Pramana - Knowledge (XXG)

4961:, states Lochtefeld, may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, grazes like cow but is different from a cow in such and such way. Such use of analogy and comparison is, state the Indian epistemologists, a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the traveller identify the new animal later. The subject of comparison is formally called 6399:, that the way the mind recognizes is by comparing and negating known objects from the perception. In that way, the general idea or categories of objects has to do with differences from known objects, not from identification with universal truths. So one knows that a perceived chariot is a chariot not because it is in accord with a universal form of a chariot, but because it is perceived as different from things that are not chariots. This approach became an essential feature of Buddhist epistemology. 6366:

the sense consciousnesses assume the form of the aspect (Sanskrit: Sākāravāda) of the external object and what is perceived is actually the sense consciousness which has taken on the form of the external object. By starting with aspects, a logical argument about the external world as discussed by the Hindu schools was possible. Otherwise their views would be so different as to be impossible to begin a debate. Then a logical discussion could follow.

5609: 6190: 4669: 49: 4795:(प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types in Hindu texts: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind. According to Matt Stefan, the distinction is between direct perception ( 5029:

Hindu schools that accept this means of knowledge state that this method is a valid means to conditional knowledge and truths about a subject and object in original premises or different premises. The schools that do not accept this method, state that postulation, extrapolation and circumstantial implication is either derivable from other

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since ancient times. It is a theory of knowledge, and encompasses one or more reliable and valid means by which human beings gain accurate, true knowledge. The focus of pramana is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one does not know, and to what extent knowledge pertinent about

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school and the Sautrāntika Following Scripture approach connected an external world with mental objects, and instead posited that the mental domain never connects directly with the external world but instead only perceives an aspect based upon the sense organs and the sense consciousnesses. Further,

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A key feature of Dignāga's logic is in how he treats generalities versus specific objects of knowledge. The Nyāya Hindu school made assertions about the existence of general principles, and in refutation Dignāga asserted that generalities were mere mental features and not truly existent. To do this

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as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. He must rely on

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in ancient Hindu texts is, that if "Devadatta is fat" and "Devadatta does not eat in day", then the following must be true: "Devadatta eats in the night". This form of postulation and deriving from circumstances is, claim the Indian scholars, a means to discovery, proper insight and knowledge. The

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schools of Hinduism, include in their meaning and scope "Theories of Errors". These texts explore why human beings make error and reach incorrect knowledge, how can one know if one is wrong, and, if so, how one can discover whether one's epistemic method was flawed or one's conclusion (truth) was

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The Buddha's doctrine, from the exposition of the two truths onward, unerroneously sets forth the mode of being of things as they are. And the followers of the Buddha must establish this accordingly, through the use of reasoning. Such is the unerring tradition of Śakyamuni. On the other hand, to

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suggests that knowing a negative, such as "there is no jug in this room" is a form of valid knowledge. If something can be observed or inferred or proven as non-existent or impossible, then one knows more than what one did without such means. In the two schools of Hinduism that consider

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presented a new commentary and approach to Madhyamaka, which became the normative form in Tibet. In this variant, the Madhyamaka approach of Candrakīrti was elevated instead of Bhāvaviveka's yet Tsongkhapa rejected Candrakirti's disdain of logic and instead incorporated logic further.

1289:(युक्ति) which means active application of epistemology or what one already knows, innovation, clever expedients or connections, methodological or reasoning trick, joining together, application of contrivance, means, method, novelty or device to more efficiently achieve a purpose. 1257:

forms one part of a trio of concepts, which describe the ancient Indian view on how knowledge is gained. The other two concepts are knower and knowable, each discussed in how they influence the knowledge, by their own characteristic and the process of knowing. The two are called

4835:(definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe). 6485:

claim that analytical investigation in general and the inner science of pramana, or logic, in particular are unnecessary is a terrible and evil spell, the aim of which is to prevent the perfect assimilation, through valid reasoning, of the Buddha's words

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arguments to refute the views of other tenet systems, but generally he thought a more developed use of logic and epistemology in describing the Middle Way was problematic. Bhāvaviveka's use of autonomous logical arguments was later described as the

4888:’ in modern Indian languages. In the context of classical philosophy, it is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason. Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of 1204:

can be derived from another and the relative uniqueness of each. For example, Buddhism considers Buddha and other "valid persons", "valid scriptures" and "valid minds" as indisputable, but that such testimony is a form of perception and inference

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others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through

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as invalid or at best weak, because the boat may have gotten delayed or diverted. However, in cases such as deriving the time of a future sunrise or sunset, this method was asserted by the proponents to be reliable. Another common example for

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position that extramental objects never really occur but arise from the habitual tendencies of mind. So he begins a debate with Hindu schools positing external objects then later to migrate the discussion to how that is logically untenable.

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This approach attempts to solve how the material world connects with the mental world, but not completely explaining it. When pushed on this point, Dharmakīrti then drops a presupposition of the Sautrāntrika position and shifts to a kind of

6273:, such as from Buddha and other "valid minds" and "valid persons". This third source of valid knowledge is a form of perception and inference in Buddhist thought. Valid scriptures, valid minds and valid persons are considered in Buddhism as 7045:

L Schmithausen (1965), Maṇḍana Miśra's Vibhrama-viveka, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Klasse. Sitzungsberichte, Vol. 247; For excerpts in English: Allen Thrasher (1993), The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi,

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in verses 10.28 through 10.63 discusses many types of comparisons and analogies, identifying when this epistemic method is more useful and reliable, and when it is not. In various ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism, 32 types of

5019:. As example, if a person left in a boat on river earlier, and the time is now past the expected time of arrival, then the circumstances support the truth postulate that the person has arrived. Many Indian scholars considered this 7095: 6541: 5071:

to four types: non-perception of the cause, non-perception of the effect, non-perception of object, and non-perception of contradiction. Only two schools of Hinduism accepted and developed the concept "non-perception" as a

4855:(a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state). Further, some schools of Hinduism considered and refined rules of accepting uncertain knowledge from 1187:

tradition holds that only one (perception) is a reliable source of knowledge, Buddhism holds two (perception, inference) are valid means, Jainism holds three (perception, inference and testimony), while

5374:, occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology. Perception is defined by sense-object contact and is unerring. Perception can be of two types—ordinary or extraordinary. Ordinary ( 6539:

A few Indian scholars such as Vedvyasa discuss ten, Krtakoti discusses eight, but six is most widely accepted. Some systems admit as few as three pramanas. See Andrew J. Nicholson (2013),

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established a view of Madhyamaka more consistent with Bhāvaviveka while further evolving logical assertions as a way of contemplating and developing one's viewpoint of the ultimate truth.

5350:. The mode of Pramana itself in sutra I.6 is distinguished among 5 classes of vritti/mental modification, the others including indiscrimination, verbal delusion, sleep, and memory. 4829:(does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect); 1096: 4892:. In all except one Hindu philosophies, this is a valid and useful means to knowledge. The method of inference is explained by Indian texts as consisting of three parts: 5671: 5449:(when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence). A detailed analysis of error is also given, explaining when anumāna could be false. 5382:) perception is of six types, viz., visual-by eyes, olfactory-by nose, auditory-by ears, tactile-by skin, gustatory-by tongue and mental-by mind. Extraordinary ( 7213:

Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

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Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

7179:

Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

1172:). Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school of Indian philosophies. 6378:

Note there are two differing interpretations of Dharmakīrti's approach later in Tibet, due to differing translations and interpretations. One is held by the

5174:. An absence, state the ancient scholars, is also "existent, knowable and nameable", giving the example of negative numbers, silence as a form of testimony, 6936:

Tom J. F. Tillemans (2011), Buddhist Epistemology (pramāṇavāda), The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy (Editors: William Edelglass and Jay L. Garfield),

5406:, can perceive past, present and future and have supernatural abilities, either complete or some). Also, there are two modes or steps in perception, viz., 5279:

school accepted only one valid source of knowledge—perception. It held all remaining methods as outright invalid or prone to error and therefore invalid.

1069: 1103:" and "means of knowledge". In Indian philosophies, pramana are the means which can lead to knowledge, and serve as one of the core concepts in Indian 1399: 6426:, who felt that the establishment of the ultimate way of abiding since it was beyond thought and concept was not the domain of logic. He used simple 6500: 5209: 4924:(negative examples as counter-evidence) are absent. For rigor, the Indian philosophies also state further epistemic steps. For example, they demand 3576: 2162: 6472:

The exact role of logic in Tibetan Buddhist practice and study may still be a topic of debate, but it is definitely established in the tradition.

5398:(when one sense organ can also perceive qualities not attributable to it, as when seeing a chilli, one knows that it would be bitter or hot), and 1301:

described as active process of gaining knowledge in contrast to passive process of gaining knowledge through observation/perception. The texts on

1243:

means "correct notion, true knowledge, basis, foundation, understand", with pramāṇa being a further nominalization of the word. Thus, the concept

5475:), which are the words of the four sacred Vedas, or can be more broadly interpreted as knowledge from sources acknowledged as authoritative, and 6924: 7116:

Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), Epistemology, in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press,

6912: 6281:, incontrovertible, indisputable). Means of cognition and knowledge, other than perception and inference, are considered invalid in Buddhism. 6241:) means "valid cognition." In (Buddhism) practice, it refers to the tradition, principally associated with Dignāga and Dharmakīrti, of logic ( 7886: 7694: 7554: 6720: 6649: 6579: 7388:

DM Datta (1932), The Six Ways of Knowing: A Critical study of the Advaita theory of knowledge, University of Calcutta, Reprinted in 1992 as

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Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, pages 457-458

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John A. Grimes (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

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are useful and can be reliable means to knowledge. The various schools of Indian philosophy have debated whether one of the six forms of

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Gerald Larson and Ram Bhattacharya, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies (Editor:Karl Potter), Volume 4, Princeton University Press,

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of reliable sources. The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as

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Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, page 61

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with some accommodation of universals and the other held by the other schools who held that Dharmakīrti was distinctly antirealist.

5418:, when one is able to clearly know an object. All laukika and alaukika pratyakshas are savikalpa. There is yet another stage called 687: 6715:

P Bilimoria (1993), Pramāṇa epistemology: Some recent developments, in Asian philosophy - Volume 7 (Editor: G Floistad), Springer,

6415:. He also started with a Sautrāntika approach when discussing the way appearances appear, to debate with realists, but then took a 6842:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

6801:

John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

6419:

view of the ultimate nature of phenomenon. But he used logical assertions and arguments about the nature of that ultimate nature.

7896: 5433:, where one does not need any formal procedure, and at the most the last three of their five steps), and inference for others ( 3485: 2316: 4823:, according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception); 1231:

literally means "proof" and is also a concept and field of Indian philosophy. The concept is derived from the Sanskrit roots,

1436: 1062: 7751: 4843:

and called it internal perception, a proposal contested by other Indian scholars. The internal perception concepts included

7876: 6981:

R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,

6964:

R Narasimha (2012), Asia, Europe, and the Emergence of Modern Science: Knowledge Crossing Boundaries, Palgrave Macmillan,

6149: 5844: 2909: 7079: 6094: 5869: 5829: 5456:. It is produced by the knowledge of resemblance or similarity, given some pre-description of the new object beforehand. 3465: 3405: 2008: 4635: 1127:

as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths: Three central pramanas which are almost universally accepted are

5533: 4526: 3171: 3136: 1123:

While the number of pramanas varies widely from system to system, many ancient and medieval Indian texts identify six

419: 4778:

are discussed, Krtakoti discusses eight epistemically reliable means to correct knowledge. The most widely discussed

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Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,

5182:

was further refined in four types, by the schools of Hinduism that accepted it as a useful method of epistemology:

4654: 4325: 4229: 2845: 2530: 1842: 997: 626: 270: 5779: 4180: 958: 7800: 7610: 7566:

Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6): 529-542

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MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16

5969: 4631: 4277: 3395: 3131: 1419: 1404: 1055: 6350:), blending it with logical discourse. Dharmakīrti, influenced by Dignāga, further developed these ideas in his 6338: 5924: 7064: 5974: 4187: 4159: 3868: 3758: 3730: 3460: 2588: 2350: 2137: 963: 722: 119: 56: 5437:, which requires a systematic methodology of five steps). Inference can also be classified into three types: 7891: 7796: 7606: 6473: 6336:) and both these masters are described as establishing the latter. Dignāga's main text on this topic is the 6134: 5914: 5749: 4990: 4402: 3615: 3520: 3445: 2626: 2548: 2003: 1441: 1409: 672: 7792: 7602: 7354:

James Lochtefeld, "Arthapatti" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.

6458: 7133:

Howard Coward et al, Epistemology, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5, Motilal Banarsidass,

6213: 5949: 5934: 5839: 5834: 5656: 4974: 4904:(examples). The hypothesis must further be broken down into two parts, state the ancient Indian scholars: 4692: 4601: 4531: 4367: 3996: 3765: 3425: 2326: 7862:

Vidhabhusana, Satis Chandra (1907). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta University.

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P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,

7435:(1995 ed.). Princeton University Press; reprint by Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 155–174, 227–255. 7313:

James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

7259:

James Lochtefeld, "Anumana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing.

6594:

James Lochtefeld, "Pramana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

6383: 6329: 6313: 6154: 6144: 6099: 4641: 4619: 4509: 4374: 3947: 3555: 3435: 2838: 2824: 1992: 561: 541: 249: 242: 7843: 5429:, is one of the most important contributions of Nyaya. It can be of two types – inference for oneself ( 3346: 1987: 7831: 5033:

or flawed means to correct knowledge, instead one must rely on direct perception or proper inference.

2792: 404: 98: 7805:

The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.

7615:

The Adornment of the Middle Way: Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham.

6758: 6164: 6124: 6119: 6084: 5929: 5809: 5717: 5702: 5646: 5618: 5240:(words). The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the 4957:(उपमान) means comparison and analogy. Some Hindu schools consider it as a proper means of knowledge. 4627: 4623: 4615: 4504: 4166: 3744: 3714: 3545: 3450: 3076: 2970: 1881: 948: 886: 551: 19:

This article is about proof and epistemology in Indian philosophies. For the Journal of Physics, see

7825: 6756:

D Sharma (1966). "Epistemological negative dialectics of Indian logic — Abhāva versus Anupalabdhi".

6427: 6174: 6129: 6067: 6007: 5944: 5889: 5884: 5639: 5628: 5329:, and two sub-schools of Vedanta, the proper means of knowledge must rely on these three pramanas: 5167: 4752: 4659: 4552: 4388: 3919: 3781: 3525: 3415: 3400: 3306: 3246: 3211: 3111: 2691: 2603: 2222: 2112: 2028: 1982: 1492: 1394: 1385: 1365: 450: 394: 7150:

B Matilal (1992), Perception: An Essay in Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford University Press,

6443:

Modern Buddhist schools employ the 'three spheres' (Sanskrit: trimaṇḍala; Tibetan: 'khor gsum):

6159: 6139: 6079: 6074: 5962: 5864: 5857: 5784: 5774: 5681: 4581: 4567: 4286: 3811: 3707: 3535: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3106: 2872: 2743: 2355: 2241: 2072: 300: 7837: 7011:

EI Warrier (2012), Advaita Vedānta from 800 to 1200 (Editor: Karl Potter), Motilal Banarsidass,

5488:

In Mimamsa school of Hinduism linked to Prabhakara considered the following pramanas as proper:

4173: 4124: 3156: 982: 953: 384: 6362: 2563: 1850: 7808: 7743: 7700: 7690: 7635: 7618: 7550: 7533: 7491: 7466: 7436: 7411: 7389: 7372: 7355: 7314: 7277: 7260: 7231: 7214: 7197: 7180: 7151: 7134: 7117: 7100: 7047: 7029: 7012: 6982: 6965: 6941: 6896: 6867: 6843: 6832: 6802: 6716: 6674: 6645: 6615: 6595: 6546: 6206: 6104: 6089: 5894: 5769: 5712: 5676: 5661: 5592: 5221:(शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts, specifically the 5213: 4685: 4591: 4560: 4516: 4059: 3818: 3804: 3550: 3475: 3296: 3256: 3251: 3241: 3081: 2777: 2711: 2306: 2301: 2043: 1334: 1088: 1043: 712: 77: 32: 20: 7342: 5288: 3845: 7855: 6937: 6767: 6644:

DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer,

6495: 6169: 6114: 6044: 6034: 5899: 5261: 4467: 4429: 4409: 4360: 4309: 4208: 4003: 3989: 3940: 3883: 3430: 3086: 3005: 2756: 2676: 1727: 1581: 1478: 910: 606: 596: 286: 263: 186: 40: 7738:

Thub-bstan-chos-kyi-grags-pa, Chokyi Dragpa, Heidi I. Koppl, Chokyi Nyima Rinpoche (2004).

5759: 5011:(अर्थापत्ति) means postulation, derivation from circumstances. In contemporary logic, this 4932:(reason) must necessarily and separately account for the inference in "all" cases, in both 6351: 6194: 6109: 5909: 5819: 5764: 5529: 4806:

The ancient and medieval Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:

4673: 4596: 4544: 4353: 4257: 4201: 4138: 3954: 3855: 3751: 3500: 3480: 3351: 3226: 3206: 3126: 2817: 2803: 2701: 2681: 2644: 2236: 2231: 1958: 1837: 1801: 1746: 1741: 1568: 1318: 1193: 576: 465: 434: 221: 196: 6412: 4813:(direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied); 2365: 2360: 2142: 2048: 1818: 7861: 6304:

tenets, though one can make a distinction between the Sautrāntikas Following Scripture (

5558: 5552: 2188: 1968: 1414: 1184: 7740:

Uniting Wisdom and Compassion: Illuminating the thirty-seven practices of a bodhisattva

6955:

Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany

6510: 6432: 6423: 6408: 6371: 6321: 6305: 6301: 6289: 6054: 5984: 5939: 5879: 5797: 5583: 4586: 4395: 4243: 3894: 3788: 3737: 3540: 3366: 3286: 3236: 3221: 3186: 3141: 3038: 2810: 2671: 2553: 2502: 2487: 2467: 2431: 2097: 1899: 1806: 1431: 1016: 571: 490: 480: 389: 228: 5814: 2990: 780: 7870: 6465: 6019: 5874: 5824: 4250: 4215: 4152: 4098: 4091: 4052: 4045: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3933: 3877: 3495: 3440: 3420: 3410: 3390: 3361: 3271: 3231: 3061: 3056: 3046: 2995: 2917: 2831: 2664: 2613: 2512: 2447: 2286: 2053: 1507: 1100: 1007: 943: 938: 905: 784: 717: 692: 677: 667: 521: 424: 344: 328: 235: 6269:, inference). Rinbochay adds that Buddhism also considers scriptures as third valid 4755:(c. 9th–6th centuries BCE), "four means of attaining correct knowledge" are listed: 2401: 1894: 140: 7686:

Buddhists, brahmins, and belief: epistemology in South Asian philosophy of religion

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Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara

6515: 5919: 5804: 5722: 5608: 5016: 4222: 4131: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4010: 3668: 3490: 3326: 3321: 3281: 3191: 3181: 3151: 3121: 3051: 2955: 2877: 2608: 2573: 2497: 2472: 2251: 2102: 1889: 1788: 1775: 1770: 1104: 987: 636: 501: 455: 293: 7276:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

6614:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

2426: 7230:

W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection, State University of New York Press,

5412:, when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and 6670: 6520: 5989: 5570: 5347: 5112: 4293: 4017: 3910: 3840: 3653: 3607: 3594: 3568: 3470: 3311: 3301: 3166: 3030: 3020: 2889: 2884: 2787: 2686: 2578: 2568: 2538: 2507: 2416: 1997: 1920: 1912: 1714: 1483: 1168: 915: 870: 823: 773: 702: 586: 511: 336: 314: 256: 204: 91: 7532:

M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,

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Dignāga and Dharmakīrti are usually categorized as expounding the view of the

6285: 5994: 5754: 5651: 5564: 5546: 5408: 5295: 5252:

is not a proper pramana. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.

4339: 4300: 4264: 4145: 4084: 3691: 3683: 3371: 3146: 3096: 2950: 2940: 2706: 2654: 2583: 2492: 2421: 2411: 2406: 2178: 2117: 1953: 1930: 1925: 1654: 1454: 1158: 1128: 992: 891: 878: 506: 214: 7684: 6422:

His incorporation of logic into the Middle Way system was later critiqued by

7704: 7371:

Stephen Phillips (1996), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Motilal Banarsidass,

6039: 6014: 5414: 5305: 4881: 4449: 4381: 4318: 4236: 3639: 3599: 3530: 3376: 3341: 3291: 3261: 3196: 3116: 3015: 2985: 2965: 2649: 2593: 2558: 2543: 2462: 2457: 2439: 1765: 1679: 1610: 1549: 1147: 1139: 1002: 860: 764: 682: 616: 445: 307: 6691: 6554: 5142: 4977:, if a boy says "her face is like the moon in charmingness", "her face" is 2246: 1780: 161: 6189: 1273:

is commonly found in various schools of Hinduism. In Buddhist literature,

1179:

are epistemically reliable and valid means to knowledge. For example, the

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Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

6542:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

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The various schools of Indian philosophies vary on how many of these six

1152: 1132: 1112: 1108: 1038: 865: 833: 800: 654: 531: 475: 278: 147: 133: 7301:

VN Jha (1986), "The upamana-pramana in Purvamimamsa", SILLE, pages 77-91

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is then explained as "referents of negative expression" in contrast to "

7578: 5729: 5322: 5291:

school considered the following as the only proper means of knowledge:

5276: 5245: 4820: 4490: 4454: 4444: 4115: 4107: 3924: 3850: 3835: 3632: 3331: 3276: 3010: 2960: 2930: 2925: 2797: 2772: 2659: 2336: 2331: 2291: 2157: 2147: 2122: 2033: 2023: 1832: 1796: 1684: 1669: 1664: 1600: 1595: 1559: 1554: 1541: 1314: 1306: 1189: 1180: 1116: 977: 925: 855: 793: 741: 414: 363: 154: 105: 70: 16:

Epistemology, proof, reliable means of knowledge in Indian philosophies

7634:

Lati Rinbochay and Elizabeth Napper (1981), Mind in Tibetan Buddhism,

6886:

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

5744: 5739: 5734: 5697: 5339: 5223: 4459: 4273: 3589: 3316: 3201: 3101: 3071: 3066: 3000: 2975: 2764: 2634: 2477: 2452: 2391: 2276: 2271: 2261: 2203: 2127: 2087: 2082: 2013: 1938: 1873: 1858: 1760: 1704: 1689: 1635: 1615: 1528: 1523: 1360: 838: 748: 649: 5422:, when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory. 5178:

theory of causation, and analysis of deficit as real and valuable.

4851:(a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and 6505: 6379: 5979: 5472: 5317:

Sankhya, Yoga, Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, and Dvaita Vedanta schools

5228: 4476: 4346: 4111: 4068: 3623: 3161: 3025: 2935: 2782: 2736: 2716: 2396: 2381: 2321: 2311: 2296: 2281: 2256: 2107: 2077: 1963: 1863: 1694: 1659: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1605: 1533: 1024: 929: 847: 374: 84: 7081:

A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Schools

6346:

played a crucial role in shaping the discipline of epistemology (

6233:

Padmākara Translation Group (2005: p. 390) annotates that:

5326: 2945: 2726: 2696: 2639: 2386: 2373: 2266: 1868: 1709: 1699: 1674: 1640: 1590: 1572: 1322:

flawed, in order to revise oneself and reach correct knowledge.

1310: 1156:); and more contentious ones, which are comparison and analogy ( 757: 321: 5573:, Abhava (non-perception, cognitive proof using non-existence) 1107:. It has been one of the key, much debated fields of study in 5445:(inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and 6284:

In Buddhism, the two most important scholars of pramāṇa are

5110:

has been discussed in ancient Hindu texts in the context of

5046:(अनुपलब्धि) means non-perception, negative/cognitive proof. 6673:, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 1813: 1350: 48: 7461:

Chris Bartley (2013). "Padartha". In Oliver Leaman (ed.).

6476:

remarked in his 19th-century commentary on Śāntarakṣita's

5441:(inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause), 5063:(negative) relation—both correct and valuable. Like other 7617:

Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

5080:

affirmed that it as valid and useful when the other five

7807:

Boston, Massachusetts, US: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

5190:(impossibility, absolute non-existence, contradiction), 5055:

as epistemically valuable, a valid conclusion is either

6411:, incorporated a logical approach when commenting upon 4916:

is predicated). The inference is conditionally true if

4839:

Some ancient scholars proposed "unusual perception" as

4748:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). 1235:(प्र), a preposition meaning "outward" or "forth", and 7066:

The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads

6927:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6915:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

6582:

Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany

4724:

as correct means of accurate knowledge and to truths:

7689:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 3–4. 7408:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M

5366:), viz., Perception, Inference, Comparison and Word. 6407:

The contemporary of Dignāga but before Dharmakīrti,

5479:, or words and writings of trustworthy human beings. 4920:(positive examples as evidence) are present, and if 7716: 7714: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7657: 5248:, state that this is never possible, and therefore 5090:(अभाव) means non-existence. Some scholars consider 4908:(that idea which needs to proven or disproven) and 792: 772: 756: 740: 7762:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 38–39 7729:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 35–37 7673:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp. 32–39 5394:(perceiving generality from a particular object), 5362:school accepts four means of obtaining knowledge ( 1297:are discussed together in some Indian texts, with 1166:), and non-perception, negative/cognitive proof ( 7858:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7852:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7846:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7840:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7834:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 7828:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation 4940:. A conditionally proven hypothesis is called a 4884:’ in Sanskrit, though it often is used to mean ‘ 4767:("expert testimony, historical tradition"), and 6482: 4819:(non-verbal; correct perception is not through 4744:(non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and 1162:), postulation, derivation from circumstances ( 7488:The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Vol. 5 5402:(when certain human beings, from the power of 5084:fail in one's pursuit of knowledge and truth. 4740:(postulation, derivation from circumstances), 6214: 4998:and their value in epistemology are debated. 4693: 1063: 8: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 1247:implies that which is a "means of acquiring 7433:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. 2 6866:Daniel Perdue, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism, 6575: 6573: 6261:) as valid means to knowledge: Pratyaksha ( 5120:is defined as that which is simultaneously 4969:, while the attribute(s) are identified as 7590: 7574: 7572: 6221: 6207: 5587: 5524:Advaita Vedanta and Bhatta Mimamsa schools 5342:— testimony/word of reliable experts 5194:(mutual negation, reciprocal absence) and 4700: 4686: 1329: 1070: 1056: 370: 126: 63: 27: 7431:Karl Potter (1977). "Meaning and Truth". 7255: 7253: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6457:When Madhyamaka first migrated to Tibet, 6320:) and the Sautrāntikas Following Reason ( 5346:These are enumerated in sutra I.7 of the 1285:is also related to the Indian concept of 7720:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.37 7329: 7327: 7309: 7307: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 7844:Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛttiṭīkā: Devanagari 7832:Pramāṇavārttika Pariśiṣṭa 1: Devanagari 7651:Śāntarakṣita & Ju Mipham (2005) p.1 7528: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7456: 7454: 7452: 6942:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195328998.003.0022 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6569: 6532: 5599: 5536:, the following pramanas are accepted: 4774:In some texts such as by Vedvyasa, ten 3577:Sources and classification of scripture 1341: 1262:(प्रमातृ, the subject, the knower) and 731: 701: 645: 625: 605: 585: 560: 540: 520: 489: 464: 433: 403: 373: 118: 55: 39: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6590: 6588: 5390:) perception is of three types, viz., 1251:or certain, correct, true knowledge". 1196:schools of Hinduism hold that all six 1120:someone or something can be acquired. 737: 7780:, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd. 7581:at Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 4965:, the object of comparison is called 4863:(definite judgment, conclusion) from 2199:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 2194:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 1150:of past or present reliable experts ( 7: 6610: 6608: 1266:(प्रमेय, the object, the knowable). 7406:James Lochtefeld (2002). "Abhava". 5198:(prior, antecedent non-existence). 7850:Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkāra: Devanagari 7753:(accessed: February 4, 2009) p.202 7514:, University of Hawaii Press, p.29 5672:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 5667:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 7778:Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy 7490:. Sahitya Akademy. p. 3958. 7486:Mohan Lal, ed. (1992). "abhava". 7463:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy 6555:the Encyclopedia Britannica entry 6361:-based description of how in the 6334:rigs pa rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa 6318:lung gi rjes 'brang gi mdo sde pa 5132:(nameable). Specific examples of 7776:Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), 7683:Arnold, Daniel Anderson (2005). 7002:, Etudes Asiatiques, 35: 185-199 6188: 5607: 5116:(पदार्थ, referent of a term). A 4667: 1349: 1239:(मा) which means "measurement". 47: 7465:. Routledge. pp. 415–416. 7410:. Rosen Publishing. p. 1. 7247:Carvaka school is the exception 6357:These two rejected the complex 5532:, and Mimamsa school linked to 5186:(termination of what existed), 2198: 2193: 7345:Encyclopædia Britannica (2012) 1437:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 1: 7099:, Columbia University Press, 7000:Le term yukti: primiere etude 6545:, Columbia University Press, 6382:school leaning to a moderate 6326:རིགས་པ་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ 6310:ལུང་གི་རྗེས་འབྲང་གི་མདོ་སྡེ་པ 5015:is similar to circumstantial 4799:) and remembered perception ( 4498:Other society-related topics: 2189:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 7887:Hindu philosophical concepts 7856:Pramāṇāntarbhāva: Devanagari 7093:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), 6237:Strictly speaking, pramana ( 5870:Buddhist Paths to liberation 5333:Pratyakṣa — perception 5264:accept one or more of these 5154:(universal/class property), 5076:. The schools that endorsed 4609:Hinduism and other religions 3406:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 2183: 7838:Pramāṇavārttika: Devanagari 7801:Padmākara Translation Group 7611:Padmākara Translation Group 7078:S. C. Vidyabhusana (1971). 6998:CA Scherrer-Schaub (1981), 6501:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism 6265:, perception) and Anumāṇa ( 5210:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism 5170:of positive expression" in 4354:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 4326:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2054:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1998:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1993:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 1146:), and "word", meaning the 7913: 7826:Pramāṇamīmāṃsā: Devanagari 7170:, Encyclopedia Britannica. 6772:10.1163/000000066790086530 6553:, pages 149-150; see also 6395:he introduced the idea of 6253:Buddhism accepts only two 5581: 5567:(postulation, presumption) 5519:(postulation, presumption) 5467:. It can be of two types, 5207: 5136:, states Bartley, include 5067:, Indian scholars refined 4928:—the requirement that the 4759:("scripture, tradition"), 4736:(comparison and analogy), 4230:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2910:Gurus, sants, philosophers 2846:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 2034:Uparati (self-settledness) 1099:Pramāṇa) literally means " 998:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 627:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 271:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 18: 7510:Anantanand Rambachan (), 6325: 6309: 5484:Prabhakara Mimamsa school 5336:Anumāna — inference 4912:(the object on which the 3396:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 2049:Samadhana (concentration) 1913:Three paths to liberation 1420:Tribal religions in India 1405:Historical Vedic religion 1400:Indus Valley Civilisation 1212:The science and study of 1092: 1044:Other Indian philosophies 7882:Concepts in epistemology 5098:, while others consider 4728:(evidence/ perception), 4720:Hinduism identifies six 2225:, sacrifice, and charity 688:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya 7897:Epistemology literature 7742:. Wisdom Publications. 6696:Encyclopedia Britannica 5890:Philosophical reasoning 5463:are also accepted as a 5287:Epistemologically, the 5268:as valid epistemology. 4989:. The 7th-century text 4867:(indefinite judgment). 4849:samanyalaksanapratyaksa 4403:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 3616:Timeline of Hindu texts 3521:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 2549:Pumsavana Simantonayana 2204:Śabda (word, testimony) 1442:Epic-Puranic chronology 1410:Dravidian folk religion 673:Nigamananda Paramahansa 6487: 6251: 5657:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 4985:, and charmingness is 4751:In verse 1.2.1 of the 4368:Eighteen Greater Texts 3997:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 3426:Krishnananda Saraswati 2665:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 2179:Pratyakṣa (perception) 2039:Titiksha (forbearance) 315:Shakti Vishishtadvaita 7803:(translators)(2005). 7613:(translators)(2005). 6235: 5925:Aids to Enlightenment 5750:Dependent Origination 5561:(comparison, analogy) 5513:(comparison, analogy) 5260:Different schools of 5256:Acceptance per school 5231:. Hiriyanna explains 4853:jnanalaksanapratyaksa 4811:Indriyarthasannikarsa 4484:Varna-related topics: 4375:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3948:Devi Bhagavata Purana 2839:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 2825:Achintya Bheda Abheda 2757:Philosophical schools 2059:Ahamkara (attachment) 2019:Vairagya (dispassion) 1947:Mokṣa-related topics: 562:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 542:Achintya Bheda Abheda 250:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 243:Achintya Bheda Abheda 7877:Sources of knowledge 7063:A. B. Keith (1925), 7019:, pages 512-530, 684 6759:Indo-Iranian Journal 6464:In the 14th century 6245:) and epistemology ( 5895:Devotional practices 5718:Noble Eightfold Path 4859:, so as to contrast 4616:Hinduism and Jainism 3546:Vethathiri Maharishi 3451:Nisargadatta Maharaj 2014:Viveka (discernment) 1389:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 887:Principal Upanishads 552:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 7625:(alk. paper): p.390 6428:logical consequence 6195:Buddhism portal 6068:Buddhism by country 5830:Sanskrit literature 5452:Comparison, called 5370:Perception, called 5150:(activity/motion), 5048:Anupalabdhi pramana 4753:Taittirīya Āraṇyaka 4674:Hinduism portal 4553:Hinduism by country 4389:Iraiyanar Akapporul 4333:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 3416:Dayananda Saraswati 3401:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 3307:Sripada Srivallabha 3247:Raghunatha Siromani 3212:Narasimha Saraswati 3112:Santadas Kathiababa 2184:Anumāṇa (inference) 395:Raghunatha Siromani 6267:rjes dpag tshad ma 6263:mngon sum tshad ma 5682:Buddhist modernism 5425:Inference, called 5283:Vaisheshika school 4568:Caribbean Shaktism 4287:Kanakadhara Stotra 3536:U. G. Krishnamurti 3516:Satyadhyana Tirtha 3107:Gangesha Upadhyaya 2765:Six Astika schools 2009:Ānanda (happiness) 1988:Anātman (non-self) 1305:, particularly by 1277:is referred to as 7696:978-0-231-13280-0 7555:978-94-010-7810-8 6721:978-94-010-5107-1 6650:978-1-4419-8109-7 6478:Madhyamakālaṅkāra 6344:Pramāṇa-samuccaya 6339:Pramāṇa-samuccaya 6231: 6230: 5713:Four Noble Truths 5543:(word, testimony) 5507:(word, testimony) 5321:According to the 5214:Sources of dharma 5162:(individuality). 4973:. Thus, explains 4857:Pratyakṣa-pranama 4710: 4709: 4561:Balinese Hinduism 4060:Markandeya Purana 3297:Satyanatha Tirtha 3252:Raghuttama Tirtha 3242:Raghavendra Swami 3082:Ramdas Kathiababa 2163:Sources of dharma 2029:Dama (temperance) 2024:Sama (equanimity) 1390: 1080: 1079: 812: 811: 808: 807: 170: 169: 114: 113: 21:Pramana (journal) 7904: 7781: 7763: 7760: 7754: 7736: 7730: 7727: 7721: 7718: 7709: 7708: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7652: 7649: 7643: 7632: 7626: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7567: 7564: 7558: 7547: 7541: 7530: 7515: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7458: 7447: 7446: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7403: 7397: 7386: 7380: 7369: 7363: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7322: 7311: 7302: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7284: 7274: 7268: 7257: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7228: 7222: 7211: 7205: 7194: 7188: 7177: 7171: 7164: 7158: 7148: 7142: 7131: 7125: 7114: 7108: 7091: 7085: 7076: 7070: 7069:, Part II, p.482 7061: 7055: 7043: 7037: 7026: 7020: 7009: 7003: 6996: 6990: 6979: 6973: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6864: 6853: 6839:, pages 245-248; 6827: 6810: 6799: 6776: 6775: 6753: 6740: 6737: 6724: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6688: 6682: 6668: 6653: 6642: 6623: 6612: 6603: 6592: 6583: 6577: 6558: 6537: 6496:Hindu philosophy 6327: 6311: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6193: 6192: 5920:Sublime abidings 5611: 5588: 5262:Hindu philosophy 5158:(inherence) and 4900:(a reason), and 4880:(अनुमान) means ‘ 4763:("perception"), 4702: 4695: 4688: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4632:and Christianity 4602:Pilgrimage sites 4532:Reform movements 4410:Vinayagar Agaval 4361:Five Great Epics 4310:Tamil literature 4209:Sushruta Samhita 4004:Bhavishya Purana 3990:Brahmanda Purana 3941:Bhagavata Purana 3869:Other scriptures 3431:Mahavatar Babaji 3006:Satyakama Jabala 2677:Ganesh Chaturthi 2531:Rites of passage 2044:Shraddha (faith) 1462:Major traditions 1388: 1353: 1330: 1094: 1072: 1065: 1058: 911:Agama (Hinduism) 899:Other scriptures 892:Minor Upanishads 738: 607:Ekasarana Dharma 451:Vāchaspati Misra 371: 287:Shaiva Siddhanta 264:Ekasarana Dharma 127: 64: 51: 41:Hindu philosophy 28: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7867: 7866: 7822: 7799:(commentator); 7789: 7784: 7775: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7712: 7697: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7633: 7629: 7609:(commentator); 7601: 7597: 7591:Puligandla 1997 7589: 7585: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7548: 7544: 7531: 7518: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7460: 7459: 7450: 7443: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7396:, pages 221-253 7387: 7383: 7370: 7366: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7325: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7275: 7271: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7229: 7225: 7221:, pages 170-172 7212: 7208: 7204:, pages 168-169 7195: 7191: 7187:, pages 160-168 7178: 7174: 7165: 7161: 7149: 7145: 7132: 7128: 7115: 7111: 7107:, pages 149-150 7092: 7088: 7077: 7073: 7062: 7058: 7044: 7040: 7036:, pages 361-362 7027: 7023: 7010: 7006: 6997: 6993: 6980: 6976: 6963: 6959: 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3922: 3897: 3871: 3830: 3694: 3626: 3610: 3579: 3571: 3561: 3560: 3506:Shirdi Sai Baba 3501:Sathya Sai Baba 3481:Ramana Maharshi 3385: 3352:Vadiraja Tirtha 3347:Vācaspati Miśra 3227:Srinivasacharya 3207:Narahari Tirtha 3187:Matsyendranatha 3172:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 3137:Jagannatha Dasa 3127:Haridasa Thakur 3041: 2920: 2912: 2902: 2901: 2857: 2818:Vishishtadvaita 2767: 2759: 2749: 2748: 2702:Makar Sankranti 2682:Vasant Panchami 2645:Maha Shivaratri 2629: 2533: 2442: 2376: 2345: 2226: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2173: 2067: 2004:Prajña (wisdom) 2000: 1977: 1941: 1915: 1884: 1853: 1851:Meaning of life 1838:God in Hinduism 1827: 1791: 1789:Supreme reality 1766:Subtle elements 1755: 1736: 1730: 1720: 1719: 1575: 1544: 1518: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1463: 1457: 1447: 1446: 1391: 1386:Hindu synthesis 1382: 1377: 1328: 1319:Advaita Vedanta 1226: 1194:Advaita Vedanta 1076: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1012: 959:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 920: 843: 828: 827: 814: 813: 727: 697: 659: 641: 621: 601: 581: 577:Srinivasacharya 556: 536: 516: 485: 466:Vishishtadvaita 460: 429: 420:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 399: 385:Akṣapāda Gotama 368: 367: 351: 350: 322:Shiva Bhedabeda 222:Vishishtadvaita 182: 181: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7910: 7908: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7892:Buddhist logic 7889: 7884: 7879: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7821: 7820:External links 7818: 7817: 7816: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7755: 7731: 7722: 7710: 7695: 7675: 7653: 7644: 7642:, page 115-119 7640:978-0937938027 7627: 7595: 7593:, p. 228. 7583: 7568: 7559: 7542: 7538:978-8120813304 7516: 7503: 7496: 7478: 7472:978-0415862530 7471: 7448: 7441: 7423: 7416: 7398: 7394:978-8120835269 7381: 7377:978-8120814899 7364: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7269: 7249: 7240: 7223: 7206: 7189: 7172: 7159: 7156:978-0198239765 7143: 7126: 7122:978-0691073842 7109: 7105:978-0231149877 7086: 7071: 7056: 7052:978-8120809826 7038: 7034:978-0691073019 7021: 7017:978-8120830615 7004: 6991: 6989:, pages 95-105 6987:978-1137031723 6974: 6970:978-1137031723 6957: 6945: 6929: 6917: 6905: 6903:, page 237-238 6901:978-0791430675 6888: 6876: 6872:978-0937938768 6854: 6852: 6851: 6848:978-0791430675 6840: 6837:978-0815336112 6811: 6807:978-0791430675 6777: 6766:(4): 291–300. 6741: 6725: 6708: 6683: 6679:978-0521438780 6654: 6624: 6604: 6584: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557:on this topic. 6551:978-0231149877 6531: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:Buddhist logic 6508: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6488: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6440: 6437: 6404: 6401: 6391: 6388: 6297: 6294: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5985:Pratyekabuddha 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5940:Buddhist chant 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5798:Buddhist texts 5796: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5612: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5584:Buddhist logic 5582:Main article: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5457: 5450: 5447:Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa 5423: 5392:Sāmānyalakṣana 5355: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5303: 5284: 5281: 5273: 5272:Carvaka school 5270: 5257: 5254: 5205: 5200: 5192:anyonya-abhava 5188:atyanta-abhava 5108:Abhava-pramana 5106:as different. 5094:to be same as 5059:(positive) or 5040: 5035: 5005: 5000: 4981:, the moon is 4951: 4946: 4944:(conclusion). 4896:(hypothesis), 4874: 4869: 4837: 4836: 4833:Vyavasayatmaka 4830: 4824: 4814: 4789: 4784: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4505:Discrimination 4501: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4396:Abirami Antati 4392: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4282: 4281: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4244:Ramcharitmanas 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4195:Pramana Sutras 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4167:Mimamsa Sutras 4163: 4160:Samkhya Sutras 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4125:Dharma Shastra 4120: 4119: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3762: 3759:Shvetashvatara 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3731:Brihadaranyaka 3726: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3541:Upasni Maharaj 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3367:Vedanta Desika 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3287:Samarth Ramdas 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3237:Purandara Dasa 3234: 3229: 3224: 3222:Nimbarkacharya 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3142:Jayanta Bhatta 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2672:Raksha Bandhan 2669: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2554:Simantonnayana 2551: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2503:Carnatic music 2500: 2495: 2490: 2488:Bhagavata Mela 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2432:Kundalini yoga 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1882:Stages of life 1880: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1843:God and gender 1840: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1776:Gross elements 1773: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1432:Itihasa-Purana 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1327: 1324: 1225: 1222: 1183:school of the 1078: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017:Secular ethics 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 974: 973: 971:Pramana Sutras 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 949:Mimamsa Sutras 946: 944:Samkhya Sutras 941: 935: 934: 919: 918: 913: 908: 902: 901: 895: 894: 889: 883: 882: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 852: 851: 842: 841: 836: 830: 829: 821: 820: 819: 816: 815: 810: 809: 806: 805: 804: 803: 796: 790: 789: 788: 787: 776: 770: 769: 768: 767: 760: 754: 753: 752: 751: 744: 734: 733: 729: 728: 726: 725: 720: 715: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 664: 661: 660: 658: 657: 652: 646: 643: 642: 640: 639: 633: 630: 629: 623: 622: 620: 619: 613: 610: 609: 603: 602: 600: 599: 593: 590: 589: 583: 582: 580: 579: 574: 568: 565: 564: 558: 557: 555: 554: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 535: 534: 528: 525: 524: 518: 517: 515: 514: 509: 504: 498: 495: 494: 487: 486: 484: 483: 481:Vedanta Desika 478: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 459: 458: 453: 448: 442: 439: 438: 431: 430: 428: 427: 422: 417: 411: 408: 407: 401: 400: 398: 397: 392: 390:Jayanta Bhatta 387: 381: 378: 377: 369: 358: 357: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 340: 339: 333: 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 260: 253: 246: 239: 232: 225: 218: 210: 209: 207: 201: 200: 192: 191: 189: 183: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 158: 151: 144: 137: 123: 122: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 102: 95: 88: 81: 74: 60: 59: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7909: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7813:1-59030-241-9 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7748:0-86171-377-X 7745: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7679: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7623:1-59030-241-9 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7504: 7499: 7497:81-260-1221-8 7493: 7489: 7482: 7479: 7474: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7442:81-208-0309-4 7438: 7434: 7427: 7424: 7419: 7417:0-8239-2287-1 7413: 7409: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7382: 7379:, pages 41-63 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7360:0-8239-2287-1 7357: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7319:0-8239-2287-1 7316: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7282:81-208-0779-0 7279: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7265:0-8239-2287-1 7262: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7236:0-7914-0362-9 7233: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7219:81-208-0309-4 7216: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7202:81-208-0309-4 7199: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7185:81-208-0309-4 7182: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7166:Matt Stefan, 7163: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7141:, pages 51-62 7140: 7139:81-208-0426-0 7136: 7130: 7127: 7124:, pages 53-68 7123: 7119: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7057: 7054:, pages 20-38 7053: 7049: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6972:, pages 95-97 6971: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6877: 6874:, pages 19-20 6873: 6869: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6622:, pages 25-26 6621: 6620:81-208-0779-0 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6600:0-8239-2287-1 6597: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6536: 6533: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6467: 6466:Je Tsongkhapa 6462: 6460: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348:pramāṇaśāstra 6345: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5951: 5950:Vegetarianism 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5905:Recollections 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Five precepts 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840:Chinese canon 5838: 5836: 5835:Tibetan canon 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5435:Parāthānumāna 5432: 5431:Svārthānumāna 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5233:Sabda-pramana 5230: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176:asatkaryavada 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5140:(substance), 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4865:anadhyavasaya 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4847:(intuition), 4846: 4842: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4732:(inference), 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4698: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4575:Hindu culture 4573: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4527:Organisations 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4252: 4251:Yoga Vasistha 4248: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4216:Natya Shastra 4213: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4153:Brahma Sutras 4150: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099:Sthapatyaveda 4096: 4094: 4093: 4092:Gandharvaveda 4089: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4053:Varaha Purana 4050: 4048: 4047: 4046:Skanda Purana 4043: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3983:Brahma Purana 3980: 3978: 3977: 3976:Garuda Purana 3973: 3971: 3970: 3969:Matsya Purana 3966: 3964: 3963: 3962:Vāmana Purana 3959: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3934:Vishnu Purana 3931: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3878:Bhagavad Gita 3875: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3461:Radhakrishnan 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3441:Narayana Guru 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3421:Jaggi Vasudev 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411:Chinmayananda 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3272:Ramprasad Sen 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3122:Gorakshanatha 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3062:Allama Prabhu 3060: 3058: 3057:Akka Mahadevi 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3047:Abhinavagupta 3045: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2996:Prashastapada 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2856:Other schools 2854: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2832:Shuddhadvaita 2829: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2513:Kalaripayattu 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448:Bharatanatyam 2446: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2327:Nritta-Nritya 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 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1034: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1008:Shiva Samhita 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 975: 972: 969: 968: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 939:Brahma Sutras 937: 936: 933: 932: 931: 927: 922: 921: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 906:Bhagavad Gita 904: 903: 900: 897: 896: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 876: 875: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 845: 844: 840: 837: 835: 832: 831: 826: 825: 818: 817: 802: 799: 798: 797: 795: 791: 786: 785:Prashastapada 782: 779: 778: 777: 775: 771: 766: 763: 762: 761: 759: 755: 750: 747: 746: 745: 743: 739: 736: 735: 730: 724: 723:Radhakrishnan 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 708: 707: 704: 700: 694: 693:Anandamayi Ma 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 678:Ramprasad Sen 676: 674: 671: 669: 668:Abhinavagupta 666: 665: 663: 662: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 638: 635: 634: 632: 631: 628: 624: 618: 615: 614: 612: 611: 608: 604: 598: 595: 594: 592: 591: 588: 584: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 567: 566: 563: 559: 553: 550: 549: 547: 546: 543: 539: 533: 530: 529: 527: 526: 523: 522:Shuddhadvaita 519: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 497: 496: 492: 488: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 471: 470: 467: 463: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 441: 440: 436: 432: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 410: 409: 406: 402: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 380: 379: 376: 372: 365: 361: 355: 354: 347: 346: 345:Integral yoga 342: 341: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 329:Shiva Advaita 326: 324: 323: 319: 317: 316: 312: 310: 309: 305: 303: 302: 298: 296: 295: 291: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 268: 266: 265: 261: 259: 258: 254: 252: 251: 247: 245: 244: 240: 238: 237: 236:Shuddhadvaita 233: 231: 230: 226: 224: 223: 219: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 180: 174: 173: 164: 163: 159: 157: 156: 152: 150: 149: 145: 143: 142: 138: 136: 135: 131: 130: 129: 128: 125: 124: 121: 117: 108: 107: 103: 101: 100: 96: 94: 93: 89: 87: 86: 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D. Ranade 3327:Śyāma Śastri 3322:Swaminarayan 3282:Rupa Goswami 3192:Morya Gosavi 3152:Jiva Goswami 3052:Adi Shankara 2878:Pratyabhijña 2844: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2609:Samavartanam 2589:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ 2574:Annaprashana 2498:Dandiya Raas 2473:Mohiniyattam 2366:Nididhyāsana 2171:Epistemology 2170: 2103:Brahmacharya 1983:Ātman (self) 1946: 1890:Brahmacharya 1819:Saccidānanda 1771:Panchikarana 1647: 1580: 1571: / 1567:Other major 1491: 1425: 1424: 1379: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1176: 1174: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1143: 1136: 1124: 1122: 1105:epistemology 1083: 1082: 1081: 1015: 988:Arthashastra 983:Dharmaśāstra 970: 954:Nyāya Sūtras 924: 923: 898: 877: 846: 822: 637:Swaminarayan 502:Madhvacharya 493:(Tattvavada) 456:Adi Shankara 359: 343: 327: 320: 313: 306: 299: 294:Pratyabhijna 292: 285: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 220: 213: 195: 178: 160: 153: 146: 139: 132: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69: 25: 6671:Gavin Flood 6521:Metaphysics 6433:Svātantrika 6424:Candrakīrti 6409:Bhāvaviveka 6302:Sautrāntika 6290:Dharmakīrti 6275:Avisamvadin 6135:New Zealand 5990:Bodhisattva 5975:Four Stages 5930:Monasticism 5910:Mindfulness 5880:Perfections 5810:Early Texts 5571:Anupalabdhi 5555:(inference) 5501:(inference) 5348:Yoga Sutras 5146:(quality), 5053:Anupalabdhi 5044:Anupalabdhi 5038:Anupalabdhi 5017:implication 4991:Bhaṭṭikāvya 4827:Avyabhicara 4817:Avyapadesya 4742:Anupalabdhi 4628:and Judaism 4624:and Sikhism 4592:Iconography 4517:Nationalism 4510:Persecution 4294:Shiva Stuti 4188:Yoga Sutras 4018:Agni Purana 3920:Other texts 3911:Mahabharata 3654:Atharvaveda 3551:Vivekananda 3476:Rama Tirtha 3471:Ramakrishna 3446:Nigamananda 3436:Mahesh Yogi 3312:Sripadaraja 3302:Siddheshwar 3197:Mukundarāja 3177:Madhusūdana 3167:Kanaka Dasa 3087:Chakradhara 3031:Yajnavalkya 3021:Vishvamitra 2890:Pancharatra 2788:Vaisheshika 2744:Ratha Yatra 2692:Janmashtami 2687:Rama Navami 2604:Ritushuddhi 2579:Chudakarana 2569:Nishkramana 2539:Garbhadhana 2508:Pandav Lila 2417:Bhakti yoga 2302:Prāyaścitta 2073:Niti śastra 1921:Bhakti yoga 1900:Vānaprastha 1715:Vishvakarma 1648:Post-Vedic: 1484:Vaishnavism 1426:Traditional 1279:Pramāṇavāda 1169:anupalabdhi 1137:pratyakṣa), 964:Yoga Sutras 916:Vachanamrut 871:Atharvaveda 824:Major texts 774:Vaisheshika 713:Vivekananda 703:Neo-Vedanta 597:Chakradhara 587:Mahanubhava 512:Vyasatirtha 337:Neo-Vedanta 308:Pramanavada 301:Panchartika 257:Mahanubhava 205:Vaishnavite 179:Sub-schools 92:Vaisheshika 7871:Categories 7795:(author); 7750:. Source: 7605:(author); 7343:Arthapatti 7321:, page 721 7168:pratyaksha 6850:, page 238 6809:, page 238 6681:, page 225 6652:, page 172 6565:References 6435:approach. 6417:Middle Way 6403:Madhyamaka 6363:Vaibhāṣika 6359:Abhidharma 6243:rtags rigs 6008:Traditions 5945:Pilgrimage 5885:Meditation 5845:Post-canon 5825:Pāli Canon 5755:Middle Way 5652:The Buddha 5565:Arthāpatti 5517:Arthapatti 5409:Nirvikalpa 5388:Asādhārana 5296:Perception 5208:See also: 5100:Anupalabdi 5092:Anupalabdi 5078:Anupalabdi 5069:Anupalabdi 5026:arthapatti 5009:Arthāpatti 5003:Arthāpatti 4738:Arthāpatti 4468:Varna-less 4340:Tiruppukal 4301:Vayu Stuti 4265:Panchadasi 4258:Swara yoga 4146:Kama Sutra 4085:Dhanurveda 3745:Taittiriya 3723:Yajurveda: 3715:Kaushitaki 3692:Upanishads 3684:Upanishads 3608:Scriptures 3456:Prabhupada 3372:Vidyaranya 3257:Ram Charan 3232:Prabhākara 3147:Jayatīrtha 3097:Dadu Dayal 3092:Chāngadeva 2951:Bharadwaja 2941:Ashtavakra 2707:Kumbh Mela 2655:Durga Puja 2584:Karnavedha 2564:Nāmakaraṇa 2493:Yakshagana 2422:Karma yoga 2412:Jnana yoga 2407:Hatha yoga 2344:Meditation 2317:Tirthadana 2098:Aparigraha 1954:Paramātman 1939:Liberation 1931:Karma yoga 1926:Jnana yoga 1655:Dattatreya 1455:Traditions 1380:Historical 1216:is called 1164:arthāpatti 1129:perception 993:Kama Sutra 879:Upanishads 507:Jayatirtha 437:(Mayavada) 425:Prabhākara 215:Bhedabheda 7540:, page 43 7362:, page 55 6692:"Pramana" 6474:Ju Mipham 6413:Nāgārjuna 6279:mi slu ba 6155:Sri Lanka 6145:Singapore 6100:Indonesia 6040:Vajrayāna 6015:Theravāda 5970:Awakening 5858:Practices 5815:Tripiṭaka 5785:Cosmology 5760:Emptiness 5740:Suffering 5547:Pratyakṣa 5493:Pratyakṣa 5459:Word, or 5415:Savikalpa 5380:Sādhārana 5372:Pratyakṣa 5306:Inference 5300:Pratyakṣa 5289:Vaiśeṣika 5196:pragavasa 5168:referents 4902:drshtanta 4882:inference 4793:Pratyakṣa 4787:Pratyakṣa 4761:pratyakṣa 4726:Pratyakṣa 4642:Criticism 4636:and Islam 4597:Mythology 4450:Kshatriya 4382:Athichudi 4319:Tirumurai 4237:Tirumurai 3846:Vyākaraṇa 3782:Chandogya 3774:Samaveda: 3662:Divisions 3640:Yajurveda 3600:Ātmatuṣṭi 3556:Yogananda 3531:Trailanga 3526:Sivananda 3391:Aurobindo 3377:Vyasaraja 3342:Tyagaraja 3292:Sankardev 3262:Ramananda 3157:Jñāneśvar 3132:Harivansh 3117:Gaudapada 3077:Chaitanya 3016:Vashistha 2986:Patanjali 2966:Jamadagni 2885:Vaishnava 2873:Pashupata 2650:Navaratri 2627:Festivals 2594:Upanayana 2559:Jatakarma 2544:Pumsavana 2463:Kuchipudi 2458:Kathakali 2427:Rāja yoga 2361:Samādhāna 2242:Prarthana 2216:Practices 2143:Svādhyāya 1747:Mythology 1742:Cosmology 1735:Worldview 1680:Kartikeya 1611:Prajapati 1550:Saraswati 1269:The term 1224:Etymology 1148:testimony 1140:inference 1003:Tirumurai 861:Yajurveda 765:Patanjali 718:Aurobindo 683:Bamakhepa 617:Sankardev 446:Gaudapada 120:Heterodox 7705:57316839 6490:See also 6439:In Tibet 6372:Yogācāra 6259:tshad ma 6247:blo rigs 6239:tshad ma 6165:Thailand 6125:Mongolia 6120:Malaysia 6085:Cambodia 6050:Navayana 6030:Hinayana 6025:Mahāyāna 5935:Lay life 5765:Morality 5745:Not-self 5703:Concepts 5662:Councils 5647:Timeline 5619:Glossary 5601:Buddhism 5593:a series 5591:Part of 5578:Buddhism 5439:Pūrvavat 5384:Alaukika 5266:pramanas 5172:Padartha 5160:vishesha 5156:samavaya 5134:padartha 5126:Jneyatva 5118:Padartha 5113:Padārtha 5082:pramanas 5061:asadrupa 5031:pramanas 4983:upamanam 4979:upameyam 4967:upamanam 4963:upameyam 4942:nigamana 4938:vipaksha 4934:sapaksha 4922:vipaksha 4918:sapaksha 4894:pratijna 4845:pratibha 4797:anubhava 4780:pramanas 4776:pramanas 4722:pramanas 4715:pramanas 4655:Glossary 4587:Calendar 4522:Hindutva 4445:Brahmana 4116:samhitas 4108:Shastras 4078:Ayurveda 4069:Upavedas 3904:Ramayana 3895:Itihasas 3861:Jyotisha 3828:Vedangas 3812:Mandukya 3708:Aitareya 3700:Rigveda: 3679:Aranyaka 3674:Brahmana 3647:Samaveda 3362:Valluvar 3357:Vallabha 3337:Tulsidas 3267:Ramanuja 3217:Nayanars 3202:Namadeva 3039:Medieval 2981:Kashyapa 2897:Charvaka 2868:Kapalika 2732:Puthandu 2722:Vaisakhi 2619:Antyesti 2599:Keshanta 2523:Adimurai 2518:Silambam 2483:Sattriya 2468:Manipuri 2153:Mitahara 2133:Santosha 2093:Achourya 1905:Sannyasa 1895:Gṛhastha 1754:Ontology 1728:Concepts 1516:Trimurti 1479:Smartism 1474:Shaktism 1469:Shaivism 1343:Hinduism 1335:a series 1333:Part of 1326:Hinduism 1214:pramanas 1207:pramanas 1198:pramanas 1177:pramanas 1133:Sanskrit 1125:pramanas 1113:Buddhism 1109:Hinduism 1089:Sanskrit 1039:Hinduism 926:Shastras 866:Samaveda 801:Valluvar 572:Nimbarka 532:Vallabha 476:Ramanuja 364:Acharyas 360:Teachers 279:Shaivite 187:Smartist 148:Buddhism 134:Charvaka 57:Orthodox 33:a series 31:Part of 7769:Sources 7579:Pramana 6925:prameya 6913:pramAtR 6701:16 June 6580:pramANa 6453:action. 6450:object, 6447:subject 6384:realism 6322:Tibetan 6306:Tibetan 6286:Dignāga 6271:pramana 6255:pramana 6175:Vietnam 6130:Myanmar 6045:Tibetan 6035:Chinese 5963:Nirvāṇa 5780:Saṃsāra 5775:Rebirth 5640:History 5629:Outline 5559:Upamāṇa 5553:Anumāṇa 5511:Upamāṇa 5499:Anumāṇa 5477:Laukika 5469:Vaidika 5465:pramāṇa 5454:Upamāna 5443:Śeṣavat 5427:Anumāna 5376:Laukika 5364:pramāṇa 5323:Sankhya 5310:Anumāna 5277:Carvaka 5246:Carvaka 5184:dhvamsa 5122:Astitva 5074:pramana 5065:pramana 5057:sadrupa 5021:pramana 5013:pramana 4996:Upamāna 4987:samanya 4971:samanya 4959:Upamana 4955:Upamāna 4949:Upamāna 4890:Anumana 4878:Anumāna 4872:Anumāna 4861:nirnaya 4841:pramana 4821:hearsay 4769:anumāna 4765:aitihya 4734:Upamāṇa 4730:Anumāṇa 4660:Outline 4455:Vaishya 4423:Society 4274:Stotras 3925:Puranas 3851:Nirukta 3841:Chandas 3836:Shiksha 3819:Prashna 3805:Mundaka 3669:Samhita 3633:Rigveda 3496:Samarth 3332:Tukaram 3277:Ravidas 3011:Valmiki 2961:Jaimini 2931:Angiras 2926:Agastya 2918:Ancient 2804:Advaita 2798:Vedanta 2793:Mīmāṃsā 2773:Samkhya 2660:Ramlila 2402:Sādhanā 2292:Tarpana 2277:Kīrtana 2272:Bhajana 2223:Worship 2148:Shaucha 2123:Akrodha 1969:Saṃsāra 1833:Ishvara 1802:Nirguna 1797:Brahman 1761:Tattvas 1685:Krishna 1670:Hanuman 1665:Ganesha 1601:Chandra 1596:Ashvins 1560:Parvati 1555:Lakshmi 1542:Tridevi 1508:Deities 1415:Śramaṇa 1395:History 1376:Origins 1366:History 1315:Mimamsa 1307:Samkhya 1303:Pramana 1295:Pramana 1283:Pramana 1275:Pramana 1271:Pramana 1264:Prameya 1260:Pramātŗ 1255:Pramāṇa 1245:Pramāṇa 1229:Pramāṇa 1202:pramana 1190:Mimamsa 1185:Śramaṇa 1181:Carvaka 1159:upamāna 1144:anumāna 1117:Jainism 1084:Pramana 978:Puranas 856:Rigveda 794:Secular 742:Samkhya 435:Advaita 415:Jaimini 405:Mīmāṃsā 197:Advaita 155:Jainism 141:Ājīvika 106:Vedanta 99:Mīmāṃsā 71:Samkhya 7811: 7797:Mipham 7746: 7703: 7693: 7638: 7621: 7607:Mipham 7553: 7536: 7494: 7469: 7439: 7414: 7392: 7375: 7358: 7317: 7280: 7263: 7234: 7217: 7200: 7183: 7154: 7137: 7120: 7103: 7084:, p.23 7050: 7032: 7015: 6985: 6968: 6899: 6870: 6846: 6835: 6805: 6719: 6677: 6648: 6618: 6598: 6549: 6160:Taiwan 6140:Russia 6080:Brazil 6075:Bhutan 5995:Buddha 5915:Wisdom 5698:Dharma 5400:Yogaja 5224:shruti 5180:Abhava 5164:Abhava 5138:dravya 5104:Abhava 5096:Abhava 5088:Abhava 4926:Vyapti 4914:sadhya 4910:paksha 4906:sadhya 4801:smriti 4460:Shudra 4278:stutis 4114:, and 4112:sutras 3766:Maitri 3491:Ramdas 3384:Modern 3317:Surdas 3182:Madhva 3102:Eknath 3072:Basava 3067:Alvars 3001:Raikva 2991:Pāṇini 2976:Kapila 2971:Kanada 2956:Gotama 2863:Shaiva 2811:Dvaita 2712:Pongal 2635:Diwali 2614:Vivaha 2478:Odissi 2453:Kathak 2392:Yogini 2356:Dhyana 2307:Tirtha 2262:Bhakti 2252:Temple 2247:Śrauta 2128:Arjava 2088:Ahimsa 2083:Niyama 2066:Ethics 1874:Moksha 1859:Dharma 1807:Saguna 1705:Shakti 1690:Kubera 1636:Varuna 1616:Pushan 1529:Vishnu 1524:Brahma 1361:Hindus 1093:प्रमाण 930:Sutras 839:Smriti 781:Kaṇāda 749:Kapila 732:Others 655:Shakta 650:Tantra 491:Dvaita 229:Dvaita 162:Ajñana 6953:yukti 6884:प्रमा 6527:Notes 6506:Nyaya 6397:Apoha 6390:Apoha 6380:Gelug 6330:Wylie 6314:Wylie 6170:Tibet 6110:Korea 6105:Japan 6095:India 6090:China 6055:Newar 5980:Arhat 5770:Karma 5624:Index 5541:Śabda 5505:Śabda 5473:Vedic 5461:Śabda 5360:Nyāya 5340:Śabda 5250:Sabda 5242:Sabda 5238:Sabda 5229:Vedas 5219:Śabda 5203:Śabda 5148:karma 4886:guess 4782:are: 4757:smṛti 4746:Śabda 4477:Dalit 4430:Varna 4347:Kural 3885:Agama 3856:Kalpa 3752:Katha 3624:Vedas 3595:Ācāra 3590:Smṛti 3585:Śruti 3569:Texts 3162:Kabir 3026:Vyasa 2936:Aruni 2783:Nyaya 2737:Vishu 2717:Ugadi 2397:Asana 2382:Sadhu 2351:Tapas 2322:Matha 2312:Yatra 2297:Vrata 2282:Yajna 2257:Murti 2138:Tapas 2113:Damah 2108:Satya 2078:Yamas 1964:Karma 1864:Artha 1781:Guṇas 1695:Radha 1660:Durga 1631:Ushas 1626:Surya 1621:Rudra 1606:Indra 1582:Vedic 1573:Devis 1569:Devas 1534:Shiva 1299:Yukti 1291:Yukti 1287:Yukti 1249:prama 1241:Pramā 1218:Nyaya 1153:Śabda 1101:proof 1097:IAST: 1025:Kural 848:Vedas 834:Śruti 375:Nyaya 85:Nyaya 7809:ISBN 7744:ISBN 7701:OCLC 7691:ISBN 7636:ISBN 7619:ISBN 7551:ISBN 7534:ISBN 7492:ISBN 7467:ISBN 7437:ISBN 7412:ISBN 7390:ISBN 7373:ISBN 7356:ISBN 7315:ISBN 7278:ISBN 7261:ISBN 7232:ISBN 7215:ISBN 7198:ISBN 7181:ISBN 7152:ISBN 7135:ISBN 7118:ISBN 7101:ISBN 7048:ISBN 7030:ISBN 7013:ISBN 6983:ISBN 6966:ISBN 6897:ISBN 6868:ISBN 6844:ISBN 6833:ISBN 6803:ISBN 6717:ISBN 6703:2020 6675:ISBN 6646:ISBN 6616:ISBN 6596:ISBN 6547:ISBN 6288:and 6115:Laos 6020:Pāli 5404:Yoga 5358:The 5327:Yoga 5212:and 5143:guna 5102:and 4936:and 4930:hetu 4898:hetu 4713:Six 4491:Jāti 4276:and 3789:Kena 3738:Isha 2946:Atri 2778:Yoga 2727:Bihu 2697:Onam 2640:Holi 2440:Arts 2387:Yogi 2374:Yoga 2337:Sevā 2332:Dāna 2287:Homa 2267:Japa 2237:Ārtī 2232:Puja 2158:Dāna 2118:Dayā 1976:Mind 1959:Maya 1869:Kama 1710:Sita 1700:Rama 1675:Kali 1641:Vayu 1591:Agni 1493:List 1317:and 1311:Yoga 1293:and 1192:and 1115:and 928:and 758:Yoga 78:Yoga 6938:doi 6768:doi 6249:). 5528:In 5386:or 5378:or 4803:). 1826:God 1233:pra 7873:: 7713:^ 7699:. 7656:^ 7571:^ 7519:^ 7451:^ 7326:^ 7306:^ 7252:^ 6857:^ 6814:^ 6780:^ 6762:. 6744:^ 6728:^ 6694:. 6657:^ 6627:^ 6607:^ 6587:^ 6572:^ 6480:: 6354:. 6332:: 6328:, 6324:: 6316:: 6312:, 6308:: 6292:. 6150:US 5595:on 5325:, 5227:, 4110:, 1814:Om 1337:on 1313:, 1309:, 1281:. 1237:mā 1220:. 1209:. 1135:: 1111:, 1095:; 1091:: 783:, 35:on 7707:. 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