at high temperatures (although
725:Potassium alum was also known to the
623:. It is commonly encountered as the
155:
7:
2433:, which, hitherto, has been thought
2193:Chance, Stephen (20 November 2013).
2174:from the original on 3 December 2017
1844:from the original on 25 October 2020
1344:Fitkiri (Bengali), Fitkari (Hindi)â
817:, and it is clearly the same as the
705:in the process of turning wool into
3364:from the original on 8 October 2021
3325:from the original on 8 October 2021
3223:from the original on 8 October 2021
3145:from the original on 8 October 2021
2297:Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1754),
1805:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
1424:are the active ingredients in some
1247:also occurs as the fibrous mineral
654:Potassium alum is commonly used in
205:
3409:from the original on 2 August 2017
3274:(2nd ed.). London: IWA Publ.
3040:from the original on 19 April 2021
2715:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1984.tb06143.x
2548:from the original on 24 April 2013
1959:from the original on 14 April 2013
1874:from the original on 15 April 2018
1781:from the original on 24 April 2013
1338:An ammonium alum block sold as an
701:, and well into 19th century as a
25:
2421:Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1801),
2388:Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1797),
2120:Dioscorides, book 5, chapter 123.
2111:. Last accessed 27 December 2011.
1895:Chemistry 1310: Laboratory Manual
1594:to form a permanent bond between
1463:used to increase the efficacy of
685:for minor bleeding from shaving.
3459:
2755:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00649.x
2522:from the original on 3 July 2013
2494:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2470:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
2205:from the original on 17 May 2017
1929:from the original on 26 May 2015
1864:"Crystal structure of the alums"
1598:and natural textile fibers like
1489:, to keep the hair standing up.
1159:and potassium-bearing minerals.
532:
44:
35:
3403:"What did you do today? (2014)"
3245:. Engr.wisc.edu. Archived from
1919:"alum | chemical compound"
1543:. Its chief culinary use is in
1530:Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875
1321:in place of potassium sulfate.
528:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5299:Organoaluminium(III) compounds
3064:The Church of England Magazine
1301:to a concentrated solution of
615:, with chemical formula KAl(SO
581:first mentioned under various
1:
3077:Hassall, Arthur Hill (1857).
2994:10.1080/19440049.2017.1306757
2578:10.1002/14356007.a01_527.pub2
2481:Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1797),
2365:"IX. De confectione Aluminis"
2275:Johann Heinrich Pott (1746),
1868:Crystallography Open Database
1733:Potassium alum may be a weak
1578:and prevent rotting. Unlike
1459:Potassium alum was the major
1231:In order to obtain alum from
989:Identification of the formula
647:, and is often called simply
3206:Chemistry of water treatment
1555:Potassium alum is used as a
1454:Food and Drug Administration
871:traditional Chinese medicine
2377:Opuscula physica et chemica
2249:George Ernst Stahl (1723),
2236:. Johann Ludwig Gleditsch,
2223:George Ernst Stahl (1703),
1511:
981:are the Peak alum works in
599:
593:
587:
575:potassium aluminium sulfate
6862:
2703:British Journal of Urology
1747:Ammonium aluminium sulfate
1567:Potassium alum is used in
1218:Santa Cruz County, Arizona
1013:, is quite different from
3344:Dackerman, Susan (2002).
3295:Rice, J. K. (June 1957).
2929:Nature Reviews Immunology
2362:Torbern Bergman (1767),
1951:Helmenstine, Anne Marie.
1675:Dissolving iron and steel
821:(ÏÏÏ
ÏÏηÏία) described by
522:
463:
364:258.192 g/mol (anhydrous)
329:
309:
287:
195:(acidity regulators, ...)
87:
67:
57:
52:
43:
34:
3388:19 November 2017 at the
3167:The Mechanic and Chemist
3125:Young, Laura S. (1995).
2670:"Singaw: Ano ang lunas?"
2284:22 December 2016 at the
2258:22 December 2016 at the
1475:in commercial vaccines.
1129:water of crystallization
426:14.00 g/100 mL (20,5°C)
3482:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2643:lagunaparkdentistry.com
2604:Handa, Parvesh (1982).
2542:"Kalinite Mineral Data"
2505:Bottomley (2010) p. 35.
2488:6 November 2018 at the
2464:6 November 2018 at the
2408:6 November 2018 at the
2397:6 November 2018 at the
2345:6 November 2018 at the
2304:6 November 2018 at the
2232:5 February 2018 at the
1777:. Mineralogy Database.
1775:"Alum-(K) Mineral Data"
1639:electrical double layer
729:, who obtained it from
703:mordant or dye fixative
428:36.80 g/100 mL (50 °C)
6836:Coordination complexes
3101:The Flower Recipe Book
2799:10.1002/jps.3030450720
2170:. National Trust, UK.
2077:. ed P. Borgard et al.
2075:L'alun de Mediterranée
2035:Levey, Martin (1958).
1719:photographic emulsions
1346:
1330:Medicine and cosmetics
1097:
1001:, who showed that the
492:
73:Potassium alum sulfate
3268:Bratby, John (2006).
3185:Berry, Galen (2017).
2821:US patent 5399364
2371:23 April 2021 at the
2226:Specimen Beccherianum
2095:22 April 2021 at the
1729:Toxicology and safety
1337:
1286:Industrial production
1092:
975:Industrial Revolution
825:. However, the name
764:Mesopotamian medicine
491:
439:Insoluble in acetone
321:S(=O)(=O).S(=O)(=O)..
246: (dodecahydrate)
115: (dodecahydrate)
3350:. Penn State Press.
3249:on 21 September 2015
2012:Henry VII of England
1501:to provide a second
1461:immunologic adjuvant
1400:hemorrhagic cystitis
1079:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
905:. After the fall of
849:or "green vitriol".
474:(fire diamond)
6826:Aluminium compounds
6821:Potassium compounds
4696:Aluminium compounds
3528:H, (pseudo)halogens
3521:Potassium compounds
3164:Berger, G. (1840).
3131:. Oak Knoll Press.
2132:, pp. 766â767.
2105:The Natural History
1826:Electronic version.
1610:Chemical flocculant
1473:aluminium phosphate
1469:aluminium hydroxide
1390:, and to cauterize
1110:potassium hydroxide
843:atramentum sutorium
695:Classical antiquity
421:Solubility in water
31:
6846:E-number additives
3405:. Model Engineer.
2894:10.1038/nm0411-415
2682:on 1 November 2021
2607:Herbal beauty care
2457:Vauquelin (1797),
2288:, volume 1, p. 32.
2063:– via JSTOR.
1992:on 15 January 2020
1621:Between 30 and 40
1347:
1319:potassium chloride
1135:Natural occurrence
1098:
656:water purification
555:Infobox references
493:
436:in other solvents
29:
6803:
6802:
6712:Organic compounds
6675:
6674:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
4774:
4773:
4662:
4661:
4164:transition metals
3318:978-0-8031-5629-6
3309:10.1520/STP39285S
3104:. Artisan Books.
2439:vegetable kingdom
2437:to belong to the
1904:978-0-7380-3819-3
1534:38 & 39 Vict.
1394:in the mouth and
1371:) and abrasions,
1303:aluminium sulfate
1299:potassium sulfate
1046:aluminium sulfate
971:aluminium sulfate
727:Ancient Egyptians
579:chemical compound
563:Chemical compound
561:
560:
256:CompTox Dashboard
137:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
6853:
6816:Sulfate minerals
6431:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6144:
6143:
5568:Sulfur compounds
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5554:
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2776:
2775:
2757:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2678:. Archived from
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2645:. Archived from
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2569:
2558:
2557:
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2531:
2529:
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2506:
2503:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2455:
2449:
2443:vegetable alkali
2419:
2413:
2386:
2380:
2360:
2354:
2338:Marggraf (1754)
2336:
2330:
2324:
2313:
2295:
2289:
2273:
2267:
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2241:
2221:
2215:
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2118:
2112:
2109:Tufts University
2087:
2078:
2071:
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2015:
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1834:
1828:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1516:
1436:responsible for
1281:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1212:; in Alum Cave,
1195:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1157:sulfide minerals
1123:
1122:
1121:
1009:of alum, namely
999:Andreas Marggraf
869:. It is used in
779:soldering copper
737:) in the water.
642:
602:
596:
590:
545:
539:
536:
535:
513:
506:
499:
484:
446:Refractive index
384:Watery metallic
337:Chemical formula
280:
279:
264:
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114:
107:
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21:
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6850:
6831:Water treatment
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2941:10.1038/nri2510
2922:
2921:
2917:
2882:Nature Medicine
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2675:Philippine Star
2668:Ong, Willie T.
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2490:Wayback Machine
2480:
2476:
2466:Wayback Machine
2456:
2452:
2420:
2416:
2410:Wayback Machine
2399:Wayback Machine
2387:
2383:
2373:Wayback Machine
2361:
2357:
2347:Wayback Machine
2337:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2306:Wayback Machine
2296:
2292:
2286:Wayback Machine
2274:
2270:
2260:Wayback Machine
2248:
2244:
2234:Wayback Machine
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2101:Pliny the Elder
2097:Wayback Machine
2088:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2034:
2033:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1986:BlakenBlade.com
1980:
1979:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1953:"What is Alum?"
1950:
1949:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1743:
1731:
1691:In traditional
1689:
1677:
1665:
1612:
1588:
1565:
1553:
1551:Flame retardant
1495:
1426:antiperspirants
1392:aphthous ulcers
1365:Styptic pencils
1332:
1327:
1288:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1141:sulfate mineral
1137:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1087:
1085:Characteristics
1067:Louis Vauquelin
1053:Martin Klaproth
1042:Torbern Bergman
991:
965:to process the
952:excommunication
928:
923:
901:) and later by
883:
855:
853:India and China
803:
787:
760:dyeing of cloth
743:
723:
718:
691:
640:
638:
634:
630:
622:
618:
600:ashtang hridaya
594:sushrut samhita
564:
557:
552:
551:
550: ?)
541:
537:
533:
529:
518:
517:
516:
515:
508:
501:
494:
490:
482:
456:
454:
427:
423:
374:White crystals
365:
353:
349:
345:
339:
325:
322:
317:
316:
305:
302:
301:
295:
294:
283:
273:DTXSID401018678
265:
258:
249:
221:
208:
162:
142:
129:
118:
97:
83:
82:
63:
30:Potassium alum
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6859:
6857:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6808:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6716:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6439:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6308:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6174:
6165:
6157:
6149:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4278:
4264:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3473:Chisholm, Hugh
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3420:
3394:
3375:
3357:978-0271022352
3356:
3336:
3317:
3303:(207): 41â51.
3287:
3280:
3260:
3234:
3215:
3192:
3177:
3156:
3137:
3117:
3110:
3090:
3069:
3051:
3015:
2988:(6): 972â979.
2972:
2935:(4): 287â293.
2915:
2888:(4): 415â416.
2872:
2853:
2833:
2812:
2793:(7): 498â500.
2777:
2748:(4): 298â311.
2728:
2709:(6): 673â675.
2693:
2660:
2649:on 9 June 2023
2630:
2616:
2596:
2594:, p. 767.
2581:
2559:
2533:
2507:
2498:
2474:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2414:
2381:
2355:
2331:
2329:, p. 766.
2314:
2290:
2268:
2242:
2216:
2185:
2159:
2156:978-0393318661
2143:
2134:
2122:
2113:
2079:
2066:
2053:10.1086/348667
2047:(2): 166â169.
2016:
2003:
1970:
1940:
1923:Britannica.com
1910:
1903:
1885:
1855:
1829:
1792:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1688:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1664:
1661:
1611:
1608:
1604:paper marbling
1587:
1584:
1564:
1561:
1557:fire retardant
1552:
1549:
1494:
1491:
1420:Potassium and
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1287:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1216:; Alum Gulch,
1190:
1181:
1172:
1136:
1133:
1118:
1086:
1083:
990:
987:
927:
924:
922:
919:
907:Constantinople
891:Gulf of Smyrna
882:
879:
873:with the name
859:sphaáčika káčŁÄra
854:
851:
802:
799:
786:
783:
742:
739:
722:
719:
717:
714:
710:bolts of cloth
690:
687:
636:
632:
628:
620:
616:
588:charak samhita
567:Potassium alum
562:
559:
558:
553:
531:
530:
526:standard state
523:
520:
519:
509:
502:
495:
480:
479:
478:
477:
475:
466:
465:
461:
460:
457:
452:
444:
441:
440:
437:
430:
429:
424:
419:
416:
415:
412:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
368:
367:
362:
356:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
335:
332:
331:
327:
326:
324:
323:
320:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
304:
303:
299:
298:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
268:
266:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
239:
231:
229:
223:
222:
220:
219:
211:
209:
201:
198:
197:
191:
183:
182:
172:
164:
163:
161:
160:
152:
150:
144:
143:
141:
140:
132:
130:
123:
120:
119:
117:
116:
108:
100:
98:
93:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
62:Potassium alum
61:
55:
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6858:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6796:
6785:
6783:
6776:
6774:
6760:
6758:
6747:
6745:
6731:
6729:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6642:
6640:
6626:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6578:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6554:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6530:
6528:
6514:
6512:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6400:
6398:
6388:
6386:
6376:
6374:
6360:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6158:
6156:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6101:
6099:
6085:
6083:
6073:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5954:
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5942:
5940:
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5935:
5928:
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5919:
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5914:
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5906:
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5881:
5874:
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5862:
5860:
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5808:
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5789:
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4777:
4769:
4753:
4751:(I) compounds
4750:
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4737:
4735:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
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4713:
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4219:
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4015:
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3999:
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3987:
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3942:
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3934:
3932:
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3910:
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3815:
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3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3468:public domain
3457:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
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3376:
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3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3281:9781843391067
3277:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3222:
3218:
3216:9781575040110
3212:
3208:
3207:
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3193:
3188:
3181:
3178:
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3169:
3168:
3160:
3157:
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3140:
3138:9781884718113
3134:
3130:
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3118:
3113:
3111:9781579655303
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:"Brown Bread"
3055:
3052:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
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2860:
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2854:9781118763780
2850:
2846:
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2822:
2816:
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2808:
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2796:
2792:
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2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2724:
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2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
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2677:
2676:
2671:
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2661:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2619:
2617:9788122200249
2613:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:Chisholm 1911
2588:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
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2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2454:
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2396:
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2370:
2367:
2366:
2359:
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2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:Chisholm 1911
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2272:
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2257:
2254:
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2239:
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2228:
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2217:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:Chisholm 1911
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1955:. About.com.
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:0-85404-438-8
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:to the skin.
1736:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1669:lake pigments
1663:Lake pigments
1662:
1660:
1658:
1657:sedimentation
1654:
1651:
1650:ceramic glaze
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
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1537:
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1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:baking powder
1492:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:ammonium alum
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1404:hyperhidrosis
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
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1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1283:
1250:
1246:
1245:undecahydrate
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:sulfuric acid
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
852:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:salsugoterrae
808:
800:
798:
796:
792:
784:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
758:, and in the
757:
753:
749:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
720:
715:
713:
711:
708:
704:
700:
697:, during the
696:
688:
686:
684:
680:
677:
673:
672:baking powder
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
626:
625:dodecahydrate
614:
610:
606:
601:
595:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
556:
549:
544:
527:
521:
514:
507:
500:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
462:
458:
451:
447:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
431:
425:
422:
418:
417:
413:
411:
410:Boiling point
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:Melting point
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
369:
363:
361:
358:
357:
341:
338:
334:
333:
328:
319:
315:
308:
297:
293:
286:
278:
274:
270:
269:
267:
257:
253:
252:
244:
240:
237:
233:
232:
230:
228:
225:
224:
217:
213:
212:
210:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
190:
185:
184:
180:
176:
173:
171:
169:ECHA InfoCard
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
151:
149:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
131:
127:
122:
121:
113:
109:
106:
102:
101:
99:
96:
92:
91:
86:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
60:
56:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
6681:Thiocyanates
6567:
5270:
3480:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3397:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3346:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3300:
3290:
3270:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:the original
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3205:
3189:. p. 6.
3186:
3180:
3166:
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3127:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3030:
3018:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2843:
2836:
2815:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2673:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:the original
2642:
2633:
2621:. Retrieved
2606:
2599:
2550:. Retrieved
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2493:
2477:
2469:
2453:
2430:
2427:pp. 353â354.
2422:
2417:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2364:
2358:
2353:, pp. 31â40.
2350:
2334:
2312:, pp. 41â66.
2309:
2293:
2277:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2225:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2199:The Guardian
2198:
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2162:
2146:
2137:
2125:
2116:
2104:
2074:
2069:
2044:
2040:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1985:
1961:. Retrieved
1931:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1894:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1832:
1803:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1732:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1693:Japanese art
1690:
1678:
1666:
1643:
1620:
1613:
1589:
1566:
1554:
1538:
1519:
1496:
1484:
1477:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1419:
1417:properties.
1408:
1396:canker sores
1381:
1363:
1348:
1343:
1296:
1289:
1242:
1230:
1161:
1138:
1126:
1099:
1065:
1050:
1027:
992:
960:
936:Papal States
929:
884:
874:
866:
862:
858:
856:
847:iron sulfate
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
818:
810:
806:
804:
788:
772:
752:glass-making
748:Mesopotamian
744:
724:
692:
678:
666:, fireproof
653:
648:
574:
570:
566:
565:
470:
449:
88:Identifiers
68:Other names
26:
4941:Al(OH)(OAc)
3453:Works cited
3436:(1): 65â6.
2435:exclusively
1697:animal glue
1695:, alum and
1681:base metals
1580:tannic acid
1524:, to cause
1507:sodium alum
1377:hemorrhoids
1075:double salt
1032:and adding
1003:precipitate
995:Johann Pott
979:human urine
932:Middle East
881:Middle Ages
839:chalcanthum
823:Dioscorides
741:Mesopotamia
699:Middle Ages
571:potash alum
394:1.725 g/cm
371:Appearance
330:Properties
175:100.112.464
157:CHEBI:86463
76:Potash alum
18:Potash Alum
6810:Categories
6306:oxyhalides
5581:disulfides
4057:B, C group
3896:pnictogens
3642:chalcogens
3368:2 November
3329:2 November
3253:18 January
3227:2 November
3170:. p.
3149:2 November
3044:5 February
2865:5 February
2544:. MinDat.
2518:. MinDat.
2178:5 February
1996:15 January
1933:18 January
1758:References
1653:suspension
1430:deodorants
1415:hemostatic
1411:astringent
1373:nosebleeds
1359:antiseptic
1351:astringent
1340:astringent
1224:island of
1222:Philippine
1210:Queensland
1206:Springsure
1204:; east of
1149:weathering
1106:astringent
1094:Octahedral
1061:lepidolite
956:Henry VIII
921:Modern era
867:saurashtri
731:evaporites
434:Solubility
360:Molar mass
243:1L24V9R23S
236:09OXB01F3O
124:3D model (
105:10043-67-1
95:CAS Number
59:IUPAC name
2949:1474-1733
2686:16 August
2653:16 August
2623:7 January
2572:Weinheim.
1646:viscosity
1616:effluents
1522:John Snow
1503:leavening
1480:body hair
1442:deodorant
1438:body odor
1214:Tennessee
1153:oxidation
1102:octahedra
983:Ravenscar
963:Yorkshire
819:stypteria
735:turbidity
716:Antiquity
662:tanning,
613:aluminium
609:potassium
112:7784-24-9
6468:Sulfates
6435:Sulfites
5576:Sulfides
3442:10431678
3413:25 March
3407:Archived
3386:Archived
3362:Archived
3323:Archived
3221:Archived
3143:Archived
3035:Archived
3031:ucla.edu
3010:24675971
3002:28332421
2967:19247370
2902:21475229
2859:Archived
2807:13345689
2772:11235250
2764:21401651
2552:19 April
2546:Archived
2526:19 April
2520:Archived
2486:Archived
2462:Archived
2406:Archived
2395:Archived
2369:Archived
2343:Archived
2302:Archived
2282:Archived
2256:Archived
2230:Archived
2209:25 March
2203:Archived
2172:Archived
2093:Archived
1963:19 April
1957:Archived
1927:Archived
1878:15 April
1872:Archived
1870:. 1934.
1842:Archived
1802:(2005).
1785:19 April
1779:Archived
1741:See also
1735:irritant
1635:filtered
1545:pickling
1493:Culinary
1465:vaccines
1446:sarn-som
1434:bacteria
1315:cryolite
1249:kalinite
1237:calcined
1235:, it is
1220:and the
1198:Vesuvius
1186:·2Al(OH)
1145:alum-(K)
1071:minerals
1007:solution
942:-fixer (
903:Florence
863:phitkari
768:jaundice
676:E number
668:textiles
627:, KAl(SO
583:Sanskrit
471:NFPA 704
464:Hazards
354:O
188:E number
79:Alum-(K)
6699:Co(SCN)
6580:NaAl(SO
6299:Sulfur
6191:halides
6189:Sulfur
5515:ClAl(CH
5283:NaAl(SO
4949:Al(OAc)
4811:Al(III)
4508:organic
3470::
2958:3147301
2910:6343632
2723:6534488
2447:p. 472.
2431:pot-ash
2412:p. 193.
2238:Leipzig
1848:26 July
1592:mordant
1572:tanning
1569:leather
1563:Tanning
1526:rickets
1513:youtiao
1384:pimples
1369:shaving
1355:styptic
1311:bauxite
1292:alunite
1233:alunite
1164:alunite
1143:called
1057:leucite
1038:ammonia
1011:alumina
944:mordant
926:England
887:Phocaea
875:mingfan
791:alunite
756:tanning
689:History
683:styptic
660:leather
605:sulfate
548:what is
546: (
459:1.4564
390:Density
203:PubChem
6841:Potash
6568:KAl(SO
6301:oxides
5359:(Al(CH
5271:KAl(SO
5259:)Al(SO
5140:Al(OH)
5011:Al(MnO
4932:Al(OH)
4924:Al(OH)
4859:NaAlCl
4843:Al(CN)
4779:Al(II)
4335:Fe(CN)
4323:Fe(CN)
4187:Pt(CN)
3464:
3440:
3354:
3315:
3278:
3213:
3135:
3108:
3008:
3000:
2965:
2955:
2947:
2908:
2900:
2851:
2827:
2805:
2770:
2762:
2721:
2614:
2154:
2061:226929
2059:
1901:
1820:
1709:sizing
1631:settle
1586:Dyeing
1528:. The
1487:pomade
1375:, and
1357:) and
1307:schist
1253:KAl(SO
1168:KAl(SO
1114:Al(OH)
1034:potash
946:) for
915:Bruges
899:Venice
841:, and
807:alumen
795:Lesbos
785:Greece
670:, and
664:dyeing
597:, and
543:verify
540:
342:KAl(SO
314:SMILES
53:Names
6660:Zr(SO
6616:Ti(SO
5778:CuFeS
5453:CH(CH
5449:Al(CH
5399:CH(CH
5395:Al(CH
5375:(Al(C
5247:Alums
5184:LiAlH
5160:NaAlH
5135:AlOHO
5115:AlAsO
4965:(OAc)
4896:Al(NO
4823:Al(BH
4703:Al(I)
3430:Cutis
3038:(PDF)
3027:(PDF)
3006:S2CID
2906:S2CID
2768:S2CID
2375:. In
2264:Halle
2057:JSTOR
1814:IUPAC
1723:fixer
1705:ja:ç€Źæ°Ž
1701:dousa
1687:Other
1648:of a
1627:flocs
1450:tawas
1202:Italy
1019:chalk
967:shale
911:Tolfa
895:Genoa
815:Pliny
777:when
721:Egypt
645:alums
577:is a
573:, or
292:InChI
216:24856
193:E522
148:ChEBI
126:JSmol
6778:CHCl
6694:KSCN
6689:HSCN
6608:SrSO
6600:SnSO
6592:RaSO
6548:HgSO
6496:CuSO
6488:CaSO
6443:CdSO
6338:SOCl
6330:SOBr
6304:and
5969:PSCl
5916:NaHS
5773:CSTe
5768:CSSe
5578:and
5499:Ti(C
5470:Al(C
5432:Al(C
5415:Al(C
5306:Al(C
5027:(MoO
4991:Al(C
4986:AlSb
4978:AlPO
4851:AlCl
4835:AlBr
4818:AlAs
4756:Al(C
4739:AlOH
4715:AlCl
4710:AlBr
4515:KHCO
4431:KCrO
4387:KMnO
4347:Fe(C
4272:ReBr
4258:KAsF
4225:ReCl
4213:PtCl
4175:PtCl
4092:KHCO
4033:HAsO
4009:KAsO
3745:KHSO
3737:KHSO
3717:KHSO
3633:KSCN
3628:KOCN
3623:KCNO
3584:KBrO
3571:KClO
3563:KClO
3558:KClO
3477:Alum
3438:PMID
3415:2017
3370:2020
3352:ISBN
3331:2020
3313:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3255:2016
3229:2020
3211:ISBN
3151:2020
3133:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3046:2018
2998:PMID
2963:PMID
2945:ISSN
2898:PMID
2867:2018
2849:ISBN
2803:PMID
2760:PMID
2719:PMID
2688:2023
2655:2023
2625:2016
2612:ISBN
2554:2013
2528:2013
2211:2017
2180:2018
2152:ISBN
2041:Isis
2010:See
1998:2020
1965:2013
1935:2016
1899:ISBN
1880:2018
1850:2020
1818:ISBN
1787:2013
1752:Alum
1600:wool
1576:hide
1471:and
1428:and
1413:and
1388:acne
1386:and
1353:(or
1325:Uses
1313:and
1271:·11H
1243:The
1226:Cebu
1151:and
1059:and
1023:clay
1017:and
1015:lime
997:and
948:wool
897:and
835:sory
831:misy
827:alum
801:Rome
775:flux
707:dyed
679:E522
649:alum
635:·12H
611:and
380:Odor
350:·12H
227:UNII
6648:(SO
6632:(SO
6536:(SO
6520:(SO
6354:SOF
6346:SOF
6239:SCl
6231:SCl
6211:SBr
6127:ZrS
6030:SeS
6020:TlS
6015:SrS
6010:SiS
5990:ReS
5985:PtS
5977:PSI
5961:PbS
5956:PbS
5939:NiS
5908:MoS
5900:MoS
5895:MgS
5890:LiS
5885:LaS
5859:HgS
5851:HfS
5837:GaS
5829:FeS
5824:EuS
5786:CuS
5751:CoS
5746:CeS
5741:CdS
5736:CaS
5687:BeS
5682:BaS
5345:AlO
5255:(NH
5233:AlF
5196:OCH
5188:(OC
5172:OCH
5164:(OC
5107:SiO
5067:(SO
4973:AlP
4936:OAc
4912:(CO
4891:AlN
4883:AlI
4875:AlH
4867:AlF
4802:AlO
4794:AlB
4786:AlB
4760:(CH
4725:AlI
4720:AlF
4563:KHC
4535:KCF
4523:KCH
4423:CrO
4411:CrO
4399:CrO
4379:MnO
4367:FeO
4310:ZrF
4291:ReI
4243:ReF
4200:TiF
4116:SiF
4104:SiO
4045:AsO
4021:AsO
4001:KPF
3981:HPO
3936:KNO
3928:KNO
3912:KNH
3875:TeO
3863:TeO
3842:SeO
3830:SeO
3700:KHS
3658:KOH
3618:KCN
3613:KAt
3605:KIO
3597:KIO
3579:KBr
3553:KCl
3540:KHF
3479:".
3305:doi
2990:doi
2953:PMC
2937:doi
2890:doi
2795:doi
2750:doi
2711:doi
2574:doi
2049:doi
1824:.
1810:RSC
1623:ppm
1596:dye
1282:).
1155:of
1036:or
954:of
940:dye
865:or
861:,
813:by
809:or
674:as
607:of
261:EPA
206:CID
6812::
6795:SN
6768:66
6764:32
6644:Yb
6628:Tm
6560:SO
6532:Eu
6516:Er
6508:SO
6504:Cs
6480:SO
6476:Ag
6455:SO
6422:SO
6394:SO
6382:SO
6322:SO
6314:SO
6275:SF
6269:10
6255:SF
6247:SF
6223:Cl
6203:Br
6161:Gd
6136:La
6103:Sm
6087:Sb
6075:Sb
6063:Sb
6055:WS
6047:WS
6025:VS
5998:Re
5934:HS
5930:NH
5921:Na
5864:In
5812:Er
5800:Dy
5756:Cr
5704:CS
5692:Bi
5658:Au
5649:Au
5637:As
5625:As
5613:As
5601:As
5589:Al
5511:CH
5494:Cl
5482:Cl
5444:CN
5427:Cl
5341:69
5332:36
5212:Al
5150:17
5144:CO
5123:Al
5103:Al
5095:Te
5091:Al
5083:Se
5079:Al
5063:Al
5051:Al
5039:Al
5023:Al
4961:SO
4957:Al
4908:Al
4796:12
4730:Al
4651:KO
4635:KO
4597:35
4593:18
4591:KC
4581:23
4577:12
4575:KC
4539:CO
4527:CO
4496:Cl
4492:Mo
4482:13
4476:Cr
4466:10
4460:Cr
4444:Cr
4435:Cl
4144:Al
4128:Al
4084:CO
4041:KH
3993:PO
3989:KH
3969:PO
3957:PO
3953:KH
3920:KN
3887:Po
3854:Te
3821:Se
3729:SO
3709:SO
3683:KO
3675:KO
3592:KI
3548:KH
3535:KF
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1943:^
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