111:
1203:
As we only have fragments of
Lakelandic Sami which were preserved in Finnish placenames and dialectal vocabulary, the features of the Paleo-Lakelandic substrate in Lakelandic Sami cannot be studied. Many placenames in Finland come from Sami words of unknown origin which are likely substrate words,
676:'s 2009 work on Sami toponymics. Semantically, pre-Sami substrate consists mostly of basic vocabulary terms (i.e. human body parts) and nature/animal names, and lacks terms of kinship and societal organization, which suggests a rather low level of socioeconomic development in pre-Sami cultures.
1199:
There are irregularities in Sami substrate words which suggest they might have been borrowed from distinct, but related languages. In the west, the substrate languages probably had an s-type sibilant which corresponds to an š-type sibilant in the east.
2472:
1215:
The Sami substrate in
Finnish dialects also reveals that Lakelandic Sami languages had a high number of words with an obscure origin, likely deriving from old languages of the region.
1224:
2672:
1229:
1805:
2522:
1659:
1152:; for example, an ending -ir (< *-ērē) is commonly found in names of mountains and is probably the continuation of the substrate word for 'mountain'.
2677:
1308:
2462:
1745:
1629:
1572:
1504:
2667:
1321:
2545:
1798:
1732:
2387:
2375:
222:
populations by the middle of 1st millennium AD. In his opinion, the detailed reconstruction of these languages is impossible.
2452:
2602:
2592:
2587:
2280:
2064:
2059:
1440:
1244:
1239:
238:
2432:
2607:
2577:
804:
Some words in Finno-Volgaic languages contain rare consonant clusters, which suggests loanwords from unknown languages.
2457:
2555:
1896:
1791:
2687:
2224:
2682:
2622:
2617:
2480:
2402:
2397:
2053:
2039:
1814:
1122:
for long and narrow bodies of water and is thus probably the continuation of the native word for 'long, narrow'.
205:
2163:
1296:]. Vol. 63. Mémoires de la Société Neophilologique de Helsinki. pp. 5–34 – via Academia.edu.
2447:
2392:
1993:
1882:
1596:
1550:
1531:; (2003). "Этногенез саамов" [Ethnogenesis of the Sámi]. In Клементьев, Е. И.; Шлыгина, Н. В. (eds.).
1528:
1234:
673:
219:
126:
1761:
1443:[On the reconstruction of the linguistic map of the Center of European Russia in the early Iron Age].
2261:
2156:
2106:
2085:
2076:
1958:
1875:
1835:
790:
133:
1327:
2417:
2412:
2177:
2149:
2140:
2099:
1567:(in Russian). Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia: Карельский научный центр РАН . pp. 140–154.
1249:
182:
2170:
1720:. Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, Methods and Evidence. Leiden, Netherlands – via Academia.edu.
2569:
2442:
2422:
1965:
1903:
141:
59:
1554:
1383:
946:
Irregular correspondences among Uralic languages are frequent among some words, such as 'to milk' and '
2550:
2540:
2530:
2380:
2234:
2047:
1931:
1254:
211:
153:
2597:
2370:
2355:
2290:
2092:
2014:
1924:
1917:
1868:
1826:
1138:
2331:
2285:
2200:
2195:
2190:
1421:
1290:
Etymologie, Entlehnungen und
Entwicklungen: Festschrift für Jorma Koivulehto zum 70. Geburtstag
2535:
2512:
2507:
2485:
2427:
2205:
2128:
2021:
1741:
1625:
1578:
1568:
1510:
1500:
1413:
1317:
226:
189:
171:
1129:
seem to come from a substrate language or from multiple substrate languages: among these are
2497:
2490:
2437:
2365:
2360:
2317:
2310:
2240:
2184:
2122:
2028:
2000:
1986:
1972:
1889:
1861:
1849:
1842:
1690:
1403:
1395:
680:
249:
193:
164:
137:
39:
2324:
2275:
2229:
2112:
2007:
1979:
1938:
1855:
230:
178:
51:
32:
1441:"К реконструкции лингвистической карты Центра Европейской России в раннем железном веке"
1294:
Etymology, borrowings and developments: Festschrift for Jorma
Koivulehto's 70th birthday
2502:
2270:
158:
145:
1486:
2661:
1425:
1357:
2407:
2215:
1949:
768:
148:. The presence of Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate in Sami languages was demonstrated by
1621:
Substrata
Uralica: Studies on Finno-Ugrian Substrate in Northern Russian Dialects
1310:
Substrata
Uralica: Studies on Finno-Ugrian substrate in northern Russian dialects
245:
1783:
1619:
1448:
2582:
2301:
2251:
2117:
1711:
1353:
1281:
1142:
234:
149:
110:
1582:
1514:
1417:
1399:
1658:]. X традиционные чтения памяти С. А. Старостина (in Russian). Moscow:
871:
96:
77:
672:
in all Sami languages. A more extensive list of such words can be found in
1674:
789:
There are also some examples of possible substrate words the hypothetical
1734:
South-Eastern
Contact Area of Finnic Languages in the Light of Onomastics
1493:
The Early
Germans and Their Neighbors: Linguistics, Archaeology, Genetics
1149:
1119:
1107:
947:
793:
group that differ from the Pre-Sami substrate, i.e. Proto-Finno-Volgaic *
726:
215:
129:
1694:
1408:
1818:
1677:[Protolanguage Timing and Positioning: Weighing the Arguments]
1126:
1111:
669:
1910:
1499:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: Нестор-История. p. 181.
1134:
1130:
1715:
1649:
1601:Саамский язык (кильдинский диалект). Фонетика, морфология, синтаксис
1463:
192:
also has many substrate words from unknown extinct languages in the
1285:
950:'. These are presumed to be non-native loanwords by Aikio (2021):
938:
928:
918:
861:
857:
847:
248:
words and corresponding
Northern Sami cognates without convincing
229:
might have influenced Finno-Ugric languages as well. According to
882:
1787:
1607:] (in Russian). Lenningrad, Soviet Union: Наука. p. 9.
1488:Ранние германцы и их соседи: Лингвистика, археология, генетика
1288:. In Hyvärinen, Irma; Kallio, Petri; Korhonenk, Jarmo (eds.).
900:
185:. Paleo-Laplandic likely became extinct about 1500 years ago.
1605:
Sámi
Language (Kildin Dialect): Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax
1656:
Non-Indo-European Substratum in the Finno-Volgaic Languages
1384:"Nganasan: A fresh focus on a little known Arctic language"
1539:] (in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Наука. pp. 43–48.
1316:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Helsinki. pp. 257–279.
1225:
List of Proto-Samic terms derived from substrate languages
1675:"Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa"
1624:(Ph.D. thesis). Helsinki, Finland: Helsingin Yliopisto.
1286:"An Essay on Substrate Studies and the Origin of Saami"
1114:
appear to be of non-Uralic origin; for example, a word
830:
Aikio (2021) lists some other substrate vocabulary as:
237:
consonants. A lexical comparison with the hypothetical
163:
points out that similar substrate words are present in
233:, some of these substrate languages probably had many
1182:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1148:
There are also toponyms from a substrate language in
1717:
The layers of substrate vocabulary in Western Uralic
2568:
2521:
2471:
2344:
2299:
2259:
2250:
2214:
2139:
2075:
2038:
1948:
1825:
679:Some possible substrate words can also be found in
94:
75:
70:
48:
38:
28:
23:
1651:Неиндоевропейский субстрат в финно-волжских языках
1445:Литературно-художественный журнал Республики Коми
1230:List of Proto-Samic terms with unknown etymologies
1177:- 'mountain top on the edge of a mountain area', *
181:probably still took place after the completion of
115:Languages of northern Europe in the early Iron Age
1764:[Where Does the Name Saimaa Come From?].
1021:< PNo *lüćtV- or *lućtV- (? < *lü/upć-tA-)
1358:"An Essay on Saami Ethnolinguistic Prehistory"
218:around 650 BC and fully assimilated the local
1799:
8:
2643:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1439:Напольских, Владимир Владимирович; (2007).
1382:Janhunen, Juha; Gruzdeva, Ekaterina (2020).
1660:Russian State University for the Humanities
2348:
2256:
1806:
1792:
1784:
832:
109:
20:
16:Category of words in some Uralic languages
1768:(in Finnish). Kotimaisten Kielten Keskus
1683:Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja
1407:
252:/Finno-Ugric (or any other) etymologies:
1740:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Helsinki.
1447:(in Russian) (4): 88–127. Archived from
1026:
952:
685:
508:
254:
210:According to Aikio, the speakers of the
2673:Languages extinct in the 1st millennium
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
510:Substrate words from Ante Aikio (2004)
1468:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
1365:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
167:as well, but in much smaller numbers.
24:Languages of Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate
1706:
1704:
1643:
1641:
7:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
827:('human') could be substrate words.
1474:: 417–424 – via Academia.edu.
1464:"Lost Languages in Northern Europe"
1007:< *lüstä- ? < *lüps-tä-
225:The languages of more eastern post-
174:likely exceeds one thousand words.
14:
1533:Прибалтийскофинские народы России
170:The number of substrate words in
2678:Unclassified languages of Europe
1648:Zhivlov, M. A. (27 March 2015).
1537:Balto–Finnish peoples of Russia
1155:Other such toponymic words are
1:
1245:Goidelic substrate hypothesis
1240:Germanic substrate hypothesis
1371:. Helsinki, Finland: 63–117.
1183:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1001:lüštem, dial. lüśtem, lǝštem
2668:Pre-Indo-European languages
1712:Luobbal, Sámmol Sámmol Ánte
1556:Саамская топонимная лексика
1485:Кузьменко, Ю. К.; (2011).
1354:Luobbal, Sámmol Sámmol Ánte
1181:'large island in the sea',
785:Pre-Finno-Volgaic substrate
183:the Great Saami Vowel Shift
2704:
2463:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1762:"Mistä tulee nimi Saimaa?"
203:
140:that are found in various
2631:
2351:
1673:Häkkinen, Jaakko (2009).
1662:– via Academia.edu.
1618:Saarikivi, Janne (2006).
1561:Sámi Toponymic Vocabulary
1462:Schrijver, Peter (2001).
1307:Saarikivi, Janne (2006).
1187:- 'seashore cliff', and *
668:Most of these words have
206:Paleo-Laplandic languages
123:Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate
108:
1731:Rahkonen, Pauli (2013).
1400:10.1515/lingty-2020-2036
1235:Paleo-European languages
979:< *lüpsä- or *lüpćä-
177:Borrowing to Saami from
2640:have no living members.
2523:East and Southeast Asia
1171:- 'isolated mountain',
1125:Many other toponyms in
791:Finno-Volgaic languages
378:to herd, to look after
239:Pre-Germanic substratum
1250:Old European hydronymy
1095:< *pVškV or *pVkšV
993:< *lupsV or *lipsa
807:Finnish words such as
132:from unidentified non-
1451:on 27 September 2017.
1165:'uppermost (lake)', *
1118:regularly appears in
142:Finno-Ugric languages
1255:Comb Ceramic culture
1191:'outermost island'.
212:Proto-Samic language
2281:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2065:Northwest Caucasian
2060:Northeast Caucasian
1766:Nimien Alkuperästä
1695:10.33340/susa.82020
1388:Linguistic Typology
1061:päšťä, päščä (etc.)
687:
511:
241:yields no results.
2546:Austronesian–Ongan
2345:Proposed groupings
1333:on 30 August 2017.
1081:< ?*pekši
1053:< *päškinä (?)
686:
509:
227:Swiderian cultures
2688:Linguistic strata
2655:
2654:
2564:
2563:
2556:Sino-Austronesian
2340:
2339:
1815:Language families
1747:978-952-5866-15-5
1631:978-952-10-4519-6
1574:978-5-9274-0362-2
1506:978-5-98187-870-1
1099:
1098:
1025:
1024:
944:
943:
782:
781:
666:
665:
507:
506:
244:Some examples of
190:Nganasan language
120:
119:
44:1st millennium AD
2695:
2683:Uralic languages
2623:Proto-Euphratean
2349:
2257:
2225:Great Andamanese
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1566:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1350:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1326:. Archived from
1315:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1278:
1208:from Proto-Sami
1186:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1047:pähkinä, pähkenä
1027:
953:
833:
744:leg (of a bird)
688:
512:
399:1 y.o. reindeer
255:
194:Taimyr peninsula
165:Finnic languages
162:
138:Uralic languages
113:
89:
80:
54:
21:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2627:
2618:Paleo-Laplandic
2613:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2560:
2517:
2481:Greater Siangic
2467:
2453:Uralic–Yukaghir
2403:Ibero-Caucasian
2398:Elamo-Dravidian
2336:
2295:
2246:
2210:
2135:
2071:
2054:North Caucasian
2034:
1944:
1883:Paleo-Sardinian
1821:
1812:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1575:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1507:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1280:
1279:
1268:
1263:
1221:
1197:
1104:
787:
231:Peter Schrijver
208:
202:
179:Paleo-Laplandic
156:
154:Janne Saarikivi
144:, most notably
116:
87:
76:
66:
55:
52:Language family
50:
33:Northern Europe
17:
12:
11:
5:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Uralo-Siberian
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Serbi–Mongolic
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Dravido-Korean
2390:
2388:Dené–Yeniseian
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2376:Dené–Caucasian
2373:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1994:Hurro-Urartian
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1876:Paleo-Corsican
1872:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1753:
1746:
1723:
1700:
1685:(in Finnish).
1665:
1637:
1630:
1610:
1588:
1573:
1542:
1520:
1505:
1477:
1454:
1431:
1394:(1): 181–186.
1374:
1336:
1322:
1299:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:‘track, way’.
1196:
1193:
1161:'watershed', *
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
942:
941:
936:
932:
931:
926:
922:
921:
916:
912:
911:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
893:
890:
886:
885:
879:
875:
874:
869:
865:
864:
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
840:
837:
786:
783:
780:
779:
776:
772:
771:
766:
762:
761:
758:
754:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
738:
737:
734:
730:
729:
724:
720:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
696:
695:
692:
664:
663:
660:
656:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
632:
631:
630:landing place
628:
624:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
568:
567:
564:
560:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
520:
519:
516:
505:
504:
501:
499:
495:
494:
491:
489:
485:
484:
481:
479:
475:
474:
471:
469:
465:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
436:
432:
431:
428:
426:
422:
421:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:
405:
401:
400:
397:
395:
391:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
374:
370:
369:
366:
364:
360:
359:
356:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
290:
286:
285:
282:
280:
276:
275:
272:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:Northern Sami
259:
220:Paleo-European
201:
198:
118:
117:
114:
106:
105:
100:
92:
91:
81:
73:
72:
71:Language codes
68:
67:
65:
64:
58:
56:
49:
46:
45:
42:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2700:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Eskimo–Uralic
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:Paleosiberian
2258:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:Austroasiatic
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2107:Austroasiatic
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2086:Indo-European
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:Indo-European
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:Indo-European
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1323:9949-11-474-8
1319:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
951:
949:
940:
937:
934:
933:
930:
927:
925:*le/i(j)p(p)ä
924:
923:
920:
917:
915:*ša/u(w)p(k)a
914:
913:
909:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
887:
884:
880:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
866:
863:
859:
856:
853:
852:
849:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
834:
831:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
802:
800:
796:
792:
784:
777:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
739:
735:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
671:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
558:ethmoid bone
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
513:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
413:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
385:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
341:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
281:
278:
277:
273:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
207:
199:
197:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
175:
173:
168:
166:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Indo-European
131:
128:
124:
112:
107:
104:
101:
99:
98:
93:
85:
82:
79:
74:
69:
63:
62:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2644:
2637:
2636:Families in
2612:
2593:Pre-Goidelic
2588:Pre-Germanic
2418:Indo-Semitic
2413:Indo-Pacific
2408:Indo-Hittite
2323:
2316:
2309:
2239:
2216:Indian Ocean
2183:
2178:Austronesian
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2150:Sino-Tibetan
2148:
2127:
2105:
2100:Sino-Tibetan
2098:
2091:
2084:
2052:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1904:North Picene
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1770:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1733:
1726:
1716:
1689:(92): 9–56.
1686:
1682:
1668:
1655:
1650:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1449:the original
1444:
1434:
1409:10138/318080
1391:
1387:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1328:the original
1309:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1124:
1115:
1105:
987:lovso, lofca
945:
889:?*räppä(-nä)
829:
824:
823:('oak') and
820:
816:
812:
808:
806:
803:
798:
797:'star', or *
794:
788:
769:bleak (fish)
678:
667:
614:shady place
606:wild animal
590:cliff, rock
566:giant shark
515:North Saami
337:pike (fish)
258:Kildin Sami
243:
224:
209:
187:
176:
169:
122:
121:
102:
95:
83:
60:unclassified
18:
2443:Ural-Altaic
2423:Indo-Uralic
2235:Sentinelese
1966:Afroasiatic
1932:Eteocypriot
1599:; (1971).
1597:Керт, Г. М.
1553:; (2009).
1551:Керт, Г. М.
1529:Керт, Г. М.
1282:Aikio, Ante
1067:< *päš?
892:smoke hole
811:('flour'),
246:Kildin Sami
214:arrived in
157: [
2662:Categories
2583:Pre-Celtic
2551:East Asian
2541:Austro-Tai
2531:Andamanese
2381:Eurasiatic
2302:North Asia
2252:North Asia
2164:Hmong–Mien
2118:Burushaski
2077:South Asia
2048:Kartvelian
2015:Philistine
1925:Eteocretan
1869:Tartessian
1772:10 October
1261:References
1092:hazel(nut)
1089:paš-, puš-
1064:(hazel)nut
1050:(hazel)nut
1039:Etymology
965:Etymology
935:*pVškV(nä)
836:Proto-form
819:('star'),
674:G. M. Kert
534:fish meat
526:fish tail
430:beautiful
327:wolverine
204:See also:
150:Ante Aikio
127:substratum
125:refers to
2608:Pre-Vedic
2598:Pre-Greek
2570:Substrata
2473:Arunachal
2371:Nostratic
2356:Alarodian
2291:Yeniseian
2141:East Asia
2093:Dravidian
1950:West Asia
1918:Tyrsenian
1583:706000036
1515:918344002
1426:216417093
1418:1613-415X
1195:Languages
1120:hydronyms
872:lime tree
844:*wakštVrV
815:('cow'),
662:she wolf
555:skuoggir
473:to boast
452:to throw
321:ket’t’k’
299:k’ed’d’k
235:geminated
130:loanwords
97:Glottolog
78:ISO 639-3
2603:Vasconic
2578:Atlantic
2332:Eskaleut
2286:Yukaghir
2201:Koreanic
2196:Tungusic
2191:Mongolic
2129:Harappan
2040:Caucasus
2022:Sumerian
1897:Ligurian
1714:(2021).
1356:(2012).
1284:(2004).
1219:See also
1204:such as
1139:Päijänne
1108:toponyms
1102:Toponyms
1078:hazelnut
1030:Language
1015:li̮śt̮i-
956:Language
948:hazelnut
878:?*riŋiši
765:salakka
694:English
691:Finnish
670:cognates
635:skuolfi
598:boghole
571:buovjag
542:capelin
531:cuohppa
523:beahcet
518:English
503:trouble
493:to kiss
478:лujx’ke
468:kuarktε
463:to boil
460:duoldit
449:čiekčat
441:to jump
438:njuiket
409:to cook
404:kipp’tε
394:luhpel’
386:čuoigat
294:hummock
269:kut’t’k
264:English
200:Theories
136:and non-
2638:italics
2536:Austric
2513:Kho-Bwa
2508:Hrusish
2486:Siangic
2428:Karasuk
2328: ?
2241:Kenaboi
2206:Japonic
2171:Kra–Dai
2132: ?
2123:Kusunda
2029:Elamite
2001:Kassite
1987:Kaskian
1890:Camunic
1862:Iberian
1819:Eurasia
1210:*čuokōs
1168:jeak(k)
1158:*skiečč
1127:Finland
1112:Finland
1058:Mordvin
1044:Finnish
1018:to milk
1004:to milk
984:Mordvin
976:to milk
970:Finnish
881:drying
868:*päkšnä
825:ihminen
801:'ten'.
702:island
681:Finnish
651:soavli
643:čuovga
579:ruomas
574:beluga
563:šuorja
550:spring
483:to cry
457:tuллtε
435:n’učke
425:modžes
417:guoros
389:to ski
373:pin’ne
345:muorra
332:nigkeš
324:geatki
313:biegga
302:geađgi
289:poav’n
279:vuntas
216:Lapland
40:Extinct
2498:Mijiic
2491:Digaro
2438:Pontic
2366:Borean
2361:Altaic
2325:Rouran
2318:Turkic
2311:Uralic
2300:Other
2185:Turkic
2113:Nihali
2008:Gutian
1980:Hattic
1973:Turkic
1939:Minoan
1911:Sicani
1856:Basque
1850:Turkic
1843:Uralic
1827:Europe
1744:
1628:
1581:
1571:
1563:]
1513:
1503:
1495:]
1424:
1416:
1320:
1184:*čiest
1141:, and
1135:Imatra
1131:Saimaa
1086:Udmurt
973:lypsää
907:*särńä
897:*tammi
854:*wešnä
839:Gloss
799:kümmin
757:jänis
741:koipi
733:ilves
723:nummi
718:ditch
707:niemi
699:saari
659:gákšu
654:slush
646:light
627:sátku
619:roggi
603:váiši
595:gieva
587:bákti
539:šákša
488:nissε
446:čacke
420:empty
414:kuras
383:čujke
368:frost
310:piŋŋk
305:stone
274:heart
250:Uralic
29:Region
2276:Nivkh
2230:Ongan
1738:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1654:[
1603:[
1565:(PDF)
1559:[
1535:[
1497:(PDF)
1491:[
1422:S2CID
1361:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
1314:(PDF)
1292:[
1206:jokuu
1150:Sápmi
1143:Inari
1116:koita
1106:Some
1036:Gloss
962:Gloss
939:hazel
929:alder
919:aspen
862:spelt
858:wheat
848:maple
821:tammi
817:tähti
813:lehmä
809:jauho
795:täštä
778:meat
775:liha
760:hare
752:nose
749:nenä
736:lynx
710:cape
622:hole
611:itku
582:wolf
498:madt
358:mist
353:cigk
348:tree
342:murr
316:wind
284:sand
161:]
2645:bold
2503:Miju
2271:Ainu
1774:2022
1742:ISBN
1687:2009
1626:ISBN
1579:OCLC
1569:ISBN
1511:OCLC
1501:ISBN
1414:ISSN
1318:ISBN
1189:inč-
1179:sāl-
1174:*nus
1163:čār-
1075:pükš
1072:Mari
1033:Form
1012:Komi
998:Mari
990:milk
959:Form
910:ash
883:kiln
727:moor
715:oja
638:owl
547:ája
363:mun
188:The
172:Sámi
146:Sami
103:None
84:None
2218:rim
1817:of
1691:doi
1472:242
1404:hdl
1396:doi
1369:266
1110:in
901:oak
88:mis
2664::
1703:^
1681:.
1640:^
1577:.
1509:.
1470:.
1466:.
1420:.
1412:.
1402:.
1392:24
1390:.
1386:.
1367:.
1363:.
1339:^
1269:^
1145:.
1137:,
1133:,
860:/
683:.
196:.
159:fi
152:.
2647:.
2264:"
2260:"
1807:e
1800:t
1793:v
1776:.
1750:.
1697:.
1693::
1634:.
1585:.
1517:.
1428:.
1406::
1398::
90:)
86:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
