192:
33:
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of cardiomyocytes by Guixue Bu et al. More recently, a series of fluorinated ANEP dyes was introduced that offer enhanced sensitivity and photostability; they are also available over a wide choice of excitation and emission wavelengths. A recent computational study confirmed that the ANEP dyes are
283:
and preferably localized in membranes with their hydrophobic tails. They are used in applications involving fluorescence or absorption; they are fast acting and are able to provide linear measurements of changes in membrane potential. Voltage sensitive dyes are supplied by many companies who offer
308:
Measurement of population signals from many areas may be taken simultaneously, and hundreds of neurons may be recorded from. Such multisite recordings may provide precise information on action potential initiation and propagation (including direction and velocity), and on the entire branching
295:
A variety of specialized equipment may be used in conjunction with the dyes, and choices in equipment will vary according to the particularities of a preparation. Essentially, equipment will include specialized microscopes and imaging devices, and may include technical lamps or lasers.
345:
Voltage-sensitive dyes may respond very differently from one preparation to another; typically tens of dyes must be tested in order to obtain an optimal signal., imaging parameters, such as excitation wavelength, emission wavelength, exposure time, should also be
846:
Fiala, Tomas; Wang, Jihang; Dunn, Matthew; Šebej, Peter; Choi, Se Joon; Nwadibia, Ekeoma C.; Fialova, Eva; Martinez, Diana M.; Cheetham, Claire E.; Fogle, Keri J.; Palladino, Michael J.; Freyberg, Zachary; Sulzer, David; Sames, Dalibor (2020-05-20).
378:
Cells may be permanently affected by treatments. Lasting pharmacological effects are possible, and the photodynamics of the dyes can be damaging. Recently developed fuorinated voltages sensitive dyes have been shown to mitigate these
1477:
Cinelli AR, Hamilton KA, Kauer JS (May 1995). "Salamander olfactory bulb neuronal activity observed by video rate, voltage-sensitive dye imaging. III. Spatial and temporal properties of responses evoked by odorant stimulation".
1513:
Cinelli AR, Kauer JS (May 1995). "Salamander olfactory bulb neuronal activity observed by video rate, voltage-sensitive dye imaging. II. Spatial and temporal properties of responses evoked by electric stimulation".
253:
Commonly used voltage sensitive dyes are substituted aminonaphthylethenylpyridinium (ANEP) dyes, such as di-4-ANEPPS, di-8-ANEPPS, and RH237. Depending on their chemical modifications which change their
1377:"Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex measured in vivo by voltage-sensitive dye imaging combined with whole-cell voltage recordings and neuron reconstructions"
179:. This technology is especially powerful for the study of patterns of activity in complex multicellular preparations. It also makes possible the measurement of spatial and temporal variations in
233:
Slow-response probes: These exhibit potential-dependent changes in their transmembrane distribution which are accompanied by a fluorescence change. Typical slow-response probes include cationic
337:
may perfused internally into single cell through a patch pipet. This technique has permitted the study of electrical signals in individual dendrites and dendritic spines within brain slices.
419:
mapping of electrical activity in whole hearts from various animal species, subcellular imaging from single cardiomyocytes, and even mapping both sinus rhythms and arrhytmias in open heart
1549:
Cinelli AR, Neff SR, Kauer JS (May 1995). "Salamander olfactory bulb neuronal activity observed by video rate, voltage-sensitive dye imaging. I. Characterization of the recording system".
199:
Fast-response probes: These are amphiphilic membrane staining dyes which usually have a pair of hydrocarbon chains acting as membrane anchors and a hydrophilic group which aligns the
371:
Noise is a problem in all preparations with voltage-sensitive dyes and in certain preparations the signal may be significantly obscured. Signal to noise ratios can be improved with
368:
On the other hand, if the dyes are too water-soluble, staining may not persist. This can be addressed by utilizing dyes containing longer alkyl chains to increase lipophilicity.
315:
In certain preparations the pharmacological effects of the dyes may be completely reversed by removing the staining pipette and allowing the neuron 1–2 hours for recovery.
353:
or move through intracellular spaces to the region of membrane desired for study. Staining is a serious issue in applications of these dyes. Water-soluble dyes, such as
203:
perpendicular to the membrane/aqueous interface. The chromophore is believed to undergo a large electronic charge shift as a result of excitation from the ground to the
271:
affected only by the electrostatic environment and not by specific molecular interactions. Other structural scaffolds, such as xanthenes, are also successfully used.
292:
specializes only in voltage sensitive dyes; they have an exclusive license to distribute the large set of fluorinated VSDs, marketed under the
ElectroFluor brand.
1584:
Arieli A, Sterkin A, Grinvald A, Aertsen A (September 1996). "Dynamics of ongoing activity: explanation of the large variability in evoked cortical responses".
1635:
Grinvald A, Anglister L, Freeman JA, Hildesheim R, Manker A (1984). "Real-time optical imaging of naturally evoked electrical activity in intact frog brain".
207:
and this underlies the putative electrochromic mechanism for the sensitivity of these dyes to membrane potential. This molecule (dye) intercalates among the
923:
Baker BJ, Kosmidis EK, Vucinic D, Falk CX, Cohen LB, Djurisic M, Zecevic D (March 2005). "Imaging brain activity with voltage- and calcium-sensitive dyes".
1721:
Seidemann E, Arieli A, Grinvald A, Slovin H (February 2002). "Dynamics of depolarization and hyperpolarization in the frontal cortex and saccade goal".
318:
Dyes may be used to analyze signal integration in terminal dendritic branches. Voltage-sensitive dyes offer the only alternative to genetically encoded
1686:
Slovin H, Arieli A, Hildesheim R, Grinvald A (December 2002). "Long-term voltage-sensitive dye imaging reveals cortical dynamics in behaving monkeys".
312:
Measurements of spike activity in a ganglion that is producing behaviour can be taken and may provide information about how the behaviour is producing.
375:
or temporal filtering algorithms. Many such algorithms exist; one signal processing algorithm can be found in recent work with the ANNINE-6plus dye.
811:
Robinson D, Besley NA, O'Shea P, Hirst JD (April 2011). "Di-8-ANEPPS emission spectra in phospholipid/cholesterol membranes: a theoretical study".
230:
New voltage dyes can sense voltage with high speed and sensitivity using photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) through a conjugated molecular wire.
1989:
388:
Voltage-sensitive dyes have been used to measure neural activity in several areas of the nervous system in a variety of organisms, including the
50:
518:
654:
Fluhler E, Burnham VG, Loew LM (October 1985). "Spectra, membrane binding, and potentiometric responses of new charge shift probes".
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116:
97:
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The core material for imaging brain activity with voltage-sensitive dyes are the dyes themselves. These voltage-sensitive dyes are
69:
1994:
1833:"Simultaneous measurement and modulation of multiple physiological parameters in the isolated heart using optical techniques"
258:
they are used for different experimental procedures. They were first described in 1985 by the research group of Leslie Loew.
167:
Potentiometric dyes are used to monitor the electrical activity inside cell organelles where it is not possible to insert an
76:
54:
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pig, where motion artifacts could be eliminated by dual wavelength ratio imaging of the voltage sensitive dye fluorescence.
83:
1283:
Lee P, Quintanilla JG, Alfonso-Almazán JM, Galán-Arriola C, Yan P, Sánchez-González J, et al. (September 2019).
2004:
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65:
43:
1428:"Functionally independent columns of rat somatosensory barrel cortex revealed with voltage-sensitive dye imaging"
319:
141:
966:
Zecević D (May 1996). "Multiple spike-initiation zones in single neurons revealed by voltage-sensitive dyes".
1784:"Near-infrared voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes optimized for optical mapping in blood-perfused myocardium"
195:
Pioneers of voltage-sensitive dyes: A. Grinvald, L.B. Cohen, K. Kamino, B.M. Salzberg, W.N. Ross; Tokyo, 2000
1738:
1019:"Dynamics of action potential backpropagation in basal dendrites of prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons"
1882:"Defects in T-tubular electrical activity underlie local alterations of calcium release in heart failure"
2009:
1999:
1332:
Grinvald A, Hildesheim R (November 2004). "VSDI: a new era in functional imaging of cortical dynamics".
215:. This orientation assures that the excitation induced charge redistribution will occur parallel to the
593:"Locally Excited State-Charge Transfer State Coupled Dyes as Optically Responsive Neuron Firing Probes"
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1285:"In vivo ratiometric optical mapping enables high-resolution cardiac electrophysiology in pig models"
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694:"Uniform action potential repolarization within the sarcolemma of in situ ventricular cardiomyocytes"
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Weaknesses of imaging brain activity with voltage-sensitive dyes include the following problems:
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Strengths of imaging brain activity with voltage-sensitive dyes include the following abilities:
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Matiukas A, Mitrea BG, Qin M, Pertsov AM, Shvedko AG, Warren MD, et al. (November 2007).
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1068:"Membrane potential changes in dendritic spines during action potentials and synaptic input"
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849:"Chemical Targeting of Voltage Sensitive Dyes to Specific Cells and Molecules in the Brain"
542:
Woodford CR, Frady EP, Smith RS, Morey B, Canzi G, Palida SF, et al. (February 2015).
224:
176:
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Yan P, Acker CD, Zhou WL, Lee P, Bollensdorff C, Negrean A, et al. (December 2012).
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266:) and high sensitivity. It has been applied to measure the action potentials of a single
160:
which can be detected with voltage sensitive dyes. Measurements may indicate the site of
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Crocini C, Coppini R, Ferrantini C, Yan P, Loew LM, Tesi C, et al. (October 2014).
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within the membrane. A change in the voltage across the membrane will therefore cause a
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resulting from a direct interaction between the field and the ground and excited state
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origin, and measurements of action potential velocity and direction may be obtained.
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changes. They are able to provide linear measurements of firing activity of single
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Many applications in cardiac electrophysiology have been published, including
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1176:"EPSPs Measured in Proximal Dendritic Spines of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons"
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832:
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Cohen LB, Salzberg BM (1978). "Optical measurement of membrane potential".
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1225:"Electrical behaviour of dendritic spines as revealed by voltage imaging"
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Sirbu D, Butcher JB, Waddell PG, Andras P, Benniston AC (October 2017).
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Lee P, Yan P, Ewart P, Kohl P, Loew LM, Bollensdorff C (October 2012).
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1946:"Potentiometric dyes: imaging electrical activity of cell membranes"
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1117:"Single-voxel recording of voltage transients in dendritic spines"
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156:. Many physiological processes are accompanied by changes in cell
544:"Improved PeT molecules for optically sensing voltage in neurons"
137:
1017:
Zhou WL, Yan P, Wuskell JP, Loew LM, Antic SD (February 2008).
26:
1223:
Popovic MA, Carnevale N, Rozsa B, Zecevic D (October 2015).
754:"Palette of fluorinated voltage-sensitive hemicyanine dyes"
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Voltage-sensitive dyes often fail to penetrate through
1375:
Petersen CC, Grinvald A, Sakmann B (February 2003).
499:
Reviews of
Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
692:Bu G, Adams H, Berbari EJ, Rubart M (March 2009).
262:is a voltage sensitive dye with fast response (ns
442:"Tools to measure membrane potential of neurons"
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117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1426:Petersen CC, Sakmann B (November 2001).
853:Journal of the American Chemical Society
548:Journal of the American Chemical Society
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1115:Acker CD, Yan P, Loew LM (July 2011).
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1023:The European Journal of Neuroscience
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55:adding citations to reliable sources
925:Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
813:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
183:along the surface of single cells.
1445:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-21-08435.2001
1394:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01298.2003
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1066:Palmer LM, Stuart GJ (May 2009).
396:of the rat somatosensory cortex,
326:derived proteins) for doing this.
1035:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06075.x
31:
634:"Potential-Sensitive ANEP Dyes"
42:needs additional citations for
1990:Biochemistry detection methods
1084:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5847-08.2009
1:
1606:10.1126/science.273.5283.1868
600:Chemistry: A European Journal
365:, do not suffer this problem.
288:for biological applications.
1334:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1800:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.07.012
1432:The Journal of Neuroscience
1381:The Journal of Neuroscience
1192:10.1523/ENEURO.0050-15.2016
1072:The Journal of Neuroscience
440:Khadria A (November 2012).
329:More soluble dyes such as
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1950:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1688:Journal of Neurophysiology
1551:Journal of Neurophysiology
1516:Journal of Neurophysiology
1480:Journal of Neurophysiology
1186:(2): ENEURO.0050–15.2016.
718:10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3896
320:voltage sensitive proteins
290:Potentiometric Probes, LLC
144:properties in response to
1849:10.1007/s00424-012-1135-6
1563:10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.2017
1528:10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.2033
1492:10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.2053
1142:10.1016/j.bpj.2011.06.021
937:10.1007/s10571-005-3059-6
1944:Loew LM (January 1996).
458:10.1016/j.bj.2022.05.007
300:Strengths and weaknesses
1963:10.1351/pac199668071405
1907:10.1073/pnas.1411557111
1753:10.1126/science.1066641
1289:Cardiovascular Research
779:10.1073/pnas.1214850109
511:10.1007/3-540-08907-1_2
66:"Voltage-sensitive dye"
612:10.1002/chem.201703366
309:structure of a neuron.
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130:Voltage-sensitive dyes
1995:Cell culture reagents
1700:10.1152/jn.00194.2002
1229:Nature Communications
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865:10.1021/jacs.0c00861
213:biological membranes
51:improve this article
1898:2014PNAS..11115196C
1892:(42): 15196–15201.
1735:2002Sci...295..862S
1649:1984Natur.308..848G
1598:1996Sci...273.1868A
1592:(5283): 1868–1871.
1241:2015NatCo...6.8436P
1133:2011BpJ...101L..11A
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764:(50): 20443–20448.
710:2009BpJ....96.2532B
698:Biophysical Journal
668:10.1021/bi00342a010
606:(58): 14639–14649.
400:of the salamander,
256:physical properties
140:which change their
134:potentiometric dyes
18:Potentiometric dyes
1301:10.1093/cvr/cvz039
1249:10.1038/ncomms9436
446:Biomedical Journal
286:fluorescent probes
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181:membrane potential
158:membrane potential
2005:Electrophysiology
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819:(14): 4160–4167.
662:(21): 5749–5755.
560:10.1021/ja510602z
520:978-3-540-08907-0
373:spatial filtering
359:ElectroFluor-530s
351:connective tissue
331:ElectroFluor-530s
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