Poverty reduction - Knowledge (XXG)

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to a foundation's underlying political aspects to their development plan, where the politics outweigh the science of disease. The diseases then treated are ranked by their prevalence, morbidity, risk of mortality, and the feasibility of control. Through this ranking system, the disease that cause the most mortality and are most easily treated are given the funding. The argument occurs because once these people are treated, they are sent back to the conditions that led to the disease in the first place. By doing this, money and resources from aid can be wasted when people are re-infected. This was seen in the Rockefeller Foundation's Hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s, where people were treated for hookworm and then contracted the disease again once back in the conditions from which they came. To prevent this, money could be spent on teaching citizens of the developing countries health education, basic sanitation, and providing adequate access to prevention methods and medical infrastructure. Not only would NGO money be better spent, but it would be more sustainable. These arguments suggest that the NGO development aid should be used for prevention and determining root causes rather acting upon political endeavours and treating for the sake of saying they helped.

664:, Sri Lanka, aims to improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and the environment. One project its scientists worked on demonstrates the impact that improving water management in agriculture can have. The study, funded by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, initially upgraded and irrigated the irrigation system on the Walawe Left Bank, Sri Lanka, in 1997. In 2005, irrigation was extended to a further area. An analysis of the whole area was carried out in 2007 and 2008. This study found that access to irrigation provided families with opportunities to diversify their livelihood activities and potentially increase their incomes. For example, people with land could reliably grow rice or vegetables instead of working as labourers or relying on rainfall to water their crops. Those without land could benefit by working within new inland fisheries. Within the project's control area, 57% of households were below the poverty line in 2002 compared with 43% in 2007. 897: 942: 1288:, as well as elite responsibility, have helped create strong states with the means and efficiency to carry out development policies today. On the other hand, strong states are not always the form of political organization most conducive to economic development. Other historical factors, especially the experiences of colonialism for each country, have intervened to make a strong state and/or good governance less likely for some countries, especially in Africa. Another important factor that has been found to affect the quality of institutions and governance was the pattern of colonization (how it took place) and even the identity of colonizing power. International agencies may be able to promote good governance through various policies of intervention in developing nations as indicated in a few African countries, but comparative analysis suggests it may be much more difficult to achieve in most poor nations around the world. 770: 808:

cheaper alternatives. Sometimes foreign aid is seen to be serving the interests of the donor more than the recipient, and critics also argue that some of the foreign aid is stolen by corrupt governments and officials, and that higher aid levels erode the quality of governance. Policy becomes much more oriented toward what will get more aid money than it does towards meeting the needs of the people. Problems with the aid system and not aid itself are that the aid is excessively directed towards the salaries of consultants from donor countries, the aid is not spread properly, neglecting vital, less publicized area such as agriculture, and the aid is not properly coordinated among donors, leading to a plethora of disconnected projects rather than unified strategies.

889: 850:. Given that many less developed nations have gotten themselves into extensive debt to banks and governments from the rich nations, and given that the interest payments on these debts are often more than a country can generate per year in profits from exports, cancelling part or all of these debts may allow poor nations "to get out of the hole". If poor countries do not have to spend so much on debt payments, they can use the money instead for priorities which help reduce poverty such as basic health-care and education. Many nations began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from the rounds of debt relief in 2005. 226: 1789: 1740:, families with the most astounding dispensable salaries number 2.6 people, while families with the least discretionary cash flow number 4.7 people. With rising costs of simple commodities and privatization of the training market, economically distraught families will end up in an undeniably hard position to educate their own children. However, this type of social welfare will significantly lower the Taiwan's revenue. Due to the slow economic development in the past years, this method will no longer close the income inequality or reduce the unemployment rate effectively in the future. 396: 1622: 730:. In Mexico, for example, the country with the largest such program, dropout rates of 16- to 19-year-olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children are prevented from begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program. 602:, poverty rates have risen higher between 75 million and 95 million individuals suffering from extreme poverty between pre-pandemic to 2022. This higher increase in poverty rates can be reflected by the rise in unemployment and work productivity caused by the pandemic. It is said that the global labor productivity between 200-2007 to 2011–2019 with a difference of 0.9 per cent productivity decrease has a similar rate which is seen between the years 2019 to 2021 and slowly declining since 2010. The 404: 1613:

those 10 years had prevailed over the next 15 years, it would be possible to decrease the rate of extreme poverty in the world to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming the growth will benefit all income groups of the population on an equal footing. However, if the growth rate was over a longer period of 20 years, the rate of prevalent global poverty is likely to be about 6 per cent. In other words, the eradication of extreme poverty will require a significant change from its historical growth rates.

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of welfare, such results suggest that past poverty reduction procedures have not been precise. Unless suitable reduction procedures are formulated and implemented in the near future, rustic poverty will probably be a real issue for quite some long time. Families are determined to be low-pay if their monthly income does not surpass the evaluated monthly minimum set by every city or region. To meet the family's essential needs (shelter, food, clothing, and education) in

1597: 1777:, Paul Polak and Mal Warwick directly addressed the criticism leveled against Prahalad's concept. They noted that big business often failed to create products that actually met the needs and desires of the customers who lived at the bottom-of-the-pyramid. Their answer was that a business that wanted to succeed in that market had to spend time talking to and understanding those customers. Polak had previously promoted this approach in his previous book, 47: 33: 1736:

school-age children and well-being programs for women and children. In addition, there are additionally community associations, scholastic organizations, and private establishments arranged by government offices to help needy people. In principle, Taiwan is currently a liberal and elections based society. Hence social versatility ought to be the standard. Notably, as per an investigation of extra cash in Taiwan by the

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from 2006 to 2008 in Andhra Pradesh, India, by its subsidiary Solae, a global manufacturer of soy protein ... Because the high costs of doing business among the very poor demand a high contribution per transaction, companies must embrace the reality that high margins and price points aren't just a top-of-the-pyramid phenomenon; they're also a necessity for ensuring sustainable businesses at the bottom of the pyramid.

1030:, the concept of placing gender issues into the mainstream of society, was established by the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women as a global strategy for promoting gender equality; the UN conference emphasized the necessity to ensure that gender equality is a primary goal in all areas of social and economic development, which includes the discussion of poverty and its reduction. Correspondingly, the 2818:, p. 101; "Critics of neoliberalism have therefore looked at the evidence that documents the results of this great experiment of the past 30 years, in which many markets have been set free. Looking at the evidence, we can see that the total amount of global trade has increased significantly, but that global poverty has increased, with more today living in abject poverty than before neoliberalism." 534: 1114: 1432: 5652: 637:(ICRISAT). The researchers estimated that using the varieties would bring about a total benefit of US$ 111 million for 30 years with consumers receiving 39% of the benefit and producers 61%. They expected the generated benefit would lift more than 0.7 million people (both producers and consumers) out of poverty. The authors concluded that further investments in the 1444:

regard. For example, road investments in India were a staggering 3–10 times more effective than almost all other investments and subsidies in rural economy in the decade of the 1990s. What a road does at a macro level to increase transport, the bicycle supports at the micro level. The bicycle, in that sense, can be one of the best means to eradicate poverty in poor nations.

1770:"believe that in pursuing its own self-interest in opening and expanding the BoP market, business can make a profit while serving the poorest of consumers and contributing to development." According to Rangan "For business, the bulk of emerging markets worldwide is at the bottom of the pyramid so it makes good business sense – not a sense of do-gooding – to go after it." 1785:(iDE), which he had formed in 1982. Polak and Warwick provided practical advice: a product needed to affect at least a billion people (i.e., have universal appeal), it had to be able to be delivered to customers living where there was not a FedEx office or even a road, and it had to be "radically affordable" to attract someone who earned less than $ 2 a day. 873:, and to lower-income countries that went through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. The process by the IMF to carry out the initiative could be broken down into two steps, the first would be meeting four criteria including a track record and the second encompasses three criteria which include implementing and adopting key reforms, such as the 581:, for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth has continued. Furthermore, productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the US, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s. The ODI study showed that other sectors were just as important in reducing unemployment, as 620: 1732:

the base monthly costs are fit to get a monthly sponsorship of $ 174. Private transfers also play an important role in Taiwan for antipoverty according to the date Taiwan provided to the Luxembourg Income Studies, the results indicates the private transfer has greater impact than public transfers in terms of proving welfare state.

383:, among others, has called for an international movement to end extreme wealth concentration arguing that the concentration of resources in the hands of the top 1% depresses economic activity and makes life harder for everyone else—particularly those at the bottom of the economic ladder. And they say that the gains of the world's 259:

2,696 in fees, wait 82 business days, and go through 20 procedures to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises where most jobs are created. In India before economic reforms, businesses had to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which was in effect a tax on business.

999:, health and other social and economic indicators impose large costs on well-being and health of the poor, which diminishes productivity and the potential to reduce poverty. The limited opportunities of women in most societies restrict their aptitude to improve economic conditions and access services to enhance their well-being. 1727:

appreciates the advantages of Taiwan's economic flourishing and extraordinarily enhanced personal satisfaction. Beside lowly-paid families, the government offers support to other individuals, for example, the elderly and the incapacitated, who cannot work. During 1980 to 1999 Taiwanese government developed a program called

885:, and the World Bank have predicted at least a billion people would be in extreme poverty, from the war aftermath in Ukraine. Some suggestions that were made were based on countries having the stability to stable access limits, addressing debt risks early, and aligning financial goals with sustainable development goals. 1056:, or ensuring that women and men have equal opportunities to generate and manage income, is an important step to enhancing their development within the household and in society. Additionally, women play an important economic role in addressing poverty experienced by children. By increasing female participation in the 570:, increasing labour productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a reduction in employment growth of 0.07%, by the first decade of this century the same productivity increase implies reduced employment growth by 0.54%. 1829:

Marc Gunther states that "The bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) market leader, arguably, is Unilever ... Its signature BOP product is Pureit, a countertop water-purification system sold in India, Africa and Latin America. It's saving lives, but it's not making money for shareholders." This leaves the ideal

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Despite achieving healthy penetration rates of 5% to 10% in four test markets, for instance, Procter & Gamble couldn't generate a competitive return on its Pur water-purification powder after launching the product on a large scale in 2001... DuPont ran into similar problems with a venture piloted

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deployed in the previous two decades, poverty levels in several countries of the world has not been reduced. Recent research has demonstrated that the low wage levels of the needy families have risen gradually, although in some scenarios they have declined. While wage level is the main median pointer

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Poverty reduction requires governments to identify and reach out to extremely poor and help them out of poverty through sustainable measures. One such approach supported by many international donors is of targeted poverty reduction programmes. There are several poverty targeting methods through which

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The increase in extreme weather events, linked to climate change, and resulting disasters is expected to continue. Disasters are a major cause of impoverishment and can reverse progress towards poverty reduction. A report by the World Bank shows that poor persons are most prone to climate disasters.

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Some have argued for radical economic change in the system. There are several fundamental proposals for restructuring existing economic relations, and many of their supporters argue that their ideas would reduce or even eliminate poverty entirely if they were implemented. Such proposals have been put

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Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three-quarters of the poor today are farmers. Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as

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New enterprises and foreign investment can be driven away by the results of inefficient institutions, corruption, the weak rule of law and excessive bureaucratic burdens. It takes two days, two bureaucratic procedures, and $ 280 to open a business in Canada while an entrepreneur in Bolivia must pay $

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program. NHI mainly provides economically disadvantaged people with quality healthcare at an affordable price. July 1993, the government of Taiwan started giving a monthly sponsorship to elderly people. People beyond 65 years old whose normal family salary is not exactly, or equivalent to, 1.5 times

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Experiments done in Africa (Uganda and Tanzania) and Sri Lanka on hundreds of households have shown that a bicycle can increase the income of a poor family by as much as 35%. Transport, if analyzed for the cost-benefit analysis for rural poverty alleviation, has given one of the best returns in this

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Several platforms have been adopted and reiterated across many organizations in support of the empowerment of women with the specific aim of reducing poverty. Encouraging more economic and political participation by women increases financial independence from and social investment in the government,

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and NGOs have argued that Western monetary aid often only serves to increase poverty and social inequality, either because it is conditioned with the implementation of harmful economic policies in the recipient countries, or because it is tied to the importing of products from the donor country over

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such as in China, where laws compel foreign multinationals to train their future Chinese competitors in strategic industries and render themselves redundant in the long term. In Thailand, the 51 per cent rule compels multinational corporations starting operations in Thailand give 51 per cent control

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Others have noted that relying on BoP consumers to choose to purchase items that increase their incomes is naive. Poor consumers may spend their income disproportionately on events or goods and services that offer short-term benefits rather than invest in things that could change their lives in the

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began to focus on working directly with helping bottom-of-the-pyramid populations become local, small-scale entrepreneurs. Since so much of this population is engaged in agriculture, these NGOs have addressed market gaps that enable small-scale (i.e., plots less than 2 hectares) farmers to increase

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Some people disagree with aid when looking at where the development aid money from NGOs and other funding is going. Funding tends to be used in a selective manner where the highest ranked health problem is the only thing treated, rather than funding basic health care development. This can occur due

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Another initiative focused on improving the hunger situation by improving nutrition is the Scaling up Nutrition movement (SUN). Started in 2010, this movement of people from governments, civil society, the United Nations, donors, businesses and researchers publishes a yearly progress report on the

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is an organization in the United States working to secure freedom from poverty for all by organizing the poor themselves. The Campaign believes that a human rights framework, based on the value of inherent dignity and worth of all persons, offers the best means by which to organize for a political

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is a key element in economically empowering women and fostering economic growth overall for both genders. With legitimate claims to land, women gain bargaining power, which can be applied to their lives outside of and within the household. The ability and opportunity for women to lawfully own land

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Creating entrepreneurs through microfinance can produce unintended outcomes: Some entrepreneurial borrowers become informal intermediaries between microfinance initiatives and poorer micro-entrepreneurs. Those who more easily qualify for microfinance split loans into smaller credit to even poorer

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In 1999, the government of Taiwan spent US$ 5.08 billion on social welfare projects and offered numerous sorts of assistance to people and families from low-pay sets. Notwithstanding money, assistance to get employment is given to the breadwinners in families, alongside educational guide for

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and seeks to ensure social protection for the poor and supporting people affected by climate-related extreme events. As the decade that began in 2002, the percentage of the world's population living under the poverty line reduced by half, from 26 per cent to 13 per cent. If the growth rate during

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laid out a plan to eradicate global poverty by 2025. Following his recommendations, international organizations such as the Global Solidarity Network are working to help eradicate poverty worldwide with intervention in the areas of housing, food, education, basic health, agricultural inputs, safe

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economic development and a host of other strategies will not work." Despite the promise of such research several questions remain, such as where good governance comes from and how it can be achieved. The comparative analysis of one sociologist suggests that broad historical forces have shaped the

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since having a source of income elevates their financial and social status. However, women's entry into the paid labor force does not necessarily equate to reduction of poverty; the creation of decent employment opportunities and movement of women from the informal work sector to the formal labor

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is forced to spend aid money on foreign goods and services to build a network of railways even though it is cheaper to use local expertise and resources. Money from the United States to fight AIDS requires it be spent on U.S brand name drugs that can cost up to $ 15,000 a year compared to $ 350 a

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he argues that traditional poverty eradication strategies have been misguided and fail to address underlying problems. He lists "Three Great Poverty Eradication Myths": that we can donate people out of poverty, that national economic growth will end poverty, and that Big Business, operating as it

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concludes that increasing land rights is 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. It is estimated that state recognition of the property of the poor would give them assets worth 40 times all the foreign aid since 1945.

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as one pillar of gender equality and women's empowerment. Sustainable economic growth requires poor people to have influence on the decisions that affect their lives; specifically strengthening women's voices in the political process builds social independence and greater consideration of gender

967:, policies aimed to reduce poverty have begun to address poor women separately from poor men. In addition to engendering poverty and poverty interventions, a correlation between greater gender equality and greater poverty reduction and economic growth has been illustrated by research through the 565:

as their jobs are insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to avoid risks. This appears to be the result of a negative relationship between employment creation and increased productivity, when a simultaneous positive increase is required to reduced poverty. According to the

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pointed to widening income inequality as the defining challenge of our time. "In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor is at its highest level in decades. Inequality trends have been more mixed in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), with some countries experiencing

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Improving water management is an effective way to help reduce poverty among farmers. With better water management, they can improve productivity and potentially move beyond subsistence-level farming. During the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, for example, irrigation was a key factor in

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have argued that it reduces poverty. Other commentators have claimed that, due to economic liberalization, poverty in the world is rising rather than declining, and the data provided by the World Bank, echoing that poverty is decreasing, is flawed. They also argue that extending property rights

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Across the board, a number of industries are stratified across the genders. This is the result of a variety of factors. These include differences in education choices, preferred job and industry, work experience, number of hours worked, and breaks in employment (such as for bearing and raising

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welfare states constituting over 40% of GDP. These modern welfare states, which largely arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeing their greatest expansion in the mid 20th century, and have proven themselves highly effective in reducing relative as well as absolute poverty in all

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Pursued through policies of privatization, deregulation, and financialization, and buttressed by an ideology of private property, free markets, and free trade, neoliberalism has entailed cuts in taxes for the rich and cuts in protections and benefits for workers and the poor, resulting in an

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also created objectives to address poverty with respect to the different effects on women. One important goal was the revision of laws and administrative practices to ensure women's equal rights and access to economic resources. Mainstreaming strengthens women's active involvement in poverty

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from Taiwan in the previous two decades appears to have adversely affected the poorest 20% of the populace. Poverty in Taiwan has nearly been eliminated, with under 1 per cent of the populace considered as poor or earning the low-level pay. This implies more than 99 per cent of the populace

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UN economists argue that good infrastructure, such as roads and information networks, helps market reforms to work. China claims it is investing in railways, roads, ports and rural telephones in African countries as part of its formula for economic development. It was the technology of the

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poor communities are identified and tracked for poverty reduction programmes. For instance, one common method of poverty targeting is 'means testing' that uses a certain income or expenditure threshold for an individual or the a household to be considered as poor and eligible for support.

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is most effective at translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffer when other sectors are struggling. This study suggests a more nuanced understanding of economic growth and quality of life and poverty alleviation.

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does now, will end poverty. Economic models which lead to national growth and more big business will not necessarily lead to more opportunities for self-sufficiency. However, businesses designed with a social goal in mind, such as micro finance banks, may be able to make a difference.

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their production and find markets for their harvests. This is done by increasing the availability of farming equipment (e.g., pumps, tillers, seeders) and better quality seed and fertilizer, as well as expanding access for training in farming best practices (e.g., crop rotation).

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In 2013 Caritas International started a Caritas-wide initiative aimed at ending systemic hunger by 2025. The One human family, food for all campaign focuses on awareness raising, improving the impact of Caritas programs and advocating the implementation of the right to food.

537: 2038:"Under traditional (i.e., non-industrialized) modes of economic production, widespread poverty had been accepted as inevitable. The total output of goods and services, even if equally distributed, would still have been insufficient to give the entire population a 1095:

advocated for several efforts: increase women in public office; strengthen advocacy of women's organizations; ensure fair legal protection; and provide equivalent health and education. Fair political representation and participation enable women to lobby for more

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alleviation by linking women's capabilities and contributions with macro-economic issues. The underlying purpose of both the UN and World Bank policies speaks to the use of discussion of gender issues in the promotion of gender equality and reduction of poverty.

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in Bangladesh. The idea is to loan small amounts of money to farmers or villages so these people can obtain the things they need to increase their economic rewards. A small pump costing only $ 50 could make a very big difference in a village without the means of

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job losses for low-skilled workers were 11%, a much higher rate compared to medium and high-skilled workers, and 71% of the lower-income household at least one person in the household was unemployed or had to shut down their business due to the pandemic (61%).

577:", which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of "quality" and not "quantity" in labour market policies. This approach does highlight how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia, but the negative impact is beginning to show. In 1646:

recommended that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition should be the first priority for politicians and private sector philanthropists looking to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. They put this ahead of other priorities, like the fight against

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published a report in April 2000 which focused on good governance in poor countries as a key to economic development and overcoming the selfish interests of wealthy elites often behind state actions in developing nations. The report concludes that "Without

1263:. These "hard states" have the will and authority to create and maintain policies that lead to long-term development that helps all their citizens, not just the wealthy. Multinational corporations are regulated so that they follow reasonable standards for 1312:

oriented towards reducing poverty. Toronto Dollars are sold and redeemed in such a way that raise funds which are then given as grants to local charities, primarily ones oriented towards reducing poverty. Toronto Dollars also provide a means to create an

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Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions were low cost. In China and India, noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of

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have saved millions of lives. Aid from non-governmental organizations may be more effective than governmental aid; this may be because it is better at reaching the poor and better controlled at the grassroots level. As a point of comparison, the annual

963:. Because women and men experience poverty differently, they hold dissimilar poverty reduction priorities and are affected differently by development interventions and poverty reduction strategies. In response to the socialized phenomenon known as the 139:

led to high economic growth, eliminating mass poverty in what is now considered the developed world. World GDP per person quintupled during the 20th century. In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001 only about 20% did.

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that originally began the dramatic decreases in poverty levels. Cell phone technology brings the market to poor or rural sections. With necessary information, remote farmers can produce specific crops to sell to the buyers that brings the best price.

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could benefit Ethiopian farmers in future. The study assessed the potential economic and poverty impact of 11 improved chickpea varieties, released by the national agricultural research organization of Ethiopia in collaboration with the

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with the involvement of UN organisations, NGOs and private foundations, develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision-makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years, by 2025.

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Report (for the UN Millennium Project) proposes a series of "quick wins", approaches identified by development experts which would cost relatively little but could have a major constructive effect on world poverty. The quick wins are:

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make and enforce good laws that provide security to property and businesses. Efficient and fair governments would work to invest in the long-term interests of the nation rather than plunder resources through corruption. Researchers at

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Graph (based on data from the World Bank) showing the proportion of the world's population (blue) and the absolute numbers of people (red) living on <1, <1.25, and <2 US dollars a day (2005 equivalent values) between 1981 and

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because it learned what worked and what did not. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive but educational measures to disseminate what works are available, such as the disease control priorities

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market are key to poverty reduction. Other ways to encourage female participation in the workforce to promote decline of poverty include providing childcare services, increasing educational quality and opportunities, and furthering

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campaign is an online communication campaign aimed at raising awareness of the hunger problem. It has many worked through viral videos depicting celebrities voicing their anger about the large number of hungry people in the world.

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Chen, Martha, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz with Renana Jhabvala, and Christine Bonner. 2005. "Employment, Gender, and Poverty," in Progress of the World's Women, pp. 36–57. New York: United Nations Development Fund for

921:. A specific example is the Thai government's People's Bank which is making loans of $ 100 to $ 300 to help farmers buy equipment or seeds, help street vendors acquire an inventory to sell, or help others set up small shops. 238:

protection to the poor is one of the most important poverty reduction strategies a nation can implement. Securing property rights to land, the largest asset for most societies, is vital to their economic freedom. The

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Poverty has been historically accepted in some parts of the world as inevitable as non-industrialized economies produced very little, while populations grew almost as fast, making wealth scarce. Geoffrey Parker wrote

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which advocates the payment of an above market price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of goods. The efficacy of this approach to poverty reduction is controversial.

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for welfare recipients to work: Toronto dollars can be given as gifts to welfare recipients who perform volunteer work for charitable and non-profit organizations, and these gifts do not affect welfare benefits.

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altogether, while National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) likewise do not deal directly with poverty reduction. Adaptation-poverty linkages were found to be strongest in NAPAs from sub-Saharan Africa

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Milton Friedman argues that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits only; thus, it needs to be examined whether business in BoP markets is capable of achieving the dual objective of

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have an effect on poverty reduction. Currently modern, expansive welfare states that ensure economic opportunity, independence and security in a near universal manner are still the exclusive domain of the

561:(ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of workers are poor, not earning enough to keep their families above the $ 2 a day poverty line. For instance, in India most of the chronically poor are wage earners in 190:

Poverty alleviation also involves improving the living conditions of people who are already poor. Aid, particularly in the medical and scientific areas, is essential in providing better lives, such as the

5655: 1219:, ordinary people would benefit "in a way that aid flows will never achieve". The report asked for more regulation of banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism, 634: 928:

country programme supports operations in 11 poor provinces. Between 2002 and 2010 around 1,000 saving and credit groups (SCGs) were formed, with over 17,000 members; these SCGs increased their access to

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of women has relatively recently become a significant area of discussion with respect to development and economics; however it is often regarded as a topic that only addresses and primarily deals with

304:. However, trade rules are often unfair as they block access to richer nations' markets and ban poorer nations from supporting their industries. Processed products from poorer nations, in contrast to 941: 115:

In Antwerp and Lyon, two of the largest cities in western Europe, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis.

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Howell, David R. and Mamadou Diallo. 2007. "Charting U.S. Economic Performance with Alternative Labor Market Indicators: The Importance of Accounting for Job Quality." SCEPA Working Paper 2007-6.

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It is predicted that by 2030, 325 million (plus) extremely poor people will be living in the 49 most hazard prone countries. Most of these are located in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility. However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.

536: 91:, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the 1196:

and efficient government over 100 years ago. Comparative research has found that the scale is correlated with higher rates of economic development. With their related concept of good governance

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borrowers. Informal intermediation ranges from casual intermediaries at the good or benign end of the spectrum to 'loan sharks' at the professional and sometimes criminal end of the spectrum.

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A major proportion of aid from donor nations is 'tied', mandating that a receiving nation buy products originating only from the donor country. This can be harmful economically. For example,

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has estimated that global unemployment was increased to 33 million in the year 2020 which was four times higher than the global financial crisis that happened in 2009. According to the

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children). Men also typically go into higher paid and higher risk jobs when compared to women. These factors result in 60% to 75% difference between men's and women's average aggregate

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unlocking Asia's agricultural potential and reducing poverty. Between 1961 and 2002, the irrigated area almost doubled, as governments sought to achieve food security, improve public

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Birn, Anne-Emanuelle; Armando Solórzano (1999). "Public health policy paradoxes: science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s".

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Paul Polak and Mal Malwick (2013). "The Business Solution to Poverty: Designing Products and Services for Three Billion New Customers" Published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers

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However, several academic studies have shown that mobile phones have only limited effect on poverty reduction when not accompanied by other basic infrastructure development.

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principle of ending government sponsorship of social programs has also had negative consequences. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for

4739: 2884: 518:

in cash and translate these onto a virtual account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making

3186: 1011:, depending on the source. Various explanations for the remaining 25% to 40% have been suggested, including women's lower willingness and ability to negotiate salary and 4317:

Agarwal, Bina. 1994. "Land Rights for Women: Making the Case," in A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia, pp. 1–50. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

1707:, one would need to have $ 337 every month. This sum changes relying upon the city's way of life; for instance, one would just need to have $ 171 every month to live in 5482: 5300: 1913: 1267:

and labor conditions, pay reasonable taxes to help develop the country, and keep some of the profits in the country, reinvesting them to provide further development.

411:

Long run economic growth per person is achieved through increases in capital (factors that increase productivity), both human and physical, and technology. Improving

5682: 3426: 2395: 5897: 1375: 1087: 3974:"Developing Countries Must Be Provided with Debt Relief to Prevent Financial Brink, Preserve Progress, Deputy Secretary-General Tells Development Finance Dialogue" 3956: 4050: 4399: 3560:"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries" 3511:"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries" 2670: 6394: 1793: 861:, which gave voluntary debt relief to creditors and on foreign debt for Multilateral and Bilateral debt, which was pushed later in a second phase known as the 348:

argued in 2006 that the driving force behind rising inequality in the United States has been a series of deliberate neoliberal policy choices, including anti-

3394:"Ensuring Impact: Reaching the Poorest While Building Financially Self-Sufficient Institutions, and Showing Improvement in the Lives of the Poorest Families" 1674: 4417:

Evans, Peter; Rauch, James E. (1999). "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of 'Weberian' State Structures on Economic Growth".

4112: 811:

Supporters of aid argue that these problems may be solved with better auditing of how the aid is used. Immunization campaigns for children, such as against

557:(ODI) of 24 countries that experienced growth found that in 18 cases, poverty was alleviated. However, employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty. The 4139: 423:

of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today. It reduced it to 0.5–0.6% in the 1950s and to 0.06% today. However, it was spending less each year on

1408:

with climate change adaptation. The two issues are argued to be currently only dealt with in parallel as most poverty reduction strategy papers ignore

888: 4092:

World Bank. 2001a "Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice". Policy Research Report. Oxford University Press.

3804: 1762:

The concept of business serving the world's poorest four billion or so people has been popular since CK Prahalad introduced the idea through his book

718:, where such a program pays just $ 13 a month, people were able to pay tuition fees, raising the proportion of children going to school by 92%, child 1766:

in 2004, among many business corporations and business schools. Kash Rangan, John Quelch, and other faculty members at the Global Poverty Project at

1215:

are often diverted into private hands and then sent to banks overseas as a result of graft. If Western banks rejected stolen money, says a report by

6342: 4838: 4568: 901: 657: 2039: 341: 5688: 5155: 881:

reflects debt relief for Developing Countries which showed that between 2019 and 2021, debt from governments has risen from 58 to 65 per cent in

676:

has based his career around doing both at once, creating companies that employ the poor while creating "radically" affordable goods. In his book

3667:

Bradley, D.; Huber, E.; Moller, S.; Nielson, F.; Stephens, J. D. (2003). "Determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies".

5869: 2617: 4681: 4199: 2586: 2413: 5641: 5421: 3735:

Walsh, Julia A.; Kenneth S. Warren (1980). "Selective primary health care: An interim strategy for disease control in developing countries".

1782: 866: 207:, which mandates receiving nations to buy products, often more expensive, originating only from donor countries. Nevertheless, some believe ( 912:

One of the most popular of the new technical tools for economic development and poverty reduction are microloans made famous in 1976 by the

6321: 5252: 5226: 3245: 2685: 1804: 1092: 4357: 2939: 950: 653:

and generate economic growth. In South Asia, cereal production rose by 137% from 1970 to 2007. This was achieved with only 3% more land.

1963: 862: 549:

Economic growth has the indirect potential to alleviate poverty, as a result of simultaneous increases in employment opportunities and

5614: 5587: 5435:"Microfinance for poverty alleviation: Do transnational initiatives overlook fundamental questions of competition and intermediation?" 3393: 3148: 2784: 2644: 1271: 317: 3343: 1123: 6387: 5725: 4552: 4515: 2373: 2069: 1156: 987:

and empowering women are necessary steps in overcoming poverty and furthering development as supported by the human development and

603: 558: 320:

was directly responsible for a "surprisingly large" increase in imports from Africa. Deals can sometimes be negotiated to favor the

2042:

by prevailing standards. With the economic productivity that resulted from industrialization, however, this ceased to be the case"

4759: 4652: 2461: 4280:

Narayan, Deepa and Nicholas Stern. 2002. "Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook", pp. 1–272. Washington DC: World Bank.

2874: 1715: 1405: 874: 5086:

Chinn, Dennis (1979). "Rural Poverty and the Structure of Farm Household Income in Developing Countries: Evidence from Taiwan".

3378: 3322: 2162: 2137: 672:

Making employment opportunities available is just as important as increasing income and access to basic needs. Poverty activist

6549: 3183: 1903: 854: 326: 107:. While poverty is much more widespread in developing countries, both types of countries undertake poverty reduction measures. 5483:"Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits. New York Times Magazine" 1666:

sets globally agreed targets to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

726:, widely credited as a successful anti-poverty program, is based on actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving 5864: 4951: 4763: 4727: 4080: 3194: 2334: 1862: 1401: 984: 734:

appear to be an effective intervention for reducing poverty, while at the same time improving health and education outcomes.

554: 6301: 5486: 5320: 701: 415:, in the form of health, is needed for economic growth. Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health. For example, 225: 4382: 4327: 722:

rates fell from 42% to 10% and economic activity grew 10%. Aid could also be rewarded based on doing certain requirements.

6144: 5813: 1659: 1605: 446:

Human capital, in the form of education, is an even more important determinant of economic growth than physical capital.

6380: 6246: 5829: 5393:

Paul Polak (2009), "Out of Poverty: What Works When Traditional Approaches Fail" Published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers

3003: 1943: 1470: 1457: 992: 514:

launched one of the first systems where a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers, instead of bank branches, would take

361: 4723: 4042: 1638:

An important part of the fight against poverty are efforts to end hunger and achieve food security. In April 2012, the

6459: 5803: 5699:

Highly-Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) debt relief: Lessons from IMF-World Bank work, 2001–2005, Bill Dorotinsky, IMF/FAD

4403: 2055: 1788: 731: 723: 619: 329:

advocates respect for countries leadership to implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development.

251: 36:

Information and communication technologies for development help to fight poverty. A mobile phone being charged from a

5689:

Information and Communication Technologies for Development and Poverty Reduction: The Potential of Telecommunications

5381: 4694: 2831: 2561: 4722:

Andrew Shepherd, Tom Mitchell, Kirsty Lewis, Amanda Lenhardt, Lindsey Jones, Lucy Scott and Robert Muir-Wood (2013)

4595: 3362: 1799:

Rather than encouraging multinational businesses to meet the needs of the poor, some organizations such as iDE, the

1200:

researchers have found much the same: Data from 150 nations have shown several measures of good governance (such as

395: 5844: 5773: 4043:"'Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder" 2916: 2043: 1958: 1639: 1388: 1356: 364:

in which 30% of workers earn low wages (less than two-thirds the median wage for full-time workers) and 35% of the

5058: 4472: 6580: 6575: 5793: 4224: 4158: 4121: 1898: 1800: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1426: 1414: 1409: 1235: 758: 607: 289: 1127: 5849: 5834: 5030: 1621: 1193: 5044: 4249: 4977: 6477: 5932: 3855: 2971: 1973: 1767: 1335: 964: 825: 429: 420: 234: 148: 4101:

U.N. General Assembly, 55th Session. "United Nations Millennium Declaration." (A/55/L.2). 8 September 2000.

387:

in 2017, which amounted to $ 762 billion, were enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over.

6497: 6332: 6165: 6129: 6048: 6028: 6023: 5963: 5798: 5763: 4298:

UNICEF. 2007. "Equality in Employment," in The State of the World's Children, pp. 36–49. New York: UNICEF.

2513:

Era Dabla-Norris; Kalpana Kochhar; Nujin Suphaphiphat; Frantisek Ricka; Evridiki Tsounta (June 15, 2015).

1993: 1280: 4845: 4572: 3805:

Haiti's rice farmers and poultry growers have suffered greatly since trade barriers were lowered in 1994.

255:

declining inequality, but pervasive inequities in access to education, health care, and finance remain."

6367: 6326: 5993: 5973: 5718: 3061: 2014: 1873: 1867: 1852: 1749: 1559: 1284:

likelihood of good governance. Ancient civilizations with more developed government organization before

1012: 988: 628:

growth generated in non-agricultural sectors. For example, a 2012 study suggested that new varieties of

360:. The economists David Howell and Mamadou Diallo contend that neoliberal policies have contributed to a 313: 217:) that small changes in the ways people in affluent nations live their lives could solve world poverty. 213: 136: 3065: 2215: 1857: 1097: 403: 316:

study found the dropping of duty charges on thousands of products from African nations because of the

6306: 6256: 6211: 6181: 6160: 6058: 6053: 6003: 5753: 5509: 5416:

Dalglish C. and M. Tonelli 2016. Entrepreneurship at the Bottom of the Pyramid. New York: Routledge.

4004: 3991:

Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (1 August 2022).

2549:

Transition: The First Ten Years – Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union

1928: 1888: 1643: 1170: 1053: 1027: 281: 87: 5698: 5277:"The Development of Social Welfare Policy in Taiwan: Welfare Debates between the Left and the Right" 4358:"Occupational Health and Safety. [Social Impact]. ICP. Inclusive Cities Project (2008-2014)" 2621: 270:

that many farmers cannot afford at market prices. The reconfiguration of public financing in former

6411: 6403: 6311: 6276: 6236: 6221: 6201: 6043: 6033: 5978: 5947: 5937: 5907: 5859: 5768: 3263: 2444: 2097: 1988: 1061: 1016: 742: 550: 357: 333: 124: 796:

from other countries. Only Norway, Denmark, Netherlands and Britain have stopped tying their aid.

458:

and is only a twenty-fifth as expensive to increase school attendance as by constructing schools.

171:. Inefficient institutions, corruption, and political instability can also discourage investment. 6357: 6251: 6226: 6186: 6139: 6124: 6109: 6094: 6063: 6018: 5968: 5927: 5917: 5892: 5464: 5211:"Handbook of the Nations , 17th,18th, 19th and 20theditions for 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 data". 5111: 5103: 4911:"Poverty Reduction of Sustainable Development Goals in the 21st Century: A Bibliometric Analysis" 4434: 4378:

IFAD. 2007. "Strategy and Approach: Gender equality and women's empowerment". 21 March 2011. <

4181: 3684: 3268: 3040: 2836: 2436: 1908: 1893: 1546: 1516: 707: 474:

accessible to the poor. Those in poverty place overwhelming importance on having a safe place to

471: 321: 275: 244: 160: 100: 5002: 3473: 2531: 2126:

Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York City: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.

1642:

was signed, the world's first legally binding international agreement on food aid. The May 2012

1596: 4365: 3704:"Public policy, economic inequality, and poverty: The United States in comparative perspective" 2776: 2514: 6362: 6231: 6196: 6191: 6134: 6119: 6114: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6008: 5988: 5942: 5854: 5748: 5683:"Educate a Woman, You Educate a Nation" – South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls 5651: 5637: 5610: 5583: 5517: 5417: 5328: 4932: 4511: 4030: 3787: 3752: 3589: 3558:

Pega, Frank; Pabayo, Roman; Benny, Claire; Lee, Eun-Young; Lhachimi, Stefan; Liu, Sze (2022).

3540: 2780: 2369: 2353: 2277: 2223: 2065: 1978: 1948: 1878: 1529: 1477: 1259: 1212: 960: 878: 542: 301: 123:

were common before modern agricultural technology and in places that lack them today, such as

104: 5181:

Tsai, Pang-Long; Huang, Chao-Hsi (2007). "Openness, Growth and Poverty: The Case of Taiwan".

3088: 2060: 6570: 6449: 6347: 6216: 6104: 6068: 6038: 6013: 5998: 5983: 5922: 5912: 5902: 5839: 5788: 5711: 5667: 5598: 5454: 5446: 5190: 5095: 4922: 4813: 4426: 4271:

Muwanigwa, Virginia. 2002. "Gender Considerations in Poverty Alleviation". Harere, Zimbabwe.

4173: 4020: 4012: 3779: 3744: 3715: 3676: 3649: 3579: 3571: 3530: 3522: 3509:

Pega, Frank; Liu, Sze; Walter, Stefan; Pabayo, Roman; Saith, Ruhi; Lhachimi, Stefan (2017).

2944: 2764: 2428: 2361: 1883: 1577: 1522: 1505: 1331: 1220: 1066: 573:

Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to a rise in the number of "

499: 483: 192: 184: 144: 5356: 3400: 2648: 46: 32: 6523: 6482: 6316: 6291: 6241: 6206: 5783: 5758: 4798: 4556: 4386: 3841: 3823: 3811: 3326: 3190: 2879: 1968: 1512: 1453: 1342: 1276: 1241:

Examples of good governance leading to economic development and poverty reduction include

1075: 1070: 996: 972: 778: 711: 586: 562: 515: 503: 487: 432: 424: 369: 300:

countries. Foreign investment and export industries helped fuel the economic expansion of

200: 152: 6352: 5542: 4545: 431:

Promoting hand washing is one of the most cost effective health intervention and can cut

4008: 3206: 2307: 975:

through empowerment of women is a qualitatively significant poverty reduction strategy.

6492: 6487: 6472: 5573: 5404: 5253:"Private Transfers and Emerging Welfare States in East Asia: A Comparative Perspective" 4660: 4025: 3992: 3584: 3559: 3535: 3510: 2175: 2101: 1922: 1918: 1584: 1570: 1535: 1327: 1309: 1305: 1216: 1201: 900:"Working together to end poverty one nail at a time", T-shirt, 50th anniversary of the 773:

Aid for Trade Global Review 2017 Frank Matsaert, Vanessa Erogbogbo and Amelia Kyambadde

737: 495: 491: 176: 168: 96: 4817: 3783: 3491: 3107: 2940:"Billionaires Made So Much Money Last Year They Could End Extreme Poverty Seven Times" 2851: 1818:

making a profit while serving the poorest of consumers and contributing to development

6564: 6337: 5778: 5692: 5599: 5434: 5115: 4185: 3973: 3957:"Factsheet - Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative" 3748: 3720: 3703: 3319: 2765: 2440: 1461: 1367: 1185: 582: 412: 180: 5468: 5016: 3125: 3017: 945:

Empowering Women - Panel discussion on the occasion of the International Women's Day

372:

while only 40% of the working-age population in the country is adequately employed.

6518: 6429: 6296: 5194: 3942: 3575: 3526: 3317:

Potential economic and poverty impact of improved chickpea technologies in Ethiopia

3184:

Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?

2827: 1953: 1933: 1553: 1494: 1231: 1138: 925: 913: 793: 754: 719: 574: 479: 463: 455: 384: 305: 271: 208: 82: 71: 17: 3906: 3634: 2251: 2193: 1820:? Erik Simanis has reported that the model has a fatal flaw. According to Simanis: 1431: 1404:, suggests that far more effort should be done to better coordinate and integrate 4379: 4335: 2573: 450:

children costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-attendance from

278:

called for reduced spending on health and education, sharply increasing poverty.

5671: 3928: 3451: 2772: 2500: 1983: 1938: 1436: 1349: 1285: 1224: 1181: 1176: 1057: 956: 930: 847: 837: 804: 746: 727: 365: 353: 293: 263: 156: 37: 4799:"Appropriate Transportation and Rural Development in Makete District, Tanzania" 4640: 4016: 1074:

also decreases the asset gap that exists between women and men, which promotes

6281: 4927: 4910: 4870: 4530: 4177: 3294: 2432: 2338: 1658:

The main global policy to reduce hunger and poverty are the recently approved

1563: 1542: 1297: 1205: 1197: 1031: 968: 918: 858: 843: 816: 673: 519: 345: 285: 267: 239: 132: 5521: 5332: 4936: 4884: 4760:"Closing the gap between climate adaptation and poverty reduction frameworks" 3882:"World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability" 2227: 1019:

direct discrimination only explains a small part of gender wage differences.

6439: 5606: 5579: 3427:"A New Approach to Aid: How a Basic Income Program Saved a Namibian Village" 2760: 1754: 1323: 1314: 1189: 1184:

developed what they called a "Weberianness scale" which measures aspects of

1134: 507: 447: 440: 416: 349: 128: 4034: 3791: 3653: 3593: 3544: 4698: 4083:". Berlin, Germany: Conference on Sustainable Poverty Reduction and PRSPs. 3756: 6502: 6444: 6419: 5450: 5303:

Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits

4508:

World Poverty: The Roots of Global Inequality and the Modern World System

3344:

Revitalising Asia's Irrigation: To sustainably meet tomorrow's food needs

3108:"Market approach recasts often-hungry Ethiopia as potential bread basket" 2911: 2906: 2365: 1764:

Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits

1699: 1490: 1246: 1242: 1091:

issues in policy. In order to promote women's political empowerment, the

782: 642: 638: 629: 599: 436: 204: 196: 119:

Poverty reduction occurs largely as a result of overall economic growth.

92: 67: 5459: 3635:"Do social-welfare policies reduce poverty? A cross-national assessment" 3492:"Latin America makes a dent in poverty with 'conditional cash' programs" 2515:

Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality : A Global Perspective

842:

One of the proposed ways to help poor countries that emerged during the

494:

addresses the problem of the heavy regulation and costly maintenance of

6467: 6434: 6424: 6286: 5734: 5107: 4438: 4114:

An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women

3993:"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility" 3688: 3330: 1648: 1498: 1348:

In law, there has been a move to establish the absence of poverty as a

1322:

forward by both left-wing and right-wing groups: socialism, communism,

1250: 1060:, women are able to contribute more effectively to economic growth and 820: 788: 715: 661: 650: 578: 475: 337: 325:

to a Thai company in a joint venture. Additionally, the United Nations

164: 99:

to enhance access to the natural world for all. Poverty occurs in both

75: 6372: 5572:

Haymes, Stephen; Vidal de Haymes, Maria; Miller, Reuben, eds. (2015).

5072: 2605:

The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia.

2414:"The Ethical Poverty Line: a moral quantification of absolute poverty" 4619: 2975: 1708: 1704: 1008: 567: 511: 451: 309: 120: 4430: 3680: 1714:

Sustained economic growth is noted as the main propelling agent for

143:

Today, continued economic development is constrained by the lack of

5677: 5099: 4775: 3149:"Mobile phones are not always a cure for poverty in remote regions" 2723: 1296:

Another approach that has been proposed for alleviating poverty is

545:– The importance of MDGs in redefining what are the poverty drivers 5129:

Rajamann. "Poverty inequality and economic growth: Rural Punjab".

4724:"The geography of poverty, disasters and climate extremes in 2030" 3264:"World Bank report puts agriculture at core of antipoverty effort" 3246:"COVID-19 and the social determinants of health and health equity" 3221:"Global Productivity Growth Remains Weak, Extending Slowing Trend" 1753: 1722:

has no noteworthy effect on the mean wage of poor people, outward

1663: 1620: 1609: 1595: 1430: 940: 895: 887: 812: 768: 757:

is a supporter of gathering funds for the poor by using a sort of

618: 532: 380: 224: 45: 31: 5634:

Poverty Alleviation through Sustainable Strategic Business Models

5445:(3). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: 103–17. 4546:

Mark Herpel, "The Toronto Dollar: Community Alternative Dollar",

4452:

Kaufmann, D.; Kraay, A; Zoido-Lobaton, P. "Governance Matters.".

3859: 714:

periodically providing citizens with money. In pilot projects in

288:

sent to poor countries, such as India, are sometimes larger than

167:, can be made accessible to the poor through technology, such as 4328:"Strategy and Approach: Gender equality and women's empowerment" 3347: 1652: 1264: 1004: 922: 635:

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

478:

money, much more so than receiving loans. Also, a large part of

297: 6546:

List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty

6376: 5707: 5276: 3351: 2163:"Ethical Man blog: Is the green movement part of the problem?" 1234:, call for a global organization that can manage some form of 1107: 1086:

Political participation is supported by organizations such as

1044:

both of which are critical to pulling society out of poverty.

882: 870: 745:. commonly constituting at least 20% of GDP, with the largest 690: 172: 3881: 5695:

and Joachim von Braun (2006), Johns Hopkins University Press

5321:"The base of the pyramid: will selling to the poor pay off?" 2015:"Women's Empowerment in Zambia | Volunteer Abroad in Africa" 645:

were therefore justified as a means of poverty alleviation.

482:

loans are spent on products that would usually be paid by a

470:

Such technology also helps bring economic freedom by making

332:

Critics have argued that neoliberal policies have increased

4267: 4265: 4263: 2803: 2747: 2562:

Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries

1483:

Appointing government scientific advisors in every country.

5703: 4159:"The Gender Pay Gap – Have Women Gone as Far as They Can?" 506:

in this respect, could be worth $ 5 billion by 2012.

247:

in China and the cutting of government red tape in India.

3985: 3983: 2907:"Oxfam seeks 'new deal' on inequality from world leaders" 1208:) to be related to higher rates of economic development. 1175:

Efficient institutions that are not corrupt and obey the

5094:(2). The University of Chicago Press Journals: 283–301. 4531:

Barbara Turnbull, "Milestone for the `Toronto Dollar'",

3737:

Social Science & Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics

1738:

Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics

5678:

The Life You Can Save – Acting Now to End World Poverty

5597:

Jones, Campbell; Parker, Martin; Bos, Rene Ten (2005).

4885:"Goal 1 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" 4758:

Martin Prowse, Natasha Grist and Cheikh Sourang (2009)

4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 2517:. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved June 16, 2015. 5575:

The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States

5433:

Arp, Frithjof; Ardisa, Alvin; Ardisa, Alviani (2017).

4839:"Project Tsunami Report Confirms The Power of Bicycle" 4140:"On Equal Pay Day, key facts about the gender pay gap" 3182:

Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011.

74:, that are intended to permanently lift people out of 5670:, on the relationship between poverty reduction, the 2724:"Goal 17 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs" 2684:

Lorenz, Andreas; Wagner, Wieland (27 February 2007).

6511: 6458: 6410: 6269: 6174: 6153: 6077: 5956: 5885: 5878: 5822: 5741: 5685:

WNN – Women News Network. 28 August 2007. Lys Anzia

5031:"Pope Francis denounces 'global scandal' of hunger" 4491:

Overcoming Human Poverty: UNDP Poverty Report 2000.

2396:"Global inequality may be much worse than we think" 1634:

Global initiatives to end hunger and undernutrition

1371:drinking water, transportation and communications. 1253:, which tend to have a strong government, called a 923:

The International Fund for Agricultural Development

3320:http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/chickpea/685/107 229:The number of people below different poverty lines 5351: 5349: 4454:World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 2196 3968: 3966: 3291:"Climate Change: Bangladesh facing the challenge" 2686:"Red China, Inc.: Does Communism Work After All?" 1870:explains economic growth of developing countries. 1400:A researcher at a leading global think-tank, the 865:in order to provide debt relief, that helped the 175:and government support in health, education, and 2875:"Can we fight poverty by ending extreme wealth?" 2832:An Open Letter to Steven Pinker (and Bill Gates) 2462:"World bank poverty figures: what do they mean?" 1914:International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 5059:"Compact2025: Ending hunger and undernutrition" 3943:"Debt Relief: Development news, research, data" 2532:"Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts" 2354:"Economic liberalization and poverty reduction" 1836:good business sense – not a sense of do-gooding 1460:(MDGs). In addition to broader approaches, the 113: 2815: 1238:, which could evolve in complexity with time. 6388: 5719: 5668:United Nations Rule of Law: Poverty Reduction 4467: 4465: 4463: 4380:http://www.ifad.org/gender/approach/index.htm 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 2711:The Fifth Tiger: A Study of Thai Development. 2551:, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002, p. 4. 2216:"Next Step for Microfinance: Taking Deposits" 2194:"Business – Land rights 'help fight poverty'" 1925:deals with individual players in the economy. 623:Helping insure farmers in Argentina and Chile 8: 5510:"Reality Check at the Bottom of the Pyramid" 4569:"Six policies to reduce economic inequality" 4225:"What are the causes? - European Commission" 4081:Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and Gender 3610:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3315:Macharia I, Orr A, Simtowe F and Asfaw, S., 2246: 2244: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1486:Deworming school children in affected areas. 1376:Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign 284:increases total surplus of trading nations. 5314: 5312: 4754: 4752: 4718: 4716: 4157:Francine D. Blau; Lawrence M. Kahn (2007). 3842:"Will More Foreign Aid End Global Poverty?" 3836: 3834: 3832: 2804:Haymes, Vidal de Haymes & Miller (2015) 2748:Haymes, Vidal de Haymes & Miller (2015) 2607:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2271: 2269: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 1355:The IMF and member countries have produced 933:for taking up small-scale farm activities. 668:Building opportunities for self-sufficiency 6395: 6381: 6373: 5882: 5726: 5712: 5704: 3623:. New York: Oxford University Press (USA). 2852:Increasing Inequality in the United States 2477:"Globalization and the Myth of free Trade" 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 1137:. Please do not remove this message until 1098:female-specific poverty reduction policies 5656:The factors causing poverty and suffering 5458: 5019:. United Nations Sustainable Development. 4952:"Costs and benefits of poverty targeting" 4926: 4501: 4499: 4489:United Nations Development Report. 2000. 4024: 3719: 3583: 3534: 3039:Kristof, Nicholas D. (20 November 2009). 2525: 2523: 2358:Report on the World Social Situation 2010 2276:EDT, Fareed Zakaria (19 September 2008). 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 1157:Learn how and when to remove this message 995:. Disparities in the areas of education, 342:Center for Economic and Policy Research's 6343:Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas 5231:National Health Insurance Administration 5088:Economic Development and Cultural Change 4641:Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) 3929:"Zambia overwhelmed by free health care" 3178: 3004:"Saving Millions for Just a Few Dollars" 1787: 1583:Upgrading slums, and providing land for 1133:Relevant discussion may be found on the 902:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 658:International Water Management Institute 402: 394: 3564:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3515:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3056: 3054: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2040:right to an adequate standard of living 2006: 1690:changes in their 57 partner countries. 5870:Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 5213:CIA World Factbook 2001 for 2000 Data 5206: 5204: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 4871:"UN Millennium Project – Publications" 4844:. World Bicycle Relief. Archived from 4493:New York: United Nations Publications. 3608:The three worlds of welfare capitalism 3485: 3483: 3240: 3238: 2887:from the original on 24 September 2014 2335:"News and Views from the Global South" 2302: 2300: 2298: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 391:Capital, infrastructure and technology 27:Measures to reduce poverty permanently 5227:"Universal Health Coverage in Taiwan" 3474:"Brazil becomes antipoverty showcase" 3223:. Conference-board.org. 21 April 2021 3089:"UN aid debate: Give cash, not food?" 2952:from the original on 18 December 2019 2854:." Post-autistic Economics Review 40. 2574:Child poverty soars in eastern Europe 2464:. Share The World's Resources (STWR). 2337:. Inter Press Service. Archived from 2136:Easterbrook, Gregg (1 January 1997). 1783:International Development Enterprises 750:analyzed high-income OECD countries. 435:from the major childhood diseases of 7: 6322:Self-perceived quality-of-life scale 4976:James G. Bennett (11 October 2018). 4950:James G. Bennett (10 October 2018). 4250:"Definition of Gender Mainstreaming" 3490:Bridges, Tyler (21 September 2009). 3262:Dugger, Celia W. (20 October 2007). 2972:"Disease Control Priorities Project" 2530:Dugger, Celia W. (2 December 2007). 2308:"Science/Nature – Why aid does work" 2252:"Africa's mobile banking revolution" 1805:United Nations Development Programme 1698:In spite of the intensive reduction 1673:The partnership Compact2025, led by 1093:United Nations Development Programme 296:are more than double aid flows from 4909:Yu, Yanni; Huang, Jinghong (2021). 4362:SIOR, Social impact Open Repository 4053:from the original on 1 August 2022. 3367:. Water Issue Brief, Issue 8, 2010. 3106:Baldauf, Scott (23 February 2007). 3041:"How Can We Help the World's Poor?" 3018:"Millions mark UN hand-washing day" 2919:from the original on 18 August 2014 2792:exponential increase in inequality. 2564:". New York Times. 12 October 2000. 2503:. BBC News: Africa. 4 October 2006. 2352:Nations, United (1 November 2010). 1964:Redistribution of income and wealth 1832:eradicating poverty through profits 1758:A poor child walks with one sandal. 863:Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative 498:. Mobile financial services in the 95:movement propose measures like the 6550:Deprivation and poverty indicators 4776:"Bicycle: The Unnoticed Potential" 4166:Academy of Management Perspectives 4041:Leonhardt, David (1 August 2022). 3931:. BBC News – Africa. 7 April 2006. 3621:The economics of the welfare state 3126:"Africa pioneers mobile bank push" 2501:"Can aid bring an end to poverty?" 2278:"Zakaria: How to Spread Democracy" 2214:Kiviat, Barbara (30 August 2009). 2138:"Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity" 1921:deals with entire economies while 1272:United Nations Development Program 1204:, effectiveness, rule of law, low 877:. The UN Deputy Secretary-General 318:African Growth and Opportunity Act 25: 4332:International Labour Organization 4254:International Labour Organization 3452:"Namibians line up for free cash" 3425:Krahe, Dialika (10 August 2009). 2938:Hagan, Shelly (22 January 2018). 2587:"The aid workers who really help" 1456:and hunger by 2015 is one of the 951:Women's education and development 604:International Labour Organization 559:International Labour Organization 81:Measures, like those promoted by 5898:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5650: 5357:"The Business of Global Poverty" 4982:D+C, development and cooperation 4956:D+C, development and cooperation 4684:by JEFFREY D. SACHS for time.com 4138:Patten, Eileen (14 April 2015). 3721:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x 2873:Khazan, Olga (20 January 2013). 2385:– via www.un-ilibrary.org. 1775:The Business Solution to Poverty 1192:described as most important for 1112: 875:Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 553:. A study by researchers at the 399:World GDP per capita (log scale) 5543:"Romanticizing the Poor (SSIR)" 4063:RIDP, PCR and Validation, 2010. 3006:– via washingtonpost.com. 1904:Heavily indebted poor countries 1532:, including rights to property. 855:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries 327:Sustainable Development Goal 17 203:include the high proportion of 5865:Multidimensional Poverty Index 5305:Published by Prentice Hall, NJ 5195:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.11.013 5131:Journal of Development Studies 5005:. Copenhagen Consensus Center. 4806:Journal of Transport Geography 4764:Overseas Development Institute 4728:Overseas Development Institute 3907:"Q&A: African debt relief" 3576:10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3 3527:10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2 3195:Overseas Development Institute 3147:Matous, Petr (30 March 2017). 2816:Jones, Parker & Bos (2005) 2310:. BBC News. 11 September 2005. 1863:Community economic development 1625:Sustainable Development Goal 1 1471:sexual and reproductive health 1402:Overseas Development Institute 706:Aid in its simplest form is a 555:Overseas Development Institute 376:Reversing wealth concentration 276:transition to a market economy 1: 5814:Sustainable Development Goals 5508:Simanis, Erik (1 June 2012). 5319:Gunther, Marc (22 May 2014). 5156:"Taiwan – Poverty and wealth" 5073:"SUN communication materials" 4889:sustainabledevelopment.un.org 4818:10.1016/S0966-6923(97)00040-9 4111:CONSAD Research Corporation, 3844:. ABC News. 15 November 2007. 3784:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00160-4 3772:Social Science & Medicine 3496:The Christian Science Monitor 3333:. Downloaded 26 January 2014. 3112:The Christian Science Monitor 3093:The Christian Science Monitor 3002:Brown, David (3 April 2006). 2576:". BBC News. 11 October 2000. 1781:, that described the work of 1744:Business solutions to poverty 1660:Sustainable Development Goals 1606:Sustainable Development Goals 1600:Sustainable Development Goals 1592:Sustainable Development Goals 1341:Inequality can be reduced by 641:and other legume research in 5830:Homeless Vulnerability Index 4778:. BicyclePotential.org. 2009 4740:"climate change and poverty" 4419:American Sociological Review 3749:10.1016/0160-7995(80)90034-9 3669:American Sociological Review 3606:Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). 2841:Retrieved February 13, 2019. 1944:Poverty in the United States 1458:Millennium Development Goals 1448:Millennium Development Goals 1406:poverty reduction strategies 993:Millennium Development Goals 971:, suggesting that promoting 312:at richer nations' ports. A 6302:Welfare's effect on poverty 5804:List of basic income models 4695:"Global Solidarity Network" 3087:Crilly, Rob (4 June 2008). 2064:". Wiley–Blackwell. p. 11. 2061:Europe in crisis, 1598–1648 1694:Poverty reduction in Taiwan 1435:Man on bike with chickens, 1139:conditions to do so are met 1039:Strategies to empower women 732:Unconditional cash transfer 724:Unconditional cash transfer 702:Welfare's effect on poverty 529:Employment and productivity 252:International Monetary Fund 179:helps growth by increasing 155:to the poor, especially to 66:is a set of measures, both 6599: 5845:Genuine progress indicator 5774:Climate change and poverty 5471:. UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2017D4A8. 5439:Transnational Corporations 5281:National Policy Foundation 5017:"Hunger and food security" 4915:Frontiers in Communication 4620:"Poverty and Human Rights" 4596:"Poverty and Human Rights" 4017:10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4 3064:. BBC News. Archived from 1959:Private sector development 1747: 1718:in Taiwan. While internal 1640:Food Assistance Convention 1424: 1389:Climate change and poverty 1386: 1357:Poverty Reduction Strategy 1168: 948: 835: 776: 699: 688: 302:fast growing Asian nations 6538: 6478:African sleeping sickness 5794:Guaranteed minimum income 5632:Klein, Martin H. (2008). 4928:10.3389/fcomm.2021.754181 4510:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4178:10.5465/AMP.2007.24286161 4079:Zuckerman, Elaine. 2002 " 3364:Water, poverty and equity 2643:admin (10 October 2006). 2433:10.1080/01436590500432739 2196:. BBC News. 20 June 2003. 1899:Guaranteed minimum income 1801:World Resources Institute 1729:National Health Insurance 1515:for basic health care in 1469:Access to information on 1427:Bicycle poverty reduction 1410:climate change adaptation 1383:Climate change adaptation 1236:Global Resources Dividend 1069:for women. Protection of 759:Global Resources Dividend 608:World Health Organization 290:foreign direct investment 135:methods. The dawn of the 85:in his economics classic 5850:Legatum Prosperity Index 5835:Misery index (economics) 4978:"Six main methodologies" 3708:Social Science Quarterly 2713:Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. 2709:Muscat, Robert J. 1994. 2673:. University of Toronto. 1794:GDP (nominal) per capita 356:and profiteering in the 199:. Problems with today's 6524:Priority review voucher 5674:and the United Nations. 5514:Harvard Business Review 4622:. Amnesty International 4400:"Democratic Governance" 2044:Encyclopædia Britannica 1974:Social protection floor 1768:Harvard Business School 1336:participatory economics 1082:Political participation 965:feminization of poverty 826:world military spending 421:maternal mortality rate 336:and exacerbated global 235:economic liberalization 221:Economic liberalization 195:and the eradication of 149:Economic liberalization 5799:Universal basic income 5764:Disability and poverty 5516:. No. June 2012. 5301:C.K. Prahalad (2004). 4797:Niklas Sieber (1998). 4506:Kerbo, Harold (2005). 4473:"Dancing with despots" 4402:. UNDP. Archived from 2412:Edward, Peter (2006). 1994:Universal basic income 1827: 1796: 1759: 1626: 1610:end to poverty by 2030 1601: 1576:Training programs for 1440: 1366:, prominent economist 1188:and governments which 1048:Economic participation 946: 904: 893: 828:is over $ 1 trillion. 774: 624: 546: 408: 400: 250:In a 2015 report, the 230: 117: 52: 41: 6368:List of global issues 6327:Subjective well-being 5361:HBS Working Knowledge 3856:"SIPRI Yearbook 2006" 3810:18 March 2012 at the 3633:Kenworthy, L (1999). 2830:(February 13, 2019). 2767:The Communist Horizon 2603:Vogel, Ezra F. 1991. 2421:Third World Quarterly 2098:"Ending Mass Poverty" 1874:Ecological sanitation 1868:Development economics 1853:Bottom of the pyramid 1838:rather questionable. 1822: 1791: 1757: 1750:Bottom of the pyramid 1624: 1599: 1560:Access to electricity 1434: 1379:solution to poverty. 1013:sexual discrimination 989:capabilities approach 944: 899: 891: 772: 622: 541: 406: 398: 362:United States economy 314:University of Toronto 228: 214:The Life You Can Save 137:Industrial Revolution 49: 35: 6307:Criticism of welfare 5754:Concentrated poverty 5451:10.18356/10695889-en 5160:Nations Encyclopedia 5045:"Leadership Council" 4555:16 July 2011 at the 4548:California Chronicle 4385:4 March 2016 at the 4368:on 5 September 2017. 4204:commission.europa.eu 3702:Smeeding, T (2005). 3654:10.1093/sf/77.3.1119 3325:26 July 2016 at the 2850:Baker, Dean. 2006. " 2366:10.18356/0875e84f-en 2341:on 23 December 2010. 1929:Make Poverty History 1889:Environmental racism 1773:In their 2013 book, 1644:Copenhagen Consensus 1608:(SDGs) calls for an 1604:The first of the 17 1517:developing countries 1171:Political corruption 1054:economic empowerment 1028:Gender mainstreaming 1023:Mainstreaming gender 407:World GDP per capita 308:, get vastly higher 282:Trade liberalization 274:states during their 125:nitrogen fertilizers 101:developing countries 88:Progress and Poverty 6412:Diseases of poverty 6404:Diseases of poverty 6338:Rural access issues 6277:Theories of poverty 5860:Human Poverty Index 5769:Diseases of poverty 5601:For Business Ethics 4851:on 26 December 2010 4406:on 14 October 2014. 4144:Pew Research Center 4009:2022Natur.608..108C 3862:on 24 November 2010 3392:Simanowitz, Anton. 3189:20 May 2011 at the 3151:. The Conversation. 2915:. 18 January 2013. 2360:. pp. 97–113. 1989:Theories of poverty 1664:Goal 2: Zero Hunger 1525:for schoolchildren. 1308:is an example of a 1249:, South Korea, and 1211:Funds from aid and 1126:of this article is 1062:income distribution 1017:European Commission 1015:. According to the 594:Impacts of COVID-19 563:informal employment 551:labour productivity 358:healthcare industry 334:economic inequality 151:requires extending 105:developed countries 64:poverty alleviation 18:Poverty alleviation 6460:Neglected diseases 6445:Diarrheal diseases 6358:Culture of poverty 5033:. 9 December 2013. 4682:The End of Poverty 4655:The End of Poverty 4047:The New York Times 3826:, GlobalIssues.org 3824:US and Foreign Aid 3297:. 8 September 2008 3269:The New York Times 3045:The New York Times 2536:The New York Times 2104:, 4 September 2001 1909:Inclusive business 1894:Grameen Foundation 1858:Citizen's dividend 1797: 1792:Countries by 2019 1760: 1627: 1602: 1547:sub-Saharan Africa 1441: 1364:The End of Poverty 947: 905: 894: 857:Initiative by the 775: 708:basic income grant 625: 547: 472:financial services 409: 401: 322:developing country 245:collective farming 231: 161:Financial services 53: 42: 6558: 6557: 6532: 6531: 6363:Causes of poverty 6265: 6264: 5855:Poverty gap index 5809:Poverty reduction 5749:Measuring poverty 5643:978-90-5892-168-0 5422:978-1-138-84655-5 5183:World Development 5162:. 2 November 2016 4200:"Gender equality" 4127:on 8 October 2013 4003:(7921): 108–121. 3619:Barr, N. (2004). 3020:. 15 October 2008 2645:"Make Trade Fair" 2624:on 5 October 2013 2593:. 8 October 2009. 1979:Social safety net 1949:Poverty threshold 1879:Economic security 1716:Poverty Reduction 1617:Poverty targeting 1523:Free school meals 1478:domestic violence 1359:papers or PRSPs. 1260:development state 1213:natural resources 1167: 1166: 1159: 1104:Good institutions 961:gender inequality 879:Amina J. Mohammed 743:developed nations 539: 145:economic freedoms 56:Poverty reduction 16:(Redirected from 6588: 6581:Crime prevention 6576:Economic reforms 6397: 6390: 6383: 6374: 6348:Post-materialism 5883: 5840:Gini coefficient 5789:Cycle of poverty 5728: 5721: 5714: 5705: 5654: 5647: 5620: 5604: 5593: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5489:on 12 March 2008 5485:. 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In particular 1578:community health 1528:Legislation for 1338:, among others. 1332:binary economics 1292:Other approaches 1221:money-laundering 1162: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1116: 1115: 1108: 1067:entrepreneurship 937:Empowering women 540: 500:developing world 193:Green Revolution 185:physical capital 21: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6507: 6493:River blindness 6483:Schistosomiasis 6454: 6406: 6401: 6317:Quality of life 6292:Welfare culture 6261: 6170: 6149: 6073: 5952: 5874: 5818: 5784:Chronic poverty 5759:Cost of poverty 5737: 5732: 5664: 5644: 5636:. p. 295. 5631: 5628: 5626:Further reading 5623: 5617: 5596: 5590: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5415: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5251:Kim, Jin Wook. 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5189:(11): 1858–71. 5180: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4721: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4557:Wayback Machine 4544: 4540: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4471: 4470: 4461: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4431:10.2307/2657374 4416: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4387:Wayback Machine 4377: 4373: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4338:on 4 March 2016 4326: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4040: 3990: 3988: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3812:Wayback Machine 3803: 3799: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3681:10.2307/3088901 3666: 3665: 3661: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3601: 3570:(3): CD011135. 3557: 3556: 3552: 3521:(4): CD011135. 3508: 3507: 3503: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3327:Wayback Machine 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 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2411: 2410: 2406: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2333: 2332: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2213: 2212: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2108: 2096: 2075: 2056:Geoffrey Parker 2054: 2050: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1969:Social dividend 1848: 1752: 1746: 1696: 1636: 1619: 1594: 1580:in rural areas. 1476:Action against 1454:extreme poverty 1452:Eradication of 1450: 1429: 1423: 1391: 1385: 1343:progressive tax 1294: 1277:good governance 1173: 1163: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1132: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1084: 1076:gender equality 1071:property rights 1050: 1041: 1025: 997:mortality rates 985:gender equality 981: 979:Gender equality 973:gender equality 953: 939: 910: 840: 834: 785: 779:Development aid 767: 765:Development aid 712:social security 704: 698: 693: 687: 670: 617: 615:Helping farmers 596: 587:services sector 533: 531: 504:developed world 502:, ahead of the 496:saving accounts 488:savings account 425:maternal health 393: 378: 223: 201:development aid 153:property rights 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6488:Dracunculiasis 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473:Chagas disease 6470: 6464: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6145:United Kingdom 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5675: 5663: 5662:External links 5660: 5659: 5658: 5648: 5642: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616:978-0415311359 5615: 5594: 5589:978-0415673440 5588: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5534: 5500: 5474: 5425: 5409: 5405:United Nations 5403:Data from the 5396: 5385: 5374: 5363:. 4 April 2007 5345: 5308: 5293: 5268: 5243: 5218: 5200: 5173: 5140: 5121: 5100:10.1086/451093 5078: 5064: 5050: 5036: 5022: 5008: 4994: 4968: 4942: 4901: 4876: 4862: 4830: 4789: 4767: 4748: 4731: 4712: 4701:on 20 May 2007 4686: 4674: 4663:on 7 July 2007 4644: 4633: 4611: 4594:Thomas Pogge. 4586: 4575:on 12 May 2016 4560: 4538: 4523: 4516: 4495: 4482: 4459: 4444: 4409: 4391: 4371: 4349: 4319: 4310: 4300: 4282: 4273: 4259: 4241: 4216: 4191: 4149: 4130: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4065: 4056: 3979: 3962: 3948: 3934: 3920: 3909:. 11 June 2005 3898: 3873: 3847: 3828: 3816: 3797: 3762: 3727: 3694: 3659: 3648:(3): 1119–39. 3625: 3612: 3599: 3550: 3501: 3479: 3465: 3443: 3431:Spiegel Online 3417: 3406:on 6 July 2010 3384: 3369: 3355: 3335: 3308: 3282: 3254: 3234: 3212: 3198: 3154: 3139: 3128:. 15 June 2009 3117: 3098: 3079: 3050: 3031: 3009: 2989: 2963: 2930: 2898: 2865: 2856: 2843: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2786:978-1844679546 2785: 2752: 2740: 2715: 2702: 2690:Spiegel Online 2676: 2662: 2635: 2609: 2596: 2578: 2566: 2553: 2541: 2519: 2506: 2492: 2467: 2453: 2427:(2): 377–393. 2404: 2402:, 8 April 2016 2388: 2374: 2344: 2313: 2294: 2265: 2240: 2199: 2180: 2176:Angus Maddison 2168: 2154: 2128: 2106: 2102:Cato Institute 2073: 2048: 2031: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1923:microeconomics 1919:Macroeconomics 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1779:Out of Poverty 1745: 1742: 1695: 1692: 1635: 1632: 1618: 1615: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585:public housing 1581: 1574: 1571:breast-feeding 1567: 1557: 1550: 1545:to farmers in 1543:soil nutrients 1539: 1536:Planting trees 1533: 1530:women's rights 1526: 1520: 1509: 1502: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1474: 1449: 1446: 1439:, Burkina Faso 1425:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1387:Main article: 1384: 1381: 1328:libertarianism 1310:local currency 1306:Toronto Dollar 1293: 1290: 1279:, reliance on 1217:Global Witness 1202:accountability 1194:rational-legal 1165: 1164: 1120: 1118: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1100:and programs. 1083: 1080: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1024: 1021: 980: 977: 938: 935: 926:(IFAD) Vietnam 909: 906: 833: 830: 766: 763: 738:Welfare states 700:Main article: 697: 694: 689:Main article: 686: 683: 678:Out of Poverty 669: 666: 616: 613: 595: 592: 530: 527: 492:Mobile banking 454:, illness and 392: 389: 377: 374: 233:Proponents of 222: 219: 177:infrastructure 169:mobile banking 121:Food shortages 97:land value tax 60:poverty relief 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6594: 6593: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512:Miscellaneous 6510: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6498:Leishmaniasis 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6247:United States 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779:Child poverty 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5693:Maximo Torero 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5501: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5378: 5375: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5297: 5294: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5174: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4902: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4790: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4597: 4590: 4587: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4517:9780073042954 4513: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4478: 4477:The Economist 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4425:(5): 748–65. 4424: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4304: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4131: 4123: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3814:By Jane Regan 3813: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642:Social Forces 3636: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3454:. 23 May 2008 3453: 3447: 3444: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3377:Polak, Paul. 3373: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3342:Mukherji, A. 3339: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2934: 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